WO2017069267A1 - メチルメタクリレートの生物生産 - Google Patents
メチルメタクリレートの生物生産 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a recombinant eukaryotic microorganism into which a gene encoding acyl CoA dehydrogenase has been introduced, and a method for producing a methacrylic acid ester and a precursor thereof using the microorganism.
- Methyl methacrylate is an important raw material in the production of acrylic polymers. MMA is traditionally produced from non-sustainable “raw raw materials” such as acetone and hydrogen cyanide that affect the environment. Therefore, there is a need in the art for MMA manufacturing methods that rely on sustainable, non-toxic manufacturing methods.
- Patent Documents 3 to 5 exemplifies various biocatalysts having general ester-forming activity (hydrolyzing enzyme, wax ester synthase, alcohol acetyltransferase), and the biocatalyst is synthesizing methacrylate ester. Is not shown to have.
- Patent Document 6 The inventors have so far made a method for producing methacrylic acid ester from methacrylyl CoA using a biocatalyst (Patent Document 6), and by adding the action of AAT to a microorganism having methacrylic acid-producing ability from biomass in the presence of alcohol.
- a method for producing a methacrylic acid ester (Patent Document 7) is reported.
- a method for synthesizing methacrylyl CoA from 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA using Escherichia coli introduced with a dehydratase gene has been reported (Patent Document 8).
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel biological production method for methacrylic acid esters such as MMA.
- MAA-CoA is not produced even when a gene involved in exogenous methacrylyl CoA (MAA-CoA) biosynthesis is introduced. This was presumed to be due to the absence of an electron acceptor of acyl CoA dehydrogenase, one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of MAA-CoA, in E. coli.
- the inventors succeeded in biological production of MAA-CoA by introducing an exogenous acyl CoA dehydrogenase gene into yeast cells.
- the present invention relates to the following (1) to (10).
- the gene encoding acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is selected from the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Sphingobacterium, Comamonas, Brevundimonas, Sphingomonas.
- Genus Ochrobactrum genus, Pedobacter genus, Paenibacillus genus, Achromobacter genus, Acinetobacter genus, Shewanella genus, Listonella genus, Listonella Agrobacterium genus, Mesorhizobium genus, Rhizobium genus, Paracoccus genus, Xanthobacter genus, Streptomyces genus, Geobacillus genus, Rhodococcus genus (R)
- the eukaryotic microorganism according to (1) which is a gene derived from at least one selected from the genus hodococcus, the genus Saccharomyces, the genus Candida, and the genus Aspergillus.
- the gene is selected from a gene encoding a branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase, a gene encoding enoyl CoA hydratase, a gene encoding hydroxyacyl CoA hydrolase, a gene encoding thioesterase, and a gene encoding alcohol acyltransferase.
- the eukaryotic microorganism according to any one of (1) to (4), comprising at least one exogenous gene.
- MMA and MMA precursors by recombinant microorganisms in which one or more enzyme genes, including acyl CoA dehydrogenase genes, have been introduced into eukaryotic microorganisms, enabling the production of MMA or MMA precursors.
- a novel method for providing is provided.
- one or more enzyme genes, including an acyl CoA dehydrogenase gene, which enable the production of MMA or MMA precursors are introduced into the microorganism, optionally one or more enzymes are targeted to the mitochondria .
- Enzymatic mitochondrial targeting allows MMA or MMA precursors to take advantage of mitochondrial energetic, enzymatic and other favorable characteristics to enable high yield biosynthetic processes.
- various enzyme genes involved in valine biosynthesis and degradation are introduced into the host eukaryotic microorganism, and one or more enzymes are optionally targeted to the mitochondria, where a series of reactions are performed. These are produced from MMA precursors or MMA from valine.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a novel gene vector for host transformation, a novel eukaryotic microbial strain expressing an MMA precursor or an enzyme enabling the synthesis of MMA and the MMA produced by the recombinant microorganism of the present invention. including.
- methacrylic acid ester precursors such as methacrylyl CoA (MAA-CoA).
- the MAA precursor is biologically converted to methacrylic acid esters including MAA, enabling bio-consistent production of methacrylic acid esters.
- the method of the present invention is biological production using an organic raw material such as biomass, a methacrylic acid ester can be produced non-toxicly without destroying the environment.
- the resulting methacrylic acid ester is insoluble in water, it can be easily recovered and purified from the fermentation product, thereby enabling low-cost production of the methacrylic acid ester.
- FIG. 1 is an overview of a synthetic route for producing MMA precursors or MMA from valine.
- FIG. 2 shows the synthesis pathway and experimental results in the embodiment of the invention described in Example 1. Colorimetric analysis of ACD activity. The progress of the reaction was monitored in real time by the rate of decrease in absorption at 600 nm.
- FIG. 3 shows the synthesis pathway and experimental results in the embodiment of the invention described in Example 1. The vertical axis represents S. cerevisiae after 48 hours expression / induction in cytoplasm (MMA) and mitochondria (mtMMA). The activity of recombinant ACD (acd1) expressed in S. cerevisiae is shown.
- FIG. 4 shows the synthesis pathway and experimental results in the embodiment of the invention described in Example 1.
- FIG. 5 shows the synthesis pathway and experimental results in the embodiment of the invention described in Example 1.
- the vertical axis represents S. cerevisiae after 48 hours expression / induction in cytoplasm (MMA) and mitochondria (mtMMA).
- the activity of recombinant BDKAD (bkdA1, bkdA2, IpdV, bkdB) expressed in S. cerevisiae is shown.
- Part 1 Microorganisms capable of producing MMA and MMA precursors
- the present invention relates to methacrylic esters such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) or its precursor methacrylyl CoA (MAA-CoA) by various biosynthetic pathways and Recombinant microorganisms that produce 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (3-HIB) and the like are included.
- Methacrylic acid esters and their precursors eg, MMA and MMA precursors
- the biosynthetic pathway includes a number of enzymatic steps that work with recombinant microorganisms to possess an appropriate set of enzyme capabilities, as described below.
- methacrylic acid (IUPAC name: 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid) includes any salt or ionized form thereof.
- methacrylic acid salts include sodium salts, potassium salts, calcium salts, and magnesium salts.
- the “methacrylic acid ester” is a compound represented by the formula 1.
- R represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the hydrocarbon group may be saturated or unsaturated acyclic and may be saturated or unsaturated cyclic.
- a straight chain or branched chain unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group or an aryl group is preferred.
- methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, n- A hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a 2-hexyl group, a dimethylbutyl group, an ethylbutyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, and a 2-ethylhexyl group are alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a benzyl group, or a phenyl group.
- CH 2 C (CH 3 ) COO-R (Formula 1)
- methacrylic acid ester precursor examples include methacrylyl CoA, 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA, 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, and isobutyryl CoA.
- Recombinant microorganisms The present invention includes various recombinant eukaryotic microorganisms that produce methacrylic acid esters and their precursors as end products.
- the recombinant eukaryotic microorganism of the present invention may comprise a eukaryotic microorganism that directly produces methacrylic acid esters.
- the recombinant eukaryotic microorganisms of the present invention include cells referred to as “hosts” or “host cells” to provide as hosts for the various enzyme functions described below.
- the host cell can be any species. Examples of host systems include yeast, filamentous fungi, algae and the like. Examples of species that can be provided as hosts include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Aspergillus niger, and the like.
- a preferred microorganism is yeast.
- yeast include, for example, Saccharomyces genus bacteria such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Shizosaccharomyces genus bacteria, Pichia genus Pichia bacterium such as Pichia pastoris, Candida genus such as Candidatropicalis, Candida lypolitica, Candida utilis, Candida sake, Kluyveromyces, Willi Willopsis spp, Debaryomyces spp, Galactomyces spp, Torulaspora spp, Rhodotorula spp, Yarrowia spp, Zygosaccharomyces spp Fungus It is below.
- Saccharomyces is preferable, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more preferable.
- Preferred host species are capable of cell culture or are compatible with biological production so that the final products can be synthesized on a large scale production, recovered at low cost, and separated from the cells from which they were produced. There must be.
- the host cells of the present invention can be transformed to express any number of different enzyme proteins, regulatory sequences and other genes and gene products. Transformation can be performed by any means known in the art that is available with the selected host microorganism. For example, in yeast, alkaline cationic transformation protocols such as lithium acetate combined with single stranded carrier DNA and polyethylene glycol can be used.
- chemical transformation methods eg, DEAE-dextran, polyethyleneimine, dendrimers, polybrene, calcium phosphate, lipofectin, DOTOP, Lipofectamine or CTAB / DOPE, DOTMA
- physical transformation methods eg, injection, gene bombardment, or laser assisted transduction, microneedles, gene guns, etc.
- the recombinant microorganism of the present invention may be transiently transformed or stably transformed.
- Enzyme genes and / or associated regulatory sequences introduced into a host microorganism can be arranged in various ways. It is understood that heterologous expression of a foreign gene in a host microorganism requires codon optimization and other sequence modifications so that the gene is properly transcribed and translated in the host, as is known in the art. . Also, localization elements, promoters and other elements that can be combined with the enzyme gene sequence must be effectively screened and modified in the host microorganism, as is known in the art.
- the enzyme gene introduced into the host microorganism is generally linked downstream of the promoter sequence.
- a constitutive promoter is used with the enzyme gene to ensure a consistently high level of expression.
- constitutive promoters include TEF1 and GDS promoters for yeast.
- the enzyme gene may be placed under the control of an inducible promoter.
- each enzyme step can be placed under the control of a known inducible promoter that works in the host microorganism to operate each enzyme step in chronological order.
- GAL10 and GAL1 galactose inducible promoters can be used in yeast.
- the enzyme gene introduced into the host microorganism can also contain a trafficking signal that directs localization to a specific cellular compartment.
- a signal that localizes the enzyme to the mitochondrial compartment, cell membrane or chloroplast can be linked to the coding gene sequence of the enzyme protein.
- the scope of the present invention includes hosts that have been genetically engineered such that one or more enzymes introduced into the host are targeted to the mitochondria, eg, the mitochondrial matrix. Examples of signal sequences that can achieve such targeting in yeast include the pre-sequence of subunit 9 (Su9) of yeast mitochondrial ATPase (SEQ ID NO: 1) or the pre-sequence of subunit IV (Cox1) of yeast cytochrome C oxidase.
- mitochondrial targeting sequences include human NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavin protein 2 (NDUFV2) pre-sequence (residues 19-40); influenza virus protein (PB2) pre-sequence (Residues 1-20), yeast tryptophanyl tRNA-synthetase (MSW) presequence and literature [Omura, "Mitochondria-Targetin g Sequence, a Multi-Role Sorting Sequence Recognized at All Steps of Protein Import into Mitochondria, “Journal of Biochemistry.
- the gene for the enzyme functions in the cytoplasm and no signal sequence is used.
- one or more expressed enzyme proteins are designed to be secreted from the cell, and thus The gene sequence encoding the protein is linked to a secretion signal so that the translated protein is directed outside the cell.
- a termination sequence is used.
- the CYCT transcription termination sequence can be ligated downstream of an enzyme protein coding sequence that enhances proper expression in yeast cells.
- examples of other regulatory elements that can be used include the rrnB (T1) element from E. coli, the AdhT element from yeast, and the TEF1 element from yeast.
- nucleic acid constructs of the present invention include plasmids and linear nucleic acids, which can include cloning vectors, expression cassettes and other DNA constructs known in the art.
- such two or more enzyme genes can be introduced into the microorganism as a single nucleic acid construct or separately.
- nucleic acid constructs When two or more separate nucleic acid constructs are used, the transformation of the microorganism can be accomplished by transforming two or more nucleic acid constructs simultaneously or by transforming two or more nucleic acid constructs sequentially. .
- genes introduced into host microorganisms can be under the control of different promoters. For example, if the relative proportions of the enzymes must be adjusted, the desired activity of the enzyme activity within the cell is such that some are under the control of a weak promoter and some are under the control of a stronger promoter. Can be balanced. Similarly, enzyme activity can be balanced by diversifying the number of copies of various enzyme genes introduced into the host microorganism. For example, a gene can be introduced as a single copy or as two, three, four or more copies, eg, as end-to-end copies on a single nucleic acid construct.
- nucleic acid sequence variants and peptide sequence variants.
- nucleotide and / or amino acid substitutions including one or several, eg 1-10, 1-6, 1-4, 1-3, 1 or 2 substitutions, additions, insertions and deletions. It can be introduced into the listed sequences.
- a gene or protein having a nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence having 60% or more, preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and still more preferably 90% or more of the sequence mentioned is included.
- equivalent genes of the present invention include genes that have 90% or more sequence identity or similarity between the wild-type sequence and the variant. It should be noted that functional equivalents of the listed gene sequences may be used, but such functional equivalents have the same enzymatic function as the enzyme or regulatory signal and are not necessarily sequence similarity, identity or It does not have homology.
