Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
  • C04B18/16—Waste materials; Refuse from building or ceramic industry
  • C04B18/167—Recycled materials, i.e. waste materials reused in the production of the same materials
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
  • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
  • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
  • B28B11/08—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for reshaping the surface, e.g. smoothing, roughening, corrugating, making screw-threads
  • B28B11/10—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for reshaping the surface, e.g. smoothing, roughening, corrugating, making screw-threads by using presses
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
  • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
  • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
  • B28B11/24—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for curing, setting or hardening
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
  • C04B28/04—Portland cements
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
  • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
  • Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for the production of fresh fiber cement products containing fiber cement waste material. More particularly, the present invention provides methods for the production of fresh fiber cement products, at least comprising the steps of providing comminuted cured fiber cement material (i.e. a suitable fiber cement waste powder) and subsequently forming a fresh fiber cement product making use of the comminuted cured fiber cement material as one of the raw materials.
• the present invention further relates to fresh fiber cement products obtained by these methods as well as to uses of these fiber cement products in the building industry.
• Fiber cement material is a composite material typically comprising cement, cellulose fibers, and at least one of silica sand, synthetic fibers and fillers. It is widely used in construction and can take the form of a plurality of products, such as for example corrugated sheets for roofs, small sheets for tiles (slates), sheets for sidings, cladding, boards, etc.
• Cured fiber cement waste material has a chemical composition similar to the corresponding fresh fiber cement products from which the waste is derived, and therefore could, and ideally should, be recycled and reused.
• Prior art patent documents US20080168927 and US20080072796 relate to methods for recycling fiber cement material waste.
• the present inventors have developed methods for the production of qualitatively excellent fresh fiber cement products making use of cured fiber cement waste material.
• these methods at least comprise the steps of producing comminuted cured fiber cement waste, forming a fresh green fiber cement product containing the comminuted cured fiber cement waste as a raw material and subsequently curing the green fiber cement product by autoclavation.
• autoclave-cured fiber cement products produced by the methods of the present invention show a higher mechanical strength and a lower density when compared to autoclave-cured fiber cement products not containing any waste material, while the degree of water absorption was similar compared to autoclave-cured fiber cement products not containing any waste material.
• the inventors have found a new way to process fiber cement waste in fresh products without affecting the water absorption while simultaneously increasing the mechanical strength and decreasing the density of fiber cement products.
• the present invention provides methods for the production of fresh fiber cement products comprising cured fiber cement waste material, at least comprising the steps of:
• the step of providing an aqueous fiber cement slurry comprises mixing at least water, cementitious binder, natural or synthetic fibers and the cured fiber cement powder, such that the cured fiber cement waste powder is present in the aqueous fiber cement slurry in an amount of between about 5M% and about 40M% of cured comminuted fiber cement waste, which can be produced as further explained herein.
• such fiber cement slurry comprises between about 5M% and about 30M% of cured comminuted fiber cement waste powder, such as between about 5M% and about 15M% of cured fiber cement powder.
• the fiber cement slurry for the production of the fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement products according to the methods of the present invention comprises less than about 15M% of cured fiber cement powder produced according to the methods of the invention, such as less than about 10M% of cured fiber cement powder, more preferably less than about 5M% of cured fiber cement powder.
• the unit "M%" refers to the mass percentage of the component over the total dry mass of the composition, i.e. all components except free water.
• the methods according to the invention further comprise the step of pressing the green fiber cement sheet prior to air-curing.
• the step of pressing the green fiber cement sheet comprises compressing the green fiber cement sheet with a pressure of at between about 100 kg/cm 2 and 300 kg/m 2 , such as between about 200 kg/cm 2 and 300 kg/cm 2 , such as at about 230 kg/cm 2 .
• the step of pressing the green fiber cement sheet comprises compressing the green fiber cement sheet during a time period of at least 300 seconds, such as at least 500 seconds, such as at least 600 seconds or at least 700 seconds.
