WO2018103580A1 - 一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2018103580A1
WO2018103580A1 PCT/CN2017/113795 CN2017113795W WO2018103580A1 WO 2018103580 A1 WO2018103580 A1 WO 2018103580A1 CN 2017113795 W CN2017113795 W CN 2017113795W WO 2018103580 A1 WO2018103580 A1 WO 2018103580A1
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palladium oxide
palladium
preparation
oxide catalyst
solution
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曾建皇
蒋扬程
刘真
廖世军
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/009—Preparation by separation, e.g. by filtration, decantation, screening
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/923—Compounds thereof with non-metallic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/18—Carbon
    • B01J21/185—Carbon nanotubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/44—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/33—Electric or magnetic properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/34—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation
    • B01J37/341—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation
    • B01J37/344—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation of electromagnetic wave energy
    • B01J37/346—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation of electromagnetic wave energy of microwave energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of direct formic acid fuel cell electrocatalysts, and particularly relates to a palladium oxide catalyst for a direct formic acid fuel cell and a preparation method thereof.
  • electrocatalysts act as electrochemical reactions 'factory'
  • the noble metal platinum, palladium, or platinum-palladium alloy has very high catalytic activity for the oxidation reaction of hydrogen, formic acid, methanol, ethanol and other fuel molecules and the oxygen reduction reaction. Therefore, most of the commercial and practical electrocatalysts at this stage are carbon-loaded. Platinum or carbon supported palladium electrocatalyst.
  • a palladium catalyst or a palladium on carbon catalyst is recognized as an electrocatalyst for the oxidation of formic acid with optimum activity.
  • the formic acid oxidation activity of this catalyst still needs to be improved and the stability is poor.
  • the main objective of the preparation of palladium electrocatalyst by chemical reduction is that the particle size is small and the particle size distribution is uniform, the specific surface area of the noble metal palladium is maximized, and the utilization efficiency is improved.
  • a polymer protective agent is usually added during the chemical reduction process to prevent the particles from growing up after nucleation.
  • the disadvantage of this method is that if the polymer protective agent is not removed before use, it will cover the active center of palladium, so that the catalytic activity cannot be effectively exerted; and the removal of the polymer protective agent is usually carried out at a high temperature, which will inevitably lead to the particle. The path grows up.
  • ethylene glycol reduction There are many preparation methods for palladium electrocatalysts, and the most common one is ethylene glycol reduction. Ethylene glycol acts as both a protective agent and a reducing agent during heating The palladium precursor is reduced to a palladium electrocatalyst.
  • the electrocatalyst prepared by the method has small particle size and uniform dispersion, and has the disadvantage of high energy consumption, and the ethylene glycol itself is oxidized during the reaction process, cannot be recycled, and has high cost.
  • the present invention provides a noble metal electrocatalyst which is low in energy consumption, simple, environmentally friendly, fast, low in cost, and easy to realize mass industrial production, and a preparation method thereof, that is, a direct formic acid fuel A palladium oxide catalyst for a battery and a method for preparing the same.
  • the most prominent technical feature of the present invention and other inventions is that the electrocatalyst produced is a palladium oxide catalyst rather than a palladium catalyst.
  • the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions.
  • a method for preparing a palladium oxide catalyst for a direct formic acid fuel cell comprising the steps of:
  • the water-soluble palladium precursor is dissolved in water to prepare a palladium precursor solution, and then citrate is added, and the pH of the solution is adjusted after being completely dissolved. 9 ⁇ 13 ;
  • step (1) The resulting solution is placed in a microwave reactor for microwave reaction, while the microwave reaction is maintained while the condensed water is refluxed and magnetically stirred to obtain a palladium oxide colloidal solution;
  • Steps (3) The resulting mixture is suction filtered, and the filter cake is washed, vacuum dried, and ground to obtain a carbon supported palladium oxide catalyst.
  • the water-soluble palladium precursor of the step (1) is one of palladium chloride, sodium chloropalladate and potassium chloropalladate.
  • the water-soluble palladium precursor is palladium chloride.
  • the citrate in step (1) is sodium citrate or potassium citrate.
  • the molar ratio of the citrate to the water-soluble palladium precursor in the step (1) is from 5:1 to 0.5:1.
  • the power of the microwave reaction in the step (2) is 600 to 1500 W, further preferably 900 W.
  • the microwave reaction time is 3 to 30 minutes.
  • the carbon carrier in step (3) is a commercial carbon powder or a carbon nanotube.
  • the carbon carrier in the step (3) is added in an amount of 60 to 90% by weight of the palladium metal in the palladium oxide colloid.
  • a palladium oxide catalyst for a direct formic acid fuel cell produced by the above-described preparation method.
  • the mass ratio of palladium oxide in the palladium oxide catalyst is 10 to 40%.
