WO2016153057A1 - 希土類磁石 - Google Patents
希土類磁石 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016153057A1 WO2016153057A1 PCT/JP2016/059734 JP2016059734W WO2016153057A1 WO 2016153057 A1 WO2016153057 A1 WO 2016153057A1 JP 2016059734 W JP2016059734 W JP 2016059734W WO 2016153057 A1 WO2016153057 A1 WO 2016153057A1
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- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
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- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
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- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
- H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
- H01F1/0576—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together pressed, e.g. hot working
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- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
- H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
- H01F1/0577—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a rare earth magnet.
- RTB-based sintered magnets have a high saturation magnetic flux density, which is advantageous for downsizing and high-efficiency of equipment used.
- the magnet is exposed to a relatively high temperature, so it is important to suppress high temperature demagnetization due to heat. It is well known that a technique for sufficiently increasing the coercive force of an RTB-based sintered magnet at room temperature is effective for suppressing this high temperature demagnetization.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for sufficiently increasing the coercive force at room temperature by replacing part of Nd with a heavy rare earth element.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique capable of achieving a high coercive force with a smaller amount of heavy rare earth elements and suppressing a decrease in residual magnetic flux density to some extent by increasing the concentration of heavy rare earth elements only in the main phase shell portion.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a technique for forming a fine magnetically curable product having a nonmagnetic phase in the grains of the main phase R 2 T 14 B, thereby pinning the domain wall and improving the coercive force. ing.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a technique for preventing the movement of the domain wall and improving the coercive force by forming a portion in which the magnetic properties are modulated in the main phase particles with respect to the magnetic properties of the main phase.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and has a fine structure of a rare earth magnet, more specifically, a fine structure so that a concentration distribution or a concentration gradient exists in the elements constituting the main phase in the main phase particles.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a rare earth magnet having both high temperature demagnetization rate suppression and high coercivity at room temperature by controlling.
- RTB-based sintered magnets When RTB-based sintered magnets are used in a high temperature environment such as 100 ° C. to 200 ° C., it is important that they are not demagnetized or have a low demagnetization factor even if they are actually exposed to a high temperature environment. .
- heavy rare earth elements are used as in Patent Documents 1 and 2, a reduction in residual magnetic flux density due to antiferromagnetic coupling between rare earth elements, for example, Nd and Dy is inevitable.
- the cause of the improvement of the coercive force by using the heavy rare earth element is the improvement of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy by using the heavy rare earth element.
- the temperature change of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy is increased by using heavy rare earth elements.
- a rare earth magnet using a heavy rare earth element has a sudden decrease in coercive force as the use environment rises even when the coercive force is high at room temperature.
- heavy rare earth elements such as Dy and Tb have a limited production area and production.
- Patent Documents 3 and 4 which disclose techniques for improving the coercive force by controlling the fine structure of the sintered magnet, it is necessary to enclose a nonmagnetic material or soft magnetic material in the main phase particles. A decrease in residual magnetic flux density is inevitable.
- the inventors of the present application have controlled the Ga concentration distribution in the main phase particles having the R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure. As a result, it has been found that the coercive force at room temperature can be increased and the high temperature demagnetization rate can be improved, and the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention is a rare-earth magnet having R 2 T 14 B-type crystal particles as a main phase, wherein Ga is present in the main phase particles, and the highest Ga concentration in one particle of the main phase particles is ⁇ Ga,
- the minimum concentration is ⁇ Ga
- main phase particles having a Ga concentration difference in which the concentration ratio A (A ⁇ Ga / ⁇ Ga) of ⁇ Ga and ⁇ Ga is 1.20 or more.
- the concentration ratio A is 1.50 or more.
- the concentration ratio A in the main phase particles is 1.50 or more.
- concentration difference in the said main phase particle exists within 100 nm toward the inside of a particle
- a Ga concentration gradient increases from an end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle, and a length of the region having the Ga concentration gradient is 100 nm or more. . By doing in this way, a high temperature demagnetization factor can further be controlled.
- the Ga concentration distribution of the main phase particles has a gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particles toward the inside of the particles, and the absolute value of the Ga concentration gradient is 0.05 atomic% / ⁇ m or more.
- the length of a certain region is preferably 100 nm or more.
- a rare earth magnet having a low high temperature demagnetization rate can be provided, and a rare earth magnet applicable to a motor or the like used in a high temperature environment can be provided.
- the rare earth magnet referred to in the present embodiment is a sintered magnet including main phase particles having an R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure and a grain boundary phase, R includes one or more rare earth elements, and T is One or more iron group elements containing Fe as an essential element are contained, B is boron, and further, those to which various known additive elements are added, and unavoidable impurities. Moreover, Ga is contained in the main phase particles.