- Enzyme Function The recombinant microorganism of the present invention is referred to herein as including a specific “enzyme function”. Having a specific enzyme function means that the microorganism has the ability to produce a specific product from a specific reactant, such ability being directed to convert the reactant into a product. It may be possible by the expression of the above enzymes.
- one or more enzyme functions possessed by the microorganism are essential for such enzyme functions (such as multimeric BCKAD enzymes including enzyme function 2 as described below).
- all of the enzyme functions possessed by the recombinant microorganism of the invention are conferred by the introduction of essential proteins by gene transformation.
- the one or more enzyme functions possessed by the recombinant microorganisms of the invention include native enzyme functions, i.e., the native enzyme functions of the host microorganism are not supplemented by the introduced gene. , Can impart activity.
- enzyme function 2 is retained by the microorganism through the action of the original BCKAD gene.
- one or more proteins introduced by transformation are targeted to a cell compartment or organelle. In one embodiment, one or more or all of the proteins introduced by transformation into a microorganism are targeted to the mitochondria. In one embodiment, the mitochondrial-targeting protein is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. In one embodiment, the host cell is a yeast cell and the mitochondrial targeting protein comprises a targeting moiety that includes a Su9 or Cox1 mitochondrial targeting sequence.
- three enzyme steps convert valine into MAA-CoA, which can be recovered and further processed in vitro to provide MMA.
- the MAA-CoA producing microorganism may include additional enzyme functions that allow MAA-CoA to be directly converted to 3-HIB or MMA.
- 3-HIB formed by microorganisms can be recovered and processed in vitro to form MMA.
- MMA and 3-HIB Efficient formation of MMA and 3-HIB is not observed in natural microorganisms, and these synthetic pathways in recombinant microorganisms are based on valine synthesis and catabolic pathways common in a wide range of microorganisms.
- enzyme sets available to those skilled in the art to impart the desired enzyme function. Specific enzyme functions that enable the formation of MMA and 3-HIB are described in detail below.
- Enzyme function 1 Production of 2-oxoisovaleric acid from valine
- the first enzymatic step in the conversion of valine to the MAA precursor is the formation of 2-oxoisovaleric acid from valine. This can be performed by the action of a branched chain aminotransferase enzyme (BCAT).
- BCAT branched chain aminotransferase enzyme
- endogenous BCAT activity or equivalent enzymatic activity is present and sufficient to produce the appropriate 2-oxoisovaleric acid from valine for synthesis of the MMA precursor.
- the host microorganism can be transformed for expression of one or more BCAT or equivalent genes. Examples of the BCAT gene include Saccharomyces cerevisiae BAT1 and BAT2 genes. Additional BCAT genes that can be used include those listed in Table 1.
- Enzyme function 2 Decarboxylation of 2-oxoisovaleric acid to isobutyryl CoA
- the second step in the biological production of MAA precursor from valine is the decarboxylation of 2-oxoisovaleric acid to isobutyryl CoA.
- Such a step can be performed by a branched chain ⁇ -keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) complex.
- the BCKAD complex includes four subunits, E1 subunit, E2 subunit, E3 subunit and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase.
- sufficient BCKAD or equivalent activity is present in the host microorganism to convert 2-oxoisovaleric acid to isobutyryl CoA.
- yeast cells produce sufficient MMA precursors without introduction of the BCKAD gene, indicating that sufficient intrinsic activity exists in the host.
- the host can be transformed to express one or more enzymes that decarboxylate 2-oxoisovaleric acid to isobutyryl CoA.
- the host microorganism can be genetically engineered to express the four contents of the BCKAD complex.
- four genes encoding the Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCKAD complex can be introduced into the host to confer or amplify native BCKAD activity.
- bkdA1 gene encoding E1 (Genbank accession number NP250937), bkdA2 gene encoding E3 (Genbank accession number NP — 250938), bkdB gene encoding E2 (Genbank accession number NP250939)
- the IpdV gene coding for dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Genbank accession number NP250940).
- the host can be transformed to express a bkdA1 gene selected from Table 2, a bkdA2 gene selected from Table 3, a bkdB gene selected from Table 4, and an IpdV gene selected from Table 5. .
- Enzyme function 3 Oxidation of isobutyryl CoA to methacrylyl CoA
- MAA-CoA isobutyryl CoA to methacrylyl CoA
- Such a step can be performed with a suitable enzyme, such as isobutyryl CoA dehydrogenase.
- the host microorganism can be transformed to express one or more isobutyryl CoA dehydrogenase or equivalent enzyme.
- the host microorganism can be engineered to express a Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACD1 gene (Genbank accession number NP — 249437) or an equivalent gene.
- Other isobutyryl CoA dehydrogenases that can be used are listed in Table 6.
- Enzyme function 4 MAA-CoA to 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA
- one step is the conversion of MAA-CoA to 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA.
- This can be performed with a suitable enzyme, such as enoyl CoA hydratase.
- the host microorganism can be transformed to express one or more enoyl CoA hydratases (ECH) or equivalent enzymes.
- ECH enoyl CoA hydratases
- the host microorganism can be engineered to express a Pseudomonas aeruginosa echA gene (Genbank accession number NP — 249436) or an equivalent gene.
- a Pseudomonas aeruginosa echA gene Genebank accession number NP — 249436
- an ECH gene selected from Table 6 can be used.
- Enzyme function 5 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA to 3-HIB
- the final enzymatic step is the conversion of 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA to 3-HIB by removing CoA from 3-hydroxyisobutyryl. This can be performed with a suitable enzyme, such as a thioesterase.
- the host microorganism can be transformed to express one or more enzymes that remove CoA from 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA.
- a host microorganism can be transformed to express one or more thioesterase enzymes (HCH gene) that cleave CoA from 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA.
- HCH gene thioesterase enzymes
- the host microorganism can be engineered to express a Pseudomonas aeruginosa hchA gene (Genbank accession number NP — 249435) or an equivalent gene.
- an HCH gene selected from Table 7 can be used.
- Enzyme function 6 includes the ability to cleave CoA from MAA-CoA and convert MAA-CoA to MMA. Such activity can be conferred by an alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) enzyme.
- AAT enzyme is encoded by the Malus pumila AAT gene.
- the host microorganism is a yeast.
- the host microorganism is yeast, and the AAT gene is a Malspmira AAT gene that is codon-optimized for expression in yeast, eg, an AAT gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 2.
