Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
  • H03H7/24—Frequency- independent attenuators
  • H03H7/25—Frequency- independent attenuators comprising an element controlled by an electric or magnetic variable
  • H03H7/253—Frequency- independent attenuators comprising an element controlled by an electric or magnetic variable the element being a diode
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
  • H03H7/24—Frequency- independent attenuators
  • H03H7/25—Frequency- independent attenuators comprising an element controlled by an electric or magnetic variable
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
  • H03F1/56—Modifications of input or output impedances, not otherwise provided for
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
  • H03F3/189—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers
  • H03F3/19—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
  • H03F3/195—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only in integrated circuits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
  • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
  • H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
  • H03F3/213—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only in integrated circuits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H11/00—Networks using active elements
  • H03H11/02—Multiple-port networks
  • H03H11/24—Frequency-independent attenuators
  • H03H11/245—Frequency-independent attenuators using field-effect transistor
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
  • H03H7/54—Modifications of networks to reduce influence of variations of temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
  • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
  • H04B1/40—Circuits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
  • H03F2200/211—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the input of an amplifier can be attenuated by a continuously controlled transistor attenuator
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
  • H03F2200/294—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier being a low noise amplifier [LNA]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
  • H03F2200/451—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier being a radio frequency amplifier

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to attenuators for electronic applications.
• a to-be-transmitted signal can be amplified by a power amplifier, and a received signal can be amplified by a low-noise amplifier.
• one or more attenuators can be implemented along either or both of the foregoing transmit and receive paths as needed or desired to attenuate the respective signal(s).
• the present disclosure relates to a radio-frequency attenuator circuit that includes a plurality of attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each of the plurality of attenuation blocks including a bypass path.
• the attenuator circuit further includes a phase compensation circuit implemented for each of at least some of the attenuation blocks having the respective bypass paths.
• the phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off- capacitance effect associated with the corresponding bypass path.
• the attenuation blocks can have binary- weighted attenuation values.
• the binary-weighted attenuation values can include N values, with an i-th value being A2 1'1 , where A is a step attenuation value and i is a positive integer from 1 to N.
• the step attenuation value A can be, for example, approximately 1 dB.
• the quantity N can include, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
• At least one of the attenuation blocks can be without a phase compensation circuit.
• the at least one attenuation block without the phase compensation circuit can include an attenuation block having a lowest attenuation value.
• At least one of the attenuation blocks can be configured as a pi-attenuator.
• the at least one attenuation block having the pi-attenuator can include an attenuation block having a highest attenuation value.
• the bypass path of the attenuation block having the pi-attenuator can include a bypass switching transistor configured to be on when the attenuation block is in a bypass mode and off when in an attenuation mode, such that the bypass switching transistor provides an off- capacitance when in the attenuation mode.
• the phase compensation circuit of the attenuation block having the pi-attenuator can include a phase compensation circuit configured to compensate for the off-capacitance when the attenuator block is in the attenuation mode.
• the pi-attenuator can include a resistance, a first shunt path implemented between one end of the resistance and a ground, and a second shunt path implemented between the other end of the resistance and the ground. Each of the first and second shunt paths can include a shunt resistance.
• the phase compensation circuit associated with the pi-attenuator can include a first compensation capacitance arranged to be electrically parallel with the first shunt resistance, and a second compensation capacitance arranged to be electrically parallel with the second shunt resistance.
• the off-capacitance of the bypass switching transistor can result in a phase lead change, and the phase compensation circuit can be configured to provide a phase lag change to compensate for the phase lead change.
• the first and second shunt resistances can have substantially the same value, and the first and second compensation capacitances have substantially the same value.
• the value of the first compensation capacitance can be selected such that magnitude of the phase lag change is substantially the same as magnitude of the phase lead change.
• the value of the compensation capacitance can be selected such that a gain of the attenuation block is approximately flat over a selected frequency range.
• At least one of the attenuation blocks can be configured as a bridge-T-attenuator.
• the bypass path of the attenuation block having the bridge-T-attenuator can include a bypass switching transistor configured to be on when the attenuation block is in a bypass mode and off when in an attenuation mode, such that the bypass switching transistor provides an off- capacitance when in the attenuation mode.
• the phase compensation circuit of the attenuation block having the bridge-T-attenuator can include a phase compensation circuit configured to compensate for the off-capacitance when the attenuator block is in the attenuation mode.
• the bridge-T-attenuator can include two first resistances connected in series, a second resistance electrically parallel with the series combination of the two first resistances, and a shunt path implemented between a ground and a node between the two first resistances, the shunt path including a shunt resistance.
• the phase compensation circuit associated with the bridge-T-attenuator can include a compensation capacitance arranged to be electrically parallel with the shunt resistance.
• the off-capacitance of the bypass switching transistor can result in a phase lead change
• the phase compensation circuit can be configured to provide a phase lag change to compensate for the phase lead change.
• the phase lead change can be by an
• the value of the compensation capacitance can be selected such that magnitude of the phase lag change is substantially the same as magnitude of the phase lead change.
• the value of the compensation capacitance can be selected such that a gain of the attenuation block is approximately flat over a selected frequency range.
• the attenuator circuit can further include a global bypass path that includes a global bypass switching transistor configured to be on when in a global bypass mode and off when in a global attenuation mode, such that the global bypass switching transistor provides a global off- capacitance when in the global attenuation mode.
• the attenuator circuit can further include a global phase compensation circuit configured to compensate for the global off -capacitance when the attenuator circuit is in the global attenuation mode.
• the global phase compensation circuit can include a first global compensation resistance and a second global compensation resistance arranged in series between the input node and the output node.
• the global phase compensation circuit can further include a global compensation capacitance implemented between a ground and a node between the first and second global compensation resistances.
