WO2017198237A1 - 配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统、方法及存储介质 - Google Patents

配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统、方法及存储介质 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017198237A1
WO2017198237A1 PCT/CN2017/090523 CN2017090523W WO2017198237A1 WO 2017198237 A1 WO2017198237 A1 WO 2017198237A1 CN 2017090523 W CN2017090523 W CN 2017090523W WO 2017198237 A1 WO2017198237 A1 WO 2017198237A1
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Prior art keywords
simulation
digital
analog
distribution network
physical
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PCT/CN2017/090523
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
盛万兴
刘科研
孟晓丽
董伟杰
李雅洁
叶学顺
刘永梅
刁赢龙
贾东梨
胡丽娟
何开元
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中国电力科学研究院
国家电网公司
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Priority to US15/750,829 priority Critical patent/US10826292B2/en
Publication of WO2017198237A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017198237A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/30—Circuit design
    • G06F30/36—Circuit design at the analogue level
    • G06F30/367—Design verification, e.g. using simulation, simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis [SPICE], direct methods or relaxation methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/06—Energy or water supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/004—Generation forecast, e.g. methods or systems for forecasting future energy generation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/04—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers
    • G05B19/042—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers using digital processors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/26—Pc applications
    • G05B2219/2639—Energy management, use maximum of cheap power, keep peak load low
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/50—Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/20—Information technology specific aspects, e.g. CAD, simulation, modelling, system security

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a simulation system and a simulation method thereof, in particular to a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system of a complex distribution network, a simulation method thereof and a computer storage medium.
  • Multi-time scale simulation of distribution networks is a powerful tool for improving operational and analytical decision-making capabilities.
  • the physical simulation is simulation using physical real equipment, the simulation results are fine and the credibility is high; but the disadvantage is that it is limited by the simulation scale, the cycle is long, the hardware equipment is often expensive, and the maintenance and operation are difficult;
  • Digital multi-time scale simulation has low cost, fast calculation and short time-consuming, and can simulate a large-scale distribution network.
  • the accuracy of simulation results is not as good as physical simulation.
  • due to power distribution. network It has the characteristics of large scale, many types of equipment, asymmetry of structure and parameters, and distributed power access with complex control strategies, which makes it difficult to realize multi-time scale real-time simulation of power distribution system.
  • the simulation process of complex distribution network has more distinct multi-time scale characteristics, including steady-state simulation and transient simulation.
  • Transient simulation can be divided into electromagnetic multi-time scale process and electromechanical multi-time scale process.
  • complex distribution networks have their own characteristics, mainly reflected in: 1) new types of components and different forms, both static DC power supply and rotating AC motor; 2) complex configuration Complex power grid control, including distributed power inverter and energy storage component control, power electronic equipment control and network level voltage and frequency adjustment; 3) most distributed power supplies need to pass power electronic converters Grid or load power supply; 4) Many distributed power sources have intermittent and random output, often require energy storage equipment, power compensation devices and other types of distributed power supply to achieve better dynamic and static performance; 5) small and medium The distributed power supply of capacity is mostly connected to the medium and low voltage distribution network. At this time, the asymmetry of network parameters and load is greatly increased. In addition, the distributed power supply on the user side may be connected to the network through a single-phase inverter, which further exacerbates the system. Asymmetry.
  • FIG. 1 shows the time scale corresponding to different simulation processes of complex distribution networks.
  • Distribution network transient simulation is a powerful tool to improve operational capability and analyze decision-making capabilities.
  • there are two main methods for transient simulation of distribution network : physical simulation of distribution network and full digital transient simulation of distribution network.
  • Physical simulation is simulation using physical real equipment. The simulation results are fine and highly reliable, but the disadvantages are limited by the scale of simulation, long cycle, hardware equipment is often expensive, maintenance and operation are difficult; Digital transient simulation has low cost, rapid calculation and short time-consuming, and can simulate a large-scale distribution network.
  • the accuracy of simulation results is not as good as physical simulation, and the accuracy is not enough.
  • the distribution network itself has the characteristics of large scale, equipment type, asymmetry of structure and parameters, and distributed power access with complex control strategies, which makes the realization of transient real-time simulation of power distribution system more difficult.
  • the transient process of complex distribution network has relatively distinct time scale characteristics, which can be divided into electromagnetic transient process and electromechanical transient process.
  • complex distribution networks have their own characteristics, mainly reflected in: 1) new types of components and different forms, both static DC power supply and rotating AC motor; 2) complex power grid Complex control, including distributed power supply and energy storage component control, power electronic converter control and network level voltage and frequency adjustment; 3) most distributed power supplies need to pass power electronic converter to grid or load Power supply; 4)
  • the output of many distributed power sources is intermittent and random. It often requires the cooperation of energy storage equipment, power compensation devices and other types of distributed power supplies to achieve better dynamic and static performance.
  • Distribution of small and medium capacity Most of the power supplies are connected to the medium and low voltage distribution network. At this time, the asymmetry of network parameters and load is greatly increased.
  • the distributed power supply on the user side may be connected to the network through a single-phase inverter, which further aggravates the asymmetry of the system.
  • Figure 1 shows the time scale corresponding to different transient processes of complex distribution networks.
  • the invention discloses the technical features of the data layer, the platform layer and the application layer in the digital simulation system of the distribution network.
  • this technology is oriented to the simulation of steady-state process of traditional distribution network. It does not have detailed models of components such as distributed power supply, power electronic device, flexible AC/DC equipment, etc.
  • the simulation speed is slow, and real-time simulation and transient simulation of distribution network cannot be realized.
  • Chinese invention application number: 201410602141.0 invention name: complex distribution network simulation system.
  • the invention discloses the technical features of five major modules, such as a power supply simulation unit, a line simulation unit, a load simulation unit, a control simulation unit, and a protection simulation unit, in the distribution network simulation system.
  • the equipment cost is high, the floor space is large, and the simulation scenario is single, and it is impossible to realize multi-class scene simulation of the distribution network.
  • embodiments of the present invention are expected to provide a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system for a complex distribution network, a simulation method thereof, and a computer storage medium, which is adopted for a conventional distribution network unit.
  • Multi-time scale digital multi-time scale real-time simulation right The devices and networks whose internal mechanisms have not been studied in depth, are not easy to express with digital formulas, are difficult to model, and have high simulation accuracy are simulated by physical real devices.
  • the digital part and the analog part are transmitted through the digital-analog hybrid interface unit and the synchronization mechanism. Joint real-time simulation.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system for a complex distribution network, which is improved in that the digital-analog hybrid simulation system is configured to implement an AC power grid and a DC power grid.
  • the multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation based on a single voltage level and multiple voltage levels of the AC/DC hybrid power grid, the digital-analog hybrid simulation system includes:
  • Digital simulation system configured to perform digital-to-analog transient simulation of a distribution network with distributed power supply;
  • Digital-to-analog hybrid interface device configured for data coordination and time consistency synchronization
  • Physical analog circuit configured to build a complex distribution network topology
  • the bottom layer design module is configured to provide real-time synchronous simulation technology for the simulation layer of the digital simulation system and time adjustment technology based on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for the digital simulation system and the digital-analog hybrid interface device;
  • FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array
  • the digital simulation system and the physical analog circuit are connected by a digital-analog hybrid interface device to form a multi-time scale simulation system of the hardware in the loop.
  • the design of the digital simulation system includes: an interaction layer design, a modeling layer design, and a simulation layer design; the interaction layer design is configured to be responsible for visual interaction with the user, and is established by using a modeling layer.
  • the modeling layer design is configured to be responsible for mathematical modeling of simulation components, parameter definition of components, parameter estimation and verification, and design of component graphic appearance; It is configured to perform simulation calculation on the simulation circuit constructed by the interaction layer based on the mathematical model of the simulation component established by the modeling layer and the corresponding simulation component parameter setting under the instruction of the interaction layer, including parallel calculation of the electrical system and the control system.
  • Design and design of an FPGA-based digital framework Design and design of an FPGA-based digital framework.
  • the underlying design module uses a logic-programmable FPGA for hardware accelerated digital simulation, and a multi-FPGA partitioned parallel approach to accelerate system-level digital simulation speed of the distribution network.
  • the digital-analog hybrid interface device includes:
  • the data acquisition unit is configured to collect and transmit the voltage and current signals of the simulation circuit built by the simulation modeling layer to the digital simulation system;
  • Power amplifying unit configured to realize power amplification of the current signal of the digital simulation system, and convert the digital signal into a real current signal to participate in the operation of the physical analog circuit;
  • Switching signal unit configured to achieve isolated transmission of switching signals between the digital simulation system and the physical analog circuit.
  • the data acquisition unit includes a data buffer sequentially connected, an analog-to-digital (A/D, Analog/Digital) data collector and a voltage conditioning unit; the voltage and current signals of the physical analog circuit pass through the transformer or The sensor is converted into a low voltage or low current signal and transmitted to the digital-analog hybrid interface device.
  • the A/D data collector of the digital-analog hybrid interface device converts the analog signal into a digital signal, and the data buffer of the digital-analog acquisition unit temporarily buffers the above-mentioned number. signal;
  • the power amplifying unit comprises a digital-to-analog (D/A, Digital/Analog) converter and a power amplifier connected in sequence; first, the signal of the digital simulation system is converted into a simulation of the current digital signal of the digital simulation system through a D/A converter. Voltage signal, the analog voltage signal is converted into a current corresponding to the digital quantity by the current power amplifier;
  • D/A digital-to-analog
  • the switching signal unit is isolated by using an isolation device, and the switching signal unit functions as: 1) directly transmitting a switching instruction of the digital simulation system to the physical analog circuit; 2) transmitting the switching state of the physical analog circuit to the upper position The digital part of the machine.
  • the FPGA-based time adjustment technology is used to achieve real-time synchronization between the digital simulation system and the physical analog circuit.
  • the time adjustment technology based on the FPGA is: the high-speed FPGA records the read signal of the digital simulation system, and according to the read signal. Record the calculation cycle of the digital system Time, the A/D signal converter is driven on time at the time point ⁇ T before the next reading of the digital simulation system, and the analog data is A/D converted and provided to the digital simulation system.
  • the physical analog circuit is configured to implement simulation of a plurality of voltage level distribution networks, including a power supply simulation unit, a line simulation unit, a load simulation unit, a protection simulation unit, a monitoring simulation unit, and a physical synchronization module;
  • the distribution network type objects that can be simulated by the physical analog circuit include a passive distribution network with a single voltage level or multiple voltage levels, an active distribution network, a closed-loop operation distribution network, and an AC/DC hybrid distribution network.
  • a terminal cabinet is designed for the physical analog circuit, and terminals in the terminal cabinet are connected to wiring ports of the power physical component, and each component marking symbol is drawn on the terminal cabinet, and the name and the wiring port are attached. number.
  • a unique corresponding model is designed for each power physical component, and a line connection is performed according to the model structure of the desired design, and the host computer automatically recognizes the connection relationship between the components, and generates a connection list, and the connection list Contains the number of each component, the port number of the component, and the connection relationship between each component of each component.
  • the process of automatically generating the connection list by the host computer according to the topological relationship between the physical components of the power is: the upper computer traverses all the components in order from small to large according to the serial number of the physical physical component, and traverses from small to large according to the port number. All ports of the component form a connection list, and the component number and port number traversed for the first time are recorded as the main component serial number and port number of the new node.
  • the simulation functions of the multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system of the complex distribution network include: 1) physical simulation circuit monitoring digital simulation system: model real-time power flow operation state simulation is all performed in a digital simulation system, physical simulation The circuit monitoring and protection device monitors the running state of the digital simulation system. If an event or fault occurs at a certain moment in the digital simulation system, the real monitoring and protection device of the physical analog circuit acts in time according to the event or fault, and passes the action signal.
  • the digital-analog hybrid interface device is passed to the digital simulation system to achieve the purpose of testing the physical analog circuit monitoring and protection device; 2) the digital simulation system monitors the physical analog circuit: The physical analog circuit builds the simulation topology according to the established scene, and its running state is transmitted to the digital simulation system through the digital-analog hybrid interface device.
  • the monitoring and protection module of the digital simulation system monitors the real running state of the physical simulation to achieve the digital simulation system to the physical The purpose of monitoring the analog circuit; 3) Digital-analog hybrid simulation of digital transient and steady-state calculation of complex distribution network: The system is divided into simulation computer for calculating complex distribution network model and used for computer electrical transient and electromagnetic temporary The real-time simulator of the state model, the two systems are connected by high-speed communication, and the real-time simulation system is connected with the physical analog circuit through the power amplifier.
