WO2017154125A1 - 合成開口レーダ信号処理装置 - Google Patents
合成開口レーダ信号処理装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017154125A1 WO2017154125A1 PCT/JP2016/057290 JP2016057290W WO2017154125A1 WO 2017154125 A1 WO2017154125 A1 WO 2017154125A1 JP 2016057290 W JP2016057290 W JP 2016057290W WO 2017154125 A1 WO2017154125 A1 WO 2017154125A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
- G01S13/9021—SAR image post-processing techniques
- G01S13/9027—Pattern recognition for feature extraction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
- G01S13/9021—SAR image post-processing techniques
- G01S13/9029—SAR image post-processing techniques specially adapted for moving target detection within a single SAR image or within multiple SAR images taken at the same time
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
- G01S13/9094—Theoretical aspects
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus that is mounted on a mobile platform such as an aircraft or an artificial satellite and reproduces a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image that is a high resolution image of the ground surface or the sea surface.
- a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image that is a high resolution image of the ground surface or the sea surface.
- a synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus mounted on a mobile platform such as an aircraft or an artificial satellite includes a SAR sensor having an antenna.
- the SAR sensor receives a reflected echo of the electromagnetic wave reflected by the target while repeatedly radiating the electromagnetic wave while the mobile platform is moving.
- the synthetic aperture radar signal processing device obtains a two-dimensional SAR image by performing signal processing on the received signal of the SAR sensor.
- the process of obtaining a two-dimensional SAR image from the received signal of the SAR sensor is called an image reproduction process, and the processing method of the image reproduction process is called an image reproduction algorithm.
- the image reproduction algorithm there is a back projection algorithm disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1 below.
- This back projection algorithm is a method for obtaining a SAR image by calculating a distance between a platform-mounted SAR sensor and a target point where an electromagnetic wave is reflected, and extracting and integrating a signal corresponding to this distance. .
- Non-Patent Document 1 in order to reduce the calculation amount of the above distance calculation and integration processing, the signal is integrated using a polar coordinate format grid and finally converted into a Cartesian coordinate format by two-dimensional interpolation processing. There is a description about a method for obtaining a stable SAR image.
- Patent Document 1 describes a technique for summarizing discrete data sequentially generated at fixed time intervals to reduce the amount of information and record it. This method does not store all generated discrete data in a storage means such as RAM or hardware, but expresses the discrete data point group with an approximate expression with high accuracy and stores the coefficient part of the approximate expression in the storage means. This is a technology that reduces the amount of information.
- Patent Document 1 describes a method of switching an approximate expression in accordance with the magnitude of curvature of discrete data.
- the curvature calculation method described in Patent Document 1 has a large amount of calculation, and even if an interpolation method optimal for both the calculation amount of interpolation processing and the interpolation accuracy can be selected, when switching between interpolations is determined.
- the amount of computation becomes a bottleneck.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problem, and a synthetic aperture radar signal capable of reducing the amount of calculation of curvature in SAR image reproduction processing in which interpolation processing is switched according to the curvature of discrete data.
- An object is to obtain a processing apparatus.
- a synthetic aperture radar signal processing device includes a low-precision interpolation processing unit that interpolates discrete data obtained from a received signal of a synthetic aperture radar, and a high-precision interpolating process of discrete data with higher accuracy than the low-precision interpolation processing unit.
- An accuracy interpolation processing unit a curvature determination unit that selects either a high-precision interpolation processing unit or a low-precision interpolation processing unit according to a first curvature that is a curvature of discrete data in a target region of the interpolation process, and a curvature determination
- An image reproduction processing unit that reproduces an image using the result of the interpolation processing selected by the unit, and the curvature determination unit includes discrete data A point, B point, and C point arranged adjacent to each other in a predetermined direction in the vicinity of the target region.
- a line segment connecting point A and point B is (AB + BC): Synthetic aperture radar signal processing for determining the first curvature based on the distance ⁇ f 1R between the point divided externally to BC and point C Device (however, AB is The distance between the point and the point B, BC is the distance between the points B and C.).
- the present invention provides a synthetic aperture radar signal processing for selecting an interpolation processing method based on the curvature of discrete data in a region to be interpolated when interpolating discrete data obtained from a received signal of a synthetic aperture radar to reproduce a SAR image.
- the present invention relates to an apparatus, and in particular, is characterized by calculating curvature with a small amount of calculation.
- FIG. 1 is a functional configuration diagram showing an example of the configuration of a synthetic aperture radar signal processing device 100 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus 100 processes the reception data of the SAR sensor 1 read from the reception data storage unit 2 and reproduces the SAR image.
- the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus 100 includes an image reproduction processing unit 3, a curvature determination unit 4, a low-precision interpolation processing unit 5, a high-precision interpolation processing unit 6, and a SAR image storage unit 7.