- the main phase particle 1 having the R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure has a Ga concentration difference in the crystal particle.
- the relatively high Ga concentration portion and the relatively low Ga concentration portion may be at any position of the main phase particle 1, but the Ga concentration is relatively high. It is preferable that a portion having a high density is in the crystal grain and a portion having a relatively low Ga concentration is in the outer edge of the crystal grain.
- the outer edge portion refers to a portion of the crystal particles that is relatively close to the grain boundary phase 2
- the inner portion refers to a portion of the crystal particles that is inside the outer edge portion.
- the main phase particle 1 having an R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure may contain C, and preferably has a C concentration difference in the crystal particle.
- the portion having a relatively high C concentration and the portion having a relatively low C concentration may be located at any position of the main phase particle 1, but the C concentration is relatively high. It is preferable that a portion having a high C is in the crystal grain and a portion having a relatively low C concentration is in the outer edge of the crystal grain.
- the main phase particle 1 having an R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure preferably has a B concentration difference in the crystal particle.
- the portion having a relatively high B concentration and the portion having a relatively low B concentration may be located at any position of the main phase particle 1. It is preferable that a portion having a high B is in the outer edge portion of the crystal grain and a portion having a relatively low B concentration is in the crystal grain.
- the rare earth R includes light rare earth elements (rare earth elements having an atomic number of 63 or less), heavy rare earth elements (atomic numbers). 64 or more rare earth elements) or a combination of both may be used, but Nd, Pr, or a combination of both are preferred from the viewpoint of material cost. Other elements are as described above. A preferable combination range of Nd and Pr will be described later.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment may contain a trace amount of additive elements.
- Known elements can be included as additive elements.
- the additive element preferably includes an additive element having a eutectic composition with the R element which is a constituent element of the main phase particle having the R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure.
- the additive element preferably contains Cu, but may contain other elements. A suitable addition amount range of Cu when Cu is contained as an additive element will be described later.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment further includes Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Sn, and the like as the M element that promotes the reaction of the main phase particles 1 in the powder metallurgy process.
- a suitable addition amount range of the M element will be described later.
- the content of each element with respect to the total mass is preferably as follows, but the content of each element is not limited to the following numerical range.
- R 29.5-35.0% by mass
- B 0.7-0.98% by mass
- M 0.03 to 1.7% by mass
- Cu 0.01 to 1.5% by mass
- Fe substantially the balance
- the content of Ga in M is preferably 0.03 to 1.5% by mass. Further, when the Ga content in M is 0.08 to 1.2% by mass, the strength of the molded body is increased. By setting the Al content in M to 0.1 to 0.5% by mass, the strength of the molded body increases.
- R contained in the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment will be described in more detail.
- the content of R is more preferably 31.5 to 35.0% by mass.
- R preferably contains any one of Nd and Pr, and more preferably contains both Nd and Pr.
- the ratio of Nd and Pr in R is preferably 80 to 100 atomic% in total of Nd and Pr. When the ratio of Nd and Pr in R is 80 to 100 atomic%, a better residual magnetic flux density and coercive force can be obtained.
- both Nd and Pr are included, it is preferable that the ratio of Nd in R and the ratio of Pr in R are 10 mass% or more, respectively.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment may contain heavy rare earth elements such as Dy and Tb as R.
- the content of heavy rare earth elements in the total mass of the rare earth magnet is heavy rare earth elements.
- the total amount of elements is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass or less.
- a good high coercive force can be obtained by forming a Ga concentration difference in the main phase particle 1, High temperature demagnetization rate can be suppressed.
- the shape of the sample for evaluation is not particularly limited, but it is a shape having a permeance coefficient of 2 as commonly used.
- B0 the amount of magnetic flux of the sample at room temperature (25 ° C.) is measured, and this is designated as B0.
- the amount of magnetic flux can be measured by, for example, a flux meter.
- the sample is then exposed to high temperature at 140 ° C. for 2 hours and returned to room temperature. When the sample temperature returns to room temperature, the amount of magnetic flux is measured again, and this is designated as B1.
- the B content is preferably 0.7 to 0.98 mass%, more preferably 0.80 to 0.93 mass%.
- the surface of the main phase particle surface during the powder metallurgy process The reaction can be facilitated.
- the defect of B arises in the main phase particle
- the element of C etc. mentioned later enters into the defect of B concerned, it is thought that an element of C etc. does not enter into all the defects of B, and a defect may remain as it is.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment further contains a trace amount of additive elements.
- additive elements can be used as the additive element.
- the additive element preferably has an eutectic point on the phase diagram with the R element, which is a constituent element of the main phase particle 1 having the R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure. From this point, Cu is preferable as the additive element, but other elements may be used.