  • the embodiment of the present invention further provides a simulation method for a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system of a complex distribution network, which is improved in that the simulation method includes the following three scenarios.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides, in yet another aspect, a computer storage medium, wherein the computer storage medium stores computer executable instructions for performing the above-described complexity Simulation method for multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system of distribution network.
  • a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system and a computer storage medium for a complex distribution network can realize multi-time scale real-time simulation on a large-scale complex distribution network, real-time simulation High sex, high precision and good stability;
  • a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system for complex distribution networks according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • System and its simulation method, computer storage medium, the equipment that is difficult to accurately model is simulated by physical real equipment, and the rest is simulated by digital simulation, which can realize the synchronization between digital and multi-time scale simulation, real-time, high-efficiency, Easy and without loss of accuracy;
  • Embodiments of the present invention can realize a traditional distribution network and a distributed power source, a micro grid, an electric vehicle/charge and discharge device, an intelligent device/system, an automation/information system, a DC power grid, an AC/DC hybrid power grid, and a closed loop. Steady-state, multi-time scale simulation test of complex distribution network with new elements such as power grid and power electronic inverter;
  • the simulation function of the embodiment of the present invention is comprehensive, and includes simulation functions such as faults, dynamic and static currents of the distribution network with different topologies and different grounding modes, and can realize one or more voltage level distribution networks with infinite power supply or isolated operation. Simulation analysis
  • a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system and a computer storage medium for a complex distribution network wherein the digital part adopts a parallel distribution based on a central processing unit (CPU). Simulation and small step size digital simulation based on FPGA.
  • the analog part is simulated by physical real equipment, and connected by digital analog interface composed of data acquisition unit, current power amplification unit and switching signal unit to ensure digital simulation. The process is consistent with the actual running time of the simulation system, and the simulation speed is fast, which ensures that the multi-time scale simulation is close to the real operating conditions.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the time scale of each dynamic process of a complex distribution network
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system and a simulation method thereof for a complex distribution network according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system and a simulation method thereof for a complex distribution network according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a general structural diagram of a digital-analog hybrid simulation system for a complex distribution network according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a small-step digital transient simulation based on an FPGA according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a digital side simulation architecture based on an FPGA according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a digital simulation solution framework for a complex distribution network according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a parallel computing method diagram of an electrical system and a control system for a complex distribution network according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 9 is a technical diagram of a multi-time scale modeling method for a complex distribution network equipment component according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a variable step size simulation algorithm according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 11 is a comparison diagram of buffer states of processors before and after data sharing according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a time adjustment strategy based on an FPGA according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 is a structural diagram of a power grid power simulation device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a structural diagram of a distributed power supply simulation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 15 is a structural diagram of a line analog unit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16 is a structural diagram of a load simulation unit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a flexible topology design method for a physical analog device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a digital-analog hybrid interface device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 19 is a schematic diagram of digital-analog hybrid simulation of a complex distribution network running in a digital simulation part according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 20 is a schematic diagram of digital-analog hybrid simulation of a complex distribution network running in an analog equipment part according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of digital-to-analog hybrid simulation of digital transient and steady-state calculations of a complex distribution network according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the invention provides a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system for complex distribution network, a simulation method thereof and a computer storage medium.
  • the method uses multi-time scale digital and multi-time scale real-time simulation for the traditional distribution network unit part.
  • the internal mechanism has not been studied in depth, it is not easy to express with digital formula, the modeling is difficult, and the simulation accuracy is high.
  • the equipment and network are simulated by physical real equipment.
  • the digital part and the analog part are combined through the digital-analog hybrid interface unit and the synchronization mechanism. Real-time simulation.
  • the following sections detail the three main parts involved:
  • the simulation step size is small, especially for multi-time scale simulation of distributed power supply of power electronic interface with high frequency switching signal.
  • a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based simulation technology is adopted, and the bottom layer utilizes programmable logic resources of the FPGA to implement hardware acceleration.
  • the simulation step size can be less than 5 ⁇ s.
  • the model decomposition technique is used internally to optimize the digital model of the distribution network to feed the feeder and substation.
  • the feeder line, the power supply area composed of several substations, and the entire power distribution system are simulated objects, and the digital segmentation process can be performed according to the principles of complexity, computational quantity balance, and problem research needs.
  • the partitioned partition module can be used more.
  • the CPU block calculation method performs high-speed parallel operation and acceleration. When the simulation model is split at different angles, the running state and simulation result of the simulation model are different.
  • the synchronization between the CPUs of different models directly affects the simulation effect, and the delay of the power interface also affects the simulation, so the present invention is directed to The simulation synchronization problem was considered and designed in detail.
  • multi-time scale modeling of distribution equipment components is required.
  • complex power distribution equipment components such as distributed power supply, power electronic device, charging pile, and its dynamic or static characteristics in various response processes of complex distribution networks, establish multi-time scales of complex distribution network equipment components.
  • Models, expressions include differential equations, nonlinear algebraic equations, piecewise linearization equations, and so on.
  • the device and system for setting and performing physical multi-time scale performance simulation of the present invention include 6 types of units: power supply simulation unit, line simulation unit, load simulation unit, and things Analog unit, protection analog unit, monitoring analog unit.
  • the type and number of devices included in each analog unit is determined according to the size of the grid to be simulated. Each unit is independent of each other. In the application, the type of equipment to be simulated is simulated according to the needs, and the related devices of each unit are directly connected or nested to form a planned grid topology, and the device parameters and control strategies are adjusted to build a complex distribution network. Topology.
  • the distribution network simulation system also needs to include the various constituent units, topologies and corresponding operational characteristics of the above types. Aiming at this feature, a modular and complex distribution network simulation system with flexible modeling, variable topology controllable, adjustable parameters and controllable characteristics is constructed.
  • the system is electrically isolated from the power supply network (ie, the power network).
  • the variable power supply takes power from the power supply grid and internally forms an independent analog power system with a frequency, voltage, current, time scale and other independent of the power network.
  • One or more voltages between the system rated voltages of 0-1500V such as Using three voltage levels of 1100V, 400V, and 100V, the system voltage can be built to include one or more voltages; the insulation level of the analog device is not less than 1500V, and the operating voltage range is 0-1500V.
  • the power supply simulation unit simulates the AC synchronous power generation system, the AC infinite power/distribution network-level power grid, and various types of power supplies such as distributed power sources and DC power supplies; the line analog unit simulates the equivalent impedance of substations, switches, feeders, transformers, etc.
  • the load simulation unit simulates the active and reactive AC load and DC load of each voltage level with stable or certain regular changes; the event simulation unit simulates the phase-to-phase short circuit, ground short circuit, open circuit, risk, trip, load switching and other events of the distribution network and Equipment equipment failure and action to be tested; protection simulation unit to simulate distribution network relay protection and setting strategy; monitoring simulation unit simulation distribution network monitoring, communication, control system, data acquisition and monitoring control system (SCADA, Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system, real-time acquisition of analog power distribution network information collection, load management, line loss analysis, load forecasting, electricity pricing strategy.
  • SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
  • the embodiment of the present invention provides a topology implementation method for the physical simulation system of the distribution network, which provides more needed for distribution network simulation.
  • the topology structure according to the number of nodes changed and the characteristics of the changes, the host computer software automatically generates a wiring scheme, and generates a wiring list, and connects the components at the terminals in the terminal cabinet according to the list.
  • Digital-analog hybrid interface and synchronization technology In order to form a hardware-in-the-loop digital and physical hybrid co-simulation, a digital-to-analog hybrid interface is required.
  • the main function of the digital-analog hybrid interface is to synchronize the data coordination and time consistency.
  • the voltage, current and switch information collected from the physical side are collected and converted and transmitted to the digital side, and the digital side digital information is transmitted through the current power amplifier.
  • Real-time operation is performed on the analog side to ensure real-time simulation of the digital software simulation system and the physical simulation side simulation on the same time section.
  • the digital-analog hybrid interface mainly includes three parts: a data acquisition unit, a power amplification unit, and a switch signal unit.
  • the data acquisition unit is responsible for collecting and transmitting the voltage, current and switching signals of the physical analog circuit to the digital simulation system.
  • the power amplifying unit mainly realizes partial power signal power amplification of the digital simulation system, and converts the digital signal into a real voltage, current and switching signal to participate in the operation of the analog circuit.
  • the switching signal unit enables isolated transmission of switching signals between the digital system and the physical analog device.
  • Multi-time-scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system for complex distribution network requires real-time synchronization between digital part and analog part, and digital part.
  • Real-time synchronization technology is realized in three aspects.
  • Digital part implementation methods include: variable step size technology and distributed Data sharing technology, the real-time synchronization of the digital part and the analog part is realized by the digital-analog hybrid interface, and the implementation method relies on the time adjustment strategy of the FPGA.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system and a simulation method thereof for a complex distribution network according to the present invention.
  • a 10kV distribution network is taken as an example to show complex power distribution.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system and a simulation method thereof for a complex distribution network provided by the present invention.
  • the digital simulation part of the complex distribution network and the simulation part of the physical model are connected through a digital-analog hybrid interface and a synchronization unit. .
  • Digital verification simulation The simulation part of the complex distribution network performs physical simulation on power lines, voltage regulators, distributed power supplies, loads, and various physical model devices. Compared with the digital part, the physical simulation uses strong voltage and strong current, and docks with the digital part.
  • the real strong voltage and strong current are connected with the physical model simulation system.
  • the strong voltage and strong current signals of the physical model simulation system are also converted into digital voltage and digital current signals through the digital-analog hybrid interface and the synchronous unit. It is connected with digital simulation to realize real-time multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation of complex distribution network.
  • the overall structure of the digital-analog hybrid simulation system of complex distribution network is shown in Figure 4.
  • the overall structure includes a digital system portion, a digital-analog hybrid interface portion, and a physical analog portion.
  • the digital system part includes: the design of the interaction layer, the design of the modeling layer and the design of the simulation layer.
  • the interaction layer design includes modeling tools, parameter settings and visual interface design.
  • the design of the modeling layer includes multi-time scale modeling and model parameter estimation and verification.
  • the design of the simulation layer includes: the design of the parallel computing method of the electrical system and the control system and the design of the FPGA-based digital side simulation architecture, which is the basis of the parallel decomposition coordination simulation. The design work of these three aspects determines the upper position.
  • the overall architecture of the machine software includes: the design of the interaction layer, the design of the modeling layer and the design of the simulation layer.
  • the interaction layer design includes modeling tools, parameter settings and visual interface design.
  • the design of the modeling layer includes multi-time scale modeling and model parameter estimation and verification.
  • the design of the simulation layer includes: the design of the parallel computing method of the electrical system and the control system and the design of the FPGA-based digital side simulation architecture, which is the basis of the parallel decomposition coordination simulation. The design
  • the digital-analog hybrid interface mainly includes three parts: a signal acquisition unit, a power amplification unit, and a switch signal unit.
  • the signal acquisition unit is responsible for collecting and transmitting the voltage and current signals of the physical analog circuit to the digital simulation system.
  • the power amplifying unit mainly realizes partial power signal power amplification of the digital simulation system, and converts the digital signal into a real current signal to participate in the operation of the analog circuit.
  • the switching signal unit enables isolated transmission of switching signals between the digital system and the physical analog device.
  • the physical simulation part mainly includes: power supply simulation unit, line simulation unit, event simulation unit, load simulation unit, protection simulation unit, monitoring and simulation unit, and the like.
  • the units are independent of each other.
  • the related devices of each unit are directly connected or nested to form the planned grid topology, and the device parameters and control strategies are adjusted to build the complex power distribution required. Network topology.
  • the principle of the digital simulation part is shown in Figure 5.
  • the multi-time scale digital real-time simulation based on FPGA is used to decompose the pre-simulated power distribution network into several sub-networks, and the sub-networks are connected by communication lines.
  • the simulation of the sub-networks is performed in a basic solving unit of the FPGA, and the results between the basic solving units are shared by the communication lines to achieve the purpose of parallel simulation operations.
  • the FPGA consists of a large number of basic programmable logic units, programmable input/output ports (I/O, Input/Output), and internal connections, supplemented by embedded block random access memory (RAM, Random-Access Memory), embedded.
  • Hard core and various intellectual property (IP, Intellectual Property) soft cores with fully configurable parallel hardware structure, distributed memory structure and pipeline structure, can achieve high-speed numerical calculation.
  • the fast multi-time scale simulation based on FPGA adopts the node method as the framework of electromagnetic multi-time scale simulation. Combined with the characteristics of FPGA itself, the system-level parallel, module-level parallel and bottom-level parallel design architecture shown in Figure 6 is used to improve the simulation speed. Thereby, a fast simulation method of electromagnetic multi-time scale is realized.