- a configuration in which the SAR sensor 1 and the reception data storage unit 2 are provided outside the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus 100 will be described.
- the apparatus 100 may be configured to include the SAR sensor 1 and the reception data storage unit 2 inside.
- the apparatus 100 may be configured to include the SAR sensor 1 and the reception data storage unit 2 inside.
- a configuration in which the SAR image storage unit 7 is provided inside the synthetic aperture radar signal processing device 100 will be described.
- a configuration provided outside the synthetic aperture radar signal processing device 100 may be used.
- the SAR sensor 1 includes, for example, an antenna, a transmitter, a receiver (all not shown), and is mounted on a mobile platform such as an aircraft or an artificial satellite.
- the SAR sensor 1 radiates the high frequency pulse signal generated by the transmitter from the antenna to the space, and receives the echo signal of the high frequency pulse signal reflected by the observation target by the antenna.
- the receiver amplifies the received signal received by the antenna, converts the frequency of the amplified received signal into an intermediate frequency, converts the received signal into digital received data, and outputs the data.
- the SAR sensor 1 is also referred to as a synthetic aperture radar.
- the reception data storage unit 2 is a recording device such as a RAM (Random Access Memory) or a hard disk, and stores the reception data acquired by the SAR sensor 1.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 includes, for example, a semiconductor integrated circuit on which a CPU (Central Processing Unit) is mounted, a one-chip microcomputer, or the like.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 reproduces the SAR image by performing an image reproduction process on the reception data stored in the reception data storage unit 2. Since various reflected signals from a plurality of target points overlap each other, the received data can be imaged by compression processing to obtain a SAR image. Detailed image reproduction processing will be described later.
- the curvature determination unit 4 includes, for example, a semiconductor integrated circuit on which a CPU is mounted, a one-chip microcomputer, or the like.
- the curvature determination unit 4 determines the curvature using the azimuth-compressed data obtained from the image reproduction processing unit 3, and based on the curvature determination result, either the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5 or the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6 is used. Select one.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 reproduces the SAR image using the interpolation processing result of the interpolation processing unit selected by the curvature determination unit 4. A detailed curvature determination method and interpolation processing selection method will be described later.
- the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5 is composed of, for example, a semiconductor integrated circuit mounted with a CPU or a one-chip microcomputer.
- the curvature determination unit 4 selects the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5
- low-precision interpolation processing is performed on the azimuth-compressed data obtained from the image reproduction processing unit 3, and the interpolation processing result is sent to the image reproduction processing unit 3. hand over.
- the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6 is composed of, for example, a semiconductor integrated circuit on which a CPU is mounted or a one-chip microcomputer.
- the curvature determination unit 4 selects the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6
- high-precision interpolation processing is performed on the azimuth-compressed data obtained from the image reproduction processing unit 3, and the interpolation processing result is sent to the image reproduction processing unit 3. hand over.
- the SAR image storage unit 7 is a recording device such as a RAM or a hard disk, and stores the SAR image reproduced by the image reproduction processing unit 3.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3, the curvature determination unit 4, the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5, the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6, and the SAR image storage unit 7 that are components of the synthetic aperture radar signal processing device are respectively
- a configuration realized by dedicated hardware is assumed, the configuration is not limited to this, and a configuration realized by a computer may be used.
- FIG. 2 is a hardware configuration diagram when the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus 100 is configured by a computer.
- the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus 100 When the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus 100 is configured by a computer, the synthetic aperture radar signal processing describing the processing contents of the image reproduction processing unit 3, the curvature determination unit 4, the low precision interpolation processing unit 5, and the high precision interpolation processing unit 6 is described.
- the program is stored in the memory 11 of the computer.
- a processor 12 such as a CPU of the computer implements each process by executing a synthetic aperture radar signal program stored in the memory 11.
- the SAR image storage unit 7 may be realized by a recording device 13 such as a hard disk, or may be realized by an external recording device that can read and write data from the synthetic aperture radar signal processing device 100.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the operation of the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus 100 in the present embodiment, and shows a series of processes for generating a SAR image from the reception data of the SAR sensor 1.
- the SAR sensor 1 radiates a high-frequency pulse signal generated by a transmitter from an antenna to space.
- the antenna of the SAR sensor 1 receives the echo signal.
- the receiver of the SAR sensor 1 amplifies the received signal of the antenna, converts the frequency of the amplified received signal to an intermediate frequency, and then A / D converts the received signal of the intermediate frequency to convert digital received data. Generate and output to the received data storage unit 2.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 reads out the received data from the received data storage unit 2 and inputs it (step ST21).
