WO2018025063A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce d'acier comportant l'addition d'un métal fondu sur une pièce support, et pièce ainsi obtenue - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce d'acier comportant l'addition d'un métal fondu sur une pièce support, et pièce ainsi obtenue Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018025063A1 WO2018025063A1 PCT/IB2016/054686 IB2016054686W WO2018025063A1 WO 2018025063 A1 WO2018025063 A1 WO 2018025063A1 IB 2016054686 W IB2016054686 W IB 2016054686W WO 2018025063 A1 WO2018025063 A1 WO 2018025063A1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
- B23K35/308—Fe as the principal constituent with Cr as next major constituent
- B23K35/3086—Fe as the principal constituent with Cr as next major constituent containing Ni or Mn
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
- B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0288—Welding studs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/008—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
Definitions
- the present invention relates to metallurgy, and more specifically the manufacture of stainless steel volume parts from sheets, and to have localized additions of material, deposited after the possible shaping of the sheets, such as reinforcing elements.
- the object of the invention is to propose a method for manufacturing a final part comprising a support part and added parts by means of a process for adding molten metal, for example reinforcing elements, which makes it possible to eliminate or at least strongly limit the risks of occurrence of the problems mentioned above.
- the subject of the invention is a process for manufacturing a final steel part comprising a support part and at least one part formed by a process for adding a filler metal, in the form of molten metal. on a portion of the surface of the support member, forming a thermally affected zone (ZAT) on the support member and a fused zone between the ZAT and the portion formed by the addition of molten metal, characterized in that:
- the support piece is made of a martensitic microstructure chromium steel at 70-100%, preferably 90-100%, in the quenched or tempered state, the remainder of the microstructure being composed of ferrite, austenite and carbides and / or carbonitrides, the composition of which, in percentages by weight, consists of:
- composition of the filler metal before its use consists of:
- the hardness of the HAZ is not more than 20% lower than that of the remaining parts of the support piece, and that the martensite content of the HAZ is greater than or equal to 70%;
- the melted zone has a dilution ratio (% Ni (molten metal) -% Ni (support metal)) / (% Ni (filler metal) -% Ni (support metal)) from 50 to 95 % by weight, preferably 75 to 85% by weight.
- the process for adding molten metal may consist of adding molten metal powder by means of a laser beam or an electron beam.
- the process for adding molten metal may consist of adding a molten metal from a wire whose fusion is caused by the establishment of an electric arc between the wire and the support piece, or by a laser or by an electron beam.
- the invention also relates to a final steel piece characterized in that it was manufactured by the preceding method, and in that at least one of the parts formed by a method of adding molten metal is a reinforcing element for the support piece.
- the invention consists in combining the production of the support part in a martensitic steel with a high Cr content (5.0-16.5%, so it is not necessarily a steel stainless) and of determined composition, and the production of the added parts by addition of molten metal with a metal consisting of a stainless steel of initial composition (before its use as powder, wire, tape or other in the method of the invention) also well determined, and which is, surprisingly, very different from that of the metal constituting the support piece.
- the added molten metal is here, obligatorily, a stainless steel to
- the invention is therefore based above all on a particular choice of the pair of materials used, which will be seen in what is advantageous in the context of the manufacture of a final piece by direct deposition of molten metal on a support piece.
- FIG. 1 which schematically represents the principle of a process for supplying molten metal in the form of a powder rendered liquid by a laser beam;
- FIG. 2 which shows schematically the principle of a method of supplying molten metal in the form of a wire whose fusion is performed by a welding torch;
- Figure 3 which shows a clamp for fixing a tube, provided with stiffeners formed on the circular portion of the flange and its collar by the method according to the invention
- Figure 4 which shows in cross section along IV-IV one of these stiffeners and its contact area with the circular portion of the flange
- Figure 5 shows the results of Vickers HV1 hardness measurements (standard NF EN ISO 6507 2006, 1 designating the load kgf) made on the section of the flange and one of its stiffeners;
- Figure 6 shows a micrograph of the connection area between the flange and the stiffener
- Figure 7 which shows a micrograph of a part of this same connection area, highlighting the ZAT and the melted zone;
- FIG. 8 which shows a micrograph of the connection zone between the flange and the stiffener, on which are reported the results of Vickers HV0,1 hardness measurements;
- FIG. 9 which shows a micrograph of the connection zone between the flange and the stiffener, on which points have been indicated where measurements of dilution of the material of the stiffener in the material of the flange have been made;
- FIG 10 which shows a cut and stamped suspension arm, on which were added stiffeners by the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 generally represents the principle of 3D printing on a metal support piece 1 by adding molten metal, more precisely by melting a metal powder 2 by means of a laser.