- an AAT gene selected from Table 8 can be used.
- the above-mentioned enzymes are derived from the genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Sphingobacterium, Comamonas, Brebandimonas.
- Pseudomonas for example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas agarici, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas ⁇ ⁇ seumonse, Pseudomonas amys Pseudomonas ⁇ antimicrobica, Pseudomonas aspenni, Pseudomonas aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Pseudomonas aureo azodo Pseudomonas Balearica (Pseudomonas balearica), Shu Pseudomonas Bay GETS rinsing Kii (Pseudomonas beijerinsckii), Pseudomonas Beteri (Pseudomonas beteli), Pse
- Rhodococcus examples include Rhodococcus rhodocrous, Rhodococcus ethroth, Rhodococcus equis, and Rhodococcus opacus. (Rhodococcus pyridinovorans), Rhodococcus rhodnii, Rhodococcus allcorallinus, Rhodococcus corallinus, Rhodococcus rubropertoctus, Rhodococcus rubropococco chlorophenolicus), Rhodococcus luteus, Examples include Rhodococcus aichiensis, Rhodococcus bubuensis, Rhodococcus maris, Rhodococcus fascines, and the like.
- RNA is extracted from the above-mentioned microbial cells according to a conventional method, and the amino acid sequence or gene sequence of the enzyme (of the microorganism or a related species) published in public databases such as NCBI
- a primer based on the above and performing PCR using the primer, a gene encoding the target enzyme can be isolated and amplified.
- the present invention includes a recombinant microorganism capable of producing MAA-CoA from valine.
- Such recombinant microorganisms of the present invention include microorganisms having enzyme function 1, enzyme function 2, and enzyme function 3 as described above.
- Enzymes can be produced in the cytoplasm or targeted to any other cell compartment.
- an enzyme introduced by transformation and expressed by a MAA-CoA producing microorganism is targeted to the mitochondria.
- the mitochondrial-targeting enzyme is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix.
- the mitochondrial-targeting protein comprises a targeting moiety comprising a Su9 or Cox1 presequence.
- the recombinant microorganism is a yeast.
- the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- the recombinant microorganism is transformed to express one or more acyl CoA dehydrogenases (isobutyryl CoA dehydrogenase).
- the MAA-CoA producing microorganism is transformed to express Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACD1 gene.
- the MAA-CoA producing microorganism is transformed to express one or more enzymes that catalyze the decarboxylase of 2-oxoisovaleric acid to isobutyryl CoA.
- the MAA-CoA producing microorganism is transformed to express one, some or all of the components of the BCKAD complex.
- the MAA-CoA producing microorganism of the invention is transformed to express one or more enzymes that catalyze the production of 2-oxoisovaleric acid from valine, such as the BCAT1 or BCAT2 gene from yeast. Microorganisms.
- 3-HIB-producing microorganisms The scope of the present invention includes host microorganisms genetically engineered to produce (S) -3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (3-HIB) from valine.
- 3-HIB is a MMA precursor that can be easily converted to MMA using a variety of methods known in the art.
- the 3-HIB-producing microorganism of the present invention is a microorganism having enzyme function 1, enzyme function 2, enzyme function 3, enzyme function 4, and enzyme function 5.
- the 3-HIB-producing microorganism of the present invention is a host cell transformed to express an ECH gene, eg, an echA gene derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- the 3-HIB producing microorganism of the present invention is a host cell transformed to express one or more HCH enzymes that cleave CoA from 3-hydroxyisobutyryl CoA.
- the 3-HIB-producing microorganism may include a microorganism that expresses the hchA gene derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- the recombinant microorganism is a yeast.
- the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- the enzyme introduced by transformation and expressed by the MAA-CoA producing microorganism is targeted to the mitochondria.
- the mitochondrial-targeting enzyme is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix.
- the mitochondrial-targeting protein comprises a targeting moiety comprising a Su9 or Cox1 matrix-targeting presequence.
- the recombinant microorganisms of the invention are capable of producing MMA.
- the MMA-producing microorganism of the present invention includes microorganisms having enzyme function 1, enzyme function 2, enzyme function 3, and enzyme function 6.
- the MMA-producing microorganism of the present invention is transformed to express an alcohol acyltransferase (AAT), for example, to express an AAT gene of apple (Malus pumila).
- AAT gene is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 2.
- the MMA-producing microorganism is yeast.
- the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- the mitochondrial-targeting enzyme is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix.
- the mitochondrial-targeting protein comprises a targeting moiety that includes a Su9 presequence.
- the recombinant microorganisms of the present invention may further comprise genetic modifications to promote the formation of the final product.
- the starting material for biological production of the final product is valine.
- the microorganisms of the invention are genetically engineered to express one or more enzymes that enhance the formation of valine beyond wild-type levels.
- biosynthetic pathways such as the Erich pathway reaction
- the recombinant microorganisms of the invention are further genetically engineered to down-regulate or eliminate competing biosynthetic pathways.
- the biorecombinant microorganism of the invention expresses miRNA or other sequences that down-regulate or target an enzyme that competes with any of enzyme functions 1-6. Genetically manipulated.
- the microorganisms of the invention are genetically engineered with enzymes or regulatory genes that reduce the Erich pathway response.
- the enzyme or regulatory gene that is co-introduced into the host species comprises a gene that inhibits valine catabolism, such as the reaction of forming succinyl-CoA from 3-HIB CoA.
- a gene that inhibits valine catabolism such as the reaction of forming succinyl-CoA from 3-HIB CoA.
- Such genes can be under the control of an inducible promoter so that down-regulation can be induced after the culture has been grown and switched to bioproduction mode.
- the recombinant microorganisms of the invention are further genetically engineered to express an enzyme or regulatory sequence that enhances the reproduction of cofactors such as NADH or FADH.
- the recombinant microorganism of the invention is transformed to express high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase and promotes NADH formation from NADPH, an essential cofactor for the action of the BCKAD complex.
- genetic modifications can be introduced from FADH2 that increase the rate of reproduction of the cofactor FAD by the action of ACD.
- the scope of the present invention includes the recombinant microorganisms described above and further includes methods for using such recombinant microorganisms for the production of end products such as MMA.
- Recombinant microorganisms are cultivated to grow the microorganisms themselves and produce the final product of methacrylate esters or precursors thereof.
- Recombinant microorganisms can be cultured under continuous culture conditions for continuous growth of the culture and simultaneous recovery of the final product.
- the microorganisms can be processed after batch culture from a careful culture (eg, a single vessel or bioreactor) for final product formation and then processed for final product recovery.
