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Definitions

• Arenaviruses for use in the treatment and / or prevention of tumors and methods of producing arenaviruses with (improved) tumor-regressive properties
• the invention relates to arenaviruses for use in the treatment and / or prevention of tumors and to methods for producing arenaviruses having (improved) tumor-regressive properties.
• the arenaviruses belong to the family of human pathogenic, pleomorphic RNA viruses. Diseases with these viruses belong to the Zoonosen because of their natural reservoir in animals, predominantly rodents. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa from humans to animals.
• At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause disease in humans. Typical are aseptic meningitis and haemorrhagic fever.
• Known viruses that can cause disease in humans are: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), guanarito virus (GTOV), junin virus (JUNV), lassa virus (LASV), Lujo virus (LUJV), Machupo virus (MACV), Sabia virus (SABV) and the Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV).
• LCMV lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
• GTOV guanarito virus
• JUNV junin virus
• LASV lassa virus
• LJV Lujo virus
• MMV Machupo virus
• SABV Sabia virus
• WWAV Whitewater Arroyo virus
• Arenaviruses are generally divided into two groups, the Old World Arenaviruses and the New World Arenaviruses. These groups differ geographically and genetically.
• Old World arenaviruses such as the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, have been found in Eastern Hemisphere countries, such as European, Asian and African countries.
• New World arenaviruses have been found in western hemisphere countries such as Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil, and the United States of America.
• the name of the virus family derives from the Latin arenosus (sandy) or arena (sand) to describe the sandy ribosomal structure inside the virions.
• the virions of the arenaviruses have a round to irregular shape and depending on the species and preparation of the test material 50 nm to 300 nm, usually between 1 10 nm and 130 nm, in diameter large.
• club-shaped glycoprotein spikes are embedded in the virus envelope 8 nm to 10 nm long.
• the individual spikes consist of a tetramer of the viral envelope protein.
• the virions also contain two annularly closed and a helical symmetry having capsids. The length of the capsids varies between 450 nm and 1300 nm.
• One molecule each of the viral ribonucleic acid (L-protein) RNA polymerase is attached to it.
• Each capsid contains a molecule of single stranded RNA of mixed (i.e., ambisense, +/-) polarity.
• the two single-stranded RNA molecules represent the viral genome. They are called L (large) and S (small) and are about 7.5 kb (kilobases) and 3.5 kb (kilobases) in size.
• L large
• S small
• RNA strands are linear and therefore not circular.
• a 19 to 30 base sequence at the 3 'end of the RNA is present on both strands and conserved within the viral family.
• RNAs including ribosomal RNA
• viral mRNAs messenger ribonucleic acids, bound to the ribosomes
• complete complementary strands of the virus genome are in varying amounts all outside of the above-mentioned capsids.
• arenaviruses as vaccine vectors.
• a prominent example is the vaccine virus Candid # 1 used against Argentine haemorrhagic fever. This is a vaccine variant of the Junin virus.
• WO 2009/083210 A1 discloses the use of replication-defective, ie genetically modified, arenavirus particles (virions), inter alia, for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, such as, for example, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma.
• neoplastic diseases such as, for example, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma.
• neoplastic diseases such as, for example, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma.
• neoplastic diseases such as, for example, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma.
• WO 2006/008074 A1 discloses the use of packaging cells which produce retroviral virions pseudotyped with arenavirus glycoprotein for gene therapy of solid tumors.
• the methods for treating tumors described in the prior art are based on the use of virus particles which are very complicated to produce by genetic engineering. At gen- In addition to therapeutic treatment methods, a sufficient, therapeutically effective transduction of tumor tissue with genetically engineered virions or packaging cells which produce virions is often not achievable.
• the present invention is therefore based on the object, compared to the prior art simpler and in particular more efficient therapy solution for tumors, especially carcinomas and sarcomas provide.
• the invention relates to an arenavirus for use in the treatment and / or prevention of a tumor, preferably a malignant, i. malignant, tumors in humans or animals.
