WO2018213858A2 - Kathodenwerkstoff - Google Patents
Kathodenwerkstoff Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018213858A2 WO2018213858A2 PCT/AT2018/000032 AT2018000032W WO2018213858A2 WO 2018213858 A2 WO2018213858 A2 WO 2018213858A2 AT 2018000032 W AT2018000032 W AT 2018000032W WO 2018213858 A2 WO2018213858 A2 WO 2018213858A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cathode material
- material according
- emitter
- predominantly
- cathode
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
- H01J9/04—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of thermionic cathodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
- C22C1/051—Making hard metals based on borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides or silicides; Preparation of the powder mixture used as the starting material therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
- H01J61/02—Details
- H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
- H01J61/06—Main electrodes
- H01J61/073—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps
- H01J61/0735—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps characterised by the material of the electrode
Definitions
- the invention relates to a cathode material for use in a
- the invention relates to a Hochdruckentladungsiampe comprising a cathode of the cathode material according to the invention and a method for manufacturing a cathode material.
- Cathode temperatures can be realized, so here have established due to the high melting point especially Worfram-based materials. Due to changes in the morphology, structure and shape of the cathode, as well as an increase and / or local change in the electron work function during use of the cathode material, the high-pressure discharge diode fails or the output is reduced. This can lead to one or more of the following effects:
- Thorough tungsten (W-ThO 2) is still preferred as a cathode material for high-pressure high-intensity discharge lamps, since this addition significantly reduces the electron work function (from 4.6 to 5.4 eV for pure-word on 2, depending on the orientation) , 4 to 3.0 eV for W-ThOa).
- thorium is a radioactive element that emits alpha radiation, there have been efforts for decades to add this material substitute.
- These materials which reduce the electron work function - as a rule they are rare earth oxides - are referred to below as "emitter substances.”
- the emitter substances are usually added as an oxide, during operation the high temperatures at the
- ThCte is an emitter substance and thorium is the corresponding emitter element.
- EP 1 481 418 A1 describes a tungsten cathode material which contains LaaOa and ZrO 2 or HfO 2 as emitter substances.
- tungsten cathode material which contains LaaOa and ZrO 2 or HfO 2 as emitter substances.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a cathode material having the following properties:
- a high-pressure discharge lamp which exhibits a high and constant light output over a long service life and a similarly low or lower arc disturbance as a lamp with a thoriated cathode.
- the invention preferably relates to high-pressure discharge lamps for
- High pressure discharge lamps for lithography applications include, for example
- a cathode material according to the invention contains:
- tungsten-based matrix with a tungsten content greater than or equal to 95 wt. %
- Oxides and or predominantly oxidic phases of at least one or more emitter elements from the group (rare earth metals, Hf, Zr), the cathode material additionally predominantly carbide phases of at least one or more emitter elements from the group
- Predominantly oxidic in this context means that the phase has a predominantly oxidic bond character and that the phase may be of a nominal stoichiometry in terms of composition Oxids deviate. The same applies - mutatis mutandis - for the phrase
- the emitter elements are thus granted from the elements scandium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, yttrium,
- emitter elements are present in the microstructure both in an oxidic and in a carbide form.
- Emitter element is that a reduction of an oxide of an emitter element by means of a carbide of an emitter element increased amounts of substance of the
- Reaction kinetics favor a reaction in which less Moie CO arise per mole of lanthanum.
- the principle is not limited to lanthanum, but it can also be applied to the other mentioned emitter elements. Also, it is not necessary that the emitter element present as oxide is the same as the emitter element present as a carbide. Through the above-described reduction mechanism, elemental emitter element becomes the bulk of the cathode material
- emitter elements one or more
- the tungsten carbide is present as W2C.
- the proportion of tungsten carbide is preferably between 0.1 and 4% by volume, more preferably between 0.5 and 2% by volume.
- the proportion of tungsten carbide in% by volume can be determined by a quantitative microstructure analysis, as described below. A conversion into gew. % is possible over the respective densities of the species. If determined by chemical analysis, the content of the tungsten carbide would tend to be overestimated because part of the carbon is dissolved in the tungsten matrix.
- Cathode material between 50 - 3000 pg / g, preferably 150 - 1500 pg / g and particularly preferably 350 pg / g and 800 pg / g. With a carbon content below the specified limits, there is no sufficient reduction effect; if the carbon content is higher then it will be increased
- the proportion of the one or more emitter substance is between 0.5 and 5% by weight, preferably between 1, 0 and 2.5% by weight and particularly preferably between 1, 5 and 2% by weight. amounts.