• the step of pressing the green fiber cement sheet comprises compressing the green fiber cement sheet during a time period of between about 300 seconds and about 700 seconds.
• the methods of the present invention have an additional technical effect that the specific strength of the produced fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement products increases in comparison with non-pressed products also produced with the methods of the present invention.
• the step of providing cured fiber cement waste powder comprises comminuting an air-cured fiber cement product or an autoclave-cured fiber cement product or comminuting a mixture of air-cured and autoclave-cured fiber cement products.
• the step of providing cured fiber cement powder comprises comminuting an air-cured fiber cement product or an autoclave-cured fiber cement product or comminuting a mixture of air-cured and autoclave-cured fiber cement products by using a pendulum mill.
• the step of providing cured fiber cement waste powder comprises comminuting an air-cured cured fiber cement product.
• the step of providing cured fiber cement powder comprises comminuting an air-cured fiber cement product with a pendulum mill.
• the present invention provides an air-cured fiber cement product obtained using the methods according to the present invention.
• the present invention provides the use of the air-cured fiber cements products as obtained by the methods of the invention, as a building material.
• Figure 1 shows the particle size distribution curves of cement particles and of comminuted fiber cement powder as produced by the methods according to the present invention.
• Cement samples as well as air-cured fiber cement slate samples were each milled using a pendular mill type roller mill of the Poittemill Group (FR).
• the particle size distribution was then measured for both types of samples via laser beam diffraction in dry dispersion at 3 bar with a Malvern MasterSizer 2000.
• Figure 2 shows the volume percentage of smaller particles in function of the particle size.
• Figure 2 shows the particle size distribution curves of cement particles and of comminuted fiber cement powder as produced by the methods according to the present invention.
• Cement samples as well as air-cured fiber cement slate samples were each milled using a pendular mill type roller mill of the Poittemill Group (FR).
• the particle size distribution was then measured for both types of samples via laser beam diffraction in dry dispersion at 3 bar with a Malvern MasterSizer 2000.
• Figure 3 shows the volume percentage of particles in function of the particle size class.
• Figure 3 shows the particle size distribution curves of silica quartz particles and of comminuted fiber cement powder as produced by the methods according to the present invention.
• Silica quartz samples as well as air-cured fiber cement slate samples were each milled using a pendular mill type roller mill of the Poittemill Group (FR).
• the particle size distribution was then measured for both types of samples via laser beam diffraction in dry dispersion at 3 bar with a Malvern MasterSizer 2000.
• Figure 4 shows the volume percentage of smaller particles in function of the particle size.
• Figure 4 shows the particle size distribution curves of cement particles and of comminuted fiber cement powder as produced by the methods according to the present invention.
• Silica quartz samples as well as air-cured fiber cement slate samples were each milled using a pendular mill type roller mill of the Poittemill Group (FR).
• the particle size distribution was then measured for both types of samples via laser beam diffraction in dry dispersion at 3 bar with a Malvern MasterSizer 2000.
• Figure 5 shows the volume percentage of particles in function of the particle size class.
• Figure 5 is a picture showing the particle morphology of the comminuted fiber cement powder as obtained by the methods of the invention, which has a flowing behavior that is similar to the flowing behavior of cementitious powder, silica flour or limestone flour.
• Figure 6 represents the density normalized flexural strength (modulus of rupture; MOR) of the 6 different test samples (samples 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 of which the formulation is presented in Table 1) and the two reference samples (samples 1 and 5 of which the formulation is presented in Table 1).
• Figure 7 shows the hygric movement (expressed as shrink/expansion (in mm/m)) of 6 different test samples (samples 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 of which the formulation is presented in Table 1) and two reference samples (samples 1 and 5 of which the formulation is presented in Table 1).