• the arenavirus is preferably characterized by being free of genomic foreign RNA, i. has no genomic foreign RNA.
• the genome of the arenavirus is preferably free of foreign RNA or preferably has no foreign RNA.
• genomic foreign RNA is to be understood as meaning an RNA (ribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid) or RNA sequence which is present in the genome of a wild-type arenavirus or in the genome of a mutant wild-type arenavirus (mouse). in particular in the genome of a natural mutant of a wild-type arenavirus (naturally mutated arenavirus),
• foreign RNA are artificial or synthetic RNA molecules, RNA from organisms and RNA from other viruses represents.
• wild-type arenavirus is to be understood (in accordance with the expert understanding) to mean an arenavirus whose genome represents the genetic normal form occurring in nature.
• expression “mutant of a wild-type arenavirus” or “mutated arenavirus” is to be understood (in accordance with the expert understanding) to mean an arenavirus whose genome has a spontaneous, ie naturally caused, effect on the wild-type genome mutagenic induced change.
• naturally mutant of a wild-type arenavirus or "naturally-mutated arena virus” within the meaning of the present invention (in accordance with the understanding of the art) should be understood to mean an arenavirus whose genome has a spontaneous, i.e., wild-type, genome. naturally caused change.
• a naturally mutated arena virus can preferably be produced by passage, in particular serial passage, as will be discussed in more detail below.
• the invention is based on the surprising finding that arenaviruses without genomic foreign RNA are able to cause a tumor regression.
• the tumor regression is based on an activation or stimulation of innate and adaptive immune cells caused by the arenaviruses.
• the activated immune cells increasingly secrete antitumoral cytokines such as interferon- ⁇ and interferon- ⁇ , thereby fighting or rejecting the tumor.
• Another surprising finding is the finding that the arenaviruses cause a significantly increased secretion of antitumoral cytokines in the case of a tumor manifestation.
• Arenaviruses without genomic foreign RNA are thus suitable for use in the treatment of tumors. This has been successfully verified by the applicant on the basis of animal experiments. For this purpose, among other mice were used in which a growth of human tumors is possible.
• the arenavirus is also free of non-genomic foreign RNA.
• non-genomic foreign RNA is to be understood as meaning an RNA or RNA sequence outside the arenavirus genome which is present in a wild-type arena virus or a mutant of a wild-type arenavirus (mutant arenavirus), in particular a natural mutant Wild-type arenavirus (naturally mutant arenavirus), does not occur or is not included
• the arenavirus has no foreign RNA, ie neither foreign genomic RNA nor non-genomic foreign RNA.
• the arenavirus is a wild-type arenavirus.
• the arenavirus is a natural mutant of a wild-type arenavirus, ie, a naturally mutated arenavirus.
• the natural mutant or the naturally mutated arenavirus is produced by passage, in particular multiple passage, in host animals and / or host cells.
• the natural mutant or the naturally mutated arena virus is produced by serial passage in host animals and / or host cells.
• the arenavirus provided according to the invention is therefore preferably an arenavirus, which, starting from its wild-type form, is produced by passage, preferably serial passage, in host animals and / or host cells.
• the host animals mentioned in the previous paragraphs are preferably rodents, in particular mice.
• the host cells mentioned in the preceding paragraphs are preferably dendritic cells or tumor cells.
• the term "passage” is to be understood to mean a multiple, regular introduction of the arenavirus into host animals and / or host cells, in accordance with the understanding of the art the expert understanding a multiple, regular introduction of the arenavirus into different host animals, preferably of the same kind, and / or different cells, preferably of the same type understood.
• the arenavirus is subjected to increased adaptation or mutation pressure, which increases the probability that mutations in the genome of the arenavirus which are advantageous under tumor regression factors will occur.
• the tumor is selected from the group consisting of carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma and sarcoma.
• carcinoma is to be understood to mean malignant neoplasia of epithelial origin (in accordance with the expert understanding).
• sarcoma is to be understood to mean a malignant neoplasm of mesodermal origin (in accordance with the expert understanding).