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 performs range compression on the received data in order to increase the resolution in the range direction of the received data (step ST22).
- the range compression processing of received data is a processing technique that realizes high resolution in the range direction by performing Fourier transform and multiplying the received data and the range reference function in the range direction.
- the traveling direction of the platform on which the SAR sensor 1 is mounted is referred to as the azimuth direction, and the traveling direction of the radio wave beam emitted from the SAR sensor 1 is referred to as the range direction.
- the range compression is performed in the range direction, and the azimuth compression is performed in the azimuth direction.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 performs azimuth compression on the data after the range compression in order to increase the resolution in the azimuth direction (step ST23).
- the data after azimuth compression is a complex signal, and an SAR image is obtained by representing this in absolute value.
- the principle of azimuth compression processing is the same as that of range compression, but the specific processing contents of azimuth compression differ depending on the image reproduction algorithm method used.
- a range Doppler algorithm that performs azimuth compression processing, or by modulating the chirp rate of the chirp signal in the frequency domain, scaling and Fourier Chirp scaling algorithm for imaging only by transformation, ⁇ -k algorithm for transforming angular frequency in the range direction into wave number of polar coordinates, and processing in the above-mentioned time space for data transformed into two-dimensional frequency domain
- ⁇ -k algorithm for transforming angular frequency in the range direction into wave number of polar coordinates
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 performs interpolation processing on the azimuth-compressed data to generate a final SAR image.
- the interpolation processing performed by the image reproduction processing unit 3 is intended for coordinate conversion, similar to the two-dimensional interpolation processing performed in Non-Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing coordinate conversion by two-dimensional interpolation processing.
- signal data that is equidistant from the distance between the SAR sensor 1 mounted on the platform and the target point that reflects the electromagnetic wave emitted by the SAR sensor 1 is extracted from the received data, and the extracted signal is extracted from the target point.
- An SAR image is obtained by performing integration processing at the position.
- the signal is integrated using a polar coordinate format grid and then converted into a Cartesian coordinate format from the polar coordinate format by two-dimensional interpolation processing.
- the target unit for interpolation processing will be explained.
- the target unit of the interpolation processing performed in the loop processing from step ST24 to step ST33 is a region whose side is a line segment connecting the data points after azimuth compression, and this region is called a target region.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 repeatedly executes a process of generating a final SAR image using the processing result of either the low precision interpolation processing unit 5 or the high precision interpolation processing unit 6 for each target region. That is, a loop process for the total number of target areas is performed.
- the curvature determination unit 4 selects an interpolation process.
- the curvature determination unit 4 determines the curvature of the azimuth-compressed data for each target region, and selects an interpolation process according to the curvature.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a target region for interpolation processing of azimuth-compressed data and types of interpolation processing.
- the azimuth-compressed data is discrete data and is defined on a plane composed of the i-axis direction and the j-axis direction in the figure.
- the f (i, j) axis represents the signal strength of the data after azimuth compression at the position (i, j).
- the i-axis direction and the j-axis direction are arbitrary and the coordinate system is not limited, for example, it may be expressed in a polar coordinate format.
- the data after azimuth compression is arranged at equal intervals in the i-axis direction and the j-axis direction, as indicated by the circles in the figure.
- a broken line connecting the data after azimuth compression, which is discrete data, indicates the true value of the data after azimuth compression.
- the target area of the interpolation process is an area having lines L1, L2, L3, and L4 connecting the four points of the adjacent azimuth-compressed data as sides (parts surrounded by thick solid lines in the figure), that is, four adjacent areas It is a lattice area having the data after azimuth compression as a vertex.
- the curvature determination unit 4 determines the curvature of the data after azimuth compression for each target area, and selects an interpolation process according to the curvature.
- the curvature is determined for each side constituting the target area, and the results are combined to obtain the curvature of the target area.
- the region included in the range indicated by the dashed-dotted ellipse A1 has a large curvature
- the region included in the range indicated by the dashed-dotted ellipse A2 has a small curvature.
- An interpolation process with high accuracy is selected in an area with a large curvature
- an interpolation process with low accuracy is selected in an area with a small curvature.
- the curvature determination unit 4 selects the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6 in the region where the curvature is large, and selects the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5 in the region where the curvature is small.
- step ST34 the image reproduction processing unit 3 selects a target region that has not been subjected to the interpolation process from the target regions configured by the azimuth-compressed data, and notifies the curvature determination unit 4 of the target region.
- the curvature determination unit 4 determines the curvature of the azimuth-compressed data in the target region selected by the image reproduction processing unit 3. First, the curvature determination unit 4 selects one side that has not been subjected to curvature determination processing from the sides constituting the target region (step ST25).
- the curvature determination unit 4 calculates the curvature of the signal strength of the azimuth-compressed data at the two signal positions at both ends of the selected side (step ST26).