- the amount of Cu element added is preferably 0.01 to 1.5% by mass of the whole, more preferably 0.05 to 0.5% by mass. preferable. By making the addition amount in this range, Cu can be unevenly distributed in the grain boundary phase 2.
- Zr and / or Nb may be added as an additive element.
- the total of the Zr content and the Nb content is preferably 0.05 to 0.6% by mass, and more preferably 0.1 to 0.2% by mass. Addition of Zr and / or Nb has an effect of suppressing grain growth.
- T element and Cu which are the constituent elements of the main phase particle 1, for example, Fe and Cu are considered to have a phase diagram of a monotectic type, and this combination is unlikely to form a eutectic point. It is. Therefore, it is preferable to add an M element such that the RTM ternary system forms a eutectic point.
- M element include Al, Ga, Si, Ge, and Sn.
- the content of M element is preferably 0.03 to 1.7% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 1.7% by mass, and 0.7 to 1.0% by mass. More preferably.
- the reaction on the surface of the main phase particle is promoted during the powder metallurgy process, and moves to the grain boundary phase 2 out of R, T element and Ga at the outer edge of the main phase particle 1.
- the Ga concentration can be reduced at the outer edge of the main phase particle 1.
- the M element can be included in the main phase particle 1.
- Fe in the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment, as an element represented by T in R 2 T 14 B, Fe can be essential, and other iron group elements can be included in addition to Fe.
- the iron group element is preferably Co.
- the Co content is preferably more than 0% by mass and 3.0% by mass or less.
- the Co content may be 0.3 to 2.5% by mass.
- the grain boundary phase 2 in the sintered body contains an RTM element.
- R rare earth element
- an iron group element T which are constituent elements of the main phase particle 1
- M element that forms a ternary eutectic point
- Difference in density can be produced.
- the reason why the Ga concentration difference occurs is that the reaction between the outer edge portion of the main phase particle 1 and the grain boundary phase 2 is promoted by the addition of the M element, and the grains of R, T element and Ga in the outer edge portion of the main phase particle 1 It is considered that some move to the field phase 2 and the Ga concentration becomes lower at the outer edge of the main phase particle 1. Further, in this reaction, a nonmagnetic material or a soft magnetic material is not newly formed in the main phase particle 1, and the residual magnetic flux density is not lowered by the nonmagnetic material or the soft magnetic material.
- Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Sn, etc. can be used as the M element that promotes the reaction together with the R element and T element constituting the main phase particle 1.
- the microstructure of the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment can be evaluated by performing three-dimensional atom probe measurement using, for example, a three-dimensional atom probe microscope.
- the measurement method of the microstructure of the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment is not limited to the three-dimensional atom probe measurement.
- Three-dimensional atom probe measurement is a measurement technique that can evaluate and analyze a three-dimensional element distribution on an atomic order.
- a voltage pulse is generally applied to cause field evaporation, but a laser pulse may be used instead of the voltage pulse.
- a three-dimensional atom probe measurement is performed by cutting out a part of the sample evaluated for the high-temperature demagnetization factor to form a needle shape.
- an electron microscope image of the polished cross section of the main phase particles is obtained.
- the magnification may be appropriately determined so that about 100 main phase particles can be observed in the polished cross section of the observation target.
- Particles larger than the average particle diameter of the main phase particles in the acquired electron microscope image are selected, and the needle-like sample is sampled so as to include the vicinity of the center of the main phase particles 1 as shown in FIG.
- the longitudinal direction of the needle-shaped sample may be parallel to the alignment axis, orthogonal to the alignment axis, or at an arbitrary angle with respect to the alignment axis.
- the three-dimensional atom probe measurement is continuously performed for at least 500 nm from the vicinity of the edge of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle.
- the three-dimensional structure image obtained from the measurement is divided into unit volumes (for example, cubes of 50 nm ⁇ 50 nm ⁇ 50 nm) on a straight line from the particle end to the inside of the particle, and the average Ga atom concentration and average C atom concentration in each divided region And the average B atom concentration is calculated.
- unit volumes for example, cubes of 50 nm ⁇ 50 nm ⁇ 50 nm
- the average Ga atom concentration and average C atom concentration in each divided region And the average B atom concentration is calculated.
- the end portion of the main phase particle (the boundary portion between the main phase particle 1 and the grain boundary phase 2) has a Cu atom concentration at a portion of the outer edge portion of the main phase particle 1 having a length of 50 nm. It is defined as a portion that is twice the average density.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B are graphs showing changes in the Cu atom concentration in the vicinity of the boundary between the main phase particle 1 and the grain boundary phase 2.