• melanoma is to be understood (in accordance with the expert understanding) to be a malignant neoplasm of melanocytic origin.
• lymphocytic origin For the purposes of the present invention, the expression "lymphoma” (in accordance with the expert understanding) is to be understood as meaning a malignant neoplasm of a lymphocytic origin.
• blastoma for the purposes of the present invention (in accordance with the expert understanding) is meant a malignant neoplasm of embryonic origin.
• the carcinoma is in a preferred embodiment selected from the group consisting of or consisting of anal carcinoma, bronchial carcinoma, lung carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, laryngeal carcinoma, esophageal cancer, gastric carcinoma, breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, pancreatic tumor, Pharyngeal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma and cervical carcinoma.
• the sarcoma in a preferred embodiment is selected from the group consisting of angiosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, neurogenic sarcoma, osteosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
• the arenavirus is an Old World arenavirus, which is preferably selected from the group consisting of Ippy virus (IP-PYV), Lassa virus (LASV), Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV ), Mobala virus (MOBV) and Mopeia virus (MOPV).
• IP-PYV Ippy virus
• LASV Lassa virus
• LCMV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
• MOBV Mobala virus
• MOPV Mopeia virus
• the arenavirus is the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, preferably a strain selected from the group consisting of WE, Armstrong, clone 13 (clone 13) and docile.
• the arenavirus is a New World Arenavirus, which is preferably selected from the group consisting of Allpahuayo Virus (ALLV), Amapari Virus (AMAV), Bear Canyon Virus (BCNV), Chapare virus, Cupixi virus (CPXV), Flexal virus (FLEV), Guanarito virus (GTOV), Junin virus (JUNV), Latino virus (LATV), Machupo virus (MACV), Oliveros virus ( OLVV), Parana virus (PARV), Pichinide virus (PICV), Pirital virus (PIRV), Sabia virus (SABV), Tacaribe virus (TCRV), Tamimi virus (TAMV) and Whitewater Arroyo Virus (WWAV).
• ALLV Allpahuayo Virus
• AMAV Amapari
• the arenavirus is a Junin virus, in particular the strain Candid # 1 (Candid No.1).
• the Junin virus in particular the strain Candid # 1 (Candid No.1), has, in a further embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an S-ribonucleic acid sequence or an Ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID no. 1 (according to sequence listing).
• the Junin virus in particular the strain Candid # 1 (Candid No.1), has, in a further embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an L-ribonucleic acid sequence or an Ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID no. 2 (according to sequence listing).
• the Junin virus in particular the strain Candid # 1 (Candid No.1), has, in a further embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an S-ribonucleic acid sequence or an Ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID no. 3 (according to sequence listing).
• the Junin virus in particular the strain Candid # 1 (Candid No.1), has, in a further embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an L-ribonucleic acid sequence or an Ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID no. 4 (according to sequence listing).
• the above-mentioned lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an S-ribonucleic acid sequence or an ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID no. 5 (according to sequence listing).
• the above-mentioned lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an L-ribonucleic acid sequence or an ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID no. 6 (according to sequence listing).
• the arenavirus is isolated from tumor lysates, organ lysates, urine or blood.
• the arenavirus is isolated from a cell culture medium, in particular from a human tumor cell line.
• the arenavirus is for administration in the form of virions, i. in the form of arenavirus particles, which are outside of a cell.
• the arenavirus is intended for local, especially intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration, preferably prepared.
• the arenavirus is used for local, particularly intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
• the arenavirus for local administration is in a dose of 1 PFU (plaque forming unit) / kg body weight to 10 12 PFU / kg body weight, in particular 10 2 PFU / kg body weight to 10 6 PFU / kg body weight, preferably 10 3 PFU / kg body weight to 10 5 PFU / kg body weight, provided, preferably prepared.