- the curvature at one signal position is the first curvature
- the curvature at the other signal position is the second curvature. A method for calculating the curvature will be described later.
- the curvature determination unit 4 compares the absolute values of the first and second curvatures with a reference value (also referred to as a threshold value) (step S27). As a result, when the absolute value of at least one of the curvatures is greater than or equal to the reference value, the curvature determination unit 4 determines that the curvature of the target region is large and selects the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6 (step S29). Further, when the absolute values of both curvatures are less than the reference value, the curvature determination unit 4 confirms whether or not the determination process of step ST27 has been performed on all sides constituting the target region ( Step ST28).
- a reference value also referred to as a threshold value
- the curvature determination unit 4 determines that the curvature of the target region is small and selects the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5 (Step ST30). If there is a side where the determination process of step ST27 is not performed, the process returns to step ST25. The curvature determination unit 4 selects a side that has not been subjected to the curvature determination process from the sides constituting the target area and continues the process.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing interpolation coordinate points of the two-dimensional interpolation process. 4 points (x 1 , y 1 ), (x 1 , y 2 ), (x 2 , y 1 ), (x 2 , y 2 ) are coordinates of known points, (x, y) are coordinates of internal points Indicates. As shown in the equations (1) to (3), the value z (x, y) of the internal point can be calculated by performing interpolation in the x direction twice and interpolation in the y direction once.
- Cubic spline interpolation will be described as an example of high-precision interpolation processing performed by the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6.
- Spline interpolation is an interpolation method that creates a polynomial for each section and smoothly connects discrete data.
- the equation for cubic spline interpolation is as follows. However, the subscript i indicates the i-th section. Since this equation has four unknown coefficients, it requires at least four discrete data.
- 2D interpolation can be calculated by performing x-direction interpolation twice and y-direction interpolation once as in the case of linear interpolation.
- the image reproduction processing unit 3 generates a final SAR image using the result of the interpolation processing selected by the curvature determining unit 4 out of the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6 or the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5 (step ST31). Thereafter, the image reproduction processing unit 3 determines whether or not interpolation processing has been performed on all target regions (step ST32). When the interpolation processing for all target regions is completed, the loop processing is terminated (step ST33), and the final SAR image is output to the SAR image storage unit 7 (step ST34). If there is a target area for which interpolation processing is not performed, the process returns to step ST25. The image reproduction processing unit 3 selects a target region for which interpolation processing is not performed and repeats the processing.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram in which the azimuth-compressed data in the i-axis direction or j-axis direction in FIG. 5 are arranged in a one-dimensional direction.
- the horizontal axis x is the i-axis direction
- the vertical axis f (x) is the data after azimuth compression. Indicates the signal strength.
- the positions in the horizontal axis direction of the azimuth-compressed data are equally spaced.
- the curvature determination unit 4 calculates the curvature using four points after azimuth compression data arranged adjacent to each other in the predetermined direction in the vicinity of the target region.
- the data A point, B point, C point, and D point arranged adjacent to each other in the i-axis direction in the vicinity of the target region are used, and the curvature of the side connecting the B point and the C point is expressed as follows.
- a case of determination will be described.
- a section between point B and point C is referred to as section BC.
- the section AB and the section BC are collectively referred to as a section ABC.
- the curvature determination unit 4 calculates the curvature at the position of point B.
- the curvature at the position of the point B is obtained by calculating a distance ⁇ f 1R between the point X 1 and the point C that divides the line segment connecting the point A and the point B to 2: 1.
- the curvature determination unit 4 calculates the curvature at the position of the point C.
- the curvature at the position of the point C can be obtained by calculating a distance ⁇ f 2R between the point X 2 and the point D that divides the line connecting the point B and the point C to 2: 1. These calculations are equivalent to the calculation of the second derivative.
- the distance ⁇ f 1R corresponds to the first curvature
- the distance ⁇ f 2R corresponds to the second curvature.
- the curvature determination unit 4 compares the calculated distances ⁇ f 1R and ⁇ f 2R with reference values. Since the distances ⁇ f 1R and ⁇ f 2R are proportional to the curvature, if at least one of the distances ⁇ f 1R and ⁇ f 2R is greater than or equal to the reference value, it is determined that the curvature of the section BC is large. Further, the curvature determination unit 4 determines that the curvature of the section BC is small if both the distances ⁇ f 1R and ⁇ f 2R are less than the reference value. In the example shown in the figure, the sections AB, BC, CD, and DE have a large curvature, so the high-precision interpolation processing unit 6 is selected. In the sections EF and FG, the curvature is small, and the low-precision interpolation processing unit 5 is selected. Show.