- the support part 1 that is to say the initial part on which the deposit must take place, is fixed. It is projected on its surface, by conventional means not shown, a metal powder jet 2 which is intended to constitute the filler metal which will form the deposit 3 after its solidification.
- the supply source of the powder 2 is scrolled relative to the surface of the support part 1, in the figure plane and from left to right in the example shown.
- a laser beam 4 is also projected on the surface of the support part 1, also moving in order to accompany the scrolling of the powder jet 2, and to achieve a melting of the powder 2 deposited on the support metal in the zone d impact of the laser beam 4, so as to form a liquid well 5.
- the laser also causes a partial and very superficial melting of the metal 1.
- the liquid well solidifying when it is no longer in the field of the laser beam 4 which has moved, forms the deposit 3 whose composition corresponds to that of the powder 2 or drifting closely. This point will be examined in detail later.
- a Thermally Affected Area (ZAT) 6 Under this deposit 3 is, in the vicinity of the surface of the support part 1 and a thickness of the order of 300 ⁇ , a Thermally Affected Area (ZAT) 6 whose microstructure has been influenced by the contact with the laser beam 4 and the liquid well 5, in a manner comparable to that which occurs during a material-fed welding, with a morphology in successive layers also very close, qualitatively, of what is observed during a welding by contribution of material.
- FIG. 2 generally represents the principle of 3D printing on a metal support piece 1 by adding molten metal by means of a welding wire 7 or the like (ribbon for example) which is unwound in the direction of the support piece 1 through a welding torch 8, which is itself scrolled relative to the workpiece support 1 in the figure plane and from left to right in the example shown.
- a power supply 9 is connected on the one hand to the support part and on the other hand to the welding wire 7 via the torch 8, the inner space 10 is supplied by a protective gas flowing towards the support piece 1.
- the invention is based on a particularly advantageous choice of the pair formed by the compositions of the support part 1 on the one hand, and the filler metal on the other hand, that it is initially in the form of a powder 2, of wire 7 ribbon or whatever.
- this composition of the filler metal is that which exists before it is deposited and melted on the support part 1, and therefore does not take account of the modifications at least the composition could be subjected to during the operation, such as oxygen uptake, resulting in oxidized inclusions and possibly a decarburization, and a recovery of nitrogen. These modifications can occur in particular if the operation does not take place in an atmosphere perfectly inert with respect to the deposited liquid metal.
- the metal constituting the support part 1 it must have a high proportion of martensite in its structure at the time of implementation of the method. This proportion is at least 70%, and preferably between 90 and 100%. Indeed, this strongly or very predominantly martensitic structure provides the support part 1 with high mechanical characteristics, which means that most of the part can be made of a relatively thin material, and that it is only locally that its reinforcement by stiffeners is necessary.
- the rest of the microstructure, if it is not 100% martensitic, is composed of ferrite, austenite and carbides and / or carbonitrides.
- martensitic transformation start temperature Ms must be less than or equal to 500 ° C. and the increase in the volume of the metal of the support part 1 during this transformation, at a speed of 30 ° C./s or more, must be between 2 and 6%.
- This temperature Ms and the associated volume change are insensitive to the cooling rate up to 2 ° C / s and the metal 1 is therefore described as self-tempering.
- FIG. 3 represents a flange 13 for fixing a tube made by the method according to the invention. It consists of a sheet preformed by stamping to give it a generally circular shape 14, and is provided with a collar 15 surrounding a central orifice 16. The circular portion 14 and the collar 15 are made in one piece during Formatting.
- the collar 15 is, as is known, reinforced by stiffeners 17 (also called “reinforcing elements”) approximately in the shape of a right-angled triangle which bear on the outer wall of the collar and on the upper face of the circular portion 14 of the flange 13.
- stiffeners 17 also called “reinforcing elements”
- the hypotenuses 18 of the right triangles forming the stiffeners 17 may have, in fact, a concave shape, having a constant or variable curvature.
- this characteristic is conventional for such flanges 13 and does not fall within the scope of the invention.
- the flange 13 has a thickness of 3 mm
- its circular portion 14 has a diameter of 145 mm
- the orifice 16 has an outside diameter of 62 mm
- the collar 5 has a thickness of 15 mm
- the stiffeners 17 have a length of 22 mm and a thickness of 0.7 to 1 mm
- the radius of curvature of their hypotenuses is 150 mm.
