Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
  • A61K31/501—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
  • A61K31/341—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide not condensed with another ring, e.g. ranitidine, furosemide, bufetolol, muscarine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/63—Compounds containing para-N-benzenesulfonyl-N-groups, e.g. sulfanilamide, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl hydrazide
  • A61K31/635—Compounds containing para-N-benzenesulfonyl-N-groups, e.g. sulfanilamide, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl hydrazide having a heterocyclic ring, e.g. sulfadiazine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of medicine, particularly veterinary medicine.
• the invention relates to the use of pimobendan for the reduction of heart size in patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure (HF) due to (myxomatous) mitral valve disease [( )MVD] and/or chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD; also known as chronic valve disease, CVD) and/or atrial ventricular valvular insufficiency (AVVI) and/or for the delay of onset of clinical symptoms in patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) HF due to (m)MVD and/or CVHD/CVD and/or AVVI, and/or the delay of onset of heart failure due to
• HF myxomatous mitral valve disease
• CVHD chronic valvular heart disease
• AVVI atrial ventricular valvular insufficiency
• CVHD chronic valvular heart disease
• AVVI atrial ventricular valvular insufficiency
• Heart failure is divided in different stages, which were defined by different classification systems, e.g. the international Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC), the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification systems and the currently used classification according to the Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), 2009.
• ISACHC International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council
• NYHA New York Heart Association
• ACVIM Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine
• ISACHC International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council
• Class I asymptomatic (also known as occult or preclinical)
• Class IA no evidence of compensation for underlying heart disease (no volume overload or pressure overload detected radiographically or echocardiographically)
• Class IB clinical signs of compensation for underlying heart disease (volume overload or pressure overload detected radiographically or echocardiographically)
• Class II mild to moderate heart failure with clinical signs at rest or with mild exercise (treatment required)
• Class III advanced heart failure; clinical signs of severe congestive heart failure
• Class I1IA home treatment possible
• Class 1 describes patients with asymptomatic heart disease (e.g., chronic valvular heart disease
• Class II describes patients with heart disease that causes clinical signs only during strenuous exercise.
• Class HI describes patients with heart disease that causes clinical signs with routine daily activities or mild exercise.
• Class IV describes patients with heart disease that causes severe clinical signs even at rest.
• Stage A patients at high risk for developing heart disease but that currently have no identifiable structural disorder of the heart (e.g., every Cavalier King Charles Dogl without a heart murmur).
• Stage B patients with structural heart disease (e.g.. the typical murmur o mitral valve regurgitation is present), but that have never developed clinical signs caused by heart failure (because of important clinical implications for prognosis and treatment, the panel further subdivided Stage B into Stage Bl and B2).
• structural heart disease e.g. the typical murmur o mitral valve regurgitation is present
• Stage B l asymptomatic patients that have no radiographic or echocardiographic evidence of cardiac remodeling in response to CVHD.
• Stage B2 asymptomatic patients that have hemodynamically significant valve regurgitation, as evidenced by radiographic or echocardiographic findings of left-sided heart enlargement.
• Stage C patients with past or current clinical signs of heart failure associated with structural heart disease.
• Stage D patients with end-stage disease with clinical signs of heart failure caused by VHD that are refractory to "standard therapy " .
• ISACHC Class I The pathology of the heart begins with ISACHC Class I, NYHA Class I and AC VIM stage B2 in which cardiac murmur or cardiac chamber enlargement, but no clinical symptoms are present (ISACHC Class I or asymptomatic/occult/preclinical stage). Clinical symptoms become manifest in the course of progression of the disease (ISACHC Class II or III, NYHA class II. Ill or IV. AC VIM stage C and D).
• CMMVD or CVHD/CVD or AVVI heart failure is associated with an increase of the heart size.
• Cardiac remodelling due to the morphologic changes within the heart is generally considered as a risk factor and is linked to worsening of pathophysiologic changes of the heart leading to heart failure.
• One goal of the therapy of heart failure is the reduction of the heart size and the delay of morphological changes of the heart.