- the curvature determination unit 4 performs the above-described process on all sides constituting the target area.
- the target region is a lattice region indicated by bold lines in FIG. 5, the above processing is performed on the four sides L1, L2, L3, and L4.
- the curvature of the target region is large. If it is determined that the curvature is small on all sides, it is determined that the curvature of the target area is small.
- the curvatures at the positions of the points B and C are calculated, but the present invention is not limited to this. It is not a thing. For example, either one may determine the curvature of the section BC. However, if the determination results are different between two sections including the section BC, specifically, the section ABC and the section BCD, the two are in an equal relationship, so consider both determination results instead of one of them. There must be. Therefore, the curvature of the section BC can be determined more accurately by using the curvature calculated at the positions of the points B and C.
- the curvature calculation of this embodiment is compared with the conventional curvature calculation.
- the signal intensity at the point A is expressed as f (A).
- the calculation formulas of the first and second curvatures of the present embodiment are as follows.
- the amount of calculation increases.
- the curvature can be calculated only by addition and subtraction, so that the calculation amount can be greatly reduced.
- FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram of an interpolation error associated with the interpolation processing of the present embodiment.
- the broken line represents an ideal interpolation point that matches the true value, and the alternate long and short dash line represents an interpolation point obtained by actual interpolation processing.
- the amount of deviation generated between the two corresponds to an error (interpolation error) associated with the interpolation process.
- the reference value can be determined by relating the interpolation error and the image resolution.
- FIG. 10 is a SAR image obtained when image reproduction processing is performed using an observation signal obtained by irradiating a single target with radio waves, and the horizontal axis indicates the range direction and the vertical axis indicates the azimuth direction.
- FIG. 10A is a SAR image when all true interpolation points are obtained, that is, when no interpolation error occurs.
- the signal intensity distribution is orthogonal in the azimuth direction and the range direction, and the signal intensity is Since it is symmetrical in the vertical and horizontal directions with the peak center as a reference, it indicates that a high-resolution SAR image is reproduced.
- FIG. 10 is a SAR image obtained when image reproduction processing is performed using an observation signal obtained by irradiating a single target with radio waves, and the horizontal axis indicates the range direction and the vertical axis indicates the azimuth direction.
- FIG. 10A is a SAR image when all true interpolation points are obtained, that is, when no interpolation error occurs.
- the signal intensity distribution is
- 10B is a SAR image when the interpolation processing accuracy is poor and the interpolation error is large, and the signal intensity distribution is not orthogonal in the azimuth direction and the range direction, and is asymmetric in the vertical and horizontal directions. This indicates that a low-resolution SAR image with a defocused image is reproduced.
- FIG. 10A when attention is paid to the signal intensity distribution in the range direction or the azimuth direction with the target center as a reference, it matches the sinc function as shown in FIG. This sinc function is theoretically derived from the radio wave equation of the received signal.
- FIG. 10B is a blurred SAR image because the signal intensity distribution is broken from the shape of the sinc function.
- image resolution is used as one of the quantitative evaluation of the SAR image.
- the image resolution is an index representing the fineness of the image, and the smaller the value, the easier it is to distinguish between objects and the clearer the image.
- the image resolution generally means the length of a signal interval until the signal intensity is halved from the peak, and is defined in the range direction and the azimuth direction, respectively.
- the signal intensity is expressed in decibels, as shown in FIG. 11, the peak value is 0 dB, and the half intensity is ⁇ 3 dB. Therefore, the image resolution is also called 3 dB width.
- the theoretical value ⁇ sr of the image resolution in the slant range direction and the theoretical value ⁇ az of the image resolution in the azimuth direction are determined by the following equations (10) and (11).
- FIG. 12 shows the observation geometry of SAR observation.
- the radio wave beam is irradiated obliquely downward with respect to the traveling direction of the platform.
- the azimuth direction is a platform traveling direction
- the slant range direction is a direction in which a radio wave beam is irradiated from the platform.
- the figure shows SAR observation in which the angle of the radio wave beam is fixed. In this case, the angle of the radio wave beam is equal to the synthetic aperture angle.
- FIG. 10 is a SAR image formed when a single target is irradiated with radio waves.
- image reproduction processing is performed by observing innumerable target reflections, terrain and vegetation commonly found in aerial photographs are generally shown.
- a SAR image representing the distribution is obtained.
- the threshold for curvature determination is obtained by associating the resolution of the SAR image with the interpolation error.
- a reference value can be determined. That is, the relationship between the resolution and the interpolation error is examined in advance, and the interpolation error corresponding to the required resolution may be set as the reference value. For example, an interpolation error corresponding to a range in which the resolution falls within several percent of the theoretical value can be defined as the reference value.