• the hygric movement was measured by saturating the samples during 72 hours in tap water. The weight and the dimensions (length and width) of the samples was subsequently determined under saturated conditions. Afterwards, the samples were placed to dry for 48 hours at about 105°C. For each of the dried samples, the weight and the dimensions (length and width) was determined again. The hygric movement for each sample was calculated by dividing the difference in dimensions (length or width) between dry conditions and saturated conditions by the total dimension (length or width, respectively).
• Figure 8 shows the water content of 6 different test samples of 6 different test samples (samples 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 of which the formulation is presented in Table 1) and two reference samples (samples 1 and 5 of which the formulation is presented in Table 1).
• the water absorption was measured using a Karsten test as further described herein.
• Figure 9 is a SEM (scan electron microscopy) picture of a sample of autoclave-cured fiber cement product, which comprises recycled air-cured fiber cement waste (characterized by the clearly visible PVA fibers in the product) manufactured according to the methods of the present invention.
• (fiber) cementitious slurry generally refer to slurries at least comprising water, fibers and cement.
• the fiber cement slurry as used in the context of the present invention may also further comprise other components, such as but not limited to, limestone, chalk, quick lime, slaked or hydrated lime, ground sand, silica sand flour, quartz flour, amorphous silica, condensed silica fume, microsilica, metakaolin, wollastonite, mica, perlite, vermiculite, aluminum hydroxide, pigments, anti-foaming agents, flocculants, and other additives.
• other components such as but not limited to, limestone, chalk, quick lime, slaked or hydrated lime, ground sand, silica sand flour, quartz flour, amorphous silica, condensed silica fume, microsilica, metakaolin, wollastonite, mica, perlite, vermiculite, aluminum hydroxide, pigments, anti-fo
• Fiber(s) present in the fiber cement slurry as described herein may be for example process fibers and/or reinforcing fibers which both may be organic fibers (typically cellulose fibers) or synthetic fibers (polyvinylalcohol, polyacrilonitrile, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, etc.).
• organic fibers typically cellulose fibers
• synthetic fibers polyvinylalcohol, polyacrilonitrile, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, etc.
• cement present in the fiber cement slurry as described herein may be for example but is not limited to Portland cement, cement with high alumina content, Portland cement of iron, trass-cement, slag cement, plaster, calcium silicates formed by autoclave treatment and combinations of particular binders.
• cement in the products of the invention is Portland cement.
• water-permeable as used herein when referring to a water-permeable (region of a) transport belt generally means that the material of which the water- permeable (region of the) belt is made allows water to flow through its structure to a certain extent.
• the bulk density is defined as the weight of a certain amount of particles of a specific material divided by the total volume this amount of particles occupies. The total volume includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume, and internal pore volume.
• the bulk density of powders as referred to herein is also called the "freely settled” or "poured" density, i.e. the bulk density measured after pouring the powder, without applying any further compaction process.
• the bulk density of a powder can be determined by any standard method for measuring bulk density as know to the skilled person.
• the bulk density of a powder can be determined by measuring the volume of a known mass of powder sample, that may have been passed through a sieve, into a graduated cylinder (below described as method A), or by measuring the mass of a known volume of powder that has been passed into a measuring vessel (below described as method B).
• Procedure Pass a quantity of powder sufficient to complete the test through a sieve with apertures greater than or equal to 1.0 mm, if necessary, to break up agglomerates that may have formed during storage; this must be done gently to avoid changing the nature of the material.
• a dry graduated cylinder of 250 ml readable to 2 ml
• gently introduce, without compacting approximately 100 g of the test sample (m) weighed with 0.1% accuracy.
• test sample If the powder density is too low or too high, such that the test sample has an untapped apparent volume of either more than 250 ml or less than 150 ml, it is not possible to use 100 g of powder sample. Therefore, a different amount of powder has to be selected as test sample, such that its untapped apparent volume is 150 ml to 250 ml (apparent volume greater than or equal to 60% of the total volume of the cylinder); the mass of the test sample is specified in the expression of results.
