WO2017044475A1 - Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for power manufacture - Google Patents

Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for power manufacture Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017044475A1
WO2017044475A1 PCT/US2016/050532 US2016050532W WO2017044475A1 WO 2017044475 A1 WO2017044475 A1 WO 2017044475A1 US 2016050532 W US2016050532 W US 2016050532W WO 2017044475 A1 WO2017044475 A1 WO 2017044475A1
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Prior art keywords
article
manufacture
matrix
extremely hard
hard particles
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Ceased
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PCT/US2016/050532
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
James VECCHIO
Justin Lee Cheney
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Scoperta Inc
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Scoperta Inc
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Priority to JP2018512962A priority Critical patent/JP7049244B2/ja
Priority to CA2996175A priority patent/CA2996175C/en
Priority to CN201680051804.1A priority patent/CN107949653B/zh
Priority to MX2018002764A priority patent/MX389486B/es
Priority to EP16844969.2A priority patent/EP3347501B8/en
Priority to AU2016321163A priority patent/AU2016321163B2/en
Publication of WO2017044475A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017044475A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/38—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/06—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/06—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium
    • C22C37/08—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/36—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.7% by weight of carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/56—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.7% by weight of carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/001—Austenite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/004—Dispersions; Precipitations

Definitions

  • the disclosure generally relates to non-magnetic alloys which can be produced using common metal powder manufacturing techniques which serve as effective feedstock for plasma transferred arc and laser cladding hardfacing processes.
  • Abrasive wear is a major concern for operators in applications that involve sand, rock, or other extremely hard media wearing away against a surface.
  • Applications which see severe abrasive wear typically utilize materials of high hardness as a hardfacing coating.
  • Hardfacing materials typically contain carbides and/or borides as hard precipitates which resist abrasion and increase the bulk hardness of the material.
  • a number of disclosures are directed to non-magnetic alloys for use in forming drilling components including U.S. Patent No. 4,919,728 which details a method for manufacturing non-magnetic drilling string components, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0047952, which describes a non-magnetic corrosion resistant high strength steel, the entirety of both of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Both the patent and application describe magnetic permeability of less than 1.01. The compositions described have a maximum of 0.15 wt. % carbon, 1 wt. % silicon, and no boron. The low levels and absence of the above mentioned hard particle forming elements suggests that the alloys would not precipitate sufficient, if any, hard particles. It can be further expected that inadequate wear resistance and hardness for high wear environments would be provided.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,919,728 also discloses a method for cold working at various temperatures to achieve certain properties.
  • cold working is not possible in coating applications such as hardfacing.
  • the size and geometry of the parts would require excessive deformations loads as well as currently unknown methods to uniformly cold work specialized parts such as tool joints.
  • Disclosures offering alloying solutions for competing wear mechanisms in oil & gas drilling hardfacing applications include but are not limited to U.S. Patent Nos. 4,277, 108; 4,666,797; 6, 117,493; 6,326,582; 6,582, 126; 7,219,727; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0054972.
  • U.S. Publication Nos. 2011/0220415 and 201 1/004069 disclose an ultra-low friction coating for drill stem assemblies.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 6,375,895, 7,361,411, 7,569,286, 20040206726, 20080241584, and 2011/0100720 disclose the use of hard alloys for the competing wear mechanisms.
  • Embodiments of the present application include but are not limited to hardfacing materials, alloy or powder compositions used to make such hardfacing materials, methods of forming the hardfacing materials, and the components or substrates incorporating or protected by these hardfacing materials.
  • an article of manufacture comprising an alloy forming or configured to form a material comprising a matrix having a FCC-BCC transition temperature at or below about 950K, and extremely hard particles exhibiting a hardness of about 1000 Vickers or greater, the extremely hard particles having an extremely hard particle fraction greater than about 5 mole % or greater, and an extremely hard particle melt range of about 200K or less.
  • the matrix can comprise at least about 7 mole % chromium.
  • the material can comprise at least about 90% volume fraction austenite in the matrix, a fraction of the extremely hard particles is about 5 volume % or greater, an ASTM G65 abrasion loss of about 1.5g or less, a relative magnetic permeability of about 1.03 ⁇ or lower, and a corrosion resistance of about 5mpy or less in salt water according to ASTM G31 , wherein the matrix does not contain any extremely hard particles that begin to form at a temperature greater than about 200K above a formation temperature of the matrix.