  • the main principle of the present invention is that under alkaline conditions, the palladium precursor is hydrolyzed to palladium oxide particles under the protection of citrate; since the rapid heating by microwave, the hydrolysis speed is very fast, and the hydrolysis produces palladium oxide, which effectively avoids The autocatalytic effect of palladium results in a small particle size and uniform dispersion of palladium oxide.
  • the present invention has the following advantages and technical effects:
  • the invention adopts water as a solvent, is environmentally friendly, and does not involve any organic substances in the whole process;
  • the present invention does not add any high molecular weight protective agent, so that the catalyst does not require post-treatment after preparation;
  • reaction time of the invention is short, and energy consumption is saved
  • the electrocatalyst prepared by the invention is palladium oxide instead of the usual palladium;
  • the electrocatalyst prepared by the present invention has a small particle diameter and is uniformly dispersed on a carrier.
  • Figure 1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a palladium oxide colloid prepared in Example 1.
  • Figure 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the palladium oxide catalyst prepared in Example 1.
  • Figure 3 is a cyclic voltammogram of a palladium oxide electrocatalyst in a solution of 0.5 mol L -1 HCOOH + 0.5 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4 at room temperature.
  • Figure 4 is a cyclic voltammogram of a commercial palladium on carbon electrocatalyst in a solution of 0.5 mol L -1 HCOOH + 0.5 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4 at room temperature.
  • the palladium oxide catalyst had a mass ratio of palladium oxide of 20%.
  • Fig. 1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a palladium oxide colloid prepared in the present example. It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the average particle diameter of palladium oxide is 2.5 nm and the distribution is uniform.
  • Fig. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of the palladium oxide catalyst prepared in the present example, and Fig. 2 shows the characteristic diffraction peak of palladium oxide.
  • XRD X-ray diffraction pattern
  • Figure 3 is a cyclic voltammogram of a palladium oxide catalyst in a solution of 0.5 mol L -1 HCOOH + 0.5 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4 at room temperature (the number in the figure indicates the number of turns), and the scanning speed is 20 mV s -1 . It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the peak current density of formic acid oxidation is 2172 A g -1 at the first turn, and the current density is attenuated to 675 A g -1 after 40 cycles, attenuating by 69%.
  • Figure 4 is a cyclic voltammogram of a commercial palladium carbon catalyst in a solution of 0.5 mol L -1 HCOOH + 0.5 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4 at room temperature (the number in the figure indicates the number of turns), and the scanning speed is 20 mV s -1 . It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the peak current density of formic acid oxidation is 1022 A g -1 at the first turn, and the current density is attenuated to 162 A g -1 after 40 cycles, attenuating by 84%.
  • the average particle diameter of the palladium oxide prepared in this example was 2.2 nm, and the X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the catalyst prepared in the present example was palladium oxide.
  • the palladium oxide catalyst prepared in this example has a scanning speed of 20 mV s -1 in a solution of 0.5 mol L -1 HCOOH + 0.5 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4 at room temperature, and the peak current density of the formic acid oxidation in the first ring is 1600 A g. -1 .
  • the palladium oxide catalyst had a mass ratio of palladium oxide of 10%.
  • the palladium oxide catalyst prepared in this example had an average particle diameter of 2.3 nm.
  • the scanning current rate is 20mV s -1 in 0.5 mol L -1 HCOOH + 0.5 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4 solution at room temperature.
  • the peak current density of formic acid oxidation in the first ring of palladium oxide catalyst prepared in this example is 1800 A g. -1 .