- the emitter substance is the dosage form of the emitter element.
- the data refer to the weight fraction of the oxide of the emitter element when added as an oxide. If different emitter substances are present, the indication refers to the proportion attained together.
- the statement in% by weight of the emitter substance is particularly practicable since a weighing in of the one or more emitter elements takes place via the respective emitter substance. It has been shown that for a lasting effect of the emitter element in use the lowest possible solubility of the emitter element in the
- Base material of the cathode material - usually tungsten - is to strive.
- the emitter element diffuses into the bulk of the cathode and is no longer available to form a monolayer on the cathode surface.
- the solubilities can be evaluated on the basis of the respective phase diagrams.
- the emitter element which is present as oxide and / or predominantly oxidic phase, preferably exclusively, is formed by lanthanum.
- the emitter element which is present in a predominantly carbide bond and / or as a predominantly carbide phase, is formed by lanthanum.
- both the emitter element which is present as oxide and / or predominantly oxide phase, as well as the
- Emitter element which is present in a predominantly carbidic bond and / or as a predominantly carbidic phase, is formed by lanthanum.
- the emitter element of lanthanum is formed, which is present in oxidic and carbidic form in the cathode material.
- the predominantly carbide phases of an emitter element adjoin the oxide phases of an emitter element. This causes particularly short diffusion paths during the reduction of the emitter oxide during operation due to the carbide phase of the emitter element.
- the predominantly carbide phases are present as a shell or seam structure around particles of an oxide present
- Emitter element are formed.
- that portion of an emitter element that is softer than a predominantly carbide phase is preferably present as a shell or seam around the emitter elements in the form of oxide.
- the shell or seam structure has an average thickness of between 0.01 and 1 ⁇ m, preferably 0.05 and 0.8 ⁇ m, particularly preferably between 0.1 and 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the cathode material has a relative density of greater than or equal to 92%, preferably greater than or equal to 97%, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 99%.
- the relative density is the complement to the porosity. For example, a relative density of 92% corresponds to a porosity of 8%.
- the cathode material at high temperature therefore particularly preferably has a relative density of greater than or equal to 99%, corresponding to a residual porosity of 1% or less.
- Protection is also desired for a high-pressure discharge lamp comprising a cathode made of a cathode material according to one of the preceding claims.
- the at least one emitter element may be added as hydride, oxide, hydroxide or nitride.
- the dosage form may be530verförmig. Also a liquid doping is possible.
- carbon source for example, tungsten carbide or carbon black may be added. Also, a liquid doping in the form of a carbon-containing suspension is conceivable.
- consolidating the powder mixture is meant a step that results in a stable composite of the powder mixture.
- One common method is sintering.
- Alternative methods are hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or
- the diffusion step is carried out as a heat treatment (also called “annealing") in which carbon in the matrix formed by tungsten goes into solution
- the diffusion step can take place in the course of the consolidation step or as a separate heat treatment step.
- the diffusion step takes place at temperatures of greater than or equal to 2200 ° C., but less than 3000 ° C. Below 2200 ° C is not enough carbon in solution; Above 3000 ° C there is already an increased evaporation of carbon.
- the consolidated and diffusion-treated powder mixture is cooled, whereby the solubility of carbon decreases and the carbon precipitates adjacent to a phase containing at least one emitter element.
- the precipitation step predominantly precipitates carbide phases of the one or more emitter elements.
- the predominantly carbide phases form as a seam or shell around the oxide emitter elements.
- the precipitation step takes place at a cooling rate of between 1 K / min and 500 K / min, preferably between 10 K / min and 100 K / min, more preferably between 20 K / min and 50 K / min. Cooling rates between 20 K / min and 50 K / min have proven to be particularly favorable for a precipitation of carbide emitter element around the oxide emitter elements present.
- the invention is explained in more detail below by figures and manufacturing examples. It shows or show:
- FIG. 1a shows a scanning electron microscopic (SEM)
- FIG. 1b shows the corresponding phase map from electron backscatter diffraction, EBSD (from English: electron backscatter diffractkm).
- EBSD electron backscatter diffractkm
- lanthanum is therefore selected as the emitter element.
- the dark gray phase in FIG. 1b is the
- the light gray phase is W2C
- the whitened phase is Lau.03.
- phase map shows that the material next to the W (tungsten) matrix and the
- Lanthanoxidpumblen at least also of a carbide phase (W2C) is constructed.