  • System-level parallelism means that according to the structural characteristics of the system, system segmentation, parallel solution and multi-rate solution are used to reduce the scale of large-scale system, increase the calculation speed, ensure the real-time performance of the simulation, and determine the system in multiple FPGAs.
  • the basic allocation situation After that, multiple subsystems allocated to the FPGA can be subdivided systematically to further increase the calculation speed.
  • Each subsystem can have independent computing resources to take full advantage of the computing resources of each FPGA.
  • FIG. 7 shows the block diagram of the solution process for the basic solution unit based on FPGA.
  • Each basic solution unit consists of several hardware function modules.
  • the solution process based on the node method can be divided into three parts.
  • the component class module is responsible for calculating the historical current source, determining the switch state, and generating a historical current source column vector.
  • STEP_II a linear equation solving is performed to calculate the node voltage.
  • STEP_III the branch voltage and branch current of each type of component are updated by the node voltage calculated in STEP_II for the calculation of the next time step. It is not difficult to find that in the dotted frame part of STEP_I and STEP_III, the calculation of various component class modules is completely independent, and it is easy to implement concurrent processing.
  • the underlying parallelism mainly refers to the refining of concurrent operations in the basic operations of the entire module of the whole system, from the parallel processing of complex arithmetic formulas on the algebraic computing level to the utilization of distributed memory on the data read and write level.
  • the internal model is used to divide and divide the digital model of the distribution network, and the small-step real-time simulation segmentation is carried out by using the feeder, substation and its feeders, the power supply area composed of several substations, and the entire power distribution system as simulation objects.
  • the segmentation process can be carried out according to the principle of complexity and computational quantity balance and problem research.
  • the partitioned partition module can use the multi-FPGA block calculation method to perform system-level parallel acceleration.
  • the embodiment of the present invention Parallel computing method for electrical system and control system of complex distribution network.
  • the electrical system can be integrated into the time step using the control system output of the previous time step, and the control system is integrated directly to the time step using the output of the previous time electrical system.
  • the control system uses the predicted value obtained by numerical integration or interpolation of the output of the previous time electrical system as the time step input, and then the control system. Integration is the time step.
  • a multi-time scale modeling method for complex distribution network equipment components is shown in Figure 9.
  • complex power distribution equipment components such as distributed power, energy storage, power electronic devices (such as electric vehicle charging piles), and the dynamic or static characteristics of various types of response processes in complex distribution networks
  • complex The multi-time scale modeling requirements of distribution equipment components are used to establish a complex distribution network equipment component model based on the demand time scale.
  • the expression forms include differential equations, nonlinear algebraic equations, piecewise linearization equations and so on.
  • the required dynamic processes can be selected for different simulation purposes and applications, so that the model achieves a good balance between accuracy and complexity.
  • Multi-time-scale digital-analog hybrid simulation system for complex distribution network requires real-time synchronization between digital simulation system and physical simulation circuit, as well as digital simulation system.
  • Real-time synchronization technology is realized in three aspects:
  • the embodiment of the invention proposes an electromagnetic multi-time scale simulation method using variable step size.
  • the linear interpolation technique is used to obtain the switching action moment, and the backward Euler method which is easy to implement by programming is used, and the variable step length is continuously used after the switching action.
  • Euler's method probes the integral and eliminates numerical oscillations.
  • the method has the ability to process multiple switching actions and suppress numerical oscillations, and has good adaptability to the simulation step size.
  • variable step size back Euler method is continuously used twice to suppress the numerical oscillation.
  • FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a variable step size simulation algorithm considering multiple switching actions.
  • a plurality of switching actions occur within a half step of 0.5 ⁇ t, that is, an action occurs in a process of suppressing numerical oscillation.
  • the embodiment of the present invention proposes a variable step size simulation algorithm that considers multiple switching actions, and the simulation steps are as follows:
  • h represents the simulation step size
  • X(t) and X(t+h) represent the system time domain solutions at times t and t+h, respectively.
  • FIG. 11 is a comparison diagram of cache states of processors before and after data sharing.
  • the single block memory is divided into several blocks, which correspond to different boards on the bus.
  • Each master card MC, Master Card
  • Each memory block is divided into a number of data blocks, each of which can store data received from the bus in a SDB (data byte of the SD card) cycle.
  • the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) memory block is used to store data transmitted from an external measurement system.
  • the reading time of the real-time analog data by the digital part is as close as possible to the waveform of the analog part device, which requires the digital-analog hybrid simulation interface to have a coordination function.
  • the traditional method is to use high-speed analog / digital (A / D, Analog / Digital) signal converter, PFGA drive A / D signal converter to read real-time analog data as fast as possible, and update the data storage area in real time, the advantages It is logically simple to ensure that the data read by the digital system is up-to-date at any time, but the disadvantage is: the higher the conversion speed of the A/D signal converter, the higher the cost, and the frequent repetition of the FPGA and A/D signal converters. a lot of useless Data, greatly increasing the overall cost.
  • the FPGA-based time adjustment strategy is shown in Figure 12.
  • the digital simulation system uses a relatively small change in the step size, and its calculation period is considered to be fixed in a short time, for example, each calculation cycle time is T, the time for reading real-time data is also T.
  • the high-speed FPGA records the read signal of the digital simulation system, and records the calculation cycle time of the digital system according to the read signal.
  • the high-speed FPGA can record and accurately calculate the period as T, and the error.
  • the high-speed FPGA records the time, and drives the A/D signal converter (the value of ⁇ T can be manually set) on a certain time point ⁇ T before the next reading of the digital system.
  • the analog data is AD-converted. , provided to the digital simulation system, so that time relationship can be quantified and work efficiency can be improved.
  • the rated voltage level of the system includes one or more.
  • one or more voltage levels can be used at the same time.
  • three voltage levels of 1100V, 400V, and 100V can be used.
  • the voltage level of two of 1100V, 400V, and 100V As an example.
  • the power supply simulation unit includes a power grid power simulation device, a distributed power source simulation device, and the like.
  • the grid power supply simulation device is mainly composed of a power electronic inverter power supply, a step-up transformer and an energy storage device.
  • the complex distribution network simulation system includes at least one grid power supply simulation device.
  • Type 1 uses the AC-DC-AC conversion method to draw power from the power supply network to the analog system.
  • Type 2 uses AC-DC and AC-DC inverters.
  • DC-AC together constitute a power electronic inverter power supply.
  • the grid power supply simulation device is shown in Figure 13.
  • the distributed power analog device adopts two types of implementations, and one or two of the same systems can be used at the same time.
  • the first method is a unified mode, that is, the power electronic inverter power supply is used to access the power supply network, and the AC-DC-AC conversion method is used to take power from the power supply network, and then the different types of distribution are simulated according to the established control method.
  • the power supply supplies power to the analog system.
  • photovoltaic, photothermal and wind power can adopt constant voltage, constant current or power control mode, and the gas turbine can simulate the synchronous motor power and frequency response characteristics by synchronous motor control.
  • Mode 2 is an independent mode, that is, different distributed power sources adopt different implementation modes.
  • gas turbine power generation can use power electronic inverter power supply; photovoltaic, light heat adopts AC-DC inverter + orthogonal inverter mode, AC-DC inverter simulates photovoltaic, photothermal power generation, direct-crossing inverter Analog grid-connected devices for DC and AC systems; wind turbines can be driven by electric motors to simulate wind power generation.
  • the distributed power supply simulation device is shown in Figure 14.
  • the line simulation unit includes a substation simulation unit and a power line simulation unit, wherein the substation simulation unit is mainly composed of a main transformer, a grounding unit and a switch; the power line simulation unit is mainly composed of a feeder, a switch, a transformer, a reactive power compensation device, a voltage regulating device, and the like. .
  • the circuit simulation unit is shown in Figure 15. The embodiment of the invention assigns the substation simulation unit to the line simulation unit, It can also be used as a module independently of the line analog unit.
  • Type 1 is a controllable analog load device consisting of resistors, inductors, and capacitors in series and parallel, called a linear analog load device.
  • Type 2 uses a power electronic inverter as a simulated load.
  • One side of the electronic inverter absorbs active and reactive power from the analog power grid according to the set rules and load response characteristics.
  • the other side of the power electronic inverter can be directly connected to the power supply network of the analog system or the analog power supply outlet. In terms of location, energy recycling is achieved, which is called power electronic inverter load device.
  • the linear analog load device mainly includes a transformer and a programmable load analog adjustment device.
  • the load simulation unit is shown in Figure 16.
  • the event simulation mainly includes fault simulation and equipment motion simulation.
  • the fault simulation includes three-phase short circuit, two-phase short circuit, single-phase ground short circuit, single-phase disconnection, two-phase disconnection and other event simulation, including overvoltage, overload and low voltage. , three-phase unbalance, reactive power shortage, voltage sag, voltage flicker, voltage fluctuation, harmonic phenomenon simulation, equipment motion simulation mainly includes load switching, distributed power switching, no-load long-line switching, switch investment Event simulation of cutting, transformer switching, charging device/storage device switching, line loss, etc.
  • Event simulation is realized by event simulation device, such as grid performance simulation, safety and stability simulation by adjusting analog power output, simulating three-phase voltage and load, adjusting load three-phase and single-phase power, adjusting reactive power compensation device, and adjusting harmonic generation.
  • the device is simulated, and the device action simulation is realized by controlling the load, the distributed power source, the transformer, and the like to access the switch of the analog power grid.
  • the protection analog unit is responsible for the secondary protection of the device's own protection device and physical simulation system.
  • the protection analog unit consists of two parts. One is the protection function of the device itself, mainly the overheating and overvoltage of the device, that is, when the operating temperature and operating voltage of the device may endanger the safety of the device.
  • the circuit breaker removes the device from the analog grid.
  • the second is to simulate the protection of the power grid, mainly to simulate the secondary protection of the power grid.
  • the protection of the analog grid is mainly composed of relay protection, voltage/current detection and comparison judgment function integrated into the circuit breaker, and independent fault analysis/decision device and analog grid monitoring main station. When the grid fault characteristics appear in the simulated grid, The set protection action rules and fault diagnosis analysis program are analyzed and judged, and then the switch is tripped and closed, thereby realizing the secondary protection of the analog power grid.
  • the monitoring and simulation unit mainly includes a low voltage PT (voltage transformer), a low voltage CT (current transformer), a communication, a terminal, and a monitoring and control system.
  • a low voltage PT voltage transformer
  • a low voltage CT current transformer
  • the low voltage PT should be able to meet the voltage measurement requirements from 0-1500V.
  • the low voltage CT should be able to meet the 0-1000A current measurement requirements. When configured, both PT and CT are configured in three phases, and PT measures the phase voltage.
  • the communication may be wired communication or wireless communication, and the local area network is used to realize communication between devices, devices and monitoring and control systems.
  • the embodiment of the present invention proposes a flexible topology design method, and the idea is as follows:
  • the PC software automatically generates a “wiring list” according to the wiring characteristics of the designed topology.
  • the list contains the number and terminal number of each component. And the connection relationship between the various terminals of different components.
  • the basic method is: design a unique corresponding model for each physical component, collect all the required component models in the software, draw lines according to the topology of the desired design, and the software automatically recognizes the connection relationship between the components and generates “ "Connection list", the list contains the number of each component, the port number of the component, and the connection relationship between each component of each component.
  • FIG. 1 A flow chart of the flexible topology design method of the physical simulation device is shown in FIG.
  • the hardware implementation of the digital-analog hybrid interface device of the complex distribution network is shown in Figure 18.
  • the digital-analog hybrid interface device mainly includes three parts: a data acquisition unit, a power amplification unit, and a switch signal unit.
  • Data acquisition unit The voltage and current signals of the physical analog circuit are converted into low-voltage or low-current signals through the transformer or sensor, and transmitted to the digital-analog hybrid interface device.
  • the AD data acquisition unit of the digital-analog hybrid interface device converts the analog signal into a digital signal.
  • the digital buffer of the digital-analog acquisition unit temporarily buffers these digital signals. The buffering function enables the high-speed working processor to coordinate with the slow external data processing device to ensure the integrity of the data transmission.
  • the main task of the power amplifying unit is to realize the digital power amplifier output power amplification, and to convert the digital signal into a real current signal to participate in the operation of the analog circuit.
  • the current digital signal of the digital simulation system is converted into analog by the D/A conversion device.