- the correspondence relationship between the resolution of the SAR image and the interpolation error is different in the range direction and the azimuth direction, the correspondence relationship can be obtained in each of the range direction and the azimuth direction.
- the correspondence relationship between the resolution of the SAR image and the interpolation error will be described in detail with an example in the range direction.
- the simulated signal data before the SAR image reproduction process is represented by a continuous function.
- the function expression uses, for example, a received signal waveform represented by the following expression (12). In this signal waveform, the amplitude is 1, and the content of the exp function corresponds to the phase.
- ⁇ is the range time
- S R ( ⁇ ) is the luminance value of the signal data at the range time ⁇
- f 0 is the center frequency of the transmitted chirp pulse
- ⁇ d is the round trip time of the radio wave to the point target
- K r is the transmission Represents the chirp pulse chirp plate.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a signal waveform of simulated signal data.
- FIG. 13A shows a signal waveform assumed to be an ideal interpolation processing result
- FIGS. 13B and 13C show a signal waveform of the interpolation processing result obtained by reducing the amplitude value.
- the amplitude value is decreased by d1.
- the amplitude value is decreased by d2 (d2> d1). Tr represents the width of the transmitted chirp pulse.
- the correspondence relationship with respect to the range direction has been described.
- the correspondence relationship between the azimuth resolution and the interpolation error may be obtained using the reception signal waveform in the azimuth direction and the synthetic aperture time. Specifically, the difference is that a reception signal waveform in the azimuth direction corresponding to the synthetic aperture time is used instead of the reception signal waveform in the range direction corresponding to the transmission chirp pulse width Tr.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram plotting the resolution obtained from the result of image reproduction processing of the three signal waveforms shown in FIG. 13, and is a diagram illustrating the relationship between the resolution of the SAR image and the interpolation error.
- the horizontal axis corresponds to the amount by which the amplitude value is reduced from the ideal interpolation processing result, that is, the amount of deviation from the true value.
- the vertical axis represents the error from the theoretical resolution value. From this relationship, an error from a theoretical value of resolution that can be tolerated in image reproduction is arbitrarily determined, and a deviation amount from a true value corresponding to the error is set as a reference value for curvature determination.
- the low precision interpolation processing unit that interpolates discrete data obtained from the received signal of the synthetic aperture radar, and the low precision interpolation processing unit A high-precision interpolation processing unit that interpolates discrete data with higher accuracy, and either a high-precision interpolation processing unit or a low-precision interpolation processing unit depending on the first curvature that is the curvature of the discrete data in the target region of the interpolation processing A curvature determining unit for selecting one; and an image reproduction processing unit for reproducing an image using the result of the interpolation processing selected by the curvature determining unit.
- the curvature determining unit is adjacent to the target region in a predetermined direction.
- the discrete data A point, B point, and C point that are arranged are selected, and the first segment is based on the distance ⁇ f 1R between the point C and the point that divides the line segment connecting the point A and the point B to 2: 1. Determine the curvature.
- the curvature of the signal strength of the azimuth-compressed data that is discrete data can be calculated only by addition or subtraction, the amount of calculation for curvature calculation can be suppressed.
- the processing target region is a region having a line segment connecting discrete data as a side
- the curvature determination unit is configured to detect the end of each side of each side.
- the first curvature is determined by using discrete data as point B and point C, and either the high-precision interpolation processing unit or the low-precision interpolation processing unit is selected according to the first curvature determined for each side. And As a result, it is possible to reduce the amount of calculation required for the interpolation processing determination.
- the curvature determining unit selects the high-precision interpolation process (for example, two-dimensional spline interpolation) when there is an edge where the absolute value of the first curvature exceeds the threshold, and otherwise, the low-precision interpolation process (for example, two-dimensional linear interpolation) is selected.
- the high-precision interpolation processing is performed in a region with a large curvature
- low-precision interpolation processing is performed in a region with a small curvature, so that a final SAR image having sufficient interpolation accuracy can be obtained while reducing the amount of calculation. Can do.
- the curvature determination unit further selects discrete data points B, C, and D arranged adjacent to each other in a predetermined direction in the vicinity of the target region, The second curvature is determined based on the distance ⁇ f 2R between the point that divides the line connecting the B point and the C point by 2: 1 and the D point, and the first curvature and the second curvature are obtained.
- the high-precision interpolation processing unit or the low-precision interpolation processing unit is selected. Thereby, the determination of the interpolation process can be performed with high accuracy.
- interpolation formulas other than those described above may be used for the high-precision interpolation processing and the low-precision interpolation processing.
- polynomial interpolation may be used for high-precision interpolation processing
- nearest neighbor method may be used for low-precision interpolation processing. If the amount of calculation has a magnitude relationship, the type of interpolation processing is not limited.