• the arenavirus is preferred for local administration at a dose of 1 PFU (plaque forming unit) / kg body weight to 10 12 PFU / kg body weight, especially 10 2 PFU / kg body weight to 10 6 PFU / kg body weight, preferably 10 3 PFU / kg body weight to 10 5 PFU / kg body weight, used.
• the arenavirus is intended for systemic, especially intravenous, administration, preferably prepared.
• the arenavirus is used for systemic, especially intravenous, administration.
• the arenavirus for systemic administration is at a dose of 1 PFU / kg body weight to 10 12 PFU / kg body weight, especially 10 2 PFU / kg body weight to 10 6 PFU / kg body weight, preferably 10 3 PFU / kg body weight to 10 5 PFU / kg body weight, provided, preferably prepared.
• the arenavirus is preferably for systemic administration at a dose of 1 PFU / kg body weight to 10 12 PFU / kg Body weight, in particular 10 2 PFU / kg body weight to 10 6 PFU / kg body weight, preferably 10 3 PFU / kg body weight to 10 5 PFU / kg body weight, used.
• the invention relates to a medicament for use in the treatment and / or prevention of a tumor, especially a malignant tumor.
• the drug is characterized in particular by the fact that it has an arenavirus according to the first aspect of the invention.
• the medicament preferably further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the carrier can be selected from the group consisting of water, saline solution, buffer solution and cell culture medium.
• the medicament further comprises an active ingredient.
• the active ingredient may in particular be a cytostatic, an antibody and / or a cytokine.
• the invention in a third aspect, relates to a method of producing an arenavirus with tumor-regressive, i. anti-tumor / anti-tumor properties, or improved tumoregressive properties.
• the tumor is preferably a malignant tumor, preferably a carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma.
• the process is preferably a process for the production of an arenavirus with (improved) carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma regressive properties.
• the method comprises the following steps: a) infecting dendritic cells or tumor cells with an arenavirus, b) growing the arenavirus in the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells and c) isolating the cultured arenavirus or a subset of the cultured arenavirus from the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells.
• the step sequence a) to c) can also be referred to as (single) passage of the arenavirus in the dendritic cells or tumor cells.
• the arenavirus in a preferred embodiment, is an arenavirus that has been subjected to serial passage in host animals prior to performing step a).
• the dendritic cells or tumor cells are in the form of a cell culture (dentric cell culture or tumor cell culture).
• the tumor cells are preferably malignant tumor cells, in particular carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma cells.
• the carcinoma cells may be selected from the group comprising or consisting of Analkarzinomzellen, bronchial carcinoma, lung carcinoma cells, endometrial cancer cells, gall bladder carcinoma cells, hepatocellular carcinoma cells, testicular carcinoma cells, colorectal carcinoma cells, Larynxkarzinomzellen, esophageal cancer cells, stomach cancer cells, breast cancer cells, renal carcinoma cells, ovarian carcinoma cells Pankreastumor-, Pharynxkarzinomzelen, Prostate carcinoma cells, thyroid carcinoma cells and cervical carcinoma cells.
• the sarcoma cells may be selected from the group consisting of angiosarcoma cells, chondrosarcoma cells, Ewing sarcoma cells, fibrosarcoma cells, Karposi sarcoma cells, liposarcoma cells, leiomyosarcoma cells, malignant fibrous histiocytoma cells, neurogenic sarcoma cells, osteosarcoma cells and rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
• the tumor cells are immortalized immune cells, in particular immortalized macrophages.
• step a) The infecting of the dendritic cells or tumor cells according to step a) is preferably carried out by adding the arenavirus to the cells.
• the step sequence a) to c) is repeated with new, in particular uninfected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or with new, in particular uninfected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type (of the same tumor type).
• the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated several times.
• new, in particular uninfected, dendritic cells preferably of the same type, or new, in particular uninfected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type, are used.
• the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated 1 time to 10,000 times, in particular 10 times to 1,000 times, preferably 30 times to 60 times, preferably new, in particular uninfected, dendritic cells , preferably of the same type, or new, in particular uninfected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type.