• the global off-capacitance of the global bypass switching transistor can result in a phase lead change, and the global phase compensation circuit can be configured to provide a phase lag change to compensate for the phase lead change.
• the first and second global compensation resistances can have substantially the same value.
• ⁇ 2 ⁇ times frequency
• RL load impedance
• RGI the first global compensation resistance
• CG the global compensation capacitance.
• the values of the first global compensation resistance and the global compensation capacitance can be selected such that magnitude of the phase lag change is substantially the same as magnitude of the phase lead change.
• the value of the global compensation capacitance can be selected such that a global gain of the attenuator circuit is approximately flat over a selected frequency range.
• the present disclosure relates to a semiconductor die having a radio-frequency circuit.
• the semiconductor die includes a semiconductor substrate, and an attenuator circuit implemented on the semiconductor substrate.
• the attenuator circuit includes a plurality of attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each of the plurality of attenuation blocks including a bypass path.
• the attenuator circuit further includes a phase compensation circuit implemented for each of at least some of the attenuation blocks having the respective bypass paths.
• the phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off-capacitance effect associated with the corresponding bypass path.
• the present disclosure relates to a radio-frequency module that includes a packaging substrate configured to receive a plurality of components, and a radio-frequency attenuator circuit implemented on the packaging substrate.
• the attenuator circuit includes a plurality of attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each of the plurality of attenuation blocks including a bypass path.
• the attenuator circuit further includes a phase compensation circuit implemented for each of at least some of the attenuation blocks having the respective bypass paths.
• the phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off- capacitance effect associated with the corresponding bypass path.
• some or all of the radio-frequency attenuator circuit can be implemented on a semiconductor die. In some embodiments, substantially all of the radio-frequency attenuator circuit can be implemented on the semiconductor die.
• the radio-frequency module can be configured to process a received radio-frequency signal.
• the radio-frequency module can be, for example, a diversity receive module.
• the radio-frequency module can further include a controller in communication with the radio-frequency attenuator circuit and configured to provide a control signal for operation of the radio-frequency attenuator circuit.
• the controller can be configured to provide, for example, a Mobile Industry Processor Interface control signal.
• the present disclosure relates to a wireless device that includes an antenna configured to receive a radio-frequency signal, a transceiver in communication with the antenna, and a signal path between the antenna and the transceiver.
• the wireless device further includes a radio-frequency attenuator circuit implemented along the signal path.
• the attenuator circuit includes a plurality of attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each of the plurality of attenuation blocks including a bypass path.
• the attenuator circuit further includes a phase compensation circuit implemented for each of at least some of the attenuation blocks having the respective bypass paths.
• the phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off-capacitance effect associated with the corresponding bypass path.
• the wireless device can further include a controller in communication with the radio-frequency attenuator circuit and configured to provide a control signal for operation of the radio-frequency attenuator circuit.
• the controller can be configured to provide, for example, a Mobile Industry Processor Interface control signal.
• the present disclosure relates to a signal attenuator circuit that includes a plurality of local binary-weighted attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each attenuation block including a local bypass path.
• the signal attenuator circuit can further include a global bypass path implemented between the input node and the output node, and a local phase compensation circuit associated with at least one of the one or more local attenuation blocks.
• the local phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off-capacitance effect associated with the respective local bypass path.
• the signal attenuator circuit can further include a global phase compensation circuit configured to compensate for an off- capacitance effect associated with the global bypass path.
• the present disclosure relates to a semiconductor die that includes a semiconductor substrate, and a signal attenuator circuit implemented on the semiconductor substrate.
• the signal attenuator circuit includes a plurality of local binary-weighted attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each attenuation block including a local bypass path.
• the signal attenuator circuit further includes a global bypass path implemented between the input node and the output node, and a local phase compensation circuit associated with at least one of the one or more local attenuation blocks.
• the local phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off-capacitance effect associated with the respective local bypass path.
• the present disclosure relates to a radio-frequency module that includes a packaging substrate configured to receive a plurality of components, and a signal attenuator circuit implemented on the packaging substrate.
• the signal attenuator circuit further includes a plurality of local binary-weighted attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each attenuation block including a local bypass path.
• the signal attenuator circuit further includes a global bypass path implemented between the input node and the output node, and a local phase compensation circuit associated at least one of the one or more local attenuation blocks.
• the local phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off-capacitance effect associated with the respective local bypass path.
• the present disclosure relates to a wireless device that includes an antenna configured to receive a radio-frequency signal, a transceiver in communication with the antenna, and a signal path between the antenna and the transceiver.
• the wireless device further includes a signal attenuator circuit implemented along the signal path, and includes a plurality of local binary-weighted attenuation blocks arranged in series between an input node and an output node, with each attenuation block including a local bypass path.
• the signal attenuator circuit further includes a global bypass path implemented between the input node and the output node, and a local phase compensation circuit associated with at least one of the one or more local attenuation blocks.
• the local phase compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an off -capacitance effect associated with the respective local bypass path.
• Figure 1 depicts an attenuator circuit configured to receive a signal at an input node and generate an attenuated signal at an output node.
• Figure 2 shows a block diagram of an attenuation circuit having a plurality of attenuation blocks implemented in a binary-weighted configuration.
• Figure 3 shows an attenuation circuit that can be a more specific example of the attenuation circuit of Figure 2.
• Figure 4 shows the fourth attenuation block of Figure 3 by itself.
• Figure 5 shows a circuit representation of the example attenuation block of Figure 4, in which the various switching transistors are represented as either off-capacitance(s) or on-resistance(s).
• Figure 6 shows an individual attenuation block that can represent each of the second and third attenuation blocks of Figure 3.
• Figure 7 shows a circuit representation of the example attenuation block of Figure 6, in which the various switching transistors are represented as either off-capacitance(s) or on-resistance(s).