• test samples having an apparent volume between 50 ml and 100 ml having an apparent volume between 50 ml and 100 ml a 100 ml cylinder readable to 1 ml can be used; the volume of the cylinder is specified in the expression of results.
• the apparatus consists of a 100 ml cylindrical vessel of stainless steel. Procedure. Pass a quantity of powder sufficient to complete the test through a 1.0 mm sieve, if necessary, to break up agglomerates that may have formed during storage and allow the obtained sample to flow freely into the measuring vessel until it overflows. Carefully scrape the excess powder from the top of the vessel. Determine the mass (M0) of the powder to the nearest 0.1% by subtraction of the previously determined mass of the empty measuring vessel. Calculate the bulk density (g/ml) using the formula MO/100 and record the average of three determinations using three different powder samples.
• a "(fiber cement) sheet” or “fiber cement sheet” or “sheet” as interchangeably used herein, and also referred to as a panel or a plate, is to be understood as a flat, usually rectangular element, a fiber cement panel or fiber cement sheet being provided out of fiber cement material.
• the panel or sheet has two main faces or surfaces, being the surfaces with the largest surface area.
• the sheet can be used to provide an outer surface to walls, both internal as well as external a building or construction, e.g. as fagade plate, siding, etc.
• the present invention novel and improved methods for the production of fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement products by using comminuted cured fiber cement waste material as one of the raw materials.
• the main advantage of producing fiber cement sheets or boards with lower densities compared to conventional (i.e. non-waste containing or non-recycled) fiber cement products is that the products obtained by the methods according to the present invention are lighter than non-waste-based products of equal dimension and as a consequence have an improved workability. Workability encompasses the ease with which the board is handled and installed.
• the present invention provides methods for the production of fresh fiber cement products comprising cured fiber cement waste material, at least comprising the steps of:
• the first step in the methods according to the present invention comprises providing a cured fiber cement powder by comminuting cured fiber cement material.
• the cured fiber cement material which is to be comminuted, is typically waste material, e.g. demolition waste, production waste from the fiber cement production plant, waste from the construction sites or rejected fiber cement products.
• waste material e.g. demolition waste, production waste from the fiber cement production plant, waste from the construction sites or rejected fiber cement products.
• the comminuted cured fiber cement material typically in form of cured fiber cement powder, can be used as raw material for fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement products, in which the cured fiber cement powder is recycled.
• Cured fiber cement powder for use in the fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement products according to the invention can be air-cured comminuted fiber cement waste powder or autoclave-cured comminuted fiber cement waste powder or a mixture of both air-cured and autoclave-cured fiber cement waste powder.
• comminuting the cured fiber cement material is done by making use of a pendular mill.
• the methods for the production of comminuted cured fiber cement material further comprise the step of drying the cured fiber cement material during comminuting in the pendular mill.
• the step of drying the cured fiber cement material during comminuting in the pendular mill is performed by injecting hot air in the pendular mill during comminuting.
• the cured fiber cement material for use as a starting material for the production of comminuted cured fiber cement material has a water content of less than or equal to about 10%w.
• the cured fiber cement material for use as a starting material for the production of comminuted cured fiber cement material has a water content of less than or equal to about 10 %w, such as less than or equal to about 8%w, for example less than or equal to about 6%w, such as less than or equal to about 5%w.
• the cured fiber cement material for use as a starting material for the production of comminuted cured fiber cement material is air-cured fiber cement material.
• autoclave cured fiber cement product may be comminuted to provide the cured fiber cement powder.
• a combination of air-cured and autoclave-cured fiber cement product may be comminuted, or air-cured fiber cement powder and autoclave- cured fiber cement powder maybe combined to provide the cured fiber cement powder.
• the particles have a granulated, sand-like texture and have a flowing behavior that is similar to the flowing behavior and the bulk density (as defined herein) of cementitious powder, silica flour or limestone flour (see e.g. Figure 5).