- the cultivation of recombinant microorganisms proceeds step by step to a biological production step that follows the first step of growth and / or growth.
- Various steps can be performed while changing the culture conditions, where the initial growth and growth step follows the use of media and / or culture conditions that favor rapid growth and growth of the recombinant microorganism, followed by the production of the MMA end product. This can be done by changing the culture conditions that favor the formation.
- the recombinant microorganism of the present invention is a yeast, and culture conditions that favor rapid growth and growth of yeast cultures, such as under high aeration conditions with high levels of nutrients in the growth medium.
- culture conditions that favor rapid growth and growth of yeast cultures, such as under high aeration conditions with high levels of nutrients in the growth medium.
- the growth step is followed by a biological production step, where the culture is less aerated or not at all, and the culture medium includes one or more nutrients (eg, trace nutrients or carbon that promotes growth).
- the supply source is lacking.
- the reaction may be performed at 5 to 80 ° C. for 1 minute to 1 week. .
- it is 10 to 70 ° C. and 1 minute to 120 hours, and more preferably 10 minutes or more.
- the pH of the reaction solution is not particularly limited as long as the reaction proceeds efficiently, but it is, for example, in the range of pH 4 to 10, preferably pH 5.5 to 8.5.
- organic solvent for example, linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, saturated or unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon, etc. can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- hydrocarbon solvents eg, pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.
- halogenated hydrocarbon solvents eg, methylene chloride, chloroform, etc.
- ether solvents eg, diethyl ether, Dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, dimethoxyethane and the like
- ester solvents for example, methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate
- the cells are collected and placed in a culture vessel with conditions that favor higher biological production.
- yeast cells can be separated from growth and growth cultures by centrifugation, then washed in buffer and resuspended in fresh culture medium.
- a microorganism that is under the control of a promoter capable of inducing one or more proteins having an enzyme function, and an inducer is added at the start or start of the biological production.
- microorganisms have been engineered such that these genes are under the control of an inducible promoter to reduce or suppress the activity of metabolic pathways that compete with or reduce the formation of the MMA end product. These cultured cells are exposed to the inducer during the transition from the growth step to the biological production step.
- valine is added to the culture medium to enhance the formation of the final product from valine.
- valine is added to the culture medium upon conversion to the biological production culture step.
- a valine precursor is included in the growth medium to improve valine formation and promote increased rate of final product formation.
- the derivative is introduced at or near the start of the biological production process and the final product Increase the amount of precursor for formation.
- the recombinant microorganisms of the present invention are co-cultured with other strains or microorganisms that produce valine to increase the concentration of valine in the culture medium.
- the final product is recovered from the culture upon completion of the biological production step.
- This can be performed by any means.
- enzymes and / or physical treatments are applied to lyse cells and release the final product.
- the MMA end product can be separated from the cell culture by centrifugation, distillation, column separation, chromatography and other means known in the art.
- the methodology described in US Pat. No. 8,907,121 Johnson and Morris, title of the invention is “Methyl methacrylate methacrylate purification process”) can be employed.
- the precursor recovered from the culture can be further processed to convert the precursor to a methacrylic ester.
- 3-HIB can be converted to MMA by treatment with an enzyme.
- the dehydration of 3-HIB to MMA can be accomplished, for example, as described in the literature [Nagai, “New Developments, in the production, Methyl, Methacrylate,“ Applied, Catalysis, A: General, 221 (2001), 367-377].
- the method of the present invention can also be used for the production of methacrylic acid esters or precursors thereof from biomass.
- metabolic engineering transformation
- transfer can be performed from biomass by using a transformant introduced with an enzyme gene group capable of synthesizing a target methacrylate ester or its precursor from biomass. Therefore, it is possible to directly synthesize methacrylic acid or methacrylic acid ester.
- Mitochondrial expression of pathway genes Expressing heterologous genes in the cytoplasm as they are, or adding the first 69 residues of subunit 9 (Su9) of yeast mitochondrial ATPase encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1 to each gene To target and expressed.
- plasmid pYES leader peptide, plasmid, GAL1 promoter, CYCT terminator and GFP, all provided by the following paper: Westermann, B. and Neupert, W. (2000) Yeast 16: 1421-1427
- a construct was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CKY263) and grown overnight in uracil-deficient glucose supplemented synthetic defined medium (SD-CAA). At 24 hours, cultures were diluted 100-fold and these were grown in galactose supplemented SD-CAA for 24 hours.
- MMA enzyme expression cassettes BCKAD, ACD, ECH, HCH targeted to mitochondria (mtMMA) or cytoplasm (MMA), pBCKAD4-pRS315 backbone (LEU) containing pRS-based vectors (bkdA1, bkdA2, bkdB, IpdV; pACD1-pRS316 backbone (URA) with acd1; and pCoA2-pRS314 backbone (TRP) containing echA and hchA).
- plasmids were transformed into vacuolar protease-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BJ5464. After an induction period of 48 hours with SD-CAA supplemented with uracil, leucine and tryptophan deficient galactose, cells were harvested, physically disrupted with Tris buffer, and the lysate was centrifuged. Subsequently, the enzyme activity was measured in real time as described below for the lysate.
- ACD assay 100 mM potassium phosphate pH 8.0 1.0 mM N-ethylmaleimide 0.03 mM isobutyryl CoA 0.4 mM flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 1. 6 mM phenazine methosulfate (PMS) 0.035 mM 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) + Samples at room temperature culture activity ACD reduces the DCPIP, reduce A 600
- BCKAD assay 100mM potassium phosphate pH7.0 1 mM MgCl 2 0.2 mM thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) 4 mM 2-oxoisovaleric acid 0.2 mM CoASH / 2 mM DTT 2 mM NAD + 2 mM L-valine + sample room temperature culture Active BCKAD decreases NAD + and increases A 340
- the present invention is useful for synthesizing methacrylic acid esters including MMA and acrylic resins which are polymers thereof.