- FIG. 4 shows, in cross-section along the line IV-IV of FIG. 3, one of the stiffeners 17 and its zone of contact with the circular portion 14 of the flange 13.
- a "melted zone” 21 which results from the dilution of a portion of the molten metal 5, 12 in the metal 1 of the circular portion 14 of the flange 13, and therefore has on average a composition intermediate between those of these metals;
- a ZAT 6 whose nominal composition is that of the metal of the support piece, but within which there may possibly be localized changes related to the possible privileged diffusion of certain elements inside the support piece due to heating during the deposition of molten metal, or, in its upper part, residual diffusion of the molten metal; also, the metallurgical structure is modified more or less substantially compared to what it was before the molten metal deposition, due to warming related to this deposit;
- the steel of the support part 1 must have the following composition, expressed in percentages by weight, coupled with a microstructure at least strongly martensitic (from 70 to 100% of martensite, better still, 90% by weight). at 100% martensite):
- composition must satisfy the following two relations A and B:
- the satisfaction of the relation A is favorable to the accomplishment of the martensitic transformation
- the satisfaction of the condition B in particular the influence of Si and Mo, is favorable to a good resistance to softening.
- composition of the martensitic steel used for the support 1 according to the invention is justified as follows.
- Its C content is between 0.01% and 1.5%.
- the minimum content of 0.01% is justified by the need to obtain austenitization when the metal is brought to a temperature above 700 ° C and high mechanical properties for martensite. Above 1, 5%, the implementation by conventional methods would be limited, and especially the resilience of the support would become insufficient.
- Mn content is between 0.2 and 1.2%. A minimum of 0.2% is required to achieve austenitization. Above 1, 2% of the oxidation problems are to be feared during the deposit if it is not carried out under a neutral or reducing atmosphere.
- Si content is between 0.2% and 1.2%.
- a minimum quantity of 0.2% is necessary because the silicon is a limiting element softening the support 1 when it is affected thermally. Beyond 1, 2%, it is considered that it excessively promotes the formation of ferrite and thus makes it more difficult to austenitize and obtain a steel of predominantly martensitic structure. In quantities greater than 1, 2%, it also weakens the support.
- Its Cr content is between 5.0 and 16.5%.
- the minimum content of 5.0% is justified to ensure a self-tempering character for the metal of the support 1.
- a content greater than 16.5% would make it difficult to austenitize and obtain a predominantly martensitic structure.
- Ni content is between traces and 3.5%.
- Ni is not essential to the invention.
- the presence of Ni within the prescribed maximum limit of 3.5% may, however, be advantageous for promoting austenitization. Exceeding the 3.5% limit would, however, lead to an excessive presence of residual austenite and an insufficient presence of martensite in the microstructure after cooling. It would also pose cost problems.
- Mo or W is not essential and Mo may be present only in the form of traces resulting from the elaboration. However Mo limits the softening of the martensite of the ZAT during the deposit. Mo and W are favorable for good corrosion resistance. Above 2.0%, austenitization would be hampered and the cost of steel unnecessarily increased.
- Cu content is between traces and 3.0%, preferably between traces and 0.5%.
- Ti + Nb + Zr + V + Ta content is between traces and 2%.
- Ti is a deoxidizer, like Al and Si, but its cost and its lower efficiency than that of Al, with equal added quantity, makes its use in general not very interesting from this point of view. It may be of interest in that the formation of Ti nitrides and carbonitrides can limit grain growth and favorably influence certain mechanical properties and weldability. However, this formation may be a disadvantage in the case of the process according to the invention, since Ti tends to hinder the austenitization due to the formation of carbides, and the TiN degrade the resilience. A maximum content of 0.5% is therefore not to be exceeded.
- V and Zr are also elements capable of forming nitrides degrading the resilience.
- Zr like Ti, hinders austenitization and is also a reason to limit its presence.
- Nb and Ta are important elements for obtaining good resilience
- Al is used as a deoxidizer during processing. It is not necessary that after the deoxidation it remains in the steel an amount exceeding 0.1%, because there would be a risk of having difficulties in obtaining the martensitic microstructure.
- N content is between 0.01% and 0.2%. It is an element that helps austenitize from 0.01%, but beyond 0.2% it would limit the quenchability. And, as we have seen and for the reasons that have been said, relations A and B must also be satisfied.