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂及其制备方法。该制备方法如下：将氯化钯溶解配制成水溶液，加入柠檬酸钠或柠檬酸钾，调节溶液的 pH 值为 9~13 ；然后将上述溶液置于微波反应器中微波反应 3~30 分钟，反应同时回流和磁力搅拌，得到氧化钯胶体溶液。待氧化钯胶体冷却后，加入商业碳粉或者碳纳米管收集氧化钯；最后抽滤，将滤饼洗涤干净，真空干燥，研磨后得到碳载的氧化钯催化剂。本发明用水为溶剂，绿色环保，全程无任何有机物质参与反应；不添加任何高分子量的保护剂，催化剂制备后无需后处理；反应时间短，节省能耗；本发明制备氧化钯电催化剂的过程简单，易于实现批量工业化生产。

Description

一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于直接甲酸燃料电池电催化剂领域，具体涉及一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
在燃料电池中，电催化剂扮演着电化学反应 ' 工厂 ' 的作用，是电池中的核心材料，电催化剂的研制是燃料电池的关键之一。贵金属铂、钯、或者铂钯合金对氢气、甲酸、甲醇、乙醇等燃料分子的氧化反应以及氧还原反应均具有非常高的催化活性，因此现阶段商业和实用的电催化剂绝大部分为碳载铂或者碳载钯电催化剂。对于直接甲酸燃料电池甲酸氧化的阳极电催化剂而言，钯催化剂或者碳载钯催化剂被公认为是具有最佳活性的甲酸氧化的电催化剂。然而这种催化剂的甲酸氧化活性仍然有待提高，且稳定性差。
化学还原制备钯电催化剂遵循的主要目标是粒径小和粒径分布均匀，使贵金属钯的比表面积最大化，提高利用效率。为了制备小粒径的钯，通常在化学还原过程中加入高分子保护剂，避免粒子成核后长大。这种方法的缺点是，高分子保护剂如果在使用前不去除，将覆盖钯的活性中心，使催化活性不能有效发挥；而去除高分子保护剂通常采用高温处理，这将不可避免的导致粒径长大。钯电催化剂制备方法有很多，最常用的是乙二醇还原法。加热过程中，乙二醇同时作为保护剂和还原剂 , 将钯前驱体还原为钯电催化剂。这种方法所制备的电催化剂粒径小且分散均匀，其缺点是能耗高，且乙二醇在反应过程中本身氧化，不能回收利用，成本高。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术的不足，本发明提供一种制备能耗低、简单、绿色环保、快速、成本低廉、易于实现批量工业化生产的贵金属电催化剂及其制备方法，即一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂及其制备方法。本发明与其它发明最突出的技术特征是制备的电催化剂为氧化钯催化剂而非钯催化剂。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现。
一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
（ 1 ）将水溶性钯前驱体加水溶解配制成钯前驱体溶液，再加入柠檬酸盐，待完全溶解后调节溶液的 pH 为 9~13 ；
（ 2 ）将步骤（ 1 ）所得溶液置于微波反应器中微波反应，微波反应同时保持冷凝水回流和磁力搅拌，得氧化钯胶体溶液；
（ 3 ）待氧化钯胶体溶液冷却后，加入碳载体收集氧化钯胶体；
（ 4 ）将步骤（ 3 ）所得混合液抽滤，再将滤饼洗涤干净，真空干燥，研磨后得到碳载的氧化钯催化剂。
优选的，步骤（ 1 ）所述水溶性钯前驱体为氯化钯、氯钯酸钠和氯钯酸钾中的一种。
进一步优选的，所述水溶性钯前驱体为氯化钯。
优选的，步骤（ 1 ）所述柠檬酸盐为柠檬酸钠或柠檬酸钾。
优选的，步骤（ 1 ）所述柠檬酸盐与水溶性钯前驱体的摩尔比为 5:1~0.5:1 。
优选的，步骤（ 2 ）所述微波反应的功率为 600~1500W ，进一步优选为 900W ；微波反应的时间为 3~30 分钟。
优选的，步骤（ 3 ）所述碳载体为商业碳粉或者碳纳米管。
优选的，步骤（ 3 ）所述碳载体的加入量占氧化钯胶体中钯金属的 60~90wt% 。
由以上所述的制备方法制得的一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂。
优选的，在该氧化钯催化剂中氧化钯的质量比为 10~40% 。
本发明的主要原理为，碱性条件下，钯前驱体在柠檬酸盐的保护下水解成氧化钯颗粒；由于采用微波快速加热，水解速度非常快，且水解生成的为氧化钯，有效的避免了钯的自催化效应，导致氧化钯粒径小，分散均匀。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下优点与技术效果：
（ 1 ）本发明采用水为溶剂，绿色环保，全程无任何有机物质参与反应；
（ 2 ）本发明不添加任何高分子量的保护剂，使催化剂制备后无需后处理；
（ 3 ）本发明的反应时间短，节省能耗；
（ 4 ）本发明制备的电催化剂为氧化钯而非通常的钯；
（ 5 ）本发明制备的电催化剂粒径小且在载体上分散均匀。
附图说明
图 1 是实施例 1 制备的氧化钯胶体的透射电镜照片。
图 2 是实施例 1 制备的氧化钯催化剂的 X 射线衍射图。
图 3 是室温下氧化钯电催化剂在 0.5 mol L-1 HCOOH+0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 溶液中的循环伏安图。
图 4 是室温下商业钯碳电催化剂在 0.5 mol L-1 HCOOH+0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 溶液中的循环伏安图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和实例对本发明的具体实施作进一步的说明，但本发明的保护范围不限于此。
实施例 1