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、米国仮出願62/245980号(2015年10月23日出願)に基づく優先権を主張しており、この内容は本明細書に参照として取り込まれる。
[技術分野]
本発明は、アシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼをコードする遺伝子が導入された組換え真核微生物、及び前記微生物を用いたメタクリル酸エステル及びその前駆体の製造方法に関する。
(1)アシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼ(イソブチリルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼ)をコードする遺伝子が導入された真核微生物。
(2)アシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼをコードする遺伝子が、シュードモナス(Pseudomonas)属、バシラス(Bacillus)属、スフィンゴバクテリウム(Sphingobacterium)属、コマモナス(Comamonas)属、ブレバンディモナス(Brevundimonas)属、スフィンゴモナス(Sphingomonas)属、オクロバクテリウム(Ochrobactrum)属、ペドバクター(Pedobacter)属、パエニバシラス(Paenibacillus)属、アクロモバクター(Achromobacter)属、アシネトバクター(Acinetobacter)属、シュワネラ(Shewanella)属、リストネラ(Listonella)属、アグロバクテリウム(Agrobacterium)属、メソリゾビウム(Mesorhizobium)属、リゾビウム(Rhizobium)属、パラコッカス(Paracoccus)属、キサントバクター(Xanthobacter)属、ストレプトマイセス(Streptomyces)属、ゲオバシラス(Geobacillus)属、ロドコッカス(Rhodococcus)属、サッカロマイセス(Saccharomyces)属、カンディダ(Candida)属又はアスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属から選ばれる少なくとも1種に由来する遺伝子である、(1)記載の真核微生物。
(3)アシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼがミトコンドリアにて機能を発現するように、シグナル配列を付加されたアシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼ遺伝子が導入された(1)又は(2)に記載の真核微生物。
(4)シグナル配列が配列番号1で示される配列を含む、(3)に記載の真核微生物。
(5)真核微生物が酵母である、(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の真核微生物。
(6)さらに、分岐鎖ケト酸デヒドロゲナーゼをコードする遺伝子、エノイルCoAヒドラターゼをコードする遺伝子、ヒドロキシアシルCoAヒドロラーゼをコードする遺伝子、チオエステラーゼをコードする遺伝子、及びアルコールアシルトランスフェラーゼをコードする遺伝子から選ばれる少なくとも一種の外因性遺伝子を含む、(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の真核微生物。
(7)(6)に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンからメタクリリルCoAを製造する方法。
(8)(6)に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンから3-ヒドロキシイソブチリルCoAを製造する方法。
(9)(6)に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンから3-ヒドロキシイソ酪酸を製造する方法。
(10)(6)に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンからメタクリル酸エステルを製造する方法。
本発明は、様々な生合成経路によりメチルメタクリレート(MMA)などのメタクリル酸エステル又はその前駆体であるメタクリリルCoA(MAA-CoA)及び3-ヒドロキシイソ酪酸(3-HIB)等を生産する、組換え微生物を含む。メタクリル酸エステル及びその前駆体(例えば、MMA及びMMA前駆体)は、本願において“最終産物”と総称される。上記生合成経路は、下記に記載されるように、酵素機能(enzyme capabilities)の適切なセットを保有するように組換え微生物ではたらく数多くの酵素工程を含む。
CH2=C(CH3)COO-R (式1)
本発明は、最終産物であるメタクリル酸エステルやその前駆体を生産する様々な組換え真核微生物を含む。あるいは、本発明の組換え真核微生物は、メタクリル酸エステルを直接生産する真核微生物を含み得る。
本発明の組換え真核微生物は、下記に記載された様々な酵素機能に対する宿主として提供するための、“宿主”又は“宿主細胞”と称される細胞を含む。宿主細胞は、任意の種であり得る。宿主系の例には、酵母、糸状菌、藻類等を含む。宿主として提供され得る種の例には、サッカロマイセス・セレビシエ(Sacchromyces cerevisiae)、ピキア・パストリス(Pichia pastoris)、アスペルギルス ニガー(Aspergillus niger)などが含まれる。
本発明の宿主細胞は、任意の個数の異なる酵素タンパク質、調節配列及びその他の遺伝子及び遺伝子産物を発現するように形質転換され得る。形質転換は、選別された宿主微生物で利用可能な当該分野で公知の任意の手段により実行しうる。例えば酵母では、アルカリ性カチオン性形質転換プロトコル、例えば一本鎖の担体DNA及びポリエチレングリコールと組み合せたリチウムアセテートを用いることができる。宿主細胞形質転換のために採用できるその他の形質転換技法の例としては、当該分野で公知の化学的形質転換方法(例えば、DEAE-デキストラン、ポリエチレンイミン、デンドリマー、ポリブレン、カルシウムホスフェート、リポフェクチン、DOTOP、リポフェクタミン又はCTAB/DOPE、DOTMA);又は物理的形質転換方法(例えば、注入、遺伝子衝撃、又はレーザー補助形質誘導、微細針、遺伝子銃など)が挙げられる。本発明の組換え微生物は一過性に形質転換されてもよいし、安定的に形質転換されてもよい。
宿主微生物に導入される酵素遺伝子及び/又は付随する調節配列は様々な方法で配置できる。宿主微生物における外来遺伝子の異種発現は、当該分野で公知のとおり、該当遺伝子が宿主で適切に転写及び翻訳されるようにコドン最適化及びその他の配列改変がなされる必要があることが理解される。また、局在シグナル、プロモータ及び酵素遺伝子配列と組み合わせられ得るその他の要素が、当該分野で公知のとおり、宿主微生物で有効に選別及び変更されなければならない。