• the arena virus is constantly forced to move to a new environment, i. to adapt to new dendritic cells or tumor cells.
• This permanent adaptation force favors the occurrence of mutations, which can be generated or improved tumor-aggressive properties of the arenavirus.
• step b replication of the arenavirus genome and propagation of the arenavirus take place within the dendritic cells or tumor cells.
• the growth of the arena virus according to step b) is preferably carried out under standard cell culture conditions.
• the arenavirus is preferably cultured in the dendritic cells or tumor cells for a period of 1 minute to 1 year, especially 10 hours to 1 month, preferably 24 hours to 72 hours.
• Isolation of the cultured arenavirus according to step c) preferably takes place from a cell culture supernatant.
• the dendritic cells or tumor cells are sorted before isolation according to step c) for certain properties, preferably by means of a cell sorter, and then cultivated.
• the culturing of the sorted cells is preferably carried out for a period of 24 hours.
• the method further comprises the steps of: d) cloning the isolated arenavirus and e) sequencing the isolated arenavirus.
• the invention relates to a method of producing an arenavirus with tumor-regressive, i. anti-tumor / anti-tumor properties, or improved tumoregressive properties.
• the tumor is preferably a malignant tumor, preferably a carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma.
• the process is preferably a process for the production of an arenavirus with (improved) carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma regressive properties.
• the method comprises the steps of: a) infecting a host animal having a tumor with an arenavirus, b) growing the arenavirus in the infected host animal, and c) isolating the cultured arenavirus or a subset of the cultured arenavirus from the infected host animal.
• sequence of steps a) to c) may also be referred to as (single) passage of the arenavirus in the host animal.
• tissue tissue of the tumor is transplanted to the host animal prior to performing step a).
• a genetically modified host animal is used which spontaneously develops the tumor.
• rodents preferably mice
• NOD SCID mice or LoxP-tag mice can be used as host animals.
• SCID Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
• NOD non-obese diabetic
• mice homozygous for the SCID mutation no functional T cells or B cells are formed. Due to this immunodeficiency, these animals are outstandingly suitable for tolerating foreign body cells, for example transplanted tumors.
• the infection of the host animal according to step a) can be carried out, for example, by systemic, in particular intravenous, or local, for example subcutaneous, administration of the arenavirus.
• infecting the host animal may be by administering, preferably injecting, the arenavirus into the tumor of the host animal.
• the step sequence a) to c) is repeated with a new, in particular uninfected, host animal, preferably of the same species.
• the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated several times.
• a new, in particular not infected, host animal preferably of the same species, is used for each repetition.
• the arenavirus is subjected to serial passage in host animals, preferably of the same species.
• the step sequence a) to c) is repeated 1 to 1000 times, in particular 10 times to 100 times, preferably 30 times to 60 times, preferably for each repetition a new, in particular not infected, host animal , preferably of the same kind, is used.
• step sequence a) to c) the arena virus is constantly forced to adapt to a new environment, ie to a new host animal.
• This permanent adaptation force favors the occurrence of mutations, which can be generated or improved tumor-aggressive properties of the arenavirus.
• step b replication of the arenavirus genome and propagation of the arenavirus take place within the host animal.
• the arenavirus is preferably cultured in the host animal for a period of 1 minute to 500 days, especially 10 minutes to 100 days, preferably 1 hour to 30 days.
• the arenavirus is isolated from urine, blood, the tumor or from organ lysates of the host animal.
• the method further comprises the following steps: d) infecting dendritic cells or tumor cells with the arenavirus isolated in step c), e) cultivating the arenavirus in the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells, and f) isolating the cultured arenavirus or a subset of the cultured arenavirus from the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells.
• the step sequence d) to f) can also be referred to as (single) passage of the arenavirus in the dendritic cells or tumor cells.
• the infecting of the dendritic cells or tumor cells according to step d) is preferably carried out by adding the arenavirus to the cells.
• the step sequence d) to f) is repeated with new, in particular uninfected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or with new, in particular uninfected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type (of the same tumor type).