• Figure 8A shows an operating mode for the attenuation circuit of Figure 3, in which each attenuation block is being bypassed, to provide a total attenuation of approximately OdB.
• Figure 8B shows an operating mode for the attenuation circuit of Figure 3, in which attenuation is being provided by the first attenuation block, and each of the second to fourth attenuation blocks is being bypassed, to provide a total attenuation of approximately 1 dB.
• Figure 8C shows an operating mode for the attenuation circuit of Figure 3, in which attenuation is being provided by the second attenuation block, and each of the first, third and fourth attenuation blocks is being bypassed, to provide a total attenuation of approximately 2dB.
• Figure 8D shows an operating mode for the attenuation circuit of Figure 3, in which attenuation is being provided by each of the first and second attenuation blocks, and each of the third and fourth attenuation blocks is being bypassed, to provide a total attenuation of approximately 3dB.
• Figure 8E shows an operating mode for the attenuation circuit of Figure 3, in which attenuation is being provided by each of the second to fourth attenuation blocks, and the first attenuation block is being bypassed, to provide a total attenuation of approximately 14dB.
• Figure 8F shows an operating mode for the attenuation circuit of Figure 3, in which attenuation is being provided by each of the four attenuation blocks, to provide a total attenuation of approximately 15dB.
• Figure 9A shows a compensation path that includes a local compensation capacitance.
• Figure 9B shows that in some embodiments, the capacitance of Figure 9A can be implemented as a transistor device configured to provide a desired capacitance value.
• Figure 10 shows that in some embodiments, an attenuation circuit having one or more features as described herein can be controlled by a controller.
• Figure 1 1 shows that in some embodiments, some or all of an attenuation circuit having one or more features as described herein can be implemented on a semiconductor die.
• Figure 12 shows an example where some or all of an attenuation circuit having one or more features as described herein can be implemented on a packaged module, and such a packaged module can include a semiconductor die similar to the example of Figure 1 1 .
• Figure 13 shows another example where some or all of an attenuation circuit having one or more features as described herein can be implemented on a packaged module, and such a packaged module can include a plurality of semiconductor die.
• Figure 14 shows non-limiting examples of how an attenuator having one or more features as described herein can be implemented in a radio- frequency system.
• Figure 15 shows an example of a diversity receive module that includes an attenuator having one or more features as described herein.
• Figure 16 depicts an example wireless device having one or more advantageous features described herein.
• circuits, devices and methods related to attenuators that can be utilized in, for example, radio- frequency (RF) applications.
• RF radio- frequency
• Figure 1 depicts an attenuator circuit 100 configured to receive an RF signal at an input node (IN) and generate an attenuated RF signal at an output node (OUT).
• Such an attenuator circuit can include one or more features as described herein so as to provide desirable functionalities such as phase shift compensation, gain compensation, and/or low loss bypass capability.
• phase compensation can provide, for example, an approximately zero phase shift resulting from an attenuation block and/or the attenuator circuit itself.
• gain compensation can provide, for example, an approximately flat gain over a frequency range.
• the attenuation circuit 100 of Figure 1 can include a local compensation scheme to address the phase variation problem.
• such an attenuation circuit can also include a global compensation scheme to address the phase variation problem.
• compensation schemes can be configured to address sources of such phase variations.
• compensation schemes can also provide an approximately flat gain over a relatively wide frequency range.
• such compensation schemes can also provide a bypass path having relatively low loss which is desirable for keeping signal attenuation to a minimum under some situations (e.g., when an attenuation path is not being used).
• an attenuation circuit can also be referred to as an attenuator assembly or simply an attenuator. Description of such an attenuation circuit, attenuator assembly, attenuator, etc. can apply to one or more attenuation blocks (also referred to herein as local attenuation), overall attenuation circuit (also referred to herein as global attenuation), or any combination thereof.
• Figure 2 shows a block diagram of an attenuation circuit 100 configured to receive an RF signal at its input node (IN) and provide an output RF signal at its output node (OUT).
• Such an output RF signal can be attenuated by one or more attenuation values, or be substantially the same as the input RF signal (e.g., through bypass functionality) when attenuation is not desired. Examples of how such attenuation values and bypass functionality can be implemented are described herein in greater detail. Also described herein are examples of how phase compensation can be implemented at a local attenuation level, at a global level, or any combination thereof.
• a plurality of attenuation blocks are shown to be implemented in a binary-weighted configuration.
• four attenuation blocks (102a, 102b, 102c, 102d) are shown to be arranged in series between the input (IN) and output (OUT) nodes, and are shown to provide 1 dB, 2dB, 4dB, 8dB attenuations, respectively.
• the attenuation circuit 100 can provide a total attenuation of OdB to 15dB in 1 dB increments. Examples related to how such different total attenuations can be obtained are described herein in greater detail.
• FIG. 2 In the example of Figure 2, as well as in other examples based on Figure 2, four binary-weighted attenuation blocks are utilized. However, it will be understood that one or more features of the present disclosure can also be implemented in attenuation circuits having more or less numbers of attenuation blocks. For example, three attenuation blocks can be utilized to provide OdB to 7dB attenuation values in 1 dB increments. In another example, five attenuation blocks can be utilized to provide OdB to 31 dB attenuation values in 1 dB increments.
• a step attenuation value is assumed to be 1 dB. However, it will be understood that such a step attenuation value can have a value other than 1 dB. Accordingly, it will be understood that one or more features of the present disclosure can be implemented in an attenuation circuit having a plurality of attenuation blocks capable of providing attenuation values based on a binary-weighted scheme where an i-th attenuation block is capable of providing an attenuation of 2 ⁇ _1 , where A is a step attenuation value (e.g., 0.5dB, 1 dB, 2dB, etc.).