- the curvature determination unit 4 has described two types of determination, high-precision interpolation processing and low-precision interpolation processing. However, by increasing the number of determination criteria, the curvature determination unit 4 may be configured to select from three or more interpolation processes. Good.
- the determination method of the two-dimensional interpolation process is taken as an example, but the determination of the one-dimensional or three-dimensional interpolation process may be performed by the determination method described above.
- FIG. A synthetic aperture radar apparatus signal processing apparatus will be described.
- the first embodiment the case where data after azimuth compression is arranged at equal intervals in the vertical direction or the horizontal direction has been described.
- the present embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the data after azimuth compression is arranged at non-equal intervals, that is, at arbitrary intervals.
- this different point will be mainly described.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a method for calculating the curvature of discrete data arranged at unequal intervals.
- the horizontal axis x indicates the arrangement position of the data after azimuth compression, which is discrete data
- the vertical axis f (x) indicates the signal intensity of the data after azimuth compression.
- a method of calculating the curvature at the position of the B ′ point will be described using the discrete data A ′, B ′, and C ′ points that are arranged at non-uniform intervals in the x direction.
- the distance between the points A ′ and B ′ is A′B ′
- the distance between the points B ′ and C ′ is B′C ′
- the distance between the points A ′ and B ′ is x.
- the distance in the direction is ⁇ X L
- the distance in the x direction between the points B ′ and C ′ is ⁇ X R.
- the curvature determination unit 4 uses the three points A ′, B ′, and C ′ to determine a line segment that connects the points A ′ and B ′ (A′B '+ B'C'): A distance ⁇ f 1R between the point X 1R 'and the point C' that is divided into B'C 'is calculated. Further, the distance ⁇ f 1L between the point X 1L ′ and the point A ′ that divides the line connecting the point B ′ and the point C ′ to A′B ′ :( A′B ′ + B′C ′) calculate.
- the curvature determination unit 4 calculates the average of the distance ⁇ f 1R and the distance ⁇ f 1L, and determines the first curvature that is the curvature at the position of the point B ′ using the result. Similarly, the curvature determination unit 4 calculates the distance ⁇ f 2R and the distance ⁇ f 2L for the position of the C ′ point, and determines the second curvature that is the curvature at the position of the C ′ point using the average.
- the distance ⁇ f 1R and the distance ⁇ f 1L are averaged, and the curvature is determined using the result.
- the formula for calculating the first curvature is as follows.
- the low precision interpolation processing unit that interpolates discrete data obtained from the received signal of the synthetic aperture radar, and the low precision interpolation processing unit.
- One of a high-precision interpolation processing unit that interpolates discrete data with high accuracy and a high-precision interpolation processing unit or a low-precision interpolation processing unit according to the first curvature that is the curvature of the discrete data in the target region of the interpolation processing A curvature determination unit that selects the image and an image reproduction processing unit that reproduces an image using the result of the interpolation process selected by the curvature determination unit, and the curvature determination unit is arranged adjacent to the target region in a predetermined direction.
- Discrete data A point, B point, and C point are selected, and the line segment connecting point A and point B is (AB + BC): the first is based on the distance ⁇ f 1R between the point divided externally to BC and point C Determine the curvature.
- the curvature determination unit determines whether the line connecting the point B and the point C is divided into AB: (AB + BC) and the point A.
- the first curvature is determined based on the distance ⁇ f 1L and the distance ⁇ f 1R .
- the present invention can be freely combined with each embodiment, modified with any component in each embodiment, or omitted with any component in each embodiment.
- the synthetic aperture radar signal processing apparatus is suitable for a device that requires a high amount of calculation while ensuring sufficient calculation accuracy in the image reproduction processing when reproducing a SAR image of the ground surface or the sea surface. ing.
- 1 SAR sensor synthetic aperture radar
- 2 received data storage unit 3 image reproduction processing unit
- 4 curvature determination unit 5 low accuracy interpolation processing unit
- 6 high accuracy interpolation processing unit 7 SAR image storage unit
- 11 memory 12 Processor, 13 recording device, 100 synthetic aperture radar signal processing device.