  • the voltage signal, the analog voltage signal is converted into a current corresponding to the digital quantity by the current power amplifier, for example: 50A current, converted into a voltage signal with an effective value of 5V through the D/A conversion device, and the voltage signal of 5V passes 10A/V
  • the ratio of the current power amplifier is amplified to a 50A current signal, and the 50A current signal is injected into the analog grid operation.
  • the switching signal unit is isolated by an isolation device, which includes an optocoupler, a relay, and the like. Its function has two aspects: (1) directly send the switching instruction of the digital simulation system to the analog switching device, such as circuit breaker, air switch, etc.; (2) transmit the switching state of the physical analog circuit to the host computer digital simulation After the system is tripped, for example, the digital simulation system receives the expiration status through the digital-analog hybrid interface, and synchronously changes the digital simulation system.
  • an isolation device which includes an optocoupler, a relay, and the like. Its function has two aspects: (1) directly send the switching instruction of the digital simulation system to the analog switching device, such as circuit breaker, air switch, etc.; (2) transmit the switching state of the physical analog circuit to the host computer digital simulation After the system is tripped, for example, the digital simulation system receives the expiration status through the digital-analog hybrid interface, and synchronously changes the digital simulation system.
  • the hardware-in-the-loop simulation function of the complex distribution network digital-analog hybrid simulation system its implementation form It can be changed according to the needs of the running scenario.
  • Digital-analog hybrid simulation of complex distribution network operation in digital simulation part digital part is built according to the established scene, simulation model construction, real-time power flow, and running state simulation are all carried out in digital part, and its running state is through digital-analog hybrid interface device. Reflected in the physical simulation part, the physical analog part of the monitoring and protection device monitors the operating status of the digital part.
  • the real monitoring and protection device of the physical simulation part acts in accordance with the "event or fault” in time, and transmits the action signal to the digital part through the analog interface device, and the digital part receives After the motion signal of the physical simulation part, the simulation calculation is carried out according to the simulation model after the action, and the purpose of testing the physical simulation part monitoring and protection device is achieved.
  • the digital-analog hybrid simulation diagram of the complex distribution network running in the digital simulation part is shown in Fig. 19. Shown
  • FIG. 1 A schematic diagram of the digital-to-analog hybrid simulation running in the analog device section is shown in FIG.
  • each part of the digital part and the physical simulation can be operated independently, and the digital part can participate in the digital-analog hybrid simulation of the physical simulation part in whole or in part, and all or part of the equipment of the physical simulation part can also be Participate in the digital-analog hybrid simulation of the digital part, and the configuration is flexible according to the simulation requirements.
  • Embodiments of the present invention also describe a computer storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs being executable by one or more processors to implement a complex distribution network Time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation method.
  • the disclosed apparatus and method may be implemented in other manners.
  • the device embodiments described above are merely illustrative.
  • the division of the unit is only a logical function division.
  • there may be another division manner such as: multiple units or components may be combined, or Can be integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed.
  • the coupling, or direct coupling, or communication connection of the components shown or discussed may be indirect coupling or communication connection through some interfaces, devices or units, and may be electrical, mechanical or other forms. of.
  • the units described above as separate components may or may not be physically separated, and the components displayed as the unit may or may not be physical units, that is, may be located in one place or distributed to multiple network units; Some or all of the units may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the embodiment.
  • each functional unit in each embodiment of the present invention may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may be separately used as one unit, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit;
  • the unit can be implemented in the form of hardware or in the form of hardware plus software functional units.
  • the foregoing program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, and the program is executed when executed.
  • the foregoing storage device includes the following steps: the foregoing storage medium includes: a mobile storage device, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk.
  • ROM read-only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • magnetic disk or an optical disk.
  • optical disk A medium that can store program code.
  • the above-described integrated unit of the present invention may be stored in a computer readable storage medium if it is implemented in the form of a software function module and sold or used as a standalone product.
  • the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention may be embodied in the form of a software product in essence or in the form of a software product stored in a storage medium, including a plurality of instructions.
  • a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) is caused to perform all or part of the methods described in various embodiments of the present invention.
  • the foregoing storage medium includes various media that can store program codes, such as a mobile storage device, a ROM, a RAM, a magnetic disk, or an optical disk.