• a known pharmaceutically active compound to treat heart failure is pimobcndan (4,5-dihydro-6-[2-(4- methoxyphenyl)- l H-benzimidazol-5-yl]-5-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone) disclosed in EP 0 008 391 and having the formula:
• Pimobendan is a well-known compound for the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) originating for example from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or mitral valve disease (MVD) in animals, especially dogs.
• CHF congestive heart failure
• DCM dilated cardiomyopathy
• MVD mitral valve disease
• Pimobendan is also approved as a drug product for cardiovascular treatment in humans in Japan.
• Several publications disclose the use of pimobendan in the treatment of heart failure in animals, such as, for instance, the following ones.
• WO 2005/092343 describes the use of PDE-III inhibitors, such as pimobendan, for the reduction of heart size of a patient suffering from heart failure without, however, mentioning patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD).
• PDE-III inhibitors such as pimobendan
• Lombard and co-workers disclose the clinical efficacy of pimobendan versus benazepril for the treatment of the clinical acquired atriventricular valvular disease in dogs.
• WO 2007/054514 is directed to the use of PDE-III inhibitors, such as pimobendan, for the treatment of asymptomatic (also known as occult or preclinical) heart failure without, however, mentioning patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD).
• asymptomatic also known as occult or preclinical
• MMD mitral valve disease
• Summerfield NJ and co-workers relate to a clinical study on the efficacy of pimobendan in the prevention of congestive heart failure or sudden death in Doberman Pinschers with preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, , they are silent about patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD).
• DCM Doberman Pinschers with preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy
• MMD mitral valve disease
• Tissier R and co-workers disclose adverse effects increased mitral valve regurgitation and myocardial hypertrophy in two dogs with long-term (chronic) clinical pimobendan therapy.
• J Vet Intern Med 2007, 21 : 742-753 show the results of a prospective, controlled, blinded and randomized study on the comparative adverse cardiac effects of pimobendan and benazepril monotherapy in dogs with mild degenerative asymptomatic mitral valve disease.
• the objective underlying the present invention is, therefore, to provide a medical treatment which overcomes the problems of the prior art as described above.
• the present invention concerns pimobendan for use in a method of reducing the heart size and/or delaying the onset of clinical symptoms in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), preferably asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) congestive heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), more preferably asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and/or delaying the onset of heart failure in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), preferably delaying the onset of congestive heart failure in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), more preferably delaying the onset of congestive heart failure in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to my
• composition/medicament for reducing the heart size and/or delaying the onset of clinical symptoms in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD) and/or delaying the onset of heart failure, preferably congestive heart failure, in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD) are also intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
• the present invention further concerns pimobendan for use in a method of reducing the heart size and delaying the onset of clinical symptoms in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), preferably asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) congestive heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), more preferably asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and delaying the onset of heart failure in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), preferably delaying the onset of congestive heart failure in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), more preferably delaying the onset of congestive heart failure in a patient sufTering fro asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due
• composition/medicament for reducing the heart size and delaying the onset of clinical symptoms in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD) and delaying the onset of heart failure, preferably congestive heart failure, in a patient suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD) are also intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
• patient as used hereinabove and herein below relates to an animal or a person suffering from (congestive) heart failure.
• patient embraces mammals such as primates including humans. In addition to primates, a variety of other mammals can be treated according to the method of the present invention. For instance, mammals, including but not limited to, horses, dogs, cats, or equine, canine, feline species can be treated. Preferred are human patients, dogs, cats and horses. Human patients are female or male person who are suffering from heart failure.
• heart failure preferably congestive heart failure
• Clinical manifestations are as a rule the results of changes to the heart's cellular and molecular components and to mediators that drive homeostatic control.
• the heart failure preferably congestive heart failure, is as a rule accompanied by an increase of the heart size and deterioration of cardiac functions.
• the term "reduction of the heart size" as used hereinabove and herein below relates to a reduction of the size of the heart of the patient, which is diagnosed using echocardiography and which may be determined according to the radiograph methods suggested by James W. Buchanan et al. (Buchanan JW et al., J Am Vet Med Assoc 1 95. 206(2), 194- 199) and is expressed in the relative change of the vertebral heart size.
• the relative heart size of said patient is reduced by at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or at least 30%, compared to baseline, i.e. before pimobendan treatment is initiated, more preferably within 10 to 100 days, even more preferably within about 30 to 40 days, most preferably within about 35 days of treatment with pimobendan.
• asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) (congestive) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD) relates to any contractile disorder or disease of the heart which is due to / secondary to MVD— however, yet without any clinical symptoms of (congestive) heart failure.
• MMD mitral valve disease
• it relates to heart failure of ISACHC Class I (Class I A and/or Class IB), NYHA Class I and AC VIM stage B2.
• delay of onset of clinical symptoms and “prolongation of time until onset of clinical symptoms” are interchangeably used hereinabove and herein below and relate to the time period between from diagnosing the morphological changes of the heart of the patient until the beginning of clinical symptoms of heart failure, preferably congestive heart failure, due to mitral valve disease (MVD).
• MMD mitral valve disease
• they relate to the prolongation of time from still asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure of ISACHC Class I (Class I A and/or Class IB), NYHA Class I and ACVIM stage B2 to clinical evident heart failure, preferably congestive heart failure, of ISACHC Class II and further to Class 111 (Class III A and/or Class NIB). NYHA Class II, III and IV and ACVIM stage C and D.
• mitral valve disease MMVD
• MMVD myxomatous mitral valve disease
• CVHD chronic valvular heart disease
• CVD atrial ventricular valvular insufficiency
• AVVI atrial ventricular valvular insufficiency
• risk reduction of reaching congestive heart failure relates to the relative risk of experiencing the clinical evident heart failure, preferably congestive heart failure.
• the relative risk is reduced by at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or at least 30%,
• ⁇ ективное ⁇ ество as used herein means an amount sufficient to achieve a reduction of the heart size in patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure (HF) due to mitral valve disease (MVD) and/or to achieve the delay of onset of clinical symptoms in patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) HF due to MVD and/or to achieve the delay of onset of heart failure, preferably congestive heart failure, in patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) HF due to MVD, when pimobendan is administered in a single dosage form.
• HF asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease
• MVD mitral valve disease
• onset of clinical symptoms in patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) HF due to MVD
• preferably congestive heart failure in patients with asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) HF due to MV
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein the asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD), preferably asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) congestive heart failure due to mitral valve disease MVD, more preferably asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease, (MM VD) is of stage ISACHC Class I, preferably ISACHC Class IA or Class IB, more preferably of stage ISACHC Class IB, NYHA Class f and ACVIM stage B2,
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein the pimobendan treatment effects a reduction of the heart size of the already pathologically enlarged heart of the patient.
• the pimobendan treatment effects a reduction of the heart size of the already pathologically enlarged heart of the patient.
• asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD) of ISACHC Class I (Class IA and/or Class IB), NYHA Class I and ACVIM stage B2 and already has a pathologically enlarged heart (e.g. visible by means of echocardiography), but does not yet show any clinical symptoms of heart failure, preferably congestive heart failure.
• MMD mitral valve disease
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein the pimobendan treatment effects a prolongation of the time of survival of the patient as compared to placebo treatment or non-pimobendan treatment.
• non-pimobendan treatment refers to a comparison treatment where the respective patient group receives an active pharmaceutical ingredient other than pimobendan instead of pimobendan or a placebo.
• such pimobendan treatment effects a prolongation of the time of survival of the patient of at least 30 days, more preferably at least 2 months, even more preferably at least 3 months, even more preferably at least 4 months, even more preferably at least 5 months, even more preferably at least 6 months, even more preferably at least 7 months, even more preferably at least 8 months, even more preferably at least 9 months, even more preferably at least 10 months, even more preferably at least 1 1 months, even more preferably at least 12 months, even more preferably at least 13 months, even more preferably at least 14 months, even more preferably at least 15 months, as compared to placebo treatment or non-pimobendan treatment.
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein the pimobendan treatment effects a prolongation of the preclinical phase without exhibiting clinical symptoms of congestive heart failure, effects a delay of onset of (clinical symptoms of) congestive heart failure, increases the survival time of the treated patients as compared to placebo treatment, improves the quality of life of the treated patients, leads to a reduction of heart size of the treated patients as compared to baseline (i.e. before start of treatment), improves cardiac function/output in the treated patients, reduces sudden cardiac death/euthanasia of patients due to cardiac reasons and/or reduces the risk of reaching congestive heart failure.