• a finer granularity e.g., 0.5dB
• each of the attenuation blocks 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d is shown to include a respective phase compensation circuit (104a, 104b, 104c, 104d). Examples related to such phase compensation circuits are described herein in greater detail.
• all of the attenuation blocks are shown to have respective phase compensation circuits. However, it will be understood that in some embodiments, one or more attenuation blocks may or may not have such phase compensation circuit(s).
• the attenuation blocks 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may or may not have similar attenuation configurations.
• one or more of the attenuation blocks can have a T-attenuation configuration, and one or more of the attenuation blocks can have a pi-attenuation configuration.
• the attenuation circuit 100 of Figure 2 can include one or more types of attenuation configurations among the attenuation blocks. It will also be understood that other types of attenuation configurations can be implemented in one or more attenuation blocks.
• FIG. 3 shows an attenuation circuit 100 that can be a more specific example of the attenuation circuit 100 of Figure 2.
• each of three attenuation blocks 102a, 102b, 102c is shown to include a bridge-T-attenuator configuration and a corresponding bypass path (105a, 105b or 105c).
• the first attenuation block 102a is shown to include resistances R1A, R1 'A, R2A, R3A arranged in a bridge-T-configuration.
• the resistances R1A and R1 'A are shown to be in series and implemented between input and output nodes of the first attenuation block 102a.
• the resistance R2A is shown to be implemented between the input node and the output node so as to be electrically parallel with the series combination of R1 A and R1 'A.
• the resistance R3A is shown to be implemented between ground and a node between R1A and R1 'A (also referred to herein as a T-node).
• the second attenuation block 102b is shown to include resistances R1 B, R1 'B, R2B, R3B arranged in a bridge-T-configuration.
• the resistances R1 B and R1 'B are shown to be in series and implemented between input and output nodes of the first attenuation block 102b.
• the resistance R2B is shown to be implemented between the input node and the output node so as to be electrically parallel with the series combination of R1 B and R1 'B.
• the resistance R3B is shown to be implemented between ground and a node between R1 B and R1 'B (also referred to herein as a T-node).
• the third attenuation block 102c is shown to include resistances R1 c, R1 'c, R2c, R3c arranged in a bridge-T-configuration.
• the resistances R1 c and R1 'c are shown to be in series and implemented between input and output nodes of the first attenuation block 102c.
• the resistance R2c is shown to be implemented between the input node and the output node so as to be electrically parallel with the series combination of R1 c and R1 'c.
• the resistance R3c is shown to be implemented between ground and a node between R1 c and R1 'c (also referred to herein as a T-node).
• the fourth attenuation block 102d is shown to include resistances R1 D, R2D, R3D arranged in a pi-configuration.
• the resistance R1 D is shown to be implemented between input and output nodes of the fourth attenuation block 102d.
• the resistance R2D is shown to be implemented between the input node and ground; similarly, the resistance R3D is shown to be implemented between the output node and ground.
• a switching FET (M2A, M2B or M2c) can be provided between the corresponding T-node and one end of the shunt resistance (R3A, R3B or R3c), with the other end of the shunt resistance being coupled to ground.
• Such a switching FET (M2A, M2B or M2c) can be turned ON when attenuation is enabled for the corresponding attenuation block, and be turned OFF when attenuation is bypassed through the corresponding bypass path (105a, 105b or 105c).
• Such a bypass path can include, for example, a corresponding switching FET (M1 A, M1 B or M1 c) which can be turned OFF when attenuation is enabled for the corresponding attenuation block, and be turned ON when attenuation is bypassed through the bypass path.
• a corresponding switching FET M1 A, M1 B or M1 c
• a switching FET M2D can be provided between the input node and one end of the resistance R2D, with the other end of the resistance R2D being coupled to ground.
• a switching FET M3D can be provided between the output node and one end of the resistance R3D, with the other end of the resistance R3D being coupled to ground.
• Such switching FETs can be turned ON when attenuation is enabled for the fourth attenuation block 102d, and be turned OFF when attenuation is bypassed through the bypass path 105d.
• Such a bypass path (105d) can include, for example, a switching FET M1 D which can be turned OFF when attenuation is enabled for the fourth attenuation block 102d, and be turned ON when attenuation is bypassed through the bypass path 105d.
• a capacitance C2 can be provided so as to be electrically parallel with the resistance R3B.
• a capacitance can be selected to compensate for phase-shifting that occurs when an RF signal is passed through the attenuation block.
• such a capacitance can also allow the attenuation block to provide a desirably flat gain profile over a relatively wide frequency range.
• a capacitance C4 can be provided so as to be electrically parallel with the resistance R3c.
• a capacitance can be selected to compensate for phase-shifting that occurs when an RF signal is passed through the attenuation block.
• such a capacitance can also allow the attenuation block to provide a desirably flat gain profile over a relatively wide frequency range.
• a capacitance C8 can be provided so as to be electrically parallel with the resistance R2D.
• a capacitance C8' can be provided so as to be electrically parallel with the resistance R3D.
• such capacitances can be selected to compensate for phase-shifting that occurs when an RF signal is passed through the attenuation block.
• such capacitances can also allow the attenuation block to provide a desirably flat gain profile over a relatively wide frequency range.
• the first attenuation block 102a does not include a compensation capacitance.
• an attenuation block having a lower attenuation value may not result in a significant amount of phase shift; accordingly, a compensation circuit (e.g., a compensation capacitance) may or may not provide significant compensation benefit.
• phase compensation In the attenuation block 102b, the presence of the capacitance C2 in parallel with the resistance R3B allows phase compensation to be implemented as described herein. As also described herein, such phase compensation can also depend on the values of one or more resistances associated with the attenuation block 102b, as well as on-resistance value (Ron) of the switching transistor M2B. Accordingly, it will be understood that a box indicated as 104b can include some or all of circuit elements of a respective phase compensation circuit, or includes some or all of circuit elements that can influence such phase compensation.