- the measuring method of Cu atom concentration in preparation of the said graph can be measured by three-dimensional atom probe measurement, similar to the distribution of Ga atom concentration described above.
- the length of one side in the same direction as the direction from the end of the main phase particle of the unit volume to the inside is preferably 1 to 5 nm.
- the unit volume is preferably 1000 nm 3 or more (for example, a rectangular parallelepiped of 50 nm ⁇ 50 nm ⁇ 2 nm).
- the measurement interval of the Cu atom concentration is preferably 1 to 5 nm.
- the portion 11 having a length of 50 nm of the outer edge portion is a portion where the Cu atom concentration is substantially constant at the outer edge portion of the main phase particle shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, and the main phase particle end portion 12a. , 12b are defined as portions where the Cu atom concentration shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B is twice the average value of the Cu atom concentration in the portion 11 having a length of 50 nm at the outer edge.
- the portion 11 having a length of 50 nm of the outer edge portion is not excessively distant from the grain boundary phase 2, more specifically, the end portion 11a of the portion 11 having a length of 50 nm of the outer edge portion and the end portion of the main phase particle.
- the outer edge portion having a length of 50 nm it is preferable to set the outer edge portion having a length of 50 nm so that the distance to 12b is within 50 nm.
- the Cu atom concentration is high in the grain boundary phase 2 and low in the main phase particle 1.
- an average Cu atom concentration (C1 in FIG. 4B) is calculated for a portion 11 having a length of 50 nm at the outer edge of the main phase particle 1 where the Cu atom concentration is substantially constant.
- the change in the average value C1 of the Cu atom concentration due to the change in the position of the portion 11 having a length of 50 nm at the outer edge of the main phase particle 1 Is within the error.
- the change in the position of the main phase particle end portions 12a and 12b due to the change in the position of the portion 11 having a length of 50 nm at the outer edge of the main phase particle 1 is also within the error range.
- grains used as 20 or more are included. By comprising in this way, distribution of magnetocrystalline anisotropy occurs in the main phase particles, improving high temperature demagnetization rate suppression, and providing a rare earth magnet that combines high coercivity at room temperature. Is possible.
- the ratio of main phase particles having a desired value of A to all main phase particles is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 90% or more. When it is 90% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate can be further improved.
- grains used as 1.50 or more are included.
- the ratio of the main phase particles having a desired value of A with respect to all the main phase particles is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 70% or more. By setting it to 70% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate and the coercive force can be further improved.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment preferably includes 10% or more of main phase particles in which the position indicating ⁇ Ga exists within 100 nm from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, % Or more is more preferable, and 70% or more is more preferable.
- a portion modulated with respect to the magnetic properties inside the main phase particle is formed at the outer edge of the main phase particle, and an anisotropic magnetic field gap is generated between the outer edge and the inside of the main phase particle. I can do it. This does not involve an antiferromagnetic coupling between Nd and Dy, for example, and therefore does not involve a decrease in residual magnetic flux density.
- the main phase particles it is possible to provide a rare earth magnet that further suppresses the high temperature demagnetization rate and further improves the coercive force at room temperature. By setting it to 70% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate and the coercive force can be further improved.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment has a Ga concentration gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle, and the length of the region having the Ga concentration gradient.
- the main phase particles having a thickness of 100 nm or more are preferably contained in an amount of 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment has a Ga concentration gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle, and the absolute value of the Ga concentration gradient is 0. It is preferable that 10% or more, and more preferably 50% or more of main phase particles having a length of a region of 0.05 atomic% / ⁇ m or more of 100 nm or more are included. With such a configuration, it is possible to form a region where the change in magnetocrystalline anisotropy is steep at the outer edge portion in the main phase particle. Therefore, by including the main phase particles, it is possible to provide a rare earth magnet that further suppresses the high temperature demagnetization rate and further improves the coercive force at room temperature. By setting it to 50% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate can be further improved.
- the ratio of the main phase particles having a desired value of A1 with respect to all main phase particles is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 90% or more. When it is 90% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate can be further improved.
- the ratio of the main phase particles having a desired value of A1 with respect to all the main phase particles is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 70% or more. By setting it to 70% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate and the coercive force can be further improved.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment preferably includes 10% or more of main phase particles in which the position indicating ⁇ C exists within 100 nm from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, % Or more is more preferable, and 70% or more is more preferable.
- a portion modulated with respect to the magnetic properties inside the main phase particle is formed at the outer edge of the main phase particle, and an anisotropic magnetic field gap is generated between the outer edge and the inside of the main phase particle. I can do it. This does not involve an antiferromagnetic coupling between Nd and Dy, for example, and therefore does not involve a decrease in residual magnetic flux density.