- the composition of the filler metal 2, 7, called to constitute the molten metal 5, 12 and then the deposits 3 forming the reinforcing element or elements 17, must have the following composition:
- the filler metal 2, 7 in solid form (wire, ribbon %) or pulverulent before its melting and its deposition on the support part 1.
- This composition must first lead the reinforcing element 17 to fulfill its role correctly when using the final part. It must, for this, have a good ductility resulting in an elongation at break of at least 15%, preferably between 30 and 40%, and a fine metallurgical structure consisting essentially of austenite (at least 80%), the rest being ferrite and / or carbonitrides, with a grain size of less than 300 ⁇ , a good fatigue strength greater than 200 MPa and a good resistance K1 c> 50 MPa.m 1/2 to crack propagation between -40 ° C and + 80 ° C (according to ISO 12135).
- the composition just mentioned would also be suitable, but it is preferable that the C content be between 0.01 and 0.05% for uses at low temperatures, in order to have a stable austenite and a good ductility of the martensite hardening possibly present.
- C levels are preferred from 0.04 to 0.1% to improve heat resistance.
- AISI 321 steel and AISI 304H steel may be recommended, and for low temperatures AISI 316L steel, AISI 305 steel and AISI 304L steel, at least steels falling within these ranges. classes of nuances and which have, moreover, their precise compositions within the limits mentioned above.
- this composition must guarantee, in conjunction with the choice of support metal 1, that the dilution of the filler metal 2 or 7 in the support metal 1 can take place under conditions giving access to the results targeted by the invention.
- the composition according to the invention meets these criteria.
- Molten zone 21 is an area where both metals have been subjected to a dilution process.
- the filler metal 2 or 7 must represent from 50 to 95% by weight, preferably 75 to 85% by weight.
- the dilution ratio is calculated by the following formula:
- % Dilution (% Ni (molten metal 21) -% Ni (Metal support 1)) / (% Ni (solder 2 or 7) -% Ni (carrier metal 1))
- this fused zone 21 extends over a depth of approximately 200 ⁇ to the right of the stiffener 17 in the example shown.
- the choice of the composition of the filler metal 2, 7 and the percentage of dilution thereof in the metal of the support part 1, which can be controlled in particular by the conditions under which the deposition of metal takes place fused with the particular characteristics of the installation used and determined by means of simple models and experiments, ensures that the solidification takes place under good conditions and with a good result, namely a mostly austenitic microstructure but may contain ferrite and / or martensite in less ( ⁇ 20%), thus resilient, which ensures that the stiffener 17 (generally, the deposit 3) can be effective and will not present excessive fragility at the level its junction with the circular portion 14 of the flange 13 (and, in general, with the support part 1).
- This lower hardness of the ZAT 6 relative to the remainder of the support part 1 is due to warming undergone by the ZAT 6 during the deposition of molten metal in contact with the liquid well 5, 12.
- the temperature in the ZAT 6 exceeds 800 ° C about, part of the martensite can turn into austenite, and so we have a softening of the microstructure. It would be very detrimental to the mechanical properties of the ZAT 6 that this softening persists, and it is therefore necessary that during the cooling of the ZAT 6, a predominantly martensitic structure is restored (at least 70% of martensite), this percentage of martensite being, preferably, higher in the ZAT 6 than in the remainder of the support part 1 to obtain a relatively high compressive residual stress state in the ZAT 6.
- stiffeners 17 or any other form of reinforcing elements
- molten metal deposition generally makes it possible, advantageously, to leave these reinforcing elements substantially free from solidification, without a machining operation or subsequent surfacing is necessary.
- the good satisfaction of this characteristic depends largely on the precision with which the depositing operation is controlled by the control members. But the known devices for depositing molten metal which have been described above are already quite capable of obtaining this precision, and the implementation of the invention does not pose more problems than those already encountered and solved by the skilled person in the prior art.
- Figure 5 shows the results of hardness measurements made on the section of the flange 13 and a stiffener 17 of Figures 3 and 4, as shown in Figure 4.
- the materials used are as follows.
- the microstructure is 100% martensitic.
- the composition of the metal is the following, the rest being iron and impurities resulting from the preparation:
- the particle size of the initial powder is between 45 and 90 ⁇ .
- the method of forming the stiffener 17 which has been used is the deposition of powder fused by laser beam.
- a 600 W YAG laser with an argon gas shield was used.
- the deposition rate is 500 mm / min.