  • the device embodiments described above are merely illustrative, wherein the units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate, and the components displayed as units may or may not be physical units, ie may be located A place, or it can be distributed to multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected according to actual needs. The purpose of the solution of this embodiment. Those of ordinary skill in the art can understand and implement without deliberate labor.
  • the embodiment of the invention proposes a multi-time scale digital-analog hybrid simulation scheme for a complex distribution network, and designs a digital-analog hybrid interface device and a coordination mechanism, which can effectively implement complex distribution network equipment (such as complex topology, new control strategy, etc.)
  • Multi-time scale real-time simulation of power electronic equipment and multi-time scale simulation analysis including distributed power sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaics, gas turbines, electric vehicles and/off-grid and interaction with distribution networks.
  • the technical solution described in the embodiments of the present invention can promote the development of the cutting-edge new technologies of the new generation distribution network, improve the operation control and analysis level of the distribution network, and operate and manage the power grid from the perspectives of distribution network planning, design, and regulation operation. Management provides stronger, longer-term, and deeper support.

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Abstract

本发明实施例提出一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法、计算机存储介质，旨在解决现有复杂配电网多时间尺度建模、仿真、以及复杂配电网仿真精度与效率方面的问题。本发明实施例提出了复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真方案，设计了数模混合接口装置及协调机制，可以有效实现复杂配电网设备(如含复杂拓扑结构、新型控制策略等的电力电子设备)的多时间尺度实时仿真以及包含风机、光伏、燃气轮机等分布式电源、电动汽车并/离网及与配电网交互影响的多时间尺度仿真分析。

Description

配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统、方法及存储介质
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请基于申请号为201610331069.1、申请日为2016年05月18日的中国专利申请提出，要求美国专利申请的优先权，该中国专利申请的全部内容在此引入本申请作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种仿真系统及其仿真方法，具体涉及一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法、计算机存储介质。
背景技术
近年来，随着供电需求增长及配电网技术的发展，配电网规模不断扩大、结构日益复杂，其规模大、节点多、设备杂、运行方式多的特点日益突出。同时，可再生能源并网技术、新型电力电子技术的发展迅猛；在配电网侧，大量的分布式电源、微电网、大容量充电器、储能系统等接入，配电网运行方式日益复杂，配电网结构和参数具有明显的分散性、不对称性和多元性。
配电网多时间尺度仿真是提高运行和分析决策能力的有力工具。现阶段的配电网多时间尺度仿真方法主要有两种：配电网物理仿真和配电网全数字多时间尺度仿真。物理仿真是采用物理真型设备进行仿真模拟，仿真结果精细、可信度高；但缺点是受限于仿真规模，周期长，硬件设备往往比较昂贵，维护和操作难度较大；配电网全数字多时间尺度仿真成本低、计算快速、耗时短，可以仿真较大规模的配电网网络，但是由于仿真对象复杂性的限制，仿真计算结果的准确性不如物理仿真；同时，由于配电网 本身具有规模大、设备类型多、结构与参数不对称等特点，以及含复杂控制策略的分布式电源接入，导致配电系统多时间尺度实时仿真的实现较为困难。
复杂配电网仿真过程具有较为鲜明的多时间尺度特性，包括稳态仿真和暂态仿真；而暂态仿真又可分为电磁多时间尺度过程与机电多时间尺度过程。与传统电力系统相比，复杂配电网有其自身特点，主要体现在：1)新型元件种类繁多且形式各异，既有静止的直流型电源，又有旋转的交流电机；2)复杂配电网控制复杂，包括分布式电源逆变器及储能元件自身的控制、电力电子设备的控制以及网络层面的电压与频率调节等；3)大部分分布式电源需通过电力电子变流器向电网或负荷供电；4)许多分布式电源的出力具有间歇性和随机性，往往需要储能设备、功率补偿装置以及其它种类分布式电源的配合才能达到较好的动、静态性能；5)中小容量的分布式电源大多接入中低压配电网，此时网络参数与负荷的不对称性大大增加，此外，用户侧的分布式电源可能通过单相逆变器并网，更加剧了系统的不对称性。
因此，复杂配电网的运行状态会随着环境条件的变化、负荷需求的增减、电源出力的调整、运行方式的改变以及故障或扰动的发生而不断变化，其多时间尺度过程也将更为复杂，相对于传统电力系统，复杂配电网的时间尺度跨度更大，动态过程间的耦合更紧密。如图1示意了复杂配电网不同仿真过程对应的时间尺度。近年来，随着供电需求增长及配电网技术的发展，配电网规模不断扩大、结构日益复杂，其规模大、节点多、设备杂、运行方式多的特点日益突出。同时，可再生能源、新能源技术发展与投入力度的加大，在配电网侧，大量的分布式电源、微电网、大容量充电器、储能系统等接入配电网，运行方式日益复杂，配电网结构和参数具有明显的独特性、不对称性和多元性。
配电网暂态仿真是提高运行能力和分析决策能力的有力工具。现阶段的配电网暂态仿真方法主要有两种：配电网物理仿真和配电网全数字暂态仿真。物理仿真是采用物理真型设备进行仿真模拟，仿真结果精细、可信度高，但缺点是受限于仿真规模，周期长，硬件设备往往比较昂贵，维护和操作难度较大；配电网全数字暂态仿真成本低，计算迅速，耗时短，可以仿真较大规模的配电网网络，但是由于仿真对象复杂性的限制，仿真计算结果的准确性不如物理仿真，精度不够，同时，由于配电网本身具有规模大、设备类型、结构与参数具有不对称等特点，以及含复杂控制策略的分布式电源接入，导致配电系统暂态实时仿真的实现较为困难。
复杂配电网暂态过程具有较为鲜明的时间尺度特性，可分为电磁暂态过程与机电暂态过程。与传统电力系统相比，复杂配电网有其自身特点，主要体现在：1)新型元件种类繁多且形式各异，既有静止的直流型电源，又有旋转的交流电机；2)复杂电网控制复杂，包括分布式电源及储能元件自身的控制，电力电子变流器的控制以及网络层面的电压与频率调节等；3)大部分分布式电源需通过电力电子变流器向电网或负荷供电；4)许多分布式电源的出力具有间歇性和随机性，往往需要储能设备、功率补偿装置以及其它种类分布式电源的配合才能达到较好的动、静态性能；5)中小容量的分布式电源大多接入中低压配网，此时网络参数与负荷的不对称性大大增加，此外，用户侧的分布式电源可能通过单相逆变器并网，更加剧了系统的不对称性。
因此，复杂配电网的运行状态会随着环境条件的变化、负荷需求的增减、电源出力的调整、运行方式的改变以及故障或扰动的发生而不断变化，其暂态过程也将更为复杂，相对于传统电力系统其时间尺度跨度更大，动态过程间的耦合更紧密。如图1示意了复杂配电网不同暂态过程对应的时间尺度。
在电网数字仿真、模拟仿真与数模混合仿真方面，已有典型的相关发明如下：
(1)中国发明申请号：201310153712.2，发明名称：基于全网数据的配电网仿真研究分析系统及方法。此项发明公开了配电网数字仿真系统中数据层、平台层、应用层等各层次的技术特征。但该技术面向传统配电网稳态过程仿真，不具备分布式电源、电力电子装置、柔性交直流设备等元件的详细模型，仿真速度慢，无法实现配电网实时仿真与暂态仿真。
(2)中国发明申请号：201410602141.0，发明名称：复杂配电网模拟仿真系统。此项发明公开了配电网模拟仿真系统中电源模拟单元、线路模拟单元、负荷模拟单元、控制模拟单元、保护模拟单元等5大模块的技术特征。然而，对于该配电网模拟仿真系统，设备造价高，占地面积大，仿真场景单一，无法实现配电网多类场景仿真。
(3)中国发明申请号：201310283532.6，发明名称：一种功率级数模混合仿真系统。此项发明公开了数模混合仿真系统中硬件电路与数字模型的技术特征，侧重于阐述功率连接接口的拓扑结构和工作原理。然而，利用该数模混合仿真系统进行暂态仿真，存在数字侧与模拟侧之间不同步的问题。此外，现有技术面向对象为输电网，在元件建模、过程建模、算法求解、功能设置等方面无法满足具备多分段、多联接、多运行状态，高R/X比、规模大、结构复杂、点多面广等特征的复杂配电网仿真需求。
可以看出，上述发明均具有一定的缺陷，因此，需要寻求新的仿真系统及仿真方法。
发明内容
为解决上述现有技术中的不足，本发明实施例期望提供一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法、计算机存储介质，该方法对于传统配电网单元部分，采用多时间尺度数字多时间尺度实时仿真，对 于内部机理尚未研究深入、不容易用数字公式表达、建模难度大、仿真精度高的设备和网络则采用物理真型设备进行模拟，数字部分和模拟部分通过数模混合接口单元及同步机制进行联合实时仿真。
本发明的目的是采用下述技术方案实现的：
为解决以上技术问题，本发明实施例在一方面提供一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其改进之处在于：所述数模混合仿真系统配置为实现交流电网、直流电网、交直流混合电网的基于单一电压等级、多电压等级的多时间尺度数模混合仿真，所述数模混合仿真系统包括：
数字仿真系统：配置为对含分布式电源的配电网进行数模混合暂态仿真；
数模混合接口装置：配置为数据协调和时间一致性的同步；
物理模拟电路：配置为搭建复杂配电网拓扑结构；
底层设计模块：配置为对数字仿真系统的仿真层提供实时同步仿真技术和对数字仿真系统和数模混合接口装置提供基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA，Field－Programmable Gate Array)的时间调整技术；
所述数字仿真系统和物理模拟电路通过数模混合接口装置连接，构成硬件在环路的多时间尺度仿真系统。
在一实施例中，所述数字仿真系统的设计包括：交互层设计、建模层设计和仿真层设计；所述交互层设计配置为负责与用户的可视化交互，并采用建模层所建立的元件模型图形，搭建仿真电路，进行仿真元件参数设置；所述建模层设计配置为负责仿真元件数学建模、元件的参数定义、参数估计和验证以及元件图形外观的设计；所述仿真层设计配置为在交互层的指令下，基于建模层所建立的仿真元件数学模型，参考相应的仿真元件参数设置，对交互层所搭建的仿真电路进行仿真计算，包括电气系统与控制系统并行计算的设计和基于FPGA的数字框架的设计。
在一实施例中，底层设计模块采用基于可逻辑编程的FPGA进行硬件加速数字仿真，同时采用多FPGA分区并行的方法来加速配电网系统级数字仿真速度。
在一实施例中，所述数模混合接口装置包括：
数据采集单元：配置为将模拟建模层搭建的仿真电路的电压和电流信号进行采集并传送给数字仿真系统；
功率放大单元：配置为实现数字仿真系统电流信号功率放大，将数字信号变为真实的电流信号参与物理模拟电路的运行；
开关信号单元：配置为实现数字仿真系统和物理模拟电路之间开关信号的隔离传送。
在一实施例中，所述数据采集单元包括依次连接的数据缓冲区，模数(A/D，Analog/Digital)数据采集器和电压调理单元；物理模拟电路的电压和电流信号经过互感器或传感器转变为低电压或低电流信号，传送到数模混合接口装置，数模混合接口装置的A/D数据采集器将模拟信号转变为数字信号，数模采集单元的数据缓冲区暂时缓存上述数字信号；
所述功率放大单元包括依次连接的数模(D/A，Digital/Analog)转换器和功率放大器；首先数字仿真系统的信号通过D/A转换器，将数字仿真系统的电流数字信号转换为模拟的电压信号，模拟的电压信号通过电流功率放大器转换为与数字量相对应的电流；
所述开关信号单元采用隔离器件进行隔离，所述开关信号单元的作用为：1)将数字仿真系统的开关指令直接下发给物理模拟电路执行；2)将物理模拟电路的开关状态传送给上位机的数字部分。
在一实施例中，采用基于FPGA的时间调整技术达到数字仿真系统和物理模拟电路实时同步的目的，基于FPGA的时间调整技术为：高速FPGA记录数字仿真系统的读取信号，并根据读取信号记录数字系统的计算周期 时间，在数字仿真系统下一次读取到来之前的时间点ΔT准时驱动A/D信号转换器，将模拟数据进行A/D转换，提供给数字仿真系统。
在一实施例中，所述物理模拟电路配置为实现多个电压等级配电网模拟仿真，包括电源模拟单元、线路模拟单元、负荷模拟单元、保护模拟单元、监控模拟单元和物理同步模块；所述物理模拟电路能够仿真的配电网类型对象包括单一电压等级或者多个电压等级的无源配电网、有源配电网、闭环运行配电网、交直流混合配电网。
在一实施例中，为所述物理模拟电路设计端子柜，端子柜中的端子与电力物理元件的接线端口连接，在所述端子柜上画上每个元件标示符号，并贴上名称和接线端口号。
在一实施例中，为每个电力物理元件设计唯一对应的模型，根据所需设计的模型结构进行画线连接，上位机自动识别出元件间的连接关系，并生成连接列表，所述连接列表包含每个元件的编号、元件的端口号，以及各个元件各个端口之间的连接关系。