  • the article of manufacture can further comprise Fe and, in weight percent C: about 1.8 to about 6, Cr: about 0 to about 24.7, Mn: about 0 to about 18, V: about 6 to about 20, Mo: about 0 to about 4, W: about 0 to about 5.2, Ti: about 0 to about 1, Nb: about 0 to about 1, and Ni: about 0 to about 14.
  • the article of manufacture can be a powder. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a drill pipe tool joint with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a drill collar with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a down hole stabilizer with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of an oilfield component used in directional drilling applications with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer.
  • the article of manufacture can comprise Fe and, in weight percent, C: about 2.5 to about 4.5, Cr: about 11.5 to about 16.5, Mn: about 8.5 to about 14.5, and V: about 10.0 to about 16.0.
  • the article of manufacture can comprise Fe and, in weight % :
  • an article of manufacture comprising an alloy forming or configured to form a material comprising a matrix comprising at least about 90% volume fraction austenite, extremely hard particles exhibiting a hardness of about 1000 Vickers or greater, the extremely hard particles having a fraction of about 5 volume % or greater, and wherein the matrix does not contain any extremely hard particles that begin to form at a temperature greater than about 200K above a formation temperature of the matrix.
  • the matrix can comprise at least about 7 weight % chromium.
  • the article of manufacture can comprise Fe and, in weight percent, C: about 1.8 to about 6, Cr: about 0 to about 24.7, Mn: about 0 to about 18, V: about 6 to about 20, Mo: about 0 to about 4, W: about 0 to about 5.2, Ti: about 0 to about 1, Nb: about 0 to about 1, and Ni: about 0 to about 14.
  • the article of manufacture can be a powder. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a drill pipe tool joint with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a drill collar with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a down hole stabilizer with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of an oilfield component used in directional drilling applications with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer.
  • the article of manufacture can comprise Fe and, in weight percent, C: about 2.5 to about 4.5, Cr: about 11.5 to about 16.5, Mn: about 8.5 to about 14.5, and V: about 10.0 to about 16.0.
  • the article of manufacture comprises Fe and, in weight %:
  • an article of manufacture comprising an alloy forming or configured to form a material comprising an ASTM G65 abrasion loss of about 1.5g or less, a relative magnetic permeability of about 1.03 ⁇ or lower, and a corrosion resistance of about 5mpy or less in salt water according to ASTM G31.
  • the material can be formed as an as-welded hardfacing layer does not exhibit any cracking.
  • the article of manufacture can further comprise Fe and, in weight percent, C: about 1.8 to about 6, Cr: about 0 to about 24.7, Mn: about 0 to about 18, V: about 6 to about 20, Mo: about 0 to about 4, W: about 0 to about 5.2, Ti: about 0 to about 1, Nb: about 0 to about 1, and Ni: about 0 to about 14.
  • the article of manufacture can be a powder. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a drill pipe tool joint with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a drill collar with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a down hole stabilizer with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of an oilfield component used in directional drilling applications with the article of manufacture described herein applied as a hardfacing layer.
  • the article of manufacture can comprise Fe and, in weight percent: C: about 2.5 to about 4.5, Cr: about 11.5 to about 16.5, Mn: about 8.5 to about 14.5, and V: about 10.0 to about 16.0.
  • the article of manufacture can comprise Fe and, in weight % :
  • Figure 1 shows an example equilibrium solidification diagram of an embodiment of a disclosed alloy having the composition of Fe: 58, C:3, Cr: 12, Mn: 12, and V: 15.
  • Figure 2 shows the equilibrium solidification diagram of Alloy 1 from U.S Patent Publication No. 2015/0275341.
  • FIG. 3 microstructure of an embodiment of a disclosed alloy having the composition of Fe: 58, C:3, Cr: 12, Mn: 12, and V: 15.
  • Embodiments of this disclosure generally relates to alloys, and the process of their design, which form extremely hard carbides and borides while remaining austenitic when used in a hardfacing process as hardfacing alloys.
  • Hardfacing alloys generally refer to a class of materials which are deposited onto a substrate for the purpose of producing a hard layer resistant to various wear mechanisms: abrasion, impact, erosion, gouging, etc.