- the metal constituting the stiffener 17 has a relatively homogeneous hardness, between 158 and 192 Hv1, the highest value being measured towards the base of the stiffener.
- the hardness measured in the melted zone 21 is 208 Hv1, thus slightly greater than the hardness of the stiffener 17, which tends to confirm that the melted zone 21 results from the diffusion of the filler metal into the metal of the support piece , and that the proportion of the filler metal is predominant, in this case even very large as is preferred for a good connection of the stiffener 17 and the circular portion 14 of the flange 13.
- Figures 6 and 7 (the latter being an enlarged portion of Figure 6) show a micrograph of the lower portion of the stiffener 17 and its connection area with the circular portion 14 of the flange 13, after a chemical attack.
- the stiffener 17 is composed of a superposition of initially molten metal layers, approximately 300-400 ⁇ thick, which interpenetrate over approximately 50% of their thickness. This strong interpenetration ensures that the stiffener 17 will not be particularly subject to breakage at an interface between layers. Note that in the case where one would not use a formation of the stiffener 17 by deposition of powder melted by laser, but by a method of supplying molten metal with a wire 7 or a ribbon and a torch 8, there would be found such superposition of layers, but on a thickness that may be larger, of the order of 1 mm.
- the melted zone 21 and the ZAT 6 the thickness of which is approximately 350 ⁇ , which surrounds the melted zone 21 over the entire periphery thereof, including up to the surface of the circular portion 14 of FIG. the flange 13.
- FIG. 8 is another enlargement of a portion of FIG. 6, and shows the results of measurements of the hardness Hv 0.1 (and not of the hardness Hv1 as in FIG. 5, as the measurement points are, here , closer together and that in this case, in accordance with the ISO 6705 standard, the imposed load is reduced), performed on the longitudinal axis of the stiffener 17 in its extreme lower part, and, in the extension of this axis, on the zone melted 21, the ZAT 6 of the circular portion 14 of the flange 13 and a portion of the circular portion 14 of the flange 13 not affected by the heat generated during the deposition of the metal of the stiffener 17.
- the measuring points are distant 100 ⁇ .
- FIG. 6 shows the locations where quantitative analyzes of chemical composition by scanning electron microscopy were performed.
- the points called “spectrum 9, 10, 1 1” are located on the stiffener 17 and are representative of its nominal composition.
- the so-called spectrum points 15, 16, 17 are located in the circular portion 14 of the flange 13, and in an area not chemically and thermally affected by the addition of molten metal, and are representative of the nominal composition of the 13.
- the points "spectrum 12, 13, 14" are located at the lower end of the melted zone 21, and it is possible to deduce the dilution of the materials in one another by comparing the measurements therein. made with the nominal compositions of the flange 13 and the stiffener 17 determined by the 0 other measurements, by applying for this purpose the formula seen above.
- the dilution of Ni as defined above is taken as a reference because the Ni content is always quite different in the two metals involved, is 78%.
- the dilutions of the other elements are, in fact, not very different from that of the Ni, which therefore appears to be quite representative of the phenomenon of dilution in general.
- stiffener 17 the composition and structure of the powder are identical and the conditions of deposition similar to that described for the test according to the invention.
- the hardness in the ZAT 6 drops from 32% to 325Hv1, ie a drop greater than the maximum of 20% which is typical of the invention, the microstructure is no longer sufficiently martensitic (60%) and has softened by formation of bainite / ferrite / pearlite.
- the martensitic transformation did not compensate for the withdrawal of the melted zone.
- the melted zone is predominantly austenitic with a little martensite and shows a dilution of Ni very close to 80%, which proves that the condition of a dilution of Ni of 50 to 95% is not a sufficient condition for the obtaining good representative results of the invention.
- the ZAT thus has a mechanical resistance that is too low due to insufficient compression of the base of the stiffener 17.
- the martensite of the melted zone is of a fragile type because it is rich in C and there is the possibility of solidification in the primary austenitic phase of the melted zone, hence the risk of hot cracking.
- FIG. 10 shows a suspension arm 22 produced from a cut and stamped preform 23, and to which stiffeners 24, 25, 26 (and others not referenced in FIG. 10) have been added by the method according to FIG. 'invention.
- the invention can find application in the field of the manufacture of structural parts, in particular in land vehicles and aircraft, because it is easily possible, thanks to it, to produce parts of different strength properties and optimized by weight from the same support piece, only by modulating the morphology of reinforcement elements added by the method according to the invention.