• the comminuted powder as produced by the methods according to the present invention is specifically characterized by a bulk density 1000 kg/m 3 and 1600 kg/m 3 , and preferably between 1000 kg/m 3 and 1300 kg/m 3 .
• the produced cured fiber cement powder particles of the invention have a particle size distribution, which is similar to the particle size distribution of a cementitious binder material (e.g. cement) or a siliceous source (e.g. sand or quartz) or a filler material (e.g. CaC0 3 ).
• a cementitious binder material e.g. cement
• a siliceous source e.g. sand or quartz
• a filler material e.g. CaC0 3
• the produced cured fiber cement powder particles are characterized by a particle size distribution, which is similar to the particle size distribution of cement (see for example Fig. 1 and 2).
• the produced cured fiber cement powder particles are characterized by a particle size distribution, which is similar to the particle size distribution of a siliceous source (see for example Fig. 3 and 4).
• the matching of particle size distribution of different materials, such as cement, fillers, siliceous material (e.g. sand) and the comminuted fiber cement product, as used herein is meant that these materials can be used together in a process to provide a fiber cement slurry for making fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement products, in particular using a Hatschek process, without the necessity to fundamentally change the process settings.
• materials such as cement, fillers, siliceous material (e.g. sand) and the comminuted fiber cement product, as used herein is meant that these materials can be used together in a process to provide a fiber cement slurry for making fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement products, in particular using a Hatschek process, without the necessity to fundamentally change the process settings.
• the cured fiber cement powder may replace part of the filler, such as limestone, and/or cement used to provide the fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement sheets.
• the cured fiber cement powder may replace part of the cement and/or may replace part of the siliceous source (e.g. part of the ground sand) and/or may replace part of the fillers (e.g. ground limestone) typically used in autoclave-cured fiber cement products.
• the cured fiber cement material which is provided as the starting material for the production of comminuted cured fiber cement material, is provided in parts having a maximum size of not more than 5 cm, typically as rectangular-like pieces with a sides of not more than 3 cm or even mot more than 2cm, before it is comminuted, for example by using a pendulum mill.
• a part with a size of not more than A cm means that the largest length of the particle is not more than A cm.
• Figs. 1 to 4 the distributions of the particle size of milled cured fiber cement slates versus cement particles (Figs. 1 and 2) and versus silica particles (Figs. 3 and 4) are depicted.
• the air-cured fiber cement slates obtainable as Alterna from Eternit NV Belgium, were first pre-crushed to such that the not more than 2 by 2 cm.
• the total humidity of the pre-crushed cured fiber cement waste material, in this case air cured fiber cement material was about 5%-6%w based upon dry weight.
• the %w based upon dry weight is the weight difference between the material as samples and the material dried in a ventilated furnace at 105°C until constant weight is obtained.
• This pre-crushed material was fed at a flow rate of about 350 kg/hr to about 800 kg/hr to a pendular mill type roller mill of the Poittemill Group (FR), in which the material was comminuted at a rotation speed of between about 100 and about 400 tr/min.
• hot air at a temperature between about 20°C and about 100°C was fed together with the pre-crushed material, in order to instantaneously suppress the humidity of the pre-crushed material and the ground fiber cement powder obtained.
• the comminuted cured fiber cement material was obtained of which the particle size distribution curve, measured using laser beam diffraction on dry dispersed material at 3 bar by means of the apparatus Malvern mastersizer 2000 , was obtained.
• This fiber cement powder as obtained by pendular milling had a good consistency (not woolly or fluffy), a suitable bulk density (between about 1000 kg/m 3 and about 1300kg/m 3 ) and a good particle distribution, to be used for the production of fresh fiber cement products.
• pendular milling as used in the methods according to the present invention provides a novel and improved comminuted fiber cement waste powder because with this technique the fiber cement waste is squashed or flattened as opposed to other milling techniques, which typically mill by crushing or grinding.