  • Embodiments of the disclosure can relate to hardfacing layers and components protected by hardfacing layers made of the alloys described herein. Further, the alloys can be used in common powder manufacturing technologies such as gas atomization, vacuum atomization, and other like processes which are used to make metal powders.
  • the term alloy can refer to the chemical composition forming the powder disclosed within, the powder itself, and the composition of the metal component formed by the heating and/or deposition of the powder.
  • computational metallurgy is used to identify alloys which form extremely hard carbides and borides at relatively low temperatures, but also form a non-magnetic, austenitic matrix.
  • Embodiments of the disclosed alloys can be used in abrasive wear applications, e.g., exploration wells in crude oil or natural gas fields such as directional bores and the like, and it can be advantageous for the disclosed alloys incorporated into drilling string components including drill stems to be made of materials with magnetic permeability values below about 1.02 or possibly even less that 1.01 (API Specification 7 regarding drill string components, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), in order to be able to follow the exact position of the bore hole and to ascertain and correct deviations from its projected course.
  • the alloy can be described by specific compositions, in weight % with Fe making the balance, as presented in Table 1 which have been identified using computational metallurgy and experimentally manufactured successfully.
  • the alloy can be described by compositional ranges in weight % at least partially based on the compositions presented in Table 2 and Table 3 which meet the disclosed thermodynamic parameters and are intended to form an austenitic matrix.
  • Nb 0 to 1 (or about 0 to about 1)
  • Ni 0 to 14 (or about 0 to about 14)
  • the alloy can be described by the compositional ranges in weight %.
  • the alloy can be described by the compositional ranges in weight %.
  • Mn 8.5 to 14.5 (or about 8.5 to about 14.5)
  • V 10.0 to 16.0 (or about 10.0 to about 16.0)
  • the Fe content identified in all of the compositions described in the above paragraphs may be the balance of the composition as indicated above, or alternatively, the balance of the composition may comprise Fe and other elements. In some embodiments, the balance may consist essentially of Fe and may include incidental impurities.
  • the alloys can be fully defined by one or more thermodynamic criteria which are used to accurately predict their properties, performance, and manufacturability. These thermodynamic criteria are demonstrated in Figure 1 for an alloy having the composition of Fe: 58, C:3, Cr: 12, Mn: 12, and V: 15.
  • a first thermodynamic criterion is related to the FCC-BCC transition temperature of the ferrous matrix in the alloys.
  • the FCC-BCC transition temperature [101] is defined as the temperature where the mole fraction of the FCC phase (austenite) begins to drop with decreasing temperature, and the mole fraction of the BCC phase (ferrite) is now greater than 0 mole%.
  • the FCC-BCC transition temperature is an indicator of the final phase of the alloy's matrix.
  • the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be at or below 950K (or at or below about 950K). In some embodiments, the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be at or below 900K (or at or below about 900K). In some embodiments, the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be at or below 850K (or at or below about 850K).
  • a second thermodynamic criterion is related to the total concentration of extremely hard particles in the microstructure.
  • Extremely hard particles can be defined as carbides, borides, or borocarbides.
  • the mole fraction of extremely hard particles [102] is increased, the bulk hardness of the alloy increases, thus the wear resistance will also increase and is can be advantageous for hardfacing applications.
  • extremely hard particles are defined as phases that exhibit a hardness of 1000 Vickers (or about 1000 Vickers) or greater.
  • the total concentration of extremely hard particles is defined as the total mole% of all phases which meets or exceeds a hardness of 1000 Vickers (or about 1000 Vickers) which is thermodynamically stable at 1300K (or about 1300K) in the alloy.
  • the hard particle fraction can be 5 mole % (or about 5 mole %) or greater. In some embodiments, the hard particle fraction can be 10 mole % (or about 10 mole %) or greater. In some embodiments, the hard particle fraction can be 15 mole % (or about 15 mole %) or greater.
  • a third thermodynamic criterion is related to the formation temperature of the extremely hard particles during the solidification process from a 100% liquid state.
  • the extremely hard particles precipitate out of the liquid at elevated temperatures, which creates a variety of problems in the powder manufacturing process including but not limited to powder clogging, increased viscosity, lower yields at desired powder sizes, and improper particle shape.