また、宿主微生物に導入された酵素遺伝子は、特定の細胞区画への局在を指令するトラフィッキングシグナルを含み得る。例えば、酵素をミトコンドリア区画、細胞膜又は葉緑体に局在させるシグナルが、酵素タンパク質のコーディング遺伝子配列に連結され得る。本発明の範囲は、宿主に導入された一つ以上の酵素がミトコンドリア、例えばミトコンドリアのマトリックスに標的化されるように遺伝子操作された宿主を含む。酵母でこのような標的化を達成できるシグナル配列の例には、酵母ミトコンドリアATPaseのサブユニット9(Su9)のプレ配列(配列番号1)又は酵母シトクロムCオキシダーゼのサブユニットIV(Cox1)のプレ配列(文献[Avalos et al., Compartmentalization of metabolic pathways in yeast mitochondria improves the production of branched-chain alcohols. Nature Biotechnol. 2013, pr;31 (4 ):335-41.2013,pr;31(4):335-41]が含まれる。また、ミトコンドリア標的化配列の例には、ヒトNADHデヒドロゲナーゼ(ユビキノン)フラビンタンパク質2(NDUFV2)のプレ配列(残基19-40);インフルエンザウイルスタンパク質(PB2)のプレ配列(残基1-20)、酵母トリプトファニルtRNA-シンテターゼ(MSW)のプレ配列及び文献[Omura, "Mitochondria-Targeting Sequence, a Multi-Role Sorting Sequence Recognized at All Steps of Protein Import into Mitochondria," Journal of Biochemistry. 1998, Vol. 123 Issue 6, p1010-1016. 7p]に記載された配列が含まれる。一部の実施形態において、酵素の遺伝子は、細胞質において機能し、シグナル配列は用いられない。他の実施形態において、一つ以上の発現された酵素タンパク質は、細胞から分泌されるように設計され、このようなタンパク質をコードする遺伝子配列は、翻訳されたタンパク質が細胞外に向かうように分泌シグナルに連結されている。
本願では、様々な酵素遺伝子、タンパク質及びその他の遺伝性/タンパク性因子が用いられる。当業者は、本願に列挙又は言及された遺伝子及びタンパク質配列の代わりに、それらの等価物を用いることができる。例えば、核酸配列変異体及びペプチド配列変異体を含む、言及された配列の変異体が使用され得る。
例えば、1又は数個、たとえば1~10個、1~6個、1~4個、1~3個、1又は2個の置換、付加、挿入及び欠失を含むヌクレオチド及び/又はアミノ酸置換が列挙された配列に導入され得る。
本発明の組換え微生物は、特定の“酵素機能”を含むものと本願に言及される。特定の酵素機能を有することは、微生物が特定の反応物から特定の産物を生産する能力を有することを意味し、このような能力は反応物を生成物に変換するように指令される一つ以上の酵素の発現により可能になり得る。
バリンのMAA前駆体への変換における第1の酵素ステップは、バリンから2-オキソイソ吉草酸の形成である。これは分枝鎖アミノトランスフェラーゼ酵素(BCAT)の作用により実行され得る。一部の場合、内因性BCAT活性又は等価の酵素活性が存在し、MMA前駆体の合成のためにバリンから適切な2-オキソイソ吉草酸を生産するのに十分である。あるいは、宿主微生物は、一つ以上のBCAT又は同等な遺伝子の発現のために形質変換され得る。BCAT遺伝子の例には、サッカロマイセス・セレビシエのBAT1及びBAT2遺伝子が含まれる。使用され得る追加的なBCAT遺伝子には、表1に収録されたものが含まれる。
バリンからMAA前駆体の生物生産における第2のステップは、2-オキソイソ吉草酸のイソブチリルCoAへの脱カルボキシル化である。このようなステップは、分枝鎖α-ケト酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(BCKAD)複合体により実行され得る。BCKAD複合体は、4つのサブユニット、E1サブユニット、E2サブユニット、E3サブユニット及びジヒドロリポアミドデヒドロゲナーゼを含む。
MMA前駆体生物生産プロセスにおける第3のステップは、イソブチリルCoAのメタクリリルCoA(MAA-CoA)への酸化である。このようなステップは適合した酵素、例えばイソブチリルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼにより実行され得る。
バリンから3-HIBの生物生産で、一つのステップは、MAA-CoAから3-ヒドロキシイソブチリルCoAへの変換である。これは、適合した酵素、例えばエノイルCoAヒドラターゼにより実行され得る。
バリンから3-HIBの生物生産で、最終酵素ステップは、3-ヒドロキシイソブチリルからCoAを除去することによる3-ヒドロキシイソブチリルCoAから3-HIBへの変換である。これは適合した酵素、例えばチオエステラーゼにより実行され得る。
酵素機能6は、CoAをMAA-CoAから切断してMAA-CoAをMMAに変換する能力を含む。このような活性は、アルコールアシルトランスフェラーゼ(AAT)酵素により付与され得る。一実施形態において、AAT酵素はマルスプミラ(Malus pumila)AAT遺伝子によりコーディングされる。一実施形態において、宿主微生物は、酵母である。他の実施形態において、宿主微生物は、酵母であり、AAT遺伝子は、酵母における発現にコドン-最適化されたマルスプミラAAT遺伝子、例えば配列番号2を含むAAT遺伝子である。あるいは、表8から選択されるAAT遺伝子が使用され得る。
本発明において、上記した酵素(酵素をコードする遺伝子)の由来としては、シュードモナス(Pseudomonas)属、バシラス(Bacillus)属、スフィンゴバクテリウム(Sphingobacterium)属、コマモナス(Comamonas)属、ブレバンディモナス(Brevundimonas)属、スフィンゴモナス(Sphingomonas)属、オクロバクテリウム(Ochrobactrum)属、ペドバクター(Pedobacter)属、パエニバシラス(Paenibacillus)属、アクロモバクター(Achromobacter)属、アシネトバクター(Acinetobacter)属、シュワネラ(Shewanella)属、リストネラ(Listonella)属、アグロバクテリウム(Agrobacterium)属、メソリゾビウム(Mesorhizobium)属、リゾビウム(Rhizobium)属、パラコッカス(Paracoccus)属、キサントバクター(Xanthobacter)属、ストレプトマイセス(Streptomyces)属、ゲオバシラス(Geobacillus)属、ロドコッカス(Rhodococcus)属、サッカロマイセス(Saccharomyces)属、カンディダ(Candida)属又はアスペルギルス(Aspergillus)が挙げられる。なかでも、シュードモナス属及びロドコッカス属微生物が好ましい。
本発明は、バリンからMAA-CoAを生産することができる組換え微生物を含む。本発明のこのような組換え微生物は、上記のような酵素機能1、酵素機能2、酵素機能3を保有する微生物を含む。
本発明の範囲はバリンから(S)-3-ヒドロキシイソ酪酸(3-HIB)を生産するように遺伝子操作された宿主微生物を含む。3-HIBは、当該分野で公知となった様々な方法を用いてMMAに容易に変換され得るMMA前駆体である。
一実施形態において、本発明の組換え微生物は、MMAを生産することができる。本発明のMMA生産微生物は、酵素機能1、酵素機能2、酵素機能3、及び酵素機能6を保有する微生物を含む。一実施形態において、本発明のMMA生産微生物は、アルコールアシルトランスフェラーゼ(AAT)を発現するように、例えばリンゴ(Malus pumila)のAAT遺伝子を発現するように形質転換される。一実施形態において、AAT遺伝子は、配列番号2によりコードされる。一実施形態において、MMA生産微生物は、酵母である。一実施形態において、酵母はサッカロマイセス・セレビシエである。一実施形態において、ミトコンドリア-標的化酵素は、ミトコンドリアマトリックスに標的化される。一実施形態において、ミトコンドリア-標的化タンパク質は、Su9プレ配列を含む標的化部分を含む。