- the average area fraction of phase W2C is 0.5% according to the evaluation of 5 exposures. Assuming that the bodies have no preferred orientation, the volume fraction is equal to the Fiambaenanteil.
- the W2C area ratio of 0.5% corresponds to a carbon mass fraction of around 150 pg / g. As will be shown later, smaller amounts of carbon are also bound in hemispheric accumulations around the lanthanum oxide particles. It is believed that the excess carbon content in the tungsten matrix is positively dissolved
- the theoretical density of the material without the addition of FIG. 2 shows the result of an X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD) on the cathode material with W.
- XRD X-ray diffraction measurement
- the phase W2C could be verified by agreement with the peak positions and heights stored in the database.
- the legend to the diagram shows the respective peak positions of phases W (light gray), La2Ü3 (dark gray) and W2C (black) ,
- FIGS. 3a to 3d show SEM images of a fracture surface of a
- the carbon preferably accumulates in the vicinity of the lanthanum-containing particles.
- FIG. 4a to 4d show photographs analogous to Figures 3a to 3d, but here the cathode material was a diffusion step at 2700 ° C.
- FIG. 5c shows the microstructure after cooling
- C is precipitated in the vicinity of the La2Ü3 grains, which is characterized by their white
- FIG. 6 shows, on the basis of the comparison of the moths characteristic of the different phases, the Auger electron emission over the
- FIG. 7 shows schematically the microstructural expression according to FIG.
- Tungsten grains W with grain boundaries gb and a lanthanum oxide particle at a triple point After the diffusion step at 2700 ° C, in addition to LazOa, a carbidic form of lanthanum is also observed (designated as
- La - carb There are also areas (marked as La - ox.) In which the La2Ü3 is already reduced.
- the carbon accumulates in particular at the grain boundary triple points, since the diffusion of carbon along grain boundaries is much faster than in the volume.
- FIG. 8 schematically shows a high-pressure discharge lamp 1 with a
- Discharge vessel (piston) 2 shown. Between a cathode 3 and an anode 4, a Entiadungsbogen forms during operation.
- the cathode material according to the invention is free of thorium and has at least the same length of life and a similarly low or lower arc disturbance as a lamp with a thoriated cathode.
- FIG. 9 shows schematically exemplary courses of steps
- Consolidation step K at a lower temperature and is followed by a separate diffusion step D at higher temperature. It is also conceivable to separate the consolidation step K and the diffusion step D temporally and spatially.
- the alloy components were used in the form of powders.
- Lanthanum was added in the form of lanthanum hydroxide, weighing a weight fraction of 2.33 wt%.
- the addition of C took place in the form of flame black or as WC powder.
- the C content was varied in the embodiments from 240 yg / g to 5800 pg / g to determine the effect of this size on the burning behavior in the
- the specified concentration zones of carbon are final contents in the finished cathode material.
- the powders were mixed in a conventional ploughshare mixer.
- CIP cold isostatic pressing
- the powder was filled in the press tool consisting of a rubber hose and a metal cage, sealed and pressed at a pressure of 2000 bar.
- An alternative to compaction by CiP process is the hot pressing.
- the powder was filled into a cylindrical graphite mold and a pressure of 200 bar at a temperature of 1000 ° C, which was achieved by direct passage of current applied. This process took place in a protective gas atmosphere.
- Sintering of the compact is typically done in H2 atmosphere.
- Hot pressing demonstrated.
- the cylindrical compact was heated over the end faces in the direct current passage and sintered under pressure. This process took place in a protective gas atmosphere.
- a temperature greater than or equal to 2200 ° C was used for the sintering.
- alternative methods for further densification of the material were demonstrated.
- One possibility is hot isostatic pressing (HIP). This makes the density close to the theoretical one Density achieved.
- densification by deformation may be achieved, in some embodiments plan-forging of a cylindrical geometry has been demonstrated.
- a density close to the theoretical density was achieved.
- compositions and relative densities of cathode materials were varied and the cathode materials were subsequently evaluated in lamp tests.
- lamps A, B, C, D, E, F and G are described below. These are lamps with different ones
- Lamp A contains a thoriated cathode (prior art) with a ThC? Content of 1.8% by weight.
- the cathode of the lamp B was made of the material WLZ
- Lamp C (W + 2.5 wt% La 20s + 0.07 wt% ZrOa).
- Lamp C is identical to B, but at lamp C, the WLZ cathode was carburized on the surface and the tip area (up to 3 mm behind the plateau) etched free.