- the main phase particles it is possible to provide a rare earth magnet that further suppresses the high temperature demagnetization rate and further improves the coercive force at room temperature. By setting it to 70% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate and the coercive force can be further improved.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment has a C concentration gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle, and the length of the region having the C concentration gradient.
- the main phase particles having a thickness of 100 nm or more are preferably contained in an amount of 10% or more, and more preferably 50% or more.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment has a C concentration gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle, and the absolute value of the C concentration gradient is 0. It is preferable to include 10% or more, and more preferably 50% or more of main phase particles having a length of a region of 0.0010 atomic% / nm or more to 100 nm or more. With such a configuration, it is possible to form a region where the change in magnetocrystalline anisotropy is steep at the outer edge portion in the main phase particle. Therefore, by including the main phase particles, it is possible to provide a rare earth magnet that further suppresses the high temperature demagnetization rate and further improves the coercive force at room temperature. By setting it to 50% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate can be further improved.
- the ratio of the main phase particles having a desired value of A2 with respect to all the main phase particles is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 90% or more. When it is 90% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate can be further improved.
- the ratio of the main phase particles having a desired value of A2 with respect to all main phase particles is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 70% or more. By setting it to 70% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate and the coercive force can be further improved.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment preferably includes 10% or more of main phase particles in which the position indicating ⁇ B exists within 100 nm from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, % Or more is more preferable, and 70% or more is more preferable.
- a portion modulated with respect to the magnetic properties inside the main phase particle is formed at the outer edge of the main phase particle, and an anisotropic magnetic field gap is generated between the outer edge and the inside of the main phase particle. I can do it. This does not involve an antiferromagnetic coupling between Nd and Dy, for example, and therefore does not involve a decrease in residual magnetic flux density.
- the main phase particles it is possible to provide a rare earth magnet that further suppresses the high temperature demagnetization rate and further improves the coercive force at room temperature. By setting it to 70% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate and the coercive force can be further improved.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment has a B concentration gradient that decreases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle, and the length of the region having the B concentration gradient.
- the main phase particles having a thickness of 100 nm or more are preferably contained in an amount of 10% or more, and more preferably 50% or more.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment has a B concentration gradient that decreases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the main phase particle, and the absolute value of the B concentration gradient is 0. It is preferable that 10% or more, and more preferably 50% or more, of main phase particles having a length of a region that is .0005 atomic% / nm or more is 100 nm or more. With such a configuration, it is possible to form a region where the change in magnetocrystalline anisotropy is steep at the outer edge portion in the main phase particle. Therefore, by including the main phase particles, it is possible to provide a rare earth magnet that further suppresses the high temperature demagnetization rate and further improves the coercive force at room temperature. By setting it to 50% or more, the high temperature demagnetization rate can be further improved.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment may contain C as another element.
- the C content is preferably 0.05 to 0.3% by mass. If the C content is smaller than this range, the coercive force may be insufficient. If larger than this range, the magnetic field when the magnetization is 90% of the residual magnetic flux density with respect to the coercive force (HcJ).
- the ratio of the value (Hk), that is, the so-called squareness ratio (Hk / HcJ) may be insufficient.
- the C content is preferably 0.1 to 0.25% by mass. Further, a part of B of the main phase particle 1 having the R 2 T 14 B type crystal structure can be substituted with C, and C can be included in the main phase particle 1.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment may contain O as another element.
- the O content is preferably 0.03 to 0.4 mass%. If the content of O is smaller than this range, the corrosion resistance of the sintered magnet may be insufficient. If it is larger than this range, a liquid phase is not sufficiently formed in the sintered magnet, and the coercive force is reduced. There is a case.
- the O content is more preferably 0.05 to 0.3% by mass, and even more preferably 0.05 to 0.25% by mass. O can also be included in the main phase particles.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment preferably has an N content of 0.15% by mass or less. If the N content is larger than this range, the coercive force tends to be insufficient. N can also be included in the main phase particles 1.
- the content of each element is in the above-described range, and the number of atoms of C, O, and N is [C], [O], and [N], respectively. , [O] / ([C] + [N]) ⁇ 0.85 is preferably satisfied.
- the number of atoms of C and M elements satisfy the following relationship. That is, it is preferable that the relationship of 1.20 ⁇ [M] / [C] ⁇ 2.00 is satisfied when the number of atoms of the C and M elements is [C] and [M], respectively.
- the grain size of the crystal particles is preferably 1 to 8 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 to 6 ⁇ m.
- the coercive force HcJ tends to decrease. If it is below the lower limit, the residual magnetic flux density Br tends to decrease.
- the particle diameter of a crystal particle be the average of the equivalent circle diameter in a cross section.