在一实施例中，上位机根据电力物理元件间的拓扑关系自动生成接线列表的过程为：上位机根据电力物理元件序号由小到大依次遍历所有元件，并且根据端口号由小到大依次遍历元件所有端口，形成连接列表，并将首次遍历到的元件序号和端口号记为新节点的主元件序号和端口号。
在一实施例中，所述复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统的仿真功能包括：1)物理模拟电路监控数字仿真系统：模型实时潮流运行状态仿真全部在数字仿真系统进行，物理模拟电路监控与保护装置对数字仿真系统的运行状态进行监控，如果数字仿真系统运行某时刻发生事件或故障，则物理模拟电路真实的监控和保护装置依照该事件或故障及时动作，并将动作信号通过数模混合接口装置传递到数字仿真系统，达到对物理模拟电路监控与保护装置进行测试的目的；2)数字仿真系统监控物理模拟电路： 物理模拟电路按照既定的场景搭建仿真拓扑，其运行状态通过数模混合接口装置传送到数字仿真系统，数字仿真系统的监控与保护模块对物理模拟的真实运行状态进行监测，达到数字仿真系统对物理模拟电路进行监控的目的；3)复杂配电网数字暂态和稳态分别计算的数模混合仿真：系统分为计算复杂配电网电网模型的仿真计算机和用于计算机电暂态和电磁暂态模型的实时仿真机，两个系统通过高速通讯联接，实时仿真系统通过功率放大器与物理模拟电路连接。
为解决以上技术问题，本发明实施例在另一方面还提供一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统的仿真方法，其改进之处在于：所述仿真方法包括下述三种场景：(1)复杂配电网运行在数字仿真系统的数模混合仿真；(2)复杂配电网运行在物理模拟设备部分的数模混合仿真；(3)复杂配电网数字暂态和稳态分别计算的数模混合仿真；以以上三种基本形式为基础，数字仿真系统和物理模拟电路中的模块均独立运行，并且数字仿真系统整体或部分参与物理模拟电路的数模混合仿真，物理模拟电路的全部或部分设备参与数字仿真系统的数模混合仿真。
为解决以上技术问题，本发明实施例在又一方面提供一种计算机存储介质，其中，所述计算机存储介质存储有计算机可执行指令，所述计算机可执行指令用于执行上文所述的复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统的仿真方法。
与最接近的现有技术相比，本发明实施例提供的技术方案具有的有益效果是：
(1)本发明实施例提出的一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法、计算机存储介质，可以实现对大规模复杂配电网进行多时间尺度实时仿真，仿真实时性高、精确度高、稳定性好；
(2)本发明实施例提出的一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系 统及其仿真方法、计算机存储介质，将难以准确建模的设备用物理真型设备进行模拟，将其余部分用数字仿真模拟，可以实现数模多时间尺度仿真之间的同步，实时、高效、简便，同时不失准确性；
(3)本发明实施例可实现包含传统配电网及分布式电源、微电网、电动汽车/充放电装置、智能化设备/系统、自动化/信息化系统、直流电网、交直流混合电网、闭环运行电网、电力电子逆变装置等新要素的复杂配电网稳态、多时间尺度仿真试验；
(4)本发明实施例仿真功能全面，包含具备不同拓扑、不同接地方式下配电网的故障、动静态潮流等仿真功能，可以实现无穷大电源或孤立运行的一个或多个电压等级配电网的仿真分析；
(5)本发明实施例仿真结果可重复、可靠、真实，能够客观的反映真实复杂配电网的运行规律与特性；
(6)本发明实施例采用的技术前沿、装备成熟可靠，仿真系统易于实现，采用模块化设计，拓扑改变方式灵活，操作便利；
(7)本发明实施例提出的一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法、计算机存储介质，数字部分采用基于多中央处理器(CPU，Central Processing Unit)的并行分布式仿真以及基于FPGA的小步长数字仿真实现，模拟部分用经过物理真型设备模拟，通过由数据采集单元、电流功率放大单元以及开关信号单元组成的数模混合接口进行连接，可以保证数字仿真过程与模拟系统实际运行时间保持一致，仿真速度快，最大程度保证了多时间尺度仿真贴近真实运行工况。
附图说明
图1是复杂配电网各动态过程时间尺度示意图；
图2是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法具体实施例示意图；
图3是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法原理图；
图4是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网数模混合仿真系统总体结构图；
图5是本发明实施例提供的基于FPGA小步长数字暂态仿真部分原理图；
图6是本发明实施例提供的基于FPGA的数字侧仿真架构图；
图7是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网数字仿真求解框架图；
图8是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网电气系统与控制系统并行计算方法图；
图9是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网设备元件多时间尺度建模方法技术图；
图10是本发明实施例提供的变步长仿真算法流程图；
图11是本发明实施例提供的数据共享前后各处理器缓存状态比较图；
图12是本发明实施例提供的基于FPGA的时间调整策略图；
图13本发明实施例提供的电网电源模拟装置构成图；
图14是本发明实施例提供的分布式电源模拟装置构成图；
图15是本发明实施例提供的线路模拟单元构成图；
图16是本发明实施例提供的负荷模拟单元构成图；
图17是本发明实施例提供的物理模拟设备灵活拓扑结构设计方法流程图；
图18是本发明实施例提供的数模混合接口装置原理图；
图19是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网运行在数字仿真部分的数模混合仿真示意图；
图20是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网运行在模拟设备部分的数模混合仿真示意图；
图21是本发明实施例提供的复杂配电网数字暂态和稳态分别计算的数模混合仿真示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步的详细说明。应当理解，本发明的保护范围并不受具体实施方式的限制。
以下描述和附图充分地示出本发明的具体实施方案，以使本领域的技术人员能够实践它们。其他实施方案可以包括结构的、逻辑的、电气的、过程的以及其他的改变。实施例仅代表可能的变化。除非明确要求，否则单独的组件和功能是可选的，并且操作的顺序可以变化。一些实施方案的部分和特征可以被包括在或替换其他实施方案的部分和特征。本发明的实施方案的范围包括权利要求书的整个范围，以及权利要求书的所有可获得的等同物。在本文中，本发明的这些实施方案可以被单独地或总地用术语“发明”来表示，这仅仅是为了方便，并且如果事实上公开了超过一个的发明，不是要自动地限制该应用的范围为任何单个发明或发明构思。
本发明提出了一种复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法、计算机存储介质，该方法对于传统配电网单元部分，采用多时间尺度数字、多时间尺度实时仿真，对于内部机理尚未研究深入、不容易用数字公式表达、建模难度大、仿真精度高的设备和网络则采用物理真型设备进行模拟，数字部分和模拟部分通过数模混合接口单元及同步机制进行联合实时仿真。下面分别详细说明主要涉及的3个部分：
(1)复杂配电网数模混合仿真中数字侧部分
1)为了对含分布式电源的配电网进行多时间尺度仿真，仿真步长要求较小，尤其是对含高频开关信号的电力电子接口分布式电源的多时间尺度仿真。本发明中采用基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA，Field Programmable Gate Array)的仿真技术，底层利用FPGA的可编程逻辑资源实现硬件加速， 仿真步长可以达到5μs以下。
2)由于仿真步长较小，仿真计算量增大，为了保证仿真速度与外接物理仿真装置的实时同步性，内部采用模型分解技术，对配电网数字模型进行优化分块，以馈线、变电站及其所属馈线、若干变电站构成的供电区域、整个配电系统为仿真对象，进行数字分割，分割过程可以依据复杂度和计算量均衡、问题研究需要等原则进行，分割后的分区模块可以采用多CPU分块计算的方法进行高速并行运算与加速。对仿真模型进行不同角度拆分时，仿真模型的运行状态和仿真结果不同，不同模型所在CPU之间的同步直接影响仿真的效果，并且功率接口的延迟也会对仿真造成影响，所以本发明针对仿真同步问题进行了详细的考虑与设计。
3)为实现复杂配电网多时间尺度仿真，需对配电网设备元件进行多时间尺度建模。根据分布式电源、电力电子装置、充电桩等复杂配电网设备元件的内部机理，以及其在复杂配电网各类响应过程中的动态或静态特性，建立复杂配电网设备元件多时间尺度模型，表现形式包括微分方程、非线性代数方程、分段线性化方程等。
(2)物理真型模拟。对于运行机理不明晰，建模复杂，难以表达的物理单元可以用物理系统或设备进行模拟。配电网物理真型模拟是基于相似原理采用现实中实际使用的物理设备或等比例缩放的物理设备来模拟实际运行的配电网设备。根据相似理论，一个配电系统的静态、动态与多时间尺度物理量与另一配电系统的相应物理量之间存在固定的比例系数，当两个配电系统或设备在几何、性能、结构、行为过程等方面具有一定的相似性时，可以从其中一种配电系统或设备推理另一等比例的配电系统或设备的特性。因此，可以根据经济性原则，用等比例缩放的物理真型设备模拟实际的物理设备性能。本发明设置并进行物理多时间尺度性能模拟的设备和系统包括6类单元：电源模拟单元、线路模拟单元、负荷模拟单元、事 件模拟单元、保护模拟单元、监控模拟单元。每个模拟单元包括的装置类型及数量根据需要模拟的电网规模确定。各单元间相互独立，在应用中根据需要模拟仿真的设备类型，将各单元的相关装置直接联接或嵌套组成计划的电网拓扑，并调整装置参数、控制策略，搭建出需要的复杂配电网拓扑结构。
考虑到需要仿真的对象包括单一电压等级或者多个电压等级的传统无源配电网、有源配电网、闭环运行配电网、交直流混合配电网等配电网类型，建立的复杂配电网模拟仿真系统也需要包括上述类型的各个组成单元、拓扑结构并具有相应的运行特性。针对这个特点，构建模块化的具有灵活建模、拓扑可变可控、参数可调可控特点的复杂配电网模拟仿真系统，系统与供电电网(即电力网)完成电气隔离，通过电力电子逆变电源从供电电网取电，内部形成一个频率、电压、电流、时间标度等与电力网完全无关的、独立的模拟电力系统，系统额定电压0-1500V之间的一个或多个电压，如可采用1100V、400V、100V三个电压等级，构建的系统电压可以包括一个或多个电压；模拟装置的绝缘水平不低于1500V，工作电压范围为0-1500V电压。电源模拟单元模拟交流同步发电系统、交流无穷大电源/配电网上级电网以及分布式电源、直流电源等配电网的各类电源；线路模拟单元模拟变电站、开关、馈线、变压器等的等效阻抗；负荷模拟单元模拟稳定或一定规律变化的各个电压等级的有功、无功交流负荷以及直流负荷；事件模拟单元模拟配电网相间短路、接地短路、断路、风险、跳闸、负荷投切等事件以及需要试验的装置设备故障和动作；保护模拟单元模拟配电网继电保护及整定策略；监控模拟单元模拟配电网的监测、通信、控制系统、数据采集与监视控制系统(SCADA，Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)系统等，实时采集模拟配电网的用电信息采集，负荷管理、线损分析、负荷预测、电价制定策略等。
由于物理模拟仿真系统不可避免要根据需求改变拓扑结构，针对现有技术的不足，本发明实施例提供了一种配电网物理模拟仿真系统拓扑实现方法，为配电网仿真提供所需要的多种拓扑结构，根据拓扑改动节点的数量和改动特点，上位机软件自动生成接线方案，并生成接线列表，根据列表在端子柜中将元件各端进行连接。
(3)数模混合接口及同步技术。为了构成硬件在环的数字和物理混合协同仿真，需要使用数模混合接口。数模混合接口主要作用是运行数据协调和时间一致性的同步，将从物理侧采集的电压、电流和开关信息经过采集和转换后传送给数字侧，以及将数字侧数字信息经过电流功率放大器传送到模拟侧进行实时运行，保证数字软件仿真系统和物理模拟侧仿真在同一个时间断面上进行实时仿真。
数模混合接口主要包括三个部分：数据采集单元、功率放大单元和开关信号单元。数据采集单元负责将物理模拟电路的电压、电流和开关信号进行采集并传送给数字仿真系统。功率放大单元主要实现数字仿真系统部分电流信号功率放大，将数字信号变为真实的电压、电流和开关信号参与模拟电路的运行。开关信号单元实现数字系统和物理模拟设备之间开关信号的隔离传送。
复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统需要数字部分与模拟部分，以及数字部分之间的实时同步，实时同步技术通过三个方面实现，数字部分实现方法包括：变步长技术和分布式数据共享技术，数字部分与模拟部分的实时同步则是通过数模混合接口实现，实现方法是依靠FPGA的时间调整策略。
实施例
图2为本发明提供的复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法具体实施例示意图。图2中，以10kV配电网为例，示出了复杂配电 网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法的基本思路：图中的大规模复杂配电网络部分采用数字仿真，包括连接线部分、开关、出线等，图中虚线框中所示表示为较复杂、建模难度大、仿真精度要求高的风电、光伏、充电桩、储能、负荷等单元使用经过缩放的物理模型设备进行仿真。
图3表明了本发明提供的复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统及其仿真方法原理图，复杂配电网的数字仿真部分和物理模型仿真部分通过数模混合接口及同步单元进行连接。数字部分中实现变电站、负荷、分布式电源、开关、监测点、等效联接点等的数字仿真，这些模块采用传统的、成熟的数字模型进行仿真，或者对新型设备(如分布式电源)进行数字验证仿真。复杂配电网的模拟仿真部分对电力线路、调压设备、分布式电源、负荷、各种物理模型设备进行物理模拟仿真。相对于数字部分来说，物理模拟仿真采用强电压、强电流，与数字部分对接，需要通过数模混合接口及同步单元，数模混合接口及同步单元将数字部分的电压、电流信号等比例放大成真实的强电压、强电流，与物理模型仿真系统进行对接，反过来，物理模型仿真系统的强电压、强电流信号也通过数模混合接口及同步单元等比例变换为数字电压、数字电流信号与数字仿真进行对接，实现复杂配电网实时的多时间尺度数模混合仿真。
一、复杂配电网数模混合仿真系统总体结构
复杂配电网数模混合仿真系统总体结构如图4所示。总体结构包括数字系统部分、数模混合接口部分和物理模拟部分。