• phase compensation can also depend on the values of one or more resistances associated with the attenuation block 102c, as well as on-resistance value (Ron) of the switching transistor M2c. Accordingly, it will be understood that a box indicated as 104c can include some or all of circuit elements of a respective phase compensation circuit, or includes some or all of circuit elements that can influence such phase compensation.
• phase compensation in the attenuation block 102d, the presence of the capacitances C8 and C8' in parallel with their respective resistances R2D and R3D allows phase compensation as described herein. As also described herein, such phase compensation can also depend on values of the resistances R2D and R3D, as well as on-resistance values (Ron) of the switching transistors M2D and M3D. Accordingly, it will be understood that a box indicated as 104d includes some or all of circuit elements of a phase compensation circuit, or includes some or all of circuit elements that can influence such phase compensation.
• some or all of the various switching FETs can be implemented as, for example, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices. It will be understood that while such various switching FETs are depicted as being NFETs, one or more features of the present disclosure can also be implemented utilizing other types of FETs. It will also be understood that the various switches in the example of Figure 3 can also be implemented as other types of transistors, including non-FET transistors.
• SOI silicon-on-insulator
• Figures 4 and 5 show an example of how phase compensation can be implemented for the attenuation block 102d of the example of Figure 3.
• Figures 6 and 7 show an example of how phase compensation can be implemented for each of the attenuation blocks 102b, 102c of the example of Figure 3.
• Figure 4 shows the attenuation block 102d by itself, and such an attenuation block can represent the fourth attenuation block 102d of Figure 3.
• the attenuation block 102d is in its attenuation mode, such that an RF signal received at the local input node (IN) is attenuated and provided at the local output node (OUT). Accordingly, the bypass switching FET M1 D of the bypass path 105d is OFF, and each of the switching FETs M2D and M3D of the circuit 104d is ON.
• Figure 5 shows a circuit representation 120 of the example attenuation block 102d of Figure 4, in which the various switching FETs are represented as either off-capacitance(s) or on-resistance(s).
• the OFF state of M1 D is represented as an off-capacitance Coff
• the ON state of each of M2D and M3D is represented as an on-resistance Ron.
• the pi-attenuator configuration of Figure 4 is generally symmetric.
• M2D can be similar to M3D, such that Ron of M2D is approximately the same as Ron of M3D; hence, Figure 5 depicts each of M2D and M3D as Ron.
• the circuit representation 120 is shown to have a source impedance Rs at the local input (IN), and a load impedance RL at the local output (OUT).
• Rs source impedance
• RL load impedance
• Such impedance values may or may not be the same.
• values of Rs and RL are assumed to be the same at a characteristic impedance Z0 (e.g., at 50 ⁇ ).
• Equations 1 and 2 the parameter K represents the attenuation value of the attenuation block 120. It is noted that as attenuation becomes larger, R1 generally increases, and R2 generally decreases.
• a portion of the attenuation block 120 can contribute to forward gain and phase shift (e.g., phase lead) of the attenuation block 120 as: V out _ RUl+sRiCoff)
• a portion of the attenuation block 120 can contribute to forward gain and phase shift (e.g., phase lag) of the attenuation block 120 as:
• the parameters ⁇ , R L , C off , R x and R 2 are typically set for a given frequency, characteristic impedance, switching FET configuration, and attenuation value.
• the value of the compensation capacitance Cc can be adjusted such that the phase lag of Equation 6 compensates for the phase lead of Equation 4.
• Such phase compensation can allow the phase associated with the attenuation block 102d/120 of Figures 4 and 5 to be at or near a desired value.
• the compensated phase associated with the attenuation block 102d/120 can have substantially the same phase variation as in a reference mode.
• the compensation capacitance Cc is arranged parallel to the corresponding shunt resistance R2.
• the impedance (l/ ' wQ)) of the compensation capacitance Cc will make an equivalent impedance of the shunt arm become less, resulting in more attenuation for the attenuation block.
• the compensation capacitance Cc can be selected to compensate for the impact of Coff on gain, and thereby achieve a desired gain profile (e.g., approximately flat profile) for the attenuation block over a wide frequency range.
• the compensation capacitance Cc can be selected to provide at least some phase compensation described herein, as well as to provide at least some gain compensation as described herein, for the attenuation block.
• Figures 6 and 7 show an example of how phase compensation can be implemented for each of the attenuation blocks 102b, 102c of the example of Figure 3.
• Figure 6 shows an individual attenuation block 102, and such an attenuation block can represent each of the two example attenuation blocks 102b, 102c of Figure 3. Accordingly, reference numerals of the various elements of the attenuation block 102 are shown without subscripts.
• the attenuation block 102 is in its attenuation mode, such that an RF signal received at the local input node (IN) is attenuated and provided at the local output node (OUT). Accordingly, the bypass switching FET M1 of the bypass path 105 is OFF, and the switching FET M2 of the circuit 104 is ON.
• Figure 7 shows a circuit representation 130 of the example attenuation block 102 of Figure 6, in which the various switching FETs are represented as either off-capacitance(s) or on-resistance(s).
• the OFF state of M1 is represented as an off -capacitance Coff
• the ON state of M2 is represented as an on-resistance Ron.
• the bridge-T-attenuator configuration of Figure 6 is generally symmetric. Accordingly, the resistances R1 and R1 ' in Figure 6 are assumed to be approximately the same; hence, Figure 7 depicts each of R1 and R1 ' as having a resistance R1 .
• the capacitance C2 of Figure 6 is assumed as having a compensation capacitance of Cc.
• the circuit representation 130 is shown to have a source impedance Rs at the local input (IN), and a load impedance RL at the local output (OUT).