  • it can be advantageous for powder manufacturing purposes to reduce the formation temperature of extremely hard particles.
  • the extremely hard particle formation temperature is defined as the highest temperature at which a hard phase is thermodynamically present in the alloy. This temperature is compared against the formation temperature of the iron matrix phase, and used to calculate the melt range.
  • the melt range [103] is simply defined as the extremely hard particle formation temperature minus the matrix formation temperature. It can be advantageous for the powder manufacturing process to minimize this melt range.
  • the melt range can be 200K (or about 200K) or lower. In some embodiments, the melt range can be 150K (or about 150K) or lower. In some embodiments, the melt range can be 100K (or about 100K) or lower.
  • Figure 2 demonstrates the thermodynamic phase diagram for an alloy disclosed in U.S Patent Publication No. 2015/0275341. As shown, the melt range [201] of this alloy is much larger than the melt range thermodynamic criteria disclosed herein. Thus, this alloy may have difficulty for using in a powder atomization process.
  • the alloy it can be advantageous for the alloy to have an increased resistance to corrosion to prevent rust formation.
  • an additional thermodynamic criterion can be utilized. This criterion is the chromium content in the Fe -based matrix phase, at 1300K (or about 1300K). This criterion is designated as the matrix chromium content.
  • the matrix chromium content can be 7 mole % (or about 7 mole %) or greater.
  • the matrix chromium content can be 10 mole % (or about 10 mole %) or greater.
  • the matrix chromium content can be 12 mole % (or about 12 mole %) or greater.
  • Table 4 illustrates a number of different example compositions of this disclosure which satisfy some or all of the above-described thermodynamic criteria. As shown in the table, for the composition in wt. %: C:2-4, Cr: 7-16.6, Fe: 37-71.8, Mn: 0-18, Mo: 0-10, Ni: 0-14, V: 8-20, W:0-10, and thermodynamic properties: FCC-BCC transition temperature (Column A): 700-950K, Matrix Cr Content mole %(Column B): 7.0-17.0, Hard Phase Mole % (Column C): 5.3-34.8, and Hard Phase Melt Range (Column D): -50-200K.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
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  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
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PCT/US2016/050532 2015-09-08 2016-09-07 Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for power manufacture Ceased WO2017044475A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2018512962A JP7049244B2 (ja) 2015-09-08 2016-09-07 パウダー製造のための非磁性強炭化物形成合金
CA2996175A CA2996175C (en) 2015-09-08 2016-09-07 Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for powder manufacture
CN201680051804.1A CN107949653B (zh) 2015-09-08 2016-09-07 用于粉末制造的形成非磁性强碳化物的合金
MX2018002764A MX389486B (es) 2015-09-08 2016-09-07 Carburo no magnetico, que forma aleaciones para fabricar polvo
EP16844969.2A EP3347501B8 (en) 2015-09-08 2016-09-07 Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for powder manufacture
AU2016321163A AU2016321163B2 (en) 2015-09-08 2016-09-07 Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for powder manufacture

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US201562215319P 2015-09-08 2015-09-08
US62/215,319 2015-09-08

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EP (1) EP3347501B8 (enExample)
JP (1) JP7049244B2 (enExample)
CN (1) CN107949653B (enExample)
AU (1) AU2016321163B2 (enExample)
CA (1) CA2996175C (enExample)
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CA2997367C (en) 2015-09-04 2023-10-03 Scoperta, Inc. Chromium free and low-chromium wear resistant alloys
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CN113195759B (zh) 2018-10-26 2023-09-19 欧瑞康美科（美国）公司 耐腐蚀和耐磨镍基合金
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AU2020269275B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2025-05-22 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability
KR102698349B1 (ko) * 2020-03-09 2024-08-23 한온시스템 주식회사 차량용 공조장치 및 이의 제어방법
CN114250465B (zh) * 2021-12-15 2022-08-26 北京科技大学 一种提高激光熔覆刀刀刃硬度的热处理方法
CN116516257B (zh) * 2023-05-20 2023-10-24 江苏齐硕科技发展有限公司 一种高耐磨合金及其激光熔覆层的制备方法

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US10851444B2 (en) 2020-12-01
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