上記の酵素機能の様々な組み合わせに加え、本発明の組換え微生物は、最終産物の形成促進のための遺伝子改変をさらに含み得る。例えば、最終産物の生物生産のための出発材料はバリンである。従って、一実施形態において、本発明の微生物は、野生型水準を超えて、バリンの形成を増強する一つ以上の酵素を発現するように遺伝子操作される。例えば、文献[Wada et al.,2008, Enhanced Valine Production in Corynebacterium glutamicum with Defective H+ -ATPase and C-Terminal Truncated Acetohydroxyacid Synthase,Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72 (11):2959-65, 2008; Hasegawa et aI., 2013, Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for high-yield L-valine production under oxygen deprivation conditions, Appl Environ Microbiol, 79(4 ):1250-7; and Park et al.,2007, Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of L-valine based on transcriptome analysis and in silico gene knockout simulation, PNAS 104 (19) 7799-7802]に記載された通り、様々な微生物でバリンの形成を増強するための様々な遺伝子改変が当該分野で公知となっている。バリンの形成を増強するために微生物に挿入された酵素又は調節遺伝子は、構成的プロモータ又は誘導プロモータの制御下にあり得る。
本発明の範囲は上記の組換え微生物を含み、MMAなどの最終産物生産のための、このような組換え微生物の使用方法をさらに含む。
異種起源遺伝子をそのまま細胞質において発現させるか、又は配列番号1でコードされる酵母ミトコンドリアATPaseのサブユニット9(Su9)の最初の69個の残基を各遺伝子に付加し、ミトコンドリアに標的化して発現させた。
最初の二つの酵素ステップ(BCKAAD及びACD)の活性を、GFPのない構築物を発現する細胞由来の粗酵素液を用いてインビトロの反応により確認した。ミトコンドリア(mtMMA)又は細胞質に(MMA)標的化されたMMA酵素発現カセット(BCKAD、ACD、ECH、HCH)を、pRS系ベクター(bkdA1、bkdA2、bkdB、IpdVを含むpBCKAD4-pRS315骨格(LEU);acd1があるpACD1-pRS316骨格(URA);及びechA及びhchAを含むpCoA2-pRS314骨格(TRP))を用いてクローニングした。これらのプラスミドを液胞プロテアーゼ-欠乏サッカロマイセス・セレビシエ菌株BJ5464に形質転換した。ウラシル、ロイシン及びトリプトファン欠乏ガラクトース補充SD-CAAで48時間の誘導期間後、細胞を回収し、トリス緩衝液で物理的に破砕し、溶菌液を遠心分離した。続いて、溶菌液を以下に記載されたように、リアルタイムに酵素活性を測定した。
100mM カリウムホスフェートpH8.0
1.0mM N-エチルマレイミド
0.03mM イソブチリルCoA
0.4mM フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド(FAD)
1.6mM フェナジンメトスルフェート(PMS)
0.035mM 2,6-ジクロロフェノールインドフェノール(DCPIP)
+試料
室温培養
活性ACDがDCPIPを減少させ、A600を減少させる
100mM カリウムホスフェートpH7.0
1mM MgCl2
0.2mM チアミンピロリン酸(TPP)
4mM 2-オキソイソ吉草酸
0.2mM CoASH/2mM DTT
2mM NAD+
2mM L-バリン
+試料
室温培養
活性BCKADはNAD+を減少させ、A340を増加させる
(mt)MMA経路からの生産性は、高圧液体クロマトグラフィーを用いて評価した。前記経路のミトコンドリア又は細胞質変異体を含むBJ5464細胞を、一晩非誘導条件下で増殖させた。続いて、前記培養を誘導SD-CAA培地中に約100倍に希釈し、48乃至72時間の間増殖させた。続いて、前記培養由来の上清を0.01 N H2SO4移動相を用いてICsep USP L-17があるAgilent 1100 series HPLC上で分析した。3-HIB産物をDAD検出器を用いて210mmで検出し、標準曲線を通じて定量した。これらの研究はミトコンドリア経路変異体を用いることで、72時間内にg/L力価(5.1±2.9g/L)の3-HIBの製造が可能であることを示唆する。
Claims (10)
- アシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼ(イソブチリルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼ)をコードする遺伝子が導入された真核微生物。
- アシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼをコードする遺伝子が、シュードモナス(Pseudomonas)属、バシラス(Bacillus)属、スフィンゴバクテリウム(Sphingobacterium)属、コマモナス(Comamonas)属、ブレバンディモナス(Brevundimonas)属、スフィンゴモナス(Sphingomonas)属、オクロバクテリウム(Ochrobactrum)属、ペドバクター(Pedobacter)属、パエニバシラス(Paenibacillus)属、アクロモバクター(Achromobacter)属、アシネトバクター(Acinetobacter)属、シュワネラ(Shewanella)属、リストネラ(Listonella)属、アグロバクテリウム(Agrobacterium)属、メソリゾビウム(Mesorhizobium)属、リゾビウム(Rhizobium)属、パラコッカス(Paracoccus)属、キサントバクター(Xanthobacter)属、ストレプトマイセス(Streptomyces)属、ゲオバシラス(Geobacillus)属、ロドコッカス(Rhodococcus)属、サッカロマイセス(Saccharomyces)属、カンディダ(Candida)属又はアスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属から選ばれる少なくとも1種に由来する遺伝子である、請求項1記載の真核微生物。
- アシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼがミトコンドリアにて機能を発現するように、シグナル配列を付加されたアシルCoAデヒドロゲナーゼ遺伝子が導入された請求項1又は2に記載の真核微生物。
- シグナル配列が配列番号1で示される配列を含む、請求項3に記載の真核微生物。
- 真核微生物が酵母である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の真核微生物。
- さらに、分岐鎖ケト酸デヒドロゲナーゼをコードする遺伝子、エノイルCoAヒドラターゼをコードする遺伝子、ヒドロキシアシルCoAヒドロラーゼをコードする遺伝子、チオエステラーゼをコードする遺伝子、及びアルコールアシルトランスフェラーゼをコードする遺伝子から選ばれる少なくとも一種の外因性遺伝子を含む、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の真核微生物。
- 請求項6に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンからメタクリリルCoAを製造する方法。
- 請求項6に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンから3-ヒドロキシイソブチリルCoAを製造する方法。
- 請求項6に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンから3-ヒドロキシイソ酪酸を製造する方法。
- 請求項6に記載の真核微生物を用いて、バリンからメタクリル酸エステルを製造する方法。
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