- the concentrations of carbon were 240 pg / g (D), 350 pg / g (E), 750 pg / g (F) and 5800 pg / g (G), respectively.
- Table 1 gives the results of these lamps in terms of filtration, dimensional stability and
- the lamp with WLZ cathode begins to flicker after 40 h, see 3rd column in the above table 1.
- An external carburization of this cathode extends the flicker-free time to 580 h, however, the times of the thoriated Lamp (lamp A) can not be reached.
- the lamps can be operated free of flicker over the entire nominal service life and beyond. This shows that a minimum amount of carbon must be present.
- the lamp with 240 pg / g carbon (lamp D) behaves no better than the lamp with the WLZ cathode (lamp B) and begins to flicker after 50 h. Apparently, the carbon content of lamp D is too low.
- Lamp G with 5800 pg / g carbon shows a strong plateau magnification and a high flashback, both values are even higher than those of lamp C with the carburized WLZ cathode.
- the reason for this is that with increasing volume fraction of W2C, the high-temperature strength and creep resistance of the cathode material decrease.
- the cathodes of the lamps without or with too low a carbon content (lamps B, C and D) also deform strongly. With these lamps, the flicker points to one At times depletion of the cathode tip to Ernittereiement (lanthanum or lanthanum oxide) out.
- the cathodes of the lamps E and F show a very small deformation and a low burn-back. Both parameters are comparable to the thoriated reference (lamp A) or
- a carbon content of 350 pg / g or 750 pg / g apparently ensures a constant subsequent transport of the emitter element to the cathode tip, without adverse effects on the dimensional stability and the burn back behavior.
- Cathode material are identical to the lamps A-G, the effect of a densification of the cathode material after the sintering process will be shown.
- the cathode of lamp H was used in the sintered state.
- the cathode materials used in the lamps I and J were compacted by planforming or by a HIP process. Accordingly, these two materials have a higher density than the only sintered material.
- the production route of these three cathode materials is comparable, the carbon content is 630 pg / g in the identified target area.
- the test result is based on the residual porosity of the cathode material
- the densified cathode materials show characteristics associated with the thoriated cathode
- cathode materials cathodes of lamps K and L
- the cathodes of lamps K and L are suitable for the
- the lamp K with a maximum temperature in the diffusion step of 2100 ° C achieves a flicker-free operating time of 540 hours.
- the lamp L with a maximum temperature in the diffusion step of 2200 ° C reaches a flicker-free operating time of over 1500 hours.
- Diffusion step of less than 2200 ° C there is no sufficient reduction of Emitter oxide and formation of carbide phases of the emitter element in the cathode material comes and the lamp is not sufficiently supplied with emitter element in operation. If the process is carried out at a maximum temperature of 2200 ° C or higher, the reduction of lanthanum oxide in the material is accelerated. Strengthened is a carbide binding state of lanthanum to observe. This bonding state is preferably achieved at so-called triple points of the microstructure, because the diffusion of C along the grain boundaries is accelerated compared to the volume diffusion in the interior of the grain.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2019564543A JP7234474B2 (ja) | 2017-05-23 | 2018-04-26 | 陰極材料 |
DE112018002660.4T DE112018002660A5 (de) | 2017-05-23 | 2018-04-26 | Kathodenwerkstoff |
US16/616,723 US11315782B2 (en) | 2017-05-23 | 2018-04-26 | Cathode material |
CN201880033947.9A CN110753987B (zh) | 2017-05-23 | 2018-04-26 | 阴极材料 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ATGM121/2017U AT16409U1 (de) | 2017-05-23 | 2017-05-23 | Kathodenwerkstoff |
ATGM121/2017 | 2017-05-23 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2018213858A2 true WO2018213858A2 (de) | 2018-11-29 |