• Such impedance values may or may not be the same.
• values of Rs and RL are assumed to be the same at a characteristic impedance ZO (e.g., at 50 ⁇ ).
• the resistance R1 can be assumed to have the same characteristic impedance ZO (e.g., at 50 ⁇ ).
• Equations 7 and 8 the parameter K represents the attenuation value of the attenuation block 130. It is noted that as attenuation becomes larger, R2 generally increases, and R3 generally decreases.
• a portion of the attenuation block 130 can contribute to forward gain and phase shift (e.g., phase lead) of the attenuation block 130 as:
• a portion of the attenuation block 130 can contribute to forward gain and phase shift (e.g., phase lag) of the attenuation block 130 as:
• the parameters ⁇ , R L , C off , R x , R 2 and R 3 are typically set for a given frequency, characteristic impedance, switching FET configuration, and attenuation value.
• the value of the compensation capacitance Cc can be adjusted such that the phase lag of Equation 12 compensates for the phase lead of Equation 12.
• Such phase compensation can allow the phase associated with the attenuation block 102/130 of Figures 6 and 7 to be at or near a desired value.
• the compensated phase associated with the attenuation block 102/130 can have substantially the same phase variation as in a reference mode.
• the compensation capacitance Cc is arranged parallel to the corresponding shunt resistance R3.
• the impedance (l/ ' wQ)) of the compensation capacitance Cc will make an equivalent impedance of the shunt arm become less, resulting in more attenuation for the attenuation block.
• the compensation capacitance Cc can be selected to compensate for the impact of Coff on gain, and thereby achieve a desired gain profile (e.g. , approximately flat profile) for the attenuation block over a wide frequency range.
• the compensation capacitance Cc can be selected to provide at least some phase compensation described herein, as well as to provide at least some gain compensation as described herein, for the attenuation block.
• FIGS 8A-8F show examples of different operating modes that can be implemented for the attenuation circuit 100 of Figure 3.
• the attenuation circuit 100 is shown to be in an overall bypass mode, such that the attenuation circuit 100 provides a total of approximately OdB attenuation.
• each of the bypass switches M1 A, M1 B, M1 C, M1 D is ON
• each of the shunt switches M2A, M2B, M2C, M2D (assuming M2D is substantially the same as M3D in Figure 3) is OFF.
• an RF signal is shown to be routed as indicated by path 140.
• the RF signal is generally not subjected to a Coff capacitance; thus, undesirable phase shifting generally does not occur.
• the attenuation circuit 100 is shown to be in a mode to provide a total of approximately 1 dB attenuation.
• the bypass switch M1 A is OFF, and each of the remaining bypass switches M1 B, M1 C, M1 D is ON.
• the shunt switch M2A is ON, and each of the remaining shunt switches M2B, M2C, M2D is OFF.
• an RF signal is shown to be routed as indicated by path 142.
• the RF signal is generally subjected to only a Coff capacitance of the bypass switch M1 A; and as described herein, such a mode may or may not need phase compensation.
• the attenuation circuit 100 is shown to be in a mode to provide a total of approximately 2dB attenuation.
• the bypass switch M1 B is OFF, and each of the remaining bypass switches M1A, M1 C, M1 D is ON.
• the shunt switch M2B is ON, and each of the remaining shunt switches M2A, M2C, M2D is OFF.
• an RF signal is shown to be routed as indicated by path 144.
• the RF signal is generally subjected to a Coff capacitance of the bypass switch M1 B; and as described herein, phase compensation can be implemented by providing an appropriate value for the capacitance C2.
• the attenuation circuit 100 is shown to be in a mode to provide a total of approximately 3dB attenuation.
• each of the bypass switches M1 A, M1 B is OFF, and each of the remaining bypass switches M1 c, M1 D is ON.
• each of the shunt switches M2A, M2B is ON, and each of the remaining shunt switches M2c, M2D is OFF.
• an RF signal is shown to be routed as indicated by path 146.
• the RF signal is generally subjected to a Coff capacitance of each of the bypass switches M1A, M1 B; and as described herein, phase compensation can be implemented by providing an appropriate value for the capacitance C2.
• Attenuation values can be provided in similar manners by incrementing in 1 dB steps by different combinations of the binary-weighted attenuation blocks. Continuing such increase in attenuation, a total attenuation of approximately 14dB can be provided by the attenuation circuit 100, as shown in Figure 8E.
• each of the bypass switches M1 B, M1 C, M1 D is OFF, and the remaining bypass switch M1A is ON.
• each of the shunt switches M2B, M2C, M2D is ON, and the remaining shunt switch M2A is OFF. Accordingly, an RF signal is shown to be routed as indicated by path 148.
• the RF signal is generally subjected to a Coff capacitance of each of the bypass switches M1 B, M1 C, M1 D; and as described herein, phase compensation can be implemented by providing appropriate values for the capacitances C2, C4, C8.
• a total attenuation of approximately 15dB can be provided by the attenuation circuit 100.
• each of the bypass switches M1 A, M1 B, M1 C, M1 D is OFF, and each of the shunt switches M2A, M2B, M2C, M2D is ON.
• an RF signal is shown to be routed as indicated by path 150.
• the RF signal is generally subjected to a Coff capacitance of each of the bypass switches M1A, M1 B, M1 C, M1 D; and as described herein, phase compensation can be implemented by providing appropriate values for the capacitances C2, C4, C8.
• a compensation circuit (e.g., 104b, 104c, 104c in Figure 3) can include a compensation capacitance (e.g., C2, C4, C8 in Figure 3, and Cc in Figures 5 and 7).
• Figure 9A shows a compensation path 170 that includes such a local compensation capacitance (indicated as C). Such a compensation path is also shown to have a resistance R in parallel with C.