- the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment can be produced by an ordinary powder metallurgy method, which includes a preparation step of preparing a raw material alloy, a pulverization step of pulverizing the raw material alloy to obtain a raw material fine powder, It has a forming step of forming raw material fine powder to produce a formed body, a sintering step of sintering the formed body to obtain a sintered body, and a heat treatment step of applying an aging treatment to the sintered body.
- an ordinary powder metallurgy method which includes a preparation step of preparing a raw material alloy, a pulverization step of pulverizing the raw material alloy to obtain a raw material fine powder, It has a forming step of forming raw material fine powder to produce a formed body, a sintering step of sintering the formed body to obtain a sintered body, and a heat treatment step of applying an aging treatment to the sintered body.
- the preparation step is a step of preparing a raw material alloy having each element included in the rare earth magnet according to the present embodiment.
- a raw material metal or the like having a predetermined element is prepared, and a strip casting method or the like is performed using these.
- a raw material alloy can be prepared.
- the raw metal include rare earth metals, rare earth alloys, pure iron, ferroboron, carbon, and alloys thereof. Using these raw material metals and the like, a raw material alloy is prepared so that a rare earth magnet having a desired composition can be obtained.
- a strip casting method will be described as an example of the adjustment method.
- molten metal is poured into a tundish, and the molten metal in which the raw metal is dissolved is poured onto a rotating copper roll that is further cooled with water from the tundish to cool and solidify.
- the cooling rate can be controlled within a desired range by adjusting the temperature of the molten metal, the supply amount, and the rotation speed of the cooling roll.
- the cooling rate at the time of solidification is preferably set as appropriate according to conditions such as the composition of the rare earth magnet to be produced.
- the cooling rate is 500 to 11000 ° C./second, preferably 1000 to 11000 ° C./second. Good.
- the cooling rate during the solidification is specifically a value obtained by measuring the temperature of the molten metal in the tundish with an immersion thermocouple, and measuring the alloy temperature at a position where the roll has rotated 60 degrees with a radiation thermometer. The difference was calculated by dividing by the time for the roll to rotate 60 degrees.
- the amount of carbon contained in the raw material alloy is preferably 100 ppm or more. In this case, it becomes easy to adjust the Ga amount, the C amount, and the B amount in the outer edge portion within preferable ranges.
- a method of adjusting the amount of carbon in the raw material alloy for example, there is a method of adjusting by using a raw material metal containing carbon.
- a method of adjusting by using a raw material metal containing carbon it is easy to adjust the amount of carbon by changing the type of Fe raw material.
- Carbon steel or cast iron can be used to increase the amount of carbon, and electrolytic iron or the like can be used to decrease the amount of carbon.
- the pulverization step is a step of pulverizing the raw material alloy obtained in the preparation step to obtain a raw material fine powder. This process is preferably performed in two stages, a coarse pulverization process and a fine pulverization process, but may be performed in one stage including only the fine pulverization process.
- the coarse pulverization step can be performed in an inert gas atmosphere using, for example, a stamp mill, a jaw crusher, a brown mill, or the like. It is also possible to perform hydrogen occlusion and pulverization in which hydrogen is occluded and then pulverized.
- the raw material alloy is pulverized until it becomes a coarse powder having a particle size of about several hundred ⁇ m to several millimeters.
- the coarse powder obtained in the coarse pulverization step (a raw material alloy when the coarse pulverization step is omitted) is finely pulverized to prepare a raw fine powder having an average particle size of about several ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the raw material fine powder may be set in consideration of the degree of crystal grain growth after sintering.
- the fine pulverization can be performed using, for example, a jet mill.
- Grinding aid can be added before pulverization. By adding a grinding aid, the grindability is improved and the magnetic field orientation in the molding process is facilitated. In addition, the amount of carbon during sintering can be changed, and the gallium composition, carbon composition, and boron composition can be adjusted at the outer edge of the main phase particles of the sintered magnet.
- the grinding aid is preferably an organic substance having lubricity.
- an organic substance containing nitrogen is preferable in order to satisfy the relationship [O] / ([C] + [N]) ⁇ 0.85 described above.
- metal salts of long-chain hydrocarbon acids such as stearic acid, oleic acid, and lauric acid, or amides of the long-chain hydrocarbon acids are preferable.
- the addition amount of the grinding aid is preferably 0.05 to 0.15% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the raw material alloy from the viewpoint of composition control of the outer edge. Further, by setting the mass ratio of the grinding aid to carbon contained in the raw material alloy to 5 to 15, the gallium composition, the carbon composition, and the boron composition in the outer edge and inside of the main phase particles of the sintered magnet can be adjusted. .