WO2018213858A3 WO2018213858A3 (de) | 2019-01-31 |
Family
ID=64395044
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AT2018/000032 WO2018213858A2 (de) | 2017-05-23 | 2018-04-26 | Kathodenwerkstoff |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US11315782B2 (de) |
JP (1) | JP7234474B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN110753987B (de) |
AT (1) | AT16409U1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE112018002660A5 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2018213858A2 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020171065A1 (ja) * | 2019-02-18 | 2020-08-27 | 株式会社 東芝 | 放電ランプ用カソード部品、放電ランプ、および放電ランプ用カソード部品の製造方法 |
CN111850524A (zh) * | 2020-07-17 | 2020-10-30 | 广东威特真空电子制造有限公司 | 稀土钨阴极及其制备方法和应用 |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114606540B (zh) * | 2022-01-24 | 2023-07-14 | 包头市玺骏稀土有限责任公司 | 一种稀土金属电解阴极保护方法及阴极 |
Family Cites Families (17)
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CH582951A5 (de) * | 1973-07-09 | 1976-12-15 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
JPH02295057A (ja) * | 1989-05-09 | 1990-12-05 | Ushio Inc | 放電灯用電極 |
US6190579B1 (en) * | 1997-09-08 | 2001-02-20 | Integrated Thermal Sciences, Inc. | Electron emission materials and components |
DE10209426A1 (de) * | 2002-03-05 | 2003-09-18 | Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh | Kurzbogen-Hochdruckentladungslampe |
US7652430B1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2010-01-26 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation | Broadband plasma light sources with cone-shaped electrode for substrate processing |
JP5239828B2 (ja) * | 2008-12-22 | 2013-07-17 | ウシオ電機株式会社 | 放電ランプ |
JP5293172B2 (ja) * | 2008-12-26 | 2013-09-18 | ウシオ電機株式会社 | 放電ランプ |
JP5527224B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-14 | 2014-06-18 | ウシオ電機株式会社 | ショートアーク型放電ランプ |
JP2012203998A (ja) * | 2011-03-23 | 2012-10-22 | Nippon Tungsten Co Ltd | タングステン陰極材料 |
JP2013020703A (ja) | 2011-07-07 | 2013-01-31 | Ushio Inc | ショートアーク型放電ランプ |
CN103998635B (zh) * | 2011-12-20 | 2017-01-18 | 株式会社东芝 | 钨合金、以及使用该钨合金的钨合金部件、放电灯、发射管和磁控管 |
JP5881742B2 (ja) * | 2012-01-07 | 2016-03-09 | 株式会社東芝 | タングステン合金、およびそれを用いたタングステン合金部品、放電ランプ、送信管並びにマグネトロン |
WO2013113049A1 (de) * | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-08 | Plansee Se | Wolfram-verbundelektrode |
EP3778939A1 (de) * | 2012-05-29 | 2021-02-17 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Verfahren zur herstellung eines wolframlegierungsteils |
EP2871666B1 (de) * | 2012-07-03 | 2022-09-07 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Wolframlegierungsteil sowie entladungslampe damit |
JP6191865B2 (ja) * | 2013-08-26 | 2017-09-06 | ウシオ電機株式会社 | 放電ランプ |
CN109378266A (zh) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-02-22 | 厦门虹鹭钨钼工业有限公司 | 一种环保型阴极材料及其制备方法 |
-
2017
- 2017-05-23 AT ATGM121/2017U patent/AT16409U1/de unknown
-
2018
- 2018-04-26 DE DE112018002660.4T patent/DE112018002660A5/de active Pending
- 2018-04-26 CN CN201880033947.9A patent/CN110753987B/zh active Active
- 2018-04-26 US US16/616,723 patent/US11315782B2/en active Active
- 2018-04-26 WO PCT/AT2018/000032 patent/WO2018213858A2/de active Application Filing
- 2018-04-26 JP JP2019564543A patent/JP7234474B2/ja active Active
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020171065A1 (ja) * | 2019-02-18 | 2020-08-27 | 株式会社 東芝 | 放電ランプ用カソード部品、放電ランプ、および放電ランプ用カソード部品の製造方法 |
JPWO2020171065A1 (ja) * | 2019-02-18 | 2021-09-13 | 株式会社東芝 | 放電ランプ用カソード部品、放電ランプ、および放電ランプ用カソード部品の製造方法 |
JP7098812B2 (ja) | 2019-02-18 | 2022-07-11 | 株式会社東芝 | 放電ランプ用カソード部品、放電ランプ、および放電ランプ用カソード部品の製造方法 |
CN111850524A (zh) * | 2020-07-17 | 2020-10-30 | 广东威特真空电子制造有限公司 | 稀土钨阴极及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AT16409U1 (de) | 2019-08-15 |
JP7234474B2 (ja) | 2023-03-08 |
CN110753987A (zh) | 2020-02-04 |
US20210175067A1 (en) | 2021-06-10 |
WO2018213858A3 (de) | 2019-01-31 |
US11315782B2 (en) | 2022-04-26 |
DE112018002660A5 (de) | 2020-03-05 |
CN110753987B (zh) | 2022-05-10 |
JP2020521294A (ja) | 2020-07-16 |
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