数字系统部分包括：交互层的设计、建模层的设计和仿真层的设计。其中，交互层设计包括建模工具、参数设置和可视化界面的设计。建模层的设计包括多时间尺度建模和模型参数估计与验证。仿真层的设计包括：电气系统与控制系统并行计算方法的设计和基于FPGA的数字侧仿真架构的设计，是并行分解协调仿真的基础。这三个方面的设计工作决定了上位 机软件的整体架构。
数模混合接口主要包括三个部分：信号采集单元、功率放大单元和开关信号单元。信号采集单元负责将物理模拟电路的电压和电流信号进行采集并传送给数字仿真系统。功率放大单元主要实现数字仿真系统部分电流信号功率放大，将数字信号变为真实的电流信号参与模拟电路的运行。开关信号单元实现数字系统和物理模拟设备之间开关信号的隔离传送。
物理模拟部分主要包括：电源模拟单元、线路模拟单元、事件模拟单元、负荷模拟单元、保护模拟单元、监控模拟单元等。各单元间相互独立，在应用中基于相似定理模拟仿真的设备类型，将各单元的相关装置直接联接或嵌套组成计划的电网拓扑，并调整装置参数、控制策略，搭建出需要的复杂配电网拓扑结构。
二、复杂配电网数模混合仿真中数字侧部分
(1)基于FPGA的数字仿真架构：
其中，数字仿真部分的原理如图5所示，采用的是基于FPGA的多时间尺度数字实时仿真，将预仿真的配电网络分解为若干个子网络，子网络之间通过通讯线进行连接，每个子网络的仿真放在FPGA的一个基本解算单元中进行运算，各个基本解算单元之间的结果通过通讯线共享，达到并行仿真运算的目的。FPGA由大量基本可编程逻辑单元、可编程输入/输出端口(I/O，Input/Output)以及内部连线构成，辅以嵌入式块随机存取存储器(RAM，Random-Access Memory)、内嵌硬核以及各种知识产权(IP，Intellectual Property)软核，拥有完全可配置的并行硬件结构、分布式内存结构以及流水线结构，可实现高速数值计算。基于FPGA的快速多时间尺度仿真采用节点法作为电磁多时间尺度仿真的框架，结合FPGA自身特点，采用如图6所示的系统级并行、模块级并行以及底层并行的设计架构，提高仿真速度，从而实现电磁多时间尺度的快速仿真方法。
1)系统级并行
系统级并行是指根据系统的结构特点，通过系统分割、并行求解及多速率求解等手段，尽可能降低大规模系统的求解规模，提升计算速度，保证仿真实时性，并确定系统在多片FPGA上的基本分配情况。此后可对分配到FPGA上的多个子系统进行系统再划分，进一步提升计算速度。每个子系统都可拥有独立的计算资源，这样可充分利用每片FPGA的计算资源。
2)模块级并行
图7给出了基于FPGA的基本解算单元的求解过程框图。每个基本解算单元都由若干个硬件功能模块构成。基于节点法的求解流程可分为3部分。在STEP_I中，元件类模块负责计算历史量电流源，判断开关状态，并生成历史量电流源列向量。在STEP_II中，进行线性方程组求解，计算节点电压。在STEP_III中，通过STEP_II中计算出的节点电压更新每类元件的支路电压和支路电流，用于下一时步的计算。不难发现，STEP_I和STEP_III的虚线框部分中，各种元件类模块的计算完全独立，易于实现并发处理。
3)底层并行
底层并行主要指在整个系统各个模块的底层基本操作中，充分提炼可并发的操作，从代数运算层面复杂运算公式的并行化处理，到数据读写层面分布式内存的利用均会涉及。同时，内部采用模型分解技术，对配电网数字模型进行分割分块，以馈线、变电站及其所属馈线、若干变电站构成的供电区域、整个配电系统为仿真对象进行小步长实时仿真分割，分割过程可以依据复杂度和计算量均衡、问题研究需要的原则进行，分割后的分区模块可以采用多FPGA分块计算的方法进行系统级并行加速。
4)电气系统与控制系统并行
为了保证复杂配电网数模混合仿真中数字侧的实时性，本发明实施例 采用复杂配电网电气系统与控制系统并行计算方法。在每一个步长上，可利用前一时步的控制系统输出量将电气系统积分到该时步，同时也直接使用前一时步电气系统的输出量将控制系统积分到该时步。此时，不仅电气系统的解算存在一个步长的时延，控制系统的解算同样也存在时延。为了解决步长延时带来的仿真精度误差，本发明实施例中对于控制系统使用由上一时步电气系统的输出经过数值积分或插值而得到的预测值作为该时步输入，再将控制系统积分到该时步，此时由于控制系统的解算也是基于前一时步电气系统的输出量，因此可以实现电气系统与控制系统的并行求解，对于电气量的预测可使用各种显式的数值积分方法，也可以使用线性或非线性插值算法。这种电气与控制系统并行计算策略能达到串行程序的计算精度。整个计算过程将按图8中所示的[1]&[1’]->[2]&[2’]的时序依次进行，图中步骤[1]与[1’]、[2]与[2’]均可实现并行求解。
(2)复杂配电网设备元件的多时间尺度建模
复杂配电网设备元件的多时间尺度建模方法如图9所示。根据分布式电源、储能、电力电子装置(如：电动汽车充电桩)等复杂配电网设备元件的内部机理，以及其在复杂配电网各类响应过程中的动态或静态特性，形成复杂配电网设备元件多时间尺度建模需求，建立以需求时间尺度划分的复杂配电网设备元件模型，表现形式包括微分方程、非线性代数方程、分段线性化方程等。在实际的建模过程中，可以针对不同的仿真目的和应用场合，选择所需要的动态过程，使得模型在精确性和复杂性上达到较好的平衡。
(3)实时同步技术
复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统需要数字仿真系统与物理模拟电路，以及数字仿真系统之间的实时同步，实时同步技术通过三个方面实现：
1)变步长技术：
本发明实施例提出采用变步长的电磁多时间尺度仿真方法。以一种考虑多重开关动作的变步长电磁多时间尺度仿真方法为例，利用线性插值技术获取开关动作时刻，采用编程较易实现的后退欧拉法，在开关动作后连续利用变步长后退欧拉法试探积分并消除数值振荡。该方法具备处理多重开关动作和抑制数值振荡的能力，同时对仿真步长具有较好的适应性。其基本原理如下：当系统某一步仿真遇到开关动作时，首先利用线性插值技术求解开关动作时刻的系统解，并通过两次变步长后退欧拉法试探积分求解正确的系统状态；然后，在下一步仿真中再连续利用两次变步长后退欧拉法来抑制数值振荡。
图10为考虑多重开关动作的变步长仿真算法流程图，半步长0.5Δt内出现多个开关动作，即动作发生在抑制数值振荡的过程中。根据不同的开关动作情况，本发明实施例提出考虑多重开关动作的变步长仿真算法，其仿真步骤如下：
1)t时刻到t+Δt时刻积分过程中，检测到首个开关动作时间tzi；2)线性插值到tzi时刻的时域解X(tzi)，并计算后退欧拉法变步长值hi＝0.5(t+Δt-tzi)；3)改变开关状态，修改节点导纳矩阵，采用变步长后退欧拉法向前试探积分一次。若出现开关动作则改变开关状态重新积分，直到无开关动作为止；4)后退欧拉法向前积分，若没有检测到开关动作，转入第7)步；否则，转入第5)步；5)线性插值到开关动作时刻tzi的时域解X(tzi)，计算后退欧拉法变步长值hi＝t+Δt-tzi；6)后退欧拉法向前试探积分一次。若出现开关动作则改变开关状态重新积分，直到无开关动作为止；7)采用连续两次半步长(h＝0.5Δt)后退欧拉法仿真，若再遇到开关动作返回第2)步；8)定步长阶段(h＝Δt)采用稳定性较好的隐式梯形积分法继续仿真。
其中，2)、4)步采用线性插值技术求解开关动作时刻tzi的系统时域解 X(tzi)，由下式计算：
Figure PCTCN2017090523-appb-000001
式中，h代表仿真步长，X(t)、X(t+h)分别代表t、t+h时刻的系统时域解。
上述仿真算法流程中，首先检测系统上一步是否有开关动作，若无，则采用隐式梯形法向前仿真；若有，则按照算法中的后退欧拉法仿真。若开关动作发生在仿真时刻末尾，则该开关动作在下一时刻首端处理。
2)复杂配电网并行计算中数据同步与共享技术
复杂配电网数模混合仿真涉及到数字侧的快速并行仿真计算以及物理侧的极短延时响应，数据量很大，并且各模块需要及时更新。图11为数据共享前后各处理器缓存状态比较图。基于内存数据控制算法特点及系统架构和总的结构，单块内存被划分为若干块，分别对应着总线上不同的板卡。每块主控卡(MC，Master Card)只能对内存中与其板卡号一致的内存块进行写操作，而对其它内存块只能进行读操作。每个内存块分成若干个数据块，每个数据块可以存储一个SDB(SD卡的数据字节)周期中从总线接收的数据。混合内存立方体(HMC，Hybrid Memory Cube)内存块用来存放来自外部测量系统传输过来的数据。
3)基于FPGA的时间调整策略
为了达到数字部分和模拟部分实时同步的目的，数字部分对实时模拟数据的读取时刻尽量与模拟部分设备的波形接近，这就要求数模混合仿真接口具备协调功能。传统的方法是采用高速模拟/数字(A/D，Analog/Digital)信号转换器，PFGA驱动A/D信号转换器尽量快地轮番读取实时模拟数据，并且实时更新数据存储区，这样的优点是逻辑简单，保证数字系统任何时候读取的数据都是最新的，但是缺点是：A/D信号转换器转换速度越高成本越高，而且FPGA和A/D信号转换器频繁重复工作，转换出大量无用的 数据，大大增加综合成本。基于FPGA的时间调整策略如图12所示：为了保证稳定性，数字仿真系统采用步长相对变化不大的运算，其计算周期在较短时间内认为是固定的，例如每个计算周期时间为T，其读取实时数据的时间也为T，高速FPGA记录数字仿真系统的读取信号，并根据读取信号记录数字系统的计算周期时间，高速FPGA能够记录并准确计算出周期为T，误差为纳秒级，高速FPGA记录时间，并且在数字系统下一次读取到来之前的某个时间点ΔT准时驱动A/D信号转换器(ΔT的值可人工设定)，将模拟数据进行AD转换，提供给数字仿真系统，这样可以做到时间关系量化，提高工作效率。
三、物理模拟电路
2.1系统电压等级
系统额定电压等级包含一个或多个，实际应用中可同时采用一个或多个电压等级，如可采用1100V、400V、100V三个电压等级。
对于同时存在两个电压等级的配电模拟仿真系统，以采用1100V、400V、100V中的两个为电压等级为例，在模拟电源处采用升压变压器将电压升至1100V，用1100V电源模拟110kV(或220kV)高压配电网，经过三卷变压器降压或二卷变压器，将1100V降至400V或是100V。用400V模拟35kV配电网或中压配电网，或是用100V模拟10kV中压配电网，实现模拟两个电压等级的功能。也可不经升压器，直接从电力电子逆变电源处取得400V电压，而经降压变压器变为100V电压，400V模拟35kV电网或中压配电网，100V模拟中压或低压配电网。
2.2物理设备组成
(1)电源模拟单元
电源模拟单元包括电网电源模拟装置、分布式电源模拟装置等。
(a)电网电源模拟装置
电网电源模拟装置主要由电力电子逆变电源、升压变压器和储能装置共同组成。复杂配电网模拟系统至少包括一个电网电源模拟装置。
电力电子逆变电源，包括两种类型，实际应用中这两种类型可同时采用也可只采用其中的一种。类型一采用交－直－交(AC-DC-AC)变换方式从供电网取电向模拟系统供电，类型二采用交-直逆变装置(AC-DC)加上直-交逆变装置(DC-AC)共同组成电力电子逆变电源。电网电源模拟装置构成图如图13所示。
(b)分布式电源模拟装置
分布式电源模拟装置采用两类实现方式，同一个系统中可以采用其中的一类或二类同时采用。
方式一为统一模式，即采用电力电子逆变电源接入供电网，采用交－直－交(AC-DC-AC)变换方式从供电网取电，然后按照既定的控制方法模拟不同类型的分布式电源向模拟系统供电。其中光伏、光热和风电可采用恒压、恒流或功率控制模式，燃汽轮机可采用同步电机控制方式模拟同步电机功率、频率响应特性。
方式二为独立模式，即不同的分布式电源采用不同的实现方式。例如，燃汽轮机发电可采用电力电子逆变电源；光伏、光热采用交－直逆变器+直交逆变器方式，交－直逆变器模拟光伏、光热发电，直－交逆变器模拟直流与交流系统的并网装置；风电可采用电动机拖动发电机模拟风力发电方式。分布式电源模拟装置构成图如图14所示。
(2)线路模拟单元
线路模拟单元包括变电站模拟单元及电力线路模拟单元，其中变电站模拟单元主要由主变、接地单元以及开关组成；电力线路模拟单元主要由馈线、开关、变压器以及无功补偿装置、调压装置等组成。线路模拟单元构成图如图15所示。本发明实施例将变电站模拟单元归于线路模拟单元， 也可以独立于线路模拟单元单独作为一个模块。
(3)负荷模拟单元
负荷模拟单元分为两类实现方式，类型一为主体采用电阻、电感、电容串并联组成的可控模拟负荷装置，称为线性模拟负荷装置；类型二采用电力电子逆变器作为模拟负荷，电力电子逆变器的一侧根据设置的规则、负荷响应特性从模拟电网吸收有功、无功，应用中可直接将电力电子逆变器的另一侧接到模拟系统的供电电网或模拟电源出线等位置上，实现能源的回收利用，称为电力电子逆变负荷装置。
线性模拟负荷装置主要包括变压器和可编程负荷模拟调节装置。负荷模拟单元构成图如图16所示。
(4)故障模拟单元
事件模拟主要包括故障模拟和设备动作模拟，故障模拟包括三相短路、两相短路、单相接地短路、单相断线、两相断线等事件模拟，也包括过电压、过负荷、低电压、三相不平衡、无功不足、电压暂降、电压闪变、电压波动、谐波现象的模拟，设备动作模拟主要包括负荷投切、分布式电源投切、空载长线投切、开关投切、变压器投切、充电装置/储能装置投切、线损等的事件模拟。
事件模拟通过事件模拟装置实现，例如电网性能模拟、安全稳定模拟通过调节模拟电源出力、模拟三相电压及负荷、调节负荷模拟装置三相及单相功率、调节无功补偿装置、调节谐波发生器等实现，设备动作模拟通过控制负荷、分布式电源、变压器等接入模拟电网的开关的断、合实现。
(5)保护模拟单元
保护模拟单元负责设备自身保护装置、物理模拟系统的二次保护。
保护模拟单元包括两部分，一是设备自身的保护功能，主要是设备过热、过电压，即当设备的运行温度及运行电压可能危害到设备安全时，通 过断路器将设备从模拟电网中切除。二是模拟电网的保护，主要是模拟电网的二次保护。模拟电网的保护主要由集成到断路器中的继电保护、电压/电流检测与比较判断功能以及独立的故障分析/决策装置、模拟电网监测主站构成，在模拟电网出现电网故障特征时，按照设置的保护动作规则、故障诊断分析程序进行分析判断，进而动作于开关跳闸、合闸，从而实现模拟电网的二次保护。
(6)监控模拟单元
监控模拟单元主要包括低压PT(电压互感器)、低压CT(电流互感器)、通信、终端以及监测与控制系统。
低压PT应能满足电压从0－1500V测量要求，低压CT应能满足0－1000A电流测量要求，配置时，PT和CT均按三相配置，PT测量相电压。
通信可采用有线通信方式，也可采用无线通信方式，组成局域网实现设备间、设备与监测控制系统间的通信。
2.3物理模拟系统的拓扑结构设计
为了实现物理模拟部分的灵活拓扑结构设计，本发明实施例提出一种灵活拓扑结构设计方法，其思想为：
(1)将端子柜中的端子与配电网物理元件的接线端子进行物理连接。
(2)为了保证物理连接的正确性，以及与所设计拓扑结构的一致，在上位机软件根据所设计拓扑结构的接线特点，自动生成“接线列表”，列表包含每个元件的编号、端子号，以及不同元件各个端子之间的连接关系。基本方法为：为每个物理元件设计唯一对应的模型，软件中集合所需的所有元件模型，根据所需设计的拓扑结构进行画线连接，软件自动识别出元件间的连接关系，并生成“连接列表”，列表包含每个元件的编号、元件的端口号，以及各个元件各个端口之间的连接关系。
(3)根据“接线列表”在端子柜中对配电网物理元件间进行连接，构 成与上位机所设计拓扑结构一致的物理元件拓扑结构。
物理模拟设备灵活拓扑结构设计方法的流程图如图17所示。