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2016/054686 WO2018025063A1 (fr) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce d'acier comportant l'addition d'un métal fondu sur une pièce support, et pièce ainsi obtenue |
CA3032268A CA3032268A1 (fr) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Procede de fabrication d'une piece d'acier comportant l'addition d'un metal fondu sur une piece support, et piece ainsi obtenue |
CN201680088331.2A CN109563602A (zh) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | 包括在支撑部上添加熔融金属的制造钢零件的方法及由此获得的零件 |
JP2019505413A JP2019532816A (ja) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | 支持部品上への溶融金属を追加することを含む鋼製部品の製造方法、及び、これにより得られた部品 |
MX2019001258A MX2019001258A (es) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Metodo de fabricacion de parte de acero que incluye la adicion de metal fundido a una parte de soporte y parte obtenida de esta manera. |
RU2019102734A RU2019102734A (ru) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Способ изготовления стальной детали, включающий добавление расплавленного металла на опорную деталь, и деталь, полученная таким образом |
KR1020197003535A KR20190034222A (ko) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | 지지부 상에 용탕을 첨가하는 것을 포함하는 강 부품의 제조 방법 및 그에 따라 얻어진 부품 |
BR112019001807-7A BR112019001807A2 (pt) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | método para a fabricação de uma peça de aço final e peça de aço final |
EP16757349.2A EP3494242A1 (fr) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce d'acier comportant l'addition d'un métal fondu sur une pièce support, et pièce ainsi obtenue |
US16/321,741 US20190160602A1 (en) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Method for manufacturing a steel part, including the addition of a molten metal to a supporting part, and part thus obtained |
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PCT/IB2016/054686 WO2018025063A1 (fr) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce d'acier comportant l'addition d'un métal fondu sur une pièce support, et pièce ainsi obtenue |
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PCT/IB2016/054686 WO2018025063A1 (fr) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce d'acier comportant l'addition d'un métal fondu sur une pièce support, et pièce ainsi obtenue |
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US (1) | US20190160602A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3494242A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2019532816A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20190034222A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN109563602A (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112019001807A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA3032268A1 (fr) |
MX (1) | MX2019001258A (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2019102734A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2018025063A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
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CN108356263A (zh) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-08-03 | 苏州大学 | 激光增材制造用新型马氏体耐热钢合金粉末及其制备方法 |
JP2020164882A (ja) * | 2019-03-28 | 2020-10-08 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | 金属3dプリンタによる溶着積層造形用の金属ワイヤ |
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DE112017005779T5 (de) * | 2016-11-16 | 2019-12-12 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Litze für einen Kabelbaum und Kabelbaum |
US11471943B2 (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-10-18 | Mtc Powder Solutions Ab | Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) fabrication of multi-metallic components for pressure-controlling equipment |
US11919086B2 (en) | 2020-12-16 | 2024-03-05 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) fabrication of multi-metallic components for pressure-controlling equipment |
CN116024501B (zh) * | 2022-12-15 | 2024-08-06 | 广东省科学院新材料研究所 | 高速钢及其制备方法和应用 |
CN116445824B (zh) * | 2023-04-04 | 2024-09-06 | 湖南瑞华新材料有限公司 | 一种合金粉末及其在提高带钢夹送辊服役寿命方面的应用 |
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Cited By (4)
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CN108356263A (zh) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-08-03 | 苏州大学 | 激光增材制造用新型马氏体耐热钢合金粉末及其制备方法 |
CN108356263B (zh) * | 2018-04-28 | 2019-09-24 | 苏州大学 | 激光增材制造用新型马氏体耐热钢合金粉末及其制备方法 |
JP2020164882A (ja) * | 2019-03-28 | 2020-10-08 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | 金属3dプリンタによる溶着積層造形用の金属ワイヤ |
JP7305399B2 (ja) | 2019-03-28 | 2023-07-10 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | 金属3dプリンタによる溶着積層造形用の金属ワイヤ |
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BR112019001807A2 (pt) | 2019-05-07 |
RU2019102734A3 (fr) | 2020-07-31 |
MX2019001258A (es) | 2019-07-04 |
US20190160602A1 (en) | 2019-05-30 |
JP2019532816A (ja) | 2019-11-14 |
EP3494242A1 (fr) | 2019-06-12 |
CA3032268A1 (fr) | 2018-02-08 |
RU2019102734A (ru) | 2020-07-31 |
CN109563602A (zh) | 2019-04-02 |
KR20190034222A (ko) | 2019-04-01 |
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