• the step sequence d) to f) is repeated several times.
• new, in particular uninfected, dendritic cells preferably of the same type, or new, in particular uninfected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type, are used.
• the arenavirus additionally undergoes a serial passage in dendritic Cells, preferably of the same type, or tumor cells, preferably of the same type.
• the sequence of steps d) to f) is preferably repeated 1 time to 1000 times, in particular 10 times to 100 times, preferably 30 times to 60 times, with new, in particular uninfected, dendritic cells preferably being used for each repetition , preferably of the same type, or new, in particular uninfected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type.
• the combination of a serial passage of the arenavirus in host animals, preferably of the same species, with a serial passage of the arenavirus in dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or tumor cells, preferably of the same type, is particularly suitable for production due to the additionally increased adaptation or mutation pressure of arenaviruses with (improved) tumor-regressive properties.
• the arenavirus is preferably cultured in the dendritic cells or tumor cells for a period of 1 minute to 500 days, especially 10 minutes to 100 days, preferably 1 hour to 30 days.
• the dendritic cells or tumor cells are sorted before isolation according to step f) for certain properties, preferably by means of a cell sorter, and then cultivated.
• the culturing of the sorted cells is preferably carried out for a period of 24 hours.
• the method further comprises the following steps: g) cloning the arenavirus isolated according to step f) and h) sequencing the isolated arenavirus.
• step c) the isolated according to step c) arenavirus is cloned and then sequenced.
• mice used were on a C57BL / 6 background.
• Map3k14 aly / aly mice lack NF-kB signals and are thus highly immunosuppressed.
• Irf3x ⁇ rT ' ⁇ mice can not produce interferon.
• NOD.SCID mice do not have an adaptive immune system. Thus, growth of human tumors in these mice is possible.
• LoxP-tag mice spontaneously develop liver tumors.
• MOPC cells are murine oropharyngeal carcinoma cells. Mc38 are murine colon carcinoma cells. Raw cells are immortalized macrophages. A431 are human lung carcinoma cells; Sw40 are human colon carcinoma cells, Heia are human cervical carcinoma cells. Primary macrophages were cultured from bone marrow progenitor cells using M-CSF. Cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 mmol / L L-glutamine, and 100 U / ml penicillin. All cells were cultured in 5% CO 2.
• the LCMV strain WE was obtained from the laboratory of Prof. Zinkernagel (Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland) and was propagated in L929 cells. Candid # 1 was obtained from Professor Paula Cannon of the University of Southern California.
• Morphometric analyzes were performed on consecutive frozen sections in which the endothelial cell marker CD31 was stained.
• the quantification of vessel density (MVD) was calculated using the average of three tumor sections. MVD was calculated as the number of vessels per tumor area.
• hypoxic tumor areas were detected by the formation of pimonidazole adducts after injection of pimonidazole into tumor-transplanted animals for 30 min.
• the tumor sections were stained using the Hypoxyprobe-1 Plus kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia Natur International, Inc.).
• Serum IFN-a levels were determined by ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions (Research Diagnostics RDI, Flanders, NJ).
• the mean scores were compared using an unpaired two-sided t-test student. The data is displayed as mean ⁇ SEM. The level of statistical significance was set at p ⁇ 0.05.
• FIG. 1 has the following legend:
• Abscissa tumor cells / healthy macrophages (primary) WT C57BL / 6 mice were treated with 5 x 10 5 MOPC cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated with 2 x 10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) peritu-morally (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.
• Figure 2 has the following legend: Ordinate: tumor diameter (cm) abscissa: time (days) WT C57BL / 6 mice were treated with 5 x 10 5 MC38 cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated with 2 x 10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) peritumoral (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.
• Figure 5 has the following legend: Ordinate: IFN- ⁇ (pg / ml) Map3k14 aly / aly mice and WT mice were treated with 5 x 10 5 MOPC cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated with 2 x 10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) peritumoral (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.