将 2.5 ml 配制好的 0.12 mol L-1 氯化钯溶液加入 100 ml 水中，然后加入 1.5 ×10-3 mol 柠檬酸钠， 柠檬酸钠与氯化钯的摩尔比为 5:1 。 调节 pH 为 9 ；将溶液置于功率为 1200W 的微波反应器中，微波回流反应 17 分钟并保持磁力搅拌，得到氧化钯胶体溶液；待氧化钯胶体溶液冷却后，加入 120mg 碳粉收集氧化钯；最后抽滤，将滤饼洗涤干净，真空干燥，研磨后得到碳载的氧化钯催化剂，在该氧化钯催化剂中氧化钯的质量比为 20% 。图 1 为本实施例制备的氧化钯胶体的透射电镜照片，从图 1 可以看出，氧化钯的平均粒径为 2.5 nm ，分布均匀。图 2 为本实施例制备的氧化钯催化剂的 X 射线衍射图（ XRD ），图 2 可以明显看出氧化钯的特征衍射峰。图 3 是室温下氧化钯催化剂在 0.5 mol L-1 HCOOH+0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 溶液中的循环伏安图（图中的数字表示圈数），扫描速度为 20mV s-1 。从图 3 可以看出，第 1 圈时，甲酸氧化的峰电流密度为 2172 A g-1 ， 40 圈后，电流密度衰减到 675 A g-1 ，衰减了 69% 。图 4 是室温下商业钯碳催化剂在 0.5 mol L-1 HCOOH+0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 溶液中的循环伏安图（图中数字表示圈数），扫描速度为 20mV s-1 。从图 4 可以看出，第 1 圈时，甲酸氧化的峰电流密度为 1022 A g-1 ， 40 圈后，电流密度衰减到 162 A g-1 ，衰减了 84% 。
实施例 2
将 2.5 ml 配制好的 0.12 mol L-1 氯化钯溶液加入 100 ml 水中，然后加入 1.5 ×10-4 mol 柠檬酸钠， 柠檬酸钠与氯化钯的摩尔比为 0.5:1 。 调节 pH 为 13 ；将溶液置于功率为 600W 的微波反应器中，微波回流反应 30 分钟并保持磁力搅拌，得到氧化钯胶体溶液；待氧化钯胶体溶液冷却后，加入 47mg 碳纳米管收集氧化钯；最后抽滤，将滤饼洗涤干净，真空干燥，研磨后得到碳载的氧化钯催化剂，在该氧化钯催化剂中氧化钯的质量比为 40% 。本实施例制备的氧化钯的平均粒径为 2.2 nm ， X 射线衍射图谱可以看出本实施例所制备的催化剂为氧化钯。本实施例制备的氧化钯催化剂室温下 0.5 mol L-1 HCOOH+0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 溶液中，扫描速度为 20mV s-1 ，第 1 圈甲酸氧化的峰电流密度为 1600 A g-1 。
实施例 3
将 4 ml 配制好的 0.12 mol L-1 氯化钯溶液加入 100 ml 水中，然后加入 1.32 ×10-3 mol 柠檬酸钠， 柠檬酸钠与氯化钯的摩尔比为 2.75:1 。 调节 pH 为 11 ；将溶液置于功率为 1500W 的微波反应器中，微波回流反应 3 分钟并保持磁力搅拌，得到氧化钯胶体溶液；待氧化钯胶体溶液冷却后，加入 400mg 碳粉收集氧化钯；最后抽滤，将滤饼洗涤干净，真空干燥，研磨后得到碳载的氧化钯催化剂，在该氧化钯催化剂中氧化钯的质量比为 10% 。本实施例制备的氧化钯催化剂的平均粒径为 2.3nm 。室温下 0.5 mol L-1 HCOOH+0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 溶液中，扫描速度为 20mV s-1 ，本实施例制备的氧化钯催化剂第 1 圈甲酸氧化的峰电流密度为 1800 A g-1 。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    （1）将水溶性钯前驱体加水溶解配制成钯前驱体溶液，再加入柠檬酸盐，待完全溶解后调节溶液的pH为9~13；
    （2）将步骤（1）所得溶液置于微波反应器中微波反应，同时保持冷凝水回流和磁力搅拌，得氧化钯胶体溶液；
    （3）待氧化钯胶体溶液冷却后，加入碳载体收集氧化钯胶体；
    （4）将步骤（3）所得混合液抽滤，再将滤饼洗涤干净，真空干燥，研磨后得到碳载的氧化钯催化剂。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤（1）所述水溶性钯前驱体为氯化钯、氯钯酸钠和氯钯酸钾中的一种。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤（1）所述柠檬酸盐为柠檬酸钠或柠檬酸钾。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤（1）所述柠檬酸盐与水溶性钯前驱体的摩尔比为5:1~0.5:1。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤（2）所述微波反应的功率为600~1500W，时间为3~30分钟。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤（3）所述碳载体为商业碳粉或者碳纳米管。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤（3）所述碳载体的加入量占氧化钯胶体中钯金属的60~90wt%。
  8. 由权利要求1-7任一项所述的制备方法制得的一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的一种用于直接甲酸燃料电池的氧化钯催化剂，其特征在于，在该氧化钯催化剂中氧化钯的质量比为10~40%。
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