- the forming step is a step of forming a compact by forming the raw material fine powder in a magnetic field. Specifically, after forming the raw material fine powder into a mold arranged in an electromagnet, molding is performed by applying a magnetic field with an electromagnet and pressing the raw material fine powder while orienting the crystal axis of the raw material fine powder. To produce a molded body.
- the molding in the magnetic field may be performed at a pressure of about 30 to 300 MPa in a magnetic field of 1000 to 1600 kA / m, for example.
- the sintering step is a step of obtaining a sintered body by sintering the formed body.
- the compact can be sintered in a vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a sintered compact.
- the sintering conditions may be appropriately set according to conditions such as the composition of the molded body, the method of pulverizing the raw material fine powder, and the particle size.
- the treatment may be performed at 950 ° C. to 1250 ° C. for about 1 to 10 hours, but preferably at 1000 ° C. to 1100 ° C. for about 1 to 10 hours. It is also possible to adjust the amount of carbon during sintering by adjusting the temperature raising process.
- the temperature rising speed from room temperature to 300 ° C. to 1 ° C./min or more. More preferably, it is 4 ° C./min or more.
- the treatment for causing the Ga concentration difference, the C concentration difference, and the B concentration difference in the main phase particles may be performed in the sintering step, or may be performed in the heat treatment step described later.
- the heat treatment step is a step of aging the sintered body. Through this step, Ga concentration difference, C concentration difference, and B concentration difference can be generated in the main phase particles. However, the microstructure in the main phase particles is not controlled only by this process, but is determined by the balance between the various conditions of the sintering process and the state of the raw material fine powder. Therefore, the heat treatment temperature and time may be set in consideration of the relationship between the heat treatment conditions and the microstructure of the sintered body.
- the heat treatment may be performed in a temperature range of 500 ° C. to 900 ° C. However, the heat treatment may be performed in two stages such that the heat treatment is performed near 800 ° C. and then the heat treatment is performed near 550 ° C.
- the cooling rate is preferably 50 ° C./min or more, particularly preferably 100 ° C./min or more, 250 ° C./min or less, particularly 200 ° C./min or less. It is preferable to do.
- Various control of the Ga concentration distribution, C concentration distribution and B concentration distribution in the main phase particles by variously setting the raw material alloy composition, the cooling rate at the time of solidification in the adjusting process, the sintering conditions and the heat treatment conditions described above Can do.
- the method of controlling the Ga concentration distribution, C concentration distribution, and B concentration distribution in the main phase particles is exemplified by heat treatment conditions, but the rare earth magnet of the present invention is not limited to that obtained by this method. .
- control of composition factors, control of solidification conditions in the adjustment process, and control of sintering conditions By adding control of composition factors, control of solidification conditions in the adjustment process, and control of sintering conditions, a rare earth magnet having the same effect can be obtained even under conditions different from the heat treatment conditions exemplified in the present embodiment. .
- the method for producing the rare earth magnet according to the present invention is not limited to the above method, and may be appropriately changed. Moreover, there is no restriction
- a raw material metal for a sintered magnet was prepared, and using these, the sample No. which is an example of the present invention represented by the following Table 1 was formed by a strip casting method. 1 to sample no. 22 and Comparative Sample No. 23 to Sample No. Raw material alloys were prepared so as to obtain 28 sintered magnet compositions.
- the raw material alloy was produced by the strip casting method, and the cooling rate at the time of solidification of the molten metal was determined as Sample No. 1 to sample no. 14 and sample no. 19 to sample no. Up to 26, the temperature was 2500 ° C./second. Sample No. In No. 15, the cooling rate during solidification was 11000 ° C./sec. Sample No. In No. 16, the cooling rate during solidification was 6500 ° C./second.
- the resulting pulverized product was mixed with a pulverization aid, and then finely pulverized using a jet mill to obtain a raw material powder having an average particle size of 3 to 4 ⁇ m.
- the obtained raw material powder was molded under conditions of an orientation magnetic field of 1200 kA / m and a molding pressure of 120 MPa in a low oxygen atmosphere (atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 100 ppm or less) to obtain a molded body.
- the molded body was sintered in vacuum at a sintering temperature of 1010 to 1050 ° C. for 4 hours, and then rapidly cooled to obtain a sintered body.
- the obtained sintered body was subjected to two-stage heat treatment at 900 ° C. and 500 ° C. in an Ar gas atmosphere.
- the holding time is constant for 1 hour for all samples, and the cooling rate after the first stage heat treatment is 50 ° C./min. Then, it was gradually cooled to room temperature.