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Abstract
Description
本実施の形態における合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100の構成について説明する。図1は、この発明の実施の形態1による合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100の構成の一例を示す機能構成図である。合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100は、受信データ格納部2から読み出したSARセンサ1の受信データを処理してSAR画像を再生する。また、合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100は、画像再生処理部3、曲率判定部4、低精度補間処理部5、高精度補間処理部6、SAR画像格納部7から構成される。なお、本実施の形態では、合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100の外部にSARセンサ1と受信データ格納部2とを設けた構成について説明するが、これに限定するものではなく、合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100の内部にSARセンサ1と受信データ格納部2とを備える構成であってもよい。また、本実施の形態では、合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100の内部にSAR画像格納部7を設けた構成について説明するが、合成開口レーダ信号処理装置100の外部に備える構成であってもよい。
本実施の形態における合成開口レーダ装置信号処理装置について説明する。実施の形態1では、アジマス圧縮後データが縦方向あるいは横方向に等間隔に配置される場合について説明した。本実施の形態では、アジマス圧縮後データが非等間隔、つまり、任意の間隔で配置される点が実施の形態1と異なる。実施の形態2では、この異なる点を中心に説明する。
Claims (13)
- 合成開口レーダの受信信号から得られる離散データを補間処理する低精度補間処理部と、
前記低精度補間処理部より高い精度で前記離散データを補間処理する高精度補間処理部と、
補間処理の対象領域における前記離散データの曲率である第1の曲率に応じて前記高精度補間処理部または前記低精度補間処理部のいずれか一方を選択する曲率判定部と、
前記曲率判定部で選択した補間処理の結果を用いて画像を再生する画像再生処理部と
を備え、
前記曲率判定部は、前記対象領域の近傍で所定方向に隣接して並ぶ離散データA点、B点、C点を選択し、前記A点と前記B点とを結ぶ線分を(AB+BC):BCに外分する点と前記C点との間の距離Δf1Rに基づいて前記第1の曲率を決定する合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
(ただし、ABはA点とB点との間の距離、BCはB点とC点との間の距離。) - 前記曲率判定部は、前記B点と前記C点とを結ぶ線分をAB:(AB+BC)に外分する点と前記A点との間の距離Δf1Lおよび前記距離Δf1Rに基づいて前記第1の曲率を決定することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記曲率判定部は、距離Δf1Lと前記距離Δf1Rとの平均値を前記第1の曲率とすることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記曲率判定部は、前記第1の曲率の絶対値が閾値を超える場合には前記高精度補間処理部を選択し、そうでない場合には前記低精度補間処理部を選択することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記曲率判定部は、さらに前記対象領域の近傍で前記所定方向に隣接して並ぶ離散データB点、C点、D点を選択し、前記B点と前記C点とを結ぶ線分を(BC+CD):CDに外分する点と前記D点との間の距離Δf2Rに基づいて第2の曲率を決定し、前記第1の曲率および前記第2の曲率に応じて前記高精度補間処理部または前記低精度補間処理部のいずれか一方を選択することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
(ただし、CDはC点とD点との間の距離。) - 前記曲率判定部は、前記C点と前記D点とを結ぶ線分をBC:(BC+CD)に外分する点と前記D点との間の距離Δf2Lおよび前記距離Δf2Rに基づいて前記第2の曲率を決定することを特徴とする請求項5に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記曲率判定部は、距離Δf2Lと前記距離Δf2Rとの平均値を前記第2の曲率とすることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記曲率判定部は、前記第1の曲率の絶対値および前記第2の曲率の絶対値の少なくとも一方が閾値を超える場合には前記高精度補間処理部を選択し、そうでない場合には前記低精度補間処理部を選択することを特徴とする請求項5から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記対象領域は、前記離散データを結ぶ線分を辺とする領域であり、
前記曲率判定部は、前記辺ごとに前記辺の両端の前記離散データを前記点B、前記点Cとして前記第1の曲率を決定し、前記辺ごとに決定した前記第1の曲率に応じて前記高精度補間処理部または前記低精度補間処理部のいずれか一方を選択することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。 - 前記曲率判定部は、前記第1の曲率の絶対値が閾値を超える辺が存在する場合には前記高精度補間処理部を選択し、そうでない場合には前記低精度補間処理部を選択することを特徴とする請求項9に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記曲率判定部は、前記離散データを結ぶ線分を辺とする領域により前記対象領域を規定し、前記辺ごとに前記辺の両端の前記離散データを前記点B、前記点Cとして前記第1の曲率および前記第2の曲率を決定し、前記辺ごとに決定した前記第1の曲率および前記第2の曲率に応じて前記高精度補間処理部または前記低精度補間処理部のいずれか一方を選択することを特徴とする請求項5から請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記曲率判定部は、前記第1の曲率の絶対値および前記第2の曲率の絶対値の少なくとも一方が閾値を超える辺が存在する場合には前記高精度補間処理部を選択し、そうでない場合には前記低精度補間処理部を選択することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
- 前記閾値は、前記画像の画素値の真値からのずれ量と、前記画像の分解能の理論値からの誤差との関係を予め求め、前記誤差が所定の値となるときの前記ずれ量を前記閾値とすることを特徴とする請求項4、請求項8、請求項10および請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の合成開口レーダ信号処理装置。
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