• FIG. 9B shows that in some embodiments, the capacitance C of Figure 9A can be implemented as a FET device 172 (e.g., as a MOSFET device) configured to provide a desired capacitance value of C.
• FET device 172 e.g., as a MOSFET device
• source and drain of the FET device 172 can be connected to the two ends of the resistance R, and a gate of the FET device 172 can be grounded without a gate bias, such that the FET device 172 acts as a capacitance similar to that of C of Figure 9A.
• the compensation capacitance When the compensation capacitance is implemented as in the example of Figure 9B, a number of desirable features can be achieved.
• the compensation capacitance elements can be fabricated essentially together with the various FETs (e.g., bypass FETs M1 B, M1 C, M1 D in Figure 3).
• the FET devices 172 acting as capacitances are affected by essentially the same process variations that affect the other FETS (including the local bypass FETs M1 B, M1 C, M1 D). Accordingly, process independence can be achieved among, for example, the FET devices 172 and the other FETs.
• an attenuation circuit 100 having one or more features as described herein can further include a global bypass path 106 and a global phase compensation circuit 108.
• a global bypass path can be activated by allowing an RF signal received at the input node (IN) to be routed to the output node (OUT) through the global bypass path 106.
• each of a first switch S1 between the input node and a first node 1 10 and a second switch S2 between a second node and the output node can be opened to generally isolate the binary weighted attenuation blocks (collectively indicated as 102) and one or more local phase compensation circuits therein (collectively indicated as 104).
• the binary-weighted attenuation blocks 102 and their local phase compensation circuit(s) 104 therein can be operated as described herein, and the global bypass path 106 can be disabled.
• an RF signal received at the input node (IN) can be routed to the output node (OUT) through the closed first switch S1 , the binary- weighted attenuation blocks 102, and the closed second switch S2.
• phase shift e.g., phase lead
• FIG 10 further shows that in some embodiments, an attenuation circuit 100 having one or more features as described herein can be controlled by a controller 180.
• a controller 180 can provide various control signals to, for example, operate the various switches to achieve various attenuation modes (e.g., as in Figures 8A-8F).
• the controller 180 can be configured to include MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Interface) functionality.
• Figure 1 1 shows that in some embodiments, some or all of an attenuation circuit 100 having one or more features as described herein can be implemented on a semiconductor die 200.
• Such a die can include a substrate 202, and at least some of a phase/gain compensation circuit 204 (e.g., phase compensation circuits 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d of Figure 3) can be implemented on the substrate 202.
• a phase/gain compensation circuit 204 e.g., phase compensation circuits 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d of Figure 3
• some or all of compensation capacitances C2, C4, C8, C8' can be implemented as on-die capacitors.
• Figures 12 and 13 show that in some embodiments, some or all of an attenuation circuit 100 having one or more features as described herein can be implemented on a packaged module 300.
• a packaged module 300 can include a packaging substrate 302 configured to receive a plurality of components such as one or more die and one or more passive components.
• the packaged module 300 can include a semiconductor die 200 that is similar to the example of Figure 1 1 . Accordingly, such a die can include some or all of the attenuation circuit 100, with at least some of a phase/gain compensation circuit 204 (e.g., phase compensation circuits 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d of Figure 3) being implemented on the die 200.
• a phase/gain compensation circuit 204 e.g., phase compensation circuits 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d of Figure 3
• the packaged module 300 can include a first semiconductor die 210 having some of the attenuation circuit 100, while the rest of the attenuation circuit 100 is implemented on another die 212, outside of a die (e.g., on the packaging substrate 302), or any combination thereof.
• some of a phase/gain compensation circuit 204 e.g., phase compensation circuits 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d of Figure 3
• the rest of the phase/gain compensation circuit 204 can be implemented on another die 212, outside of a die (e.g., on the packaging substrate 302), or any combination thereof.
• FIG 14 shows non-limiting examples of how an attenuator having one or more features as described herein can be implemented in an RF system 400.
• an RF system can include an antenna 402 configured to facilitate reception and/or transmission of RF signals.
• an RF signal received by the antenna 402 can be filtered (e.g., by a band-pass filter 410) and passed through an attenuator 100 before being amplified by a low- noise amplifier (LNA) 412.
• LNA low- noise amplifier
• Such an LNA-amplified RF signal can be filtered (e.g., by a band-pass filter 414), passed through an attenuator 100, and routed to a mixer 440.
• the mixer 440 can operate with an oscillator (not shown) to yield an intermediate-frequency (IF) signal.
• IF intermediate-frequency
• Such an IF signal can be filtered (e.g., by a band-pass filter 442) and passed through an attenuator 100 before being routed to an intermediate-frequency (IF) amplifier 416.
• IF intermediate-frequency
• Some or all of the foregoing attenuators 100 along the receive path can include one or more features as described herein.
• an IF signal can be provided to an IF amplifier 420.
• An output of the IF amplifier 420 can be filtered (e.g., by a band-pass filter 444) and passed through an attenuator 100 before being routed to a mixer 446.
• the mixer 446 can operate with an oscillator (not shown) to yield an RF signal.
• Such an RF signal can be filtered (e.g. , by a band-pass filter 422) and passed through an attenuator 100 before being routed to a power amplifier (PA) 424.
• the PA-amplified RF signal can be routed to the antenna 402 through an attenuator 100 and a filter (e.g., a band-pass filter 426) for transmission.
• various operations associated with the RF system 400 can be controlled and/or facilitated by a system controller 430.
• a system controller can include, for example, a processor 432 and a storage medium such as a non-transient computer-readable medium (CRM) 434.
• CCM computer-readable medium
• at least some control functionalities associated with the operation of one or more attenuators 100 in the RF system 400 can be performed by the system controller 430.
• an attenuation circuit having one or more features as described herein can be implemented along a receive (Rx) chain.