• FIG. 6 has the following legend:
• Irf3 x WT 1 ' mice and WT mice were treated with 5 x 10 5 MOPC cells (day 3).
• One group of mice was additionally treated with 2 x 10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) peritumoral (day 0). Tumor growth was observed. It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused a tumor regression. The results obtained are shown graphically in FIG.
• FIG. 7 has the following legend:
• WT mice were treated with 5 x 10 5 MOPC cells (day 3).
• One group of mice was additionally treated with 2 x 10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) peritumoral (day 0).
• the tumors were histologically analyzed with CD31 stains.
• the vessel density (MVD) and the vessel-vessel distance were quantified.
• FIG. 8A has the following legends:
• Abscissa tumor / tumor LCMV abscissa: tumor / tumor LCMV
• mice were additionally treated with 2 x 10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) peritumoral (day 0). On day 9, pimonidazole was injected into the animals, and then the tumors were histologically analyzed for hypoxic areas.
• FIG. 8B has the following legend: Ordinate: hypoxic areas / tumor (%) abscissa: tumor / tumor LCMV WT C57BL / 6 mice were injected subcutaneously with 5 ⁇ 10 5 MOPC cells in the right flank (day 3). On day 0, a group of animals were treated with 2x10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) in the right flank (ipsilateral), left flank (contralateral), or intravenous. Tumor growth was observed.
• the figure 9 has the following legend:
• FIG. 10 has the following legend:
• Figure 11 has the following legend: Ordinate: tumor diameter (cm) abscissa: time (days) NOD.SCID mice were treated with 5 x 10 5 Heia cells (day 0). One group of mice was additionally treated with 2 x 10 4 PFU LCMV (strain WE) peritumoral (day 3). Tumor growth was observed.
• FIG. 12 has the following legend:
• the figure 13 has the following legend: Ordinate: tumor diameter (cm) abscissa: time (days) Primary human cells (hepatocytes, colon epithelial cells, melanocytes) and tumor cells from the same tissue of origin were infected with LCMV (MOI 1). Virus amount was measured in the supernatant after 1, 2 and 3 days.
• the figure 14 has the following legend:
• Abscissa time (days) tumor diameter (A) and survival (B) of C57BL / 6 mice bearing a metastasis in the shoulder and a metastasis in the flank (MOPC cells) left untreated or with 2x10 6 PFU LCMV were treated intravenously.
• the figure 15 A has the following legend:
• the figure 15 B has the following legend:
• the figure 16 has the following legend:
• Abscissa time (days) Number of melanomas from MT / ref mice (developing endogenous melanomas) left untreated or intravenously treated with 2x10 6 PFU LCMV.
• the figure 17 has the following legend:
• Candid # 1 also works very efficiently with fibrosarcoma and thus prolongs survival.
• the figure 18 A has the following legend:
• the figure 19 A has the following legend:
• the figure 19 B has the following legend:
• Tumor-specific T cells are from the blood of mice with B16F10 tumors, which were additionally treated intratumorally with or without LCMV.
• the figure 20 has the following legend:
• Tumor diameter (A) and survival (B) of C57BL / 6 mice bearing a murine subcutaneous lymphoma (EL4 cells) treated with or without tumor-specific T cells (OT1 cells) and additionally treated intratumorally with or without LCMV were (2x10 6 PFU).
• FIG 21 A has the following legend: Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm) abscissa: time (days)
• Figure 21 B has the following legend: ordinate: survival in percent abscissa: time (days) survival of C57BL / 6 mice and PD-1 deficient mice (Pc / cc / f A mice) carrying murine pharyngeal carcinoma (MOPC cells) and treated with LCMV intratumorally (2x10 4 PFU).
• the figure 22 has the following legend:
• FJ969442.1 -GI 264665554 - Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA negative-strand viruses; Arenaviridae; Mammarenavirus.
• LCMV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus virus
• DQ361065.2-GI 1 16563461. ssRNA virus; ssRNA negative-strand viruses; Arenaviridae; Mammarenavirus.
• Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 segment L complete sequence.

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