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein the patient is a mammal, preferably a human, a dog, a cat or a horse, more preferably a dog.
• the dosage regimen for pimobendan will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient, and the effect desired.
• a physician or veterinarian can determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, delay or arrest the progress of the disorder.
• the daily oral dosage of pimobendan when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0,2 mg/kg to 0,6 mg/kg bodyweight SID, in particular from 0,2mg/kg to 0,6 mg/kg bodyweight of pimobendan administered per day (EU) and 0,5 mg/kg bodyweight of pimobendan administered per day (US).
• the daily pimobendan dose is administered as two doses of 0,1 mg/kg to 0,3 mg/kg bodyweight, preferably two doses of 0, 1 mg kg to 0,3 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 hours (EU). more preferably two doses of 0,25 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 hours (USA).
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein pimobendan is administered in a daily dose of 0,2 mg/kg to 0.6 mg/kg bodyweight SID, in particular from 0,2mg/kg to 0,6 mg/kg bodyweight of pimobendan administered per day (EU) and 0,5 mg/kg bodyweight of pimobendan administered per day (US).
• EU 0,2mg/kg to 0,6 mg/kg bodyweight of pimobendan administered per day
• US 0,5 mg/kg bodyweight of pimobendan administered per day
• the daily pimobendan dose is administered as two doses of 0,1 mg/kg to 0,3 mg/kg bodyweight, preferably two doses of 0,1 mg/kg to 0,3 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 hours (EU) , more preferably two doses of 0,25 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 hours (USA).
• pimobendan is administered in combination with at least one second active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
• at least one second API is preferably selected from the group consisting of. afterload reducers (arteriodilators) such as ACE inhibitors, preload reducers (venodilators) such as diuretics, platelet inhibitors, beta blockers and angiotensin II antagonists, aldosterone antagonists, antiarrhythmic agents (if arrhythmias occur) and/or diuretics, in particular.
• ACE inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of omapatrilat, MDL100240, alacepril, benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, fosinoprilat, imidapril.
• the afterload reducer is selected from the group consisting of hydralazine, calcium channel blockers diltiazem, verapamil, and amlodipine, nitropnisside, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil; and/or
• beta blocker is selected from the group consisting of bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol, esmolol. and/or timolol; and/or
• the platelet inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of aspirin, clopidogrel, factor Xa inhibitors, heparin, and low molecular weight heparins; and/or
• angiotensin II antagonist is selected from the group consisting of saralasin acetate, candesartan. cilexetil, valsartan, candesartan, losartan potassium, eprosartan, irbesartan, tasosartan, pomisartan and/or telmisartan ; and/or
• aldosterone antagonist is selected from the group consisting of spironolactone, triampterene, eplerenone. canrenone, potassium canrenone; and/or
• antiarrhythmic agents are selected from the group consisting of amiodarone. betrylium. disopyramide. dofetilide, flecainide, ibutilide, mexiletine, tocainide, procainamide, lidocaine, propafenone, diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin, digitalis, quinidine and/or sotalol; and/or
• the diuretic is selected from the group consisting of furosemide, spironolactone, torasemide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid, azosemide, muzolimine, piretanide, tripamide, bendroflumethazide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methychlothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, chlorthialidone, indapamide, metolazone, quinethazone. etozolin, triamterene and/or amiloride; and/or
• preload reducer agents are selected from the group consisting of nitroglycerine, nitropnisside, and isorbide; and or
• positive inotropic agents are selected from the group consisting of dobutamine, digoxin, digitalis, dopamine, amrinone, and milrinone; and/or
• hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers or negative chronotropic agents are selected from the group consisting of cilobradine, ivabradine, and adenosine
• pimobendan is administered together with one or more API selected from the group consisting of one or more ACE inhibitors and one or more diuretics.
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein pimobendan is administered before, during or after administration of one or more additional active pharmaceutical ingredients selected from the group consisting of ACE inhibitors, preferably benazepril; and diuretics, preferably furosemide. More preferably, pimobendan is administered concomitantly with benazepril and furosemide.