• the desired particle distribution of the comminuted cured fiber cement material according to the methods of the present invention can be obtained by milling the cured fiber cement material in the absence of sand or another silica source. This further facilitates the comminuted cured fiber cement material to be used as a good raw material for autoclave cured fiber cement products.
• comminuting of the cured fiber cement material is done in so-called dry state, i.e. the provided cured fiber cement material is not to be brought in suspension of a liquid (typically water) to enable the milling, as is the case for some other milling techniques.
• a relatively dry comminuted cured fiber cement material in form of powder is provided. This facilitates storage of an intermediate product before using it for e.g. making fresh cured fiber cement waste material, being fresh autoclave cured fiber cement waste material.
• the second step of the methods according to the present invention comprises providing an aqueous fiber cement slurry comprising water, cementitious binder, natural or synthetic fibers and the cured fiber cement powder.
• the fiber cement slurry comprises at least 5M% of cured fiber cement powder, advantageously at least 10M% of cured fiber cement powder. In further particular embodiments, the fiber cement slurry comprises preferably less than 40M% of cured fiber cement powder, advantageously less than 35M% of cured fiber cement powder, more advantageously less than 20M% of cured fiber cement powder, even less than 15M%.
• the step of providing an aqueous fiber cement slurry comprises mixing at least water, cementitious binder, natural or synthetic fibers and the cured fiber cement powder, such that the cured fiber cement powder is present in the aqueous fiber cement slurry in an amount of between about 5M% and about 40M%, preferably between about 5M% and about 30M%, more preferably between about 5M% and about 20M%, most preferably between about 5M% and about 15M% of the dry basis of said slurry.
• the unit “M%” refers to the mass percentage of the component over the total dry mass of the composition, i.e. all components except water.
• the fresh fiber cement materials or products are made out of fiber cement slurry, which is formed in a so-called green fiber cement product.
• the fiber cement slurry typically comprises water, process and reinforcing fibers which both may be natural organic fibers (typically cellulose fibers) and synthetic organic fibers (polyvinylalcohol, polyacrilonitrile, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, etc.), which fibers may be surface treated (chemically or mechanically) or not, synthetic inorganic fibers, such as glass fibers, cement e.g.
• natural organic fibers typically cellulose fibers
• synthetic organic fibers polyvinylalcohol, polyacrilonitrile, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, etc.
• synthetic inorganic fibers such as glass fibers, cement e.g.
• a color additive e.g. pigments
• a fiber cement product which is so-called colored in the mass.
• Fiber cement products also referred to as fiber cement sheets or fiber cement panels, usually are made using the well-known Hatschek-process, flow-on process or Magnani- process, or suitable combinations thereof.
• the green fiber cement products are optionally pressed before curing.
• the optional step of pressing the green fiber cement product is performed by making use of one or more mechanical presses, including but not limited to one or more stack presses.
• the optional step of pressing the green fiber cement product is performed at a pressure of between about 180 kg/cm 2 and about 250 kg/cm 2 , such as between about 200 kg/cm 2 and about 240 kg/cm 2 , such as about 230 kg/cm 2 .
• the optional step of pressing the green fiber cement product comprises compressing the green fiber cement sheet during a time period of between about 5 minutes and about 15 minutes, such as between about 5 minutes and about 10 minutes, such as between about 5 minutes and about 7 minutes, preferably about 6 minutes.
• the pressure applied to the green, i.e. uncured, fiber cement sheet causes the density of the green fiber cement sheet to increase (see for example Table 2).
• the density of the fiber cement end products as obtained using the methods according to the present invention may vary from about 1.0 kg/dm 3 to about 2.5 kg/dm 3 , such as from about 1.3 kg/dm 3 to about 2.0 kg/dm 3 , preferably about 1.5 kg/dm 3 .
• the unpressed green fiber cement sheet may have a thickness in the range of about 3mm and about 25mm, such as between about 4mm and about 20mm, such as between about 4mm and about 12mm, preferably about 5mm.