四、复杂配电网数模混合接口装置
复杂配电网数模混合接口装置硬件实现如图18所示。数模混合接口装置主要包括三个部分：数据采集单元、功率放大单元和开关信号单元。
数据采集单元：物理模拟电路的电压和电流信号经过互感器或传感器转变为低电压或低电流信号，传送到数模混合接口装置，数模混合接口装置的AD数据采集单元将模拟信号转变为数字信号，数模采集单元数据缓冲部分可暂时缓存这些数字信号，缓冲作用使得高速工作的处理器与慢速的外部数据处理设备能够协调工作，保证数据传送的完整性。
功率放大单元的主要任务是实现数字仿真器输出功率放大，将数字信号变为真实的电流信号参与模拟电路的运行，首先通过D/A转换器件，将数字仿真系统的电流数字信号转换为模拟的电压信号，模拟的电压信号通过电流功率放大器转换为与数字量相对应的电流，比如：50A电流，经过D/A转换器件转换为有效值为5V的电压信号，5V的电压信号经过10A/V比率的电流功率放大器，放大为50A的电流信号，50A的电流信号注入到模拟电网运行。
开关信号单元：开关信号单元采用隔离器件进行隔离，隔离器件包含光耦、继电器等。其作用有两个方面：(1)将数字仿真系统的开关指令直接下发给模拟开关器件执行，比如断路器、空气开关等；(2)将物理模拟电路的开关状态传送给上位机数字仿真系统，比如断路器跳闸之后，数字仿真系统通过数模混合接口接收到期状态，同步的将数字仿真系统进行更改。
五、复杂配电网数模混合仿真系统仿真方法
复杂配电网数模混合仿真系统实现硬件在环的仿真功能，其实现形式 可以根据运行场景的需要进行变化，场景举例：
(1)复杂配电网运行在数字仿真部分的数模混合仿真：数字部分按照既定的场景进行仿真模型搭建、实时潮流、运行状态仿真全部在数字部分进行，其运行状态通过数模混合接口装置反映到物理模拟部分，物理模拟部分监控与保护装置对数字部分的运行状态进行监控。如果数字部分运行某时刻发生“事件或故障”，则物理模拟部分真实的监控和保护装置依照该“事件或故障”及时动作，并将动作信号通过模拟接口装置传递到数字部分，数字部分接收到物理模拟部分的动作信号后，按照动作后的仿真模型进行仿真计算，达到对物理模拟部分监控与保护装置进行测试的目的，复杂配电网运行在数字仿真部分的数模混合仿真示意图如图19所示；
(2)复杂配电网运行在模拟设备部分的数模混合仿真：物理模拟部分按照既定的场景搭建仿真拓扑，物理模拟带电运行后，其运行状态通过数模混合接口装置传送到数字部分，数字部分的监控与保护模块对物理模拟的真实运行状态进行监测，物理模拟部分“事件和事件模拟装置”根据仿真需要在某个时刻发生某个事件，比如短路，则数字部分实时监测到该信号，并发出保护动作指令，保护动作指令通过数模混合接口装置传送到物理模拟部分真实的保护装置，该保护装置动作，隔离故障点，达到数字部分对物理模拟部分进行监控的目的，复杂配电网运行在模拟设备部分的数模混合仿真示意图如图20所示。
(3)复杂配电网数字暂态和稳态分别计算的数模混合仿真：系统分为计算复杂配电网电网模型的仿真计算机，和用于计算机电暂态和电磁暂态模型的实时仿真机，两个系统通过高速通讯联接，实时仿真系统通过功率放大器与物理模拟设备连接，从而可以完成大规模多尺度的仿真系统，并可以完成硬件在环的仿真系统，复杂配电网数字暂态和稳态分别计算的数模混合仿真示意图如图21所示。
另外，以以上三种基本形式为基础，数字部分和物理模拟各个模块均可独立运行，并且数字部分可以整体或部分参与物理模拟部分的数模混合仿真，物理模拟部分的全部或部分设备亦可以参与数字部分的数模混合仿真，根据仿真需求，配置灵活可变。
本发明实施例还记载了一种计算机存储介质，所述计算机存储介质存储有一个或者多个程序，所述一个或者多个程序可被一个或者多个处理器执行，以实现复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真方法。
本领域技术人员应当理解，本实施例的计算机存储介质中各程序的功能，可参照实施例所述的复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真方法的相关描述而理解。
在本申请所提供的几个实施例中，应该理解到，所揭露的设备和方法，可以通过其它的方式实现。以上所描述的设备实施例仅仅是示意性的，例如，所述单元的划分，仅仅为一种逻辑功能划分，实际实现时可以有另外的划分方式，如：多个单元或组件可以结合，或可以集成到另一个系统，或一些特征可以忽略，或不执行。另外，所显示或讨论的各组成部分相互之间的耦合、或直接耦合、或通信连接可以是通过一些接口，设备或单元的间接耦合或通信连接，可以是电性的、机械的或其它形式的。
上述作为分离部件说明的单元可以是、或也可以不是物理上分开的，作为单元显示的部件可以是、或也可以不是物理单元，即可以位于一个地方，也可以分布到多个网络单元上；可以根据实际的需要选择其中的部分或全部单元来实现本实施例方案的目的。
另外，在本发明各实施例中的各功能单元可以全部集成在一个处理单元中，也可以是各单元分别单独作为一个单元，也可以两个或两个以上单元集成在一个单元中；上述集成的单元既可以采用硬件的形式实现，也可以采用硬件加软件功能单元的形式实现。
本领域普通技术人员可以理解：实现上述方法实施例的全部或部分步骤可以通过程序指令相关的硬件来完成，前述的程序可以存储于一计算机可读取存储介质中，该程序在执行时，执行包括上述方法实施例的步骤；而前述的存储介质包括：移动存储设备、只读存储器(ROM，Read-Only Memory)、随机存取存储器(RAM，Random Access Memory)、磁碟或者光盘等各种可以存储程序代码的介质。
或者，本发明上述集成的单元如果以软件功能模块的形式实现并作为独立的产品销售或使用时，也可以存储在一个计算机可读取存储介质中。基于这样的理解，本发明实施例的技术方案本质上或者说对现有技术做出贡献的部分可以以软件产品的形式体现出来，该计算机软件产品存储在一个存储介质中，包括若干指令用以使得一台计算机设备(可以是个人计算机、服务器、或者网络设备等)执行本发明各个实施例所述方法的全部或部分。而前述的存储介质包括：移动存储设备、ROM、RAM、磁碟或者光盘等各种可以存储程序代码的介质。
前述对本发明的具体示例性实施方案的描述是为了说明和例证的目的。这些描述并非想将本发明限定为所公开的精确形式，并且很显然，根据上述教导，可以进行很多改变和变化。对示例性实施例进行选择和描述的目的在于解释本发明的特定原理及其实际应用，从而使得本领域的技术人员能够实现并利用本发明的各种不同的示例性实施方案以及各种不同的选择和改变。本发明的范围意在由权利要求书及其等同形式所限定。
以上所描述的装置实施例仅仅是示意性的，其中所述作为分离部件说明的单元可以是或者也可以不是物理上分开的，作为单元显示的部件可以是或者也可以不是物理单元，即可以位于一个地方，或者也可以分布到多个网络单元上。可以根据实际的需要选择其中的部分或者全部模块来实现 本实施例方案的目的。本领域普通技术人员在不付出创造性的劳动的情况下，即可以理解并实施。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其限制，尽管参照上述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，所属领域的普通技术人员依然可以对本发明的具体实施方式进行修改或者等同替换，这些未脱离本发明精神和范围的任何修改或者等同替换，均在申请待批的本发明的权利要求保护范围之内。
工业实用性
本发明实施例提出了复杂配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真方案，设计了数模混合接口装置及协调机制，可以有效实现复杂配电网设备(如含复杂拓扑结构、新型控制策略等的电力电子设备)的多时间尺度实时仿真以及包含风机、光伏、燃气轮机等分布式电源、电动汽车并/离网及与配电网交互影响的多时间尺度仿真分析。本发明实施例所述技术方案从能够推动新一代配电网最前沿新技术的发展，提高配电网运行控制与分析水平，从配电网规划、设计、调控运行等角度对电网生产经营、管理提供更有力、更长远、更深入的支撑。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，所述数模混合仿真系统用于实现交流电网、直流电网、交直流混合电网的基于单一电压等级、多电压等级的多时间尺度数模混合仿真，所述配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统包括：
    数字仿真系统，配置为对含分布式电源的配电网进行数模混合暂态仿真；
    数模混合接口装置，配置为数据协调和时间一致性的同步；
    物理模拟电路，配置为搭建复杂配电网拓扑结构；
    底层设计模块，配置为对数字仿真系统的仿真层提供实时同步仿真技术和对数字仿真系统和数模混合接口装置提供基于FPGA的时间调整技术；
    所述数字仿真系统和所述物理模拟电路通过所述数模混合接口装置连接，构成环路的多时间尺度仿真系统。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，所述数字仿真系统的设计包括：交互层设计、建模层设计和仿真层设计；所述交互层设计配置为负责与用户的可视化交互，并采用建模层所建立的元件模型图形，搭建仿真电路，进行仿真元件参数设置；所述建模层设计配置为负责仿真元件数学建模、元件的参数定义、参数估计和验证以及元件图形外观的设计；所述仿真层设计配置为在交互层的指令下，基于建模层所建立的仿真元件数学模型，参考相应的仿真元件参数设置，对交互层所搭建的仿真电路进行仿真计算，包括电气系统与控制系统并行计算的设计和基于FPGA的数字框架的设计。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，所述底层设计模块采用基于可逻辑编程的FPGA进行硬件加速数字仿真，同时采用多FPGA分区并行的方法来加速配电网系统级数字仿真速度。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，所述数模混合接口装置包括：
    数据采集单元，配置为将模拟建模层搭建的仿真电路的电压和电流信号进行采集并传送给数字仿真系统；
    功率放大单元，配置为实现数字仿真系统电流信号功率放大，将数字信号变为真实的电流信号参与物理模拟电路的运行；
    开关信号单元，配置为实现数字仿真系统和物理模拟电路之间开关信号的隔离传送。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，所述数据采集单元包括依次连接的数据缓冲区，A/D数据采集器和电压调理单元；模拟仿真电路物理模拟电路的电压和电流信号经过互感器或传感器转变为低电压或低电流信号，传送到数模混合接口装置，数模混合接口装置的A/D数据采集器将模拟信号转变为数字信号，数模采集单元的数据缓冲区暂时缓存所述数字信号；
    所述功率放大单元包括依次连接的D/A转换器和功率放大器；首先数字仿真系统的信号通过D/A转换器，将数字仿真系统的电流数字信号转换为模拟的电压信号，模拟的电压信号通过电流功率放大器转换为与数字量相对应的电流；
    所述开关信号单元采用隔离器件进行隔离，所述开关信号单元的作用为：1)将数字仿真系统的开关指令直接下发给物理模拟电路执行；2)将物理模拟电路的开关状态传送给上位机的数字部分。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，采用基于FPGA的时间调整技术以实现数字仿真系统和物理模拟电路实时同步的目的，基于FPGA的时间调整技术为：高速FPGA记录数字仿真系统的读取信号，并根据读取信号记录数字系统的计算周期时间，在数字仿 真系统下一次读取行为到来之前的时间点ΔT准时驱动A/D信号转换器，将模拟数据进行AD转换，提供给数字仿真系统。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，所述物理模拟电路配置为实现多个电压等级配电网模拟仿真，所述物理模拟电路包括电源模拟单元、线路模拟单元、负荷模拟单元、保护模拟单元、监控模拟单元和物理同步模块；所述物理模拟电路能够仿真的配电网类型对象包括单一电压等级或者多个电压等级的无源配电网、有源配电网、闭环运行配电网、交直流混合配电网。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，为所述物理模拟电路设计端子柜，端子柜中的端子与电力物理元件的接线端口连接，在所述端子柜上画上每个元件标示符号，并贴上名称和接线端口号。
  9. 如权利要求8所述的多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，为每个电力物理元件设计唯一对应的模型，根据所需设计的模型结构进行画线连接，上位机自动识别出元件间的连接关系，并生成连接列表，所述连接列表包含每个元件的编号、元件的端口号，以及各个元件各个端口之间的连接关系。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，上位机根据电力物理元件间的拓扑关系自动生成接线列表的过程为：上位机根据电力物理元件序号由小到大依次遍历所有元件，并且根据端口号由小到大依次遍历元件所有端口，形成连接列表，并将首次遍历到的元件序号和端口号记为新节点的主元件序号和端口号。
  11. 如权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统，其中，所述多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统的仿真功能包括：1)物理模拟电路监控数字仿真系统：模型实时潮流运行状态仿真全部在数字仿真系统进行，物 理模拟电路监控与保护装置对数字仿真系统的运行状态进行监控，如果数字仿真系统运行某时刻发生事件或故障，则物理模拟电路真实的监控和保护装置依照该事件或故障及时动作，并将动作信号通过数模混合接口装置传递到数字仿真系统，达到对物理模拟电路监控与保护装置进行测试的目的；2)数字仿真系统监控物理模拟电路：物理模拟电路按照既定的场景搭建仿真拓扑，其运行状态通过数模混合接口装置传送到数字仿真系统，数字仿真系统的监控与保护模块对物理模拟的真实运行状态进行监测，达到数字仿真系统对物理模拟电路进行监控的目的；3)复杂配电网数字暂态和稳态分别计算的数模混合仿真：系统分为计算复杂配电网电网模型的仿真计算机和用于计算机电暂态和电磁暂态模型的实时仿真机，两个系统通过高速通讯联接，实时仿真系统通过功率放大器与物理模拟电路连接。
  12. 一种采用权利要求1所述的配电网多时间尺度数模混合仿真系统的仿真方法，其中，所述仿真方法包括下述三种场景：(1)复杂配电网运行在数字仿真系统的数模混合仿真；(2)复杂配电网运行在物理模拟设备部分的数模混合仿真；(3)复杂配电网数字暂态和稳态分别计算的数模混合仿真；以上三种基本形式为基础，数字仿真系统和物理模拟电路中的模块均独立运行，并且数字仿真系统整体或部分参与物理模拟电路的数模混合仿真，物理模拟电路的全部或部分设备参与数字仿真系统的数模混合仿真。
  13. 一种计算机存储介质，所述计算机存储介质中存储有计算机可执行指令，所述计算机可执行指令用于执行权利要求12所述的方法。
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