• a diversity receive (DRx) module can be implemented such that processing of a received signal can be achieved close to a diversity antenna.
• Figure 15 shows an example of such a DRx module.
• a diversity receiver module 300 can be an example of the modules 300 of Figures 12 and 13. In some embodiments, such a DRx module can be coupled to an off-module filter 513.
• the DRx module 300 can include a packaging substrate 501 configured to receive a plurality of components and a receiving system implemented on the packaging substrate 501 .
• the DRx module 300 can include one or more signal paths that are routed off the DRx module 300 and made available to a system integrator, designer, or manufacturer to support a filter for any desired band.
• the DRx module 300 of Figure 15 is shown to include a number of paths between the input and the output of the DRx module 300.
• the DRx module 300 is also shown to include a bypass path between the input and the output activated by a bypass switch 519 controlled by the DRx controller 502.
• Figure 15 depicts a single bypass switch 519, in some implementations, the bypass switch 519 may include multiple switches (e.g., a first switch disposed physically close to the input and a second switch disposed physically close to the output.
• the bypass path does not include a filter or an amplifier.
• the DRx module 300 is shown to include a number of multiplexer paths including a first multiplexer 51 1 and a second multiplexer 512.
• the multiplexer paths include a number of on-module paths that include the first multiplexer 51 1 , a bandpass filter 613a-613d implemented on the packaging substrate 501 , an amplifier 614a-614d implemented on the packaging substrate 501 , and the second multiplexer 512.
• the multiplexer paths include one or more off-module paths that include the first multiplexer 51 1 , a bandpass filter 513 implemented off the packaging substrate 501 , an amplifier 514, and the second multiplexer 512.
• the amplifier 514 may be a wide-band amplifier implemented on the packaging substrate 501 or may also be implemented off the packaging substrate 501.
• the amplifiers 614a-614d, 514 may be variable-gain amplifiers and/or variable-current amplifiers.
• a DRx controller 502 can be configured to selectively activate one or more of the plurality of paths between the input and the output. In some implementations, the DRx controller 502 can be configured to selectively activate one or more of the plurality of paths based on a band select signal received by the DRx controller 502 (e.g., from a communications controller). The DRx controller 502 may selectively activate the paths by, for example, opening or closing the bypass switch 519, enabling or disabling the amplifiers 614a-614d, 514, controlling the multiplexers 51 1 , 512, or through other mechanisms.
• the DRx controller 502 may open or close switches along the paths (e.g., between the filters 613a-613d, 513 and the amplifiers 614a-614d, 514) or by setting the gain of the amplifiers 614a-614d, 514 to substantially zero.
• some or all of the amplifiers 614a-614d, 514 can be provided with an attenuation circuit 100 having one or more features as described herein.
• each of such amplifiers is shown to have an attenuation circuit 100 implemented on its input side.
• a given amplifier can have an attenuation circuit on its input side and/or on its output side.
• an architecture, device and/or circuit having one or more features described herein can be included in an RF device such as a wireless device.
• a wireless device such as a wireless device.
• Such an architecture, device and/or circuit can be implemented directly in the wireless device, in one or more modular forms as described herein, or in some combination thereof.
• a wireless device can include, for example, a cellular phone, a smart-phone, a hand-held wireless device with or without phone functionality, a wireless tablet, a wireless router, a wireless access point, a wireless base station, etc.
• a wireless device can include, for example, a cellular phone, a smart-phone, a hand-held wireless device with or without phone functionality, a wireless tablet, a wireless router, a wireless access point, a wireless base station, etc.
• FIG 16 depicts an example wireless device 700 having one or more advantageous features described herein.
• one or more attenuators having one or more features as described herein can be implemented in a number of places in such a wireless device.
• a module such as a diversity receive (DRx) module 300 having one or more low-noise amplifiers (LNAs).
• DRx diversity receive
• LNAs low-noise amplifiers
• Such a DRx module can be configured as described herein in reference to Figures 12, 13 and 15.
• an attenuator having one or more features as described herein can be implemented along an RF signal path before and/or after an LNA.
• power amplifiers (PAs) in a PA module 712 can receive their respective RF signals from a transceiver 710 that can be configured and operated to generate RF signals to be amplified and transmitted, and to process received signals.
• the transceiver 710 is shown to interact with a baseband sub-system 708 that is configured to provide conversion between data and/or voice signals suitable for a user and RF signals suitable for the transceiver 710.
• the transceiver 710 is also shown to be connected to a power management component 706 that is configured to manage power for the operation of the wireless device 700. Such power management can also control operations of the baseband sub-system 708 and other components of the wireless device 700.
• the baseband sub-system 708 is shown to be connected to a user interface 702 to facilitate various input and output of voice and/or data provided to and received from the user.
• the baseband sub-system 708 can also be connected to a memory 704 that is configured to store data and/or instructions to facilitate the operation of the wireless device, and/or to provide storage of information for the user.
• the DRx module 300 can be implemented between one or more diversity antennas (e.g., diversity antenna 730) and the ASM 714.
• Such a configuration can allow an RF signal received through the diversity antenna 730 to be processed (in some embodiments, including amplification by an LNA) with little or no loss of and/or little or no addition of noise to the RF signal from the diversity antenna 730.
• Such processed signal from the DRx module 300 can then be routed to the ASM through one or more signal paths.
• a main antenna 720 can be configured to, for example, facilitate transmission of RF signals from the PA module 712. In some embodiments, receive operations can also be achieved through the main antenna.
• a number of other wireless device configurations can utilize one or more features described herein.
• a wireless device does not need to be a multi-band device.
• a wireless device can include additional antennas such as diversity antenna, and additional connectivity features such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Networks Using Active Elements (AREA)
• Attenuators (AREA)
• Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
• Transceivers (AREA)
• Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)

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• 2017
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