• the pressed green fiber cement sheet has a thickness in the range of between about 2mm and about 20mm, such as between about 3mm and about 15mm, such as between about 3mm and about 10mm, preferably about 4mm.
• the methods of the present invention comprise the step of autoclave-curing the compressed fiber cement sheet thereby providing a fresh autoclave-cured fiber cement product.
• the "green" fiber cement product after being made by a sheet providing process, such as the Hatschek-process and being pressed, may be first pre-cured to the air, after which the pre-cured product is further autoclave-cured until it has its final strength.
• the fresh green sheets after being provided, may be stacked with metal sheets placed between the stacked green fiber cement sheets, and pressed in stacked form. Alternatively, the fresh green sheets may be pressed individually and thereafter stacked with metal sheets placed between the stacked and pressed green fiber cement sheets.
• the fresh green sheets may be formed, like undulated, before being stacked with intermediate, formed metal sheets placed between the fiber cement sheets. For formed, e.g. undulated sheets, the sheets are typically pressed individually.
• the pre-curing step may take several hours, e.g. between about 1 hour and 10 hours, such as between 2 hours and 8 hours, such as between 3 hours and 5 hours, preferably about 4 hours, during which the temperature of the sheets rise due to the exothermic curing reaction of the cement.
• the pre-curing may take place in controlled conditions controlling the humidity, temperature or both.
• the sheets may be restacked while removing the metal sheets from between the green fiber cement pre-cured sheets. After removal of the metal plates, the pre-cured green fiber cement sheets are further cured to the air during a curing step, which may take several days, typically 2 to 4 weeks.
• the thickness of the fiber cement end products as obtained using the methods according to the present invention may vary from about 4mm to about 20mm, such as from about 7mm to about 13 mm.
• the length and width of the fiber cement end products as obtained using the methods according to the present invention may vary from about 1 meter to about 1.7 meter in width and from about 1 meter to about 3.6 meter in length.
• the present invention provides autoclave-cured fiber cements products as obtained by the methods of the invention.
• the present invention provides uses of the autoclave-cured fiber cements products as obtained by the methods of the invention, as a building material. It is an advantage of certain embodiments of the present invention that the resulting autoclave-cured fiber cement sheets are suitable and may be used as building boards, sheets, planks etc. which require the presence of a high amount of cement.
• the desired particle distribution of air-cured comminuted fiber cement material according to the methods of the present invention can be obtained by milling air-cured fiber cement material in the absence of sand or another silica source. This further facilitates the comminuted cured fiber cement material to be used as a good raw material for both fresh air cured and autoclave cured fiber cement waste material.
• comminuting of the cured fiber cement material is done in so-called dry state at a humidity of between about 5% to about 10%, preferably between about 5% to about 6%.
• the provided cured fiber cement material is thus not to be brought in suspension of a liquid (typically water) to enable the milling, as is the case for some other milling techniques.
• a relatively dry comminuted cured fiber cement material in the form of powder is provided. This facilitates storage of an intermediate product before using it for e.g. making fresh cured fiber cement waste material, being fresh air cured and autoclave cured fiber cement waste material.
• the cured fiber cement powder obtained by comminuting cured fiber cement material according to the methods of the present invention has a particle size distribution as shown for example in Figures 1 to 4. As can be derived from the Figures 1 to 4, the particle distribution is similar to that of the standard fresh starting materials to produce fiber cement, e.g. cementitious particles, ground silica particles and/or ground lime particles.
• the cured fiber cement material is fed to a pendular mill (i.e. for comminuting) as parts having maximum size of not more than 5 cm, typically as rectangular-like pieces with a sides of not more than 3 cm or even not more than 2cm.
• a part with a size of not more than A cm means that the largest length of the particle is not more than A cm.
• Figs. 1 to 4 the distributions of the particle size of milled cured fiber cement slates versus cement particles (Figs. 1 and 2) and versus silica particles (Figs. 3 and 4) are depicted.