• Piniobendan can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, chewable tablets, chews, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, solutions, syrups, and emulsions. It may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using dosage forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. It can be administered alone, but generally will be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• the present invention relates to pimobendan for use according to the hereinabove and herein below disclosed aspects and preferred embodiments, wherein pimobendan is administered orally or parenterally. preferably orally, more preferably orally in the form of a tablet or capsule, most preferably orally in the form of a tablet.
• Pimobendan can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using transdermal skin patches.
• the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
• Pimobendan is typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients and/or carriers (collectively referred to herein as pharmaceutical carriers) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients and/or carriers suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate. dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like.
• suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, and colouring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
• Suitable binders include starch, gelatine, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like.
• Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate. magnesium stearate. sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methy l cellulose, agar, bentonite. xanthan gum, and the like.
• Pimobendan can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles.
• Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine. or phosphatidylcholines.
• Pimobendan can also be administered in lipid-coated form as part of a solid pharmaceutical formulation (see for instance WO 2015/082389).
• Pimobendan may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
• Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspart- amidephenol. or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues.
• Pimobendan may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals. polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacylates. and cross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• Dosage forms (pharmaceutical compositions) suitable for administration may contain from about 1 milligram to about 100 milligrams of active ingredient per dosage unit.
• the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5- 95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
• Gelatine capsules may contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.
• powdered carriers such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain colouring and flavouring to increase patient acceptance.
• water, suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions.
• Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances.
• Antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents.
• citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA are also used.
• parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl-or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol.
• Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard reference text in this field.
• the amount of each component in a typical daily dosage and typical dosage form may be reduced relative to the usual dosage of the API when administered alone, in view of the additive or synergistic effect of the APIs when administered in combination.
• one API may be enteric coated.
• enteric coating one of the APIs it is possible not only to minimize the contact between the combined APIs, but also, it is possible to control the release of one of these components in the gastrointestinal tract such that one of these components is not released in the stomach but rather is released in the intestines.
• One of the APIs may also be coated with a material which effects a sustained-release throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also serves to minimize physical contact between the combined APIs.
• the sustained-released component can be additionally enteric coated such that the release of this component occurs only in the intestine.
• Still another approach would involve the formulation of a combination product in which the one component is coated with a sustained and/or enteric release polymer, and the other component is also coated with a polymer such as a low viscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or other appropriate materials as known in the art, in order to further separate the activ e components.
• HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• the polymer coating serves to form an additional barrier to interaction with the other component.
• Pimobendan is a benzimidazopyridazinone with a potent positive inotropic and a vasodilatory effect. This combined effect of preload and afterload reduction, together with positive inotropic support, results in a reduction in cardiac size and filling pressures in the heart of dogs with occult heart failure due to mitral valve disease.
• pimobendan administered to dogs suffering from asymptomatic (occult, preclinical) heart failure due to mitral valve disease (MVD) prolongs the time to the onset of clinical signs of congestive heart failure by approx. 359 days ( 12.0 months) compared to placebo and extends survival time (all-cause mortality) by approx. 168 days (5.6 months) compared to placebo.
• Treatment of dogs in the preclinical phase of heart failure with pimobendan therefore leads to improved outcome.
• Pimobendan also causes a reduction in heart size, compared to the placebo group, when measured over the first 35 days of the study (P ⁇ 0.0001).
• Vertebral heart sum another measure of heart size, was obtained at regular intervals - every eight months - from those animals that remained in the study. There are various ways in which this can be compared between groups. The most useful way to summarise and compare the average vertebral heart score in each group for the duration of the study is to generate an "area under the curve" value that represents a single summary statistic for each dog from which more than two measurements were obtained [Matthews JN et al, BMJ 1990, 300(6719): 230-235]. This method has been used previously in veterinary studies [Haggstrom J et al, J Vet Intern Med 2013, 27(6): 1441-1451].
• the median vertebral heart score for dogs remaining in the study when averaged over the entire duration of the study is approximately 0.35 vertebrae lower for dogs receiving pimobendan (table 1 ).
• the echocardiographic results show an acute reduction in heart size which is evident after one month.
• the radiographic findings indicate that the difference in heart size persists when a measure of heart size is averaged over the duration of the study.

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