• the air-cured fiber cement slates obtainable as Alterna from Eternit NV Belgium, were first pre-crushed to such that the not more than 2 by 2 cm.
• the %w based upon dry weight is the weight difference between the material as samples and the material dried in a ventilated furnace at 105°C until constant weight is obtained.
• This pre-crushed material was fed at a flow rate of about 350 kg/hr to about 800 kg/hr to a pendular mill type roller mill of the Poittemill Group (FR), in which the material was comminuted at a rotation speed of between about 100 and about 400 tr/min.
• hot air at a temperature between about 20°C and about 100°C was fed together with the pre-crushed material, in order to instantaneously suppress the humidity of the pre-crushed material and the ground fiber cement powder obtained.
• the comminuted cured fiber cement material was obtained of which the particle size distribution curve, measured using laser beam diffraction on dry dispersed material at 3 bar by means of the apparatus Malvern mastersizer 2000 , was obtained.
• This fiber cement powder as obtained by pendular milling had a good consistency (not woolly or fluffy; see e.g. Figure 5), a suitable bulk density (between about 1000 kg/m 3 and about 1300kg/m 3 ) and a good particle distribution, to be used for the production of fresh fiber cement products.
• Example 2 Production of autoclave-cured fiber cement products comprising from 10M% to 30M% of air-cured comminuted fiber cement powder as produced according to the methods of the invention
• the air-cured fiber cement waste powder obtained as described in Example 1, was used to produce autoclave-cured Cedral fiber cement products and Tectiva fiber cement products.
• test slurry samples were produced (see Table 1 below: samples 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8), wherein at least part or all of the siliceous source (i.e. quartz), or at least part of the cement, or part of both the siliceous source (i.e. quartz) and the cement, was replaced by the comminuted air-cured fiber cement powder as obtained using the comminuting method explained in Example 1.
• 2 reference slurry samples (see Table 1 below: samples 1 and 5) were produced, not containing any air-cured comminuted waste powder.
• Table 1 - FC formulations M% samples 1 to 8 (PVA: polyvinylalcohol fiber Kuraray AS; Cellulose: Solombala UKP 60"SR; Condensed silica fume: EMSAC 500S Elkem Materials Ltd.; CaC0 3 filler: Calcitec 2001S, Carmeuse SA; Cement: CEMI 42.5N, CBR SA, Lixhe)
• the fiber cement slurry formulations as presented in Table 1 were used to provide green sheets of fiber cement on a state of the art Hatschek production machine. The green sheets were pressed at 230 kg/cm 2 and autoclave-cured.
• the autoclave-cured sheets were subsequently cut into appropriate dimensions and coated, to provide Cedral samples and Tectiva samples as produced and obtainable from Eternit N.V.
• the formed autoclave-cured sheets were analyzed for their physico-mechanical characteristics, i.e. modulus of rupture (MOR).
• MOR modulus of rupture
• the thickness of the sample was determined. Subsequently, a Karsten tube was fixed on a central region of each sample using silicone. After 24 hours, the Karsten tube was filled with demineralized water and closed to prevent evaporation. Water absorption (i.e. the volume of water absorped from the Karsten tube by the sample) was determined after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 32 and 48 hours. The results are presented in Figures 6 to 8.
• autoclave-cured fiber cement products comprising from 10M% to 30M% of air-cured comminuted fiber cement waste powder as produced by the methods of the present invention perform better than the reference fiber cement products not comprising any comminuted waste powder.
• the autoclave-cured products contain air-cured fiber cement waste. Indeed, only air-cured material typically contains PVA fibers, which PVA fibers are also present in the recycled autoclave-cured products produced according to the methods of the invention (see Figure 9) but which are not present in fresh autoclave-cured products. It is to be understood that although preferred embodiments and/or materials have been discussed for providing embodiments according to the present invention, various modifications or changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It is to be understood that although preferred embodiments and/or materials have been discussed for providing embodiments according to the present invention, various modifications or changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.

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