- the second stage heat treatment at 500 ° C. (aging 2), the main phase is cooled by changing the holding time and the cooling rate from 500 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- Example No. 1 to sample No. 28 The magnetic characteristics of each sample (sample No. 1 to sample No. 28) obtained as described above were measured. Specifically, residual magnetic flux density (Br) and coercive force (HcJ) were measured using a BH tracer. Thereafter, the high temperature demagnetization rate was measured. These results are summarized in Table 1. Next, Sample No. whose magnetic characteristics were measured was measured. 1 to sample no. 28, the Ga concentration distribution, C concentration distribution, and B concentration distribution in the main phase particles were evaluated by a three-dimensional atom probe microscope. The evaluation was carried out by cutting out 10 or more needle-shaped samples for three-dimensional atom probe measurement for each sample.
- an electron microscope image of a polished cross section of each sample was obtained.
- a field of view in which about 100 main phase particles could be observed in the electron microscope image was set.
- the size of the visual field is approximately 40 ⁇ m ⁇ 50 ⁇ m.
- Main phase particles having a particle size larger than the average particle size of the main phase particles in the acquired electron microscope image were selected.
- the sample cutout part 5 was set so that the center vicinity of the main phase particle
- the measurement with a three-dimensional atom probe microscope was continuously performed for 500 nm or more from the vicinity of the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle. That is, the length of each needle sample was 500 nm or more.
- the main phase particle edge was determined. Using a three-dimensional construction image obtained by measurement with a three-dimensional atom probe microscope, a change in Cu atom concentration in the vicinity of the boundary between the main phase particle 1 and the grain boundary phase 2 is measured at intervals of 2 nm (50 nm ⁇ 50 nm ⁇ 2 nm The ends of the main phase particles were determined from a graph created by measuring a rectangular parallelepiped as a unit volume.
- a 50 nm ⁇ 50 nm ⁇ 50 nm cube is divided as a unit volume on a straight line from the main phase particle end to the inside of the particle, and average Ga atom concentration, average C atom concentration and average B atom concentration are calculated in each divided region. did.
- the Ga atom concentration, C atom concentration and B atom concentration of the divided region By plotting the average Ga atom concentration, average C atom concentration and average B atom concentration of the divided region against the distance between the center point of the divided region and the edge of the main phase particle, the Ga atom concentration, C atom concentration and B atom The concentration distribution was evaluated.
- the Ga concentration in the main phase particles was evaluated.
- the case where 0.01 atomic% or more of Ga in the main phase particle is detected by three-dimensional atom probe microscope measurement over 100 nm or more is assumed to be contained in the main phase particle.
- the C concentration in the main phase particles was evaluated.
- C is included in the main phase particles when 0.05 atomic% or more of C is detected in the main phase particles by a three-dimensional atom probe microscope measurement over 100 nm or more.
- the Ga concentration has an increasing gradient from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, and the length of the region where the absolute value of the increasing gradient is 0.05 atomic% / ⁇ m or more is 100 nm or more. Evaluated whether or not.
- the length of the region where the C concentration has an increasing gradient from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle and the absolute value of the increasing gradient is 0.00010 atomic% / nm or more is 100 nm or more. Evaluated whether or not.
- the length of the region in which the B concentration has a decreasing gradient from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle and the absolute value of the decreasing gradient is 0.0005 atomic% / nm or more is 100 nm or more. Evaluated whether or not.
- Sample No. which is an embodiment of the present invention. 1 to sample no. 22 and Comparative Sample No. 23 to Sample No. Table 1 and Table 2 collectively show the evaluation results of 28 element concentrations.
- the Ga concentration distribution evaluation results the C concentration distribution evaluation results, the B concentration distribution evaluation results, the Ga concentration evaluation results, and the C concentration evaluation results in Tables 1 and 2, 10 samples are evaluated for each sample.
- the frequency at which the measurement location corresponds was expressed as the number of applicable locations / number of measurement locations.
- the cooling rate of the second stage heat treatment is shown in Table 1. Further, when the number of atoms of C, O, N and M elements contained in the sintered body is [C], [O], [N] and [M], respectively, [O] / ([ C] + [N]) and [M] / [C] values were calculated and shown in Table 3.
- the amount of oxygen and the amount of nitrogen contained in the rare earth magnet are controlled by controlling the atmosphere from the pulverization step to the heat treatment step, and in particular by adjusting the amount of oxygen and nitrogen contained in the atmosphere in the pulverization step. The range was adjusted to 1.
- the amount of carbon contained in the rare earth magnet was adjusted to the range shown in Table 1 by adjusting the increase or decrease in the amount of grinding aid added in the grinding step.
- Sample No. containing main phase particles existing within 100 nm toward 1 to sample no. 18 shows that the absolute value of the high temperature demagnetization factor is controlled to 1.5% or less. This is because the portion of the main phase particles whose magnetic properties are modulated from the inside of the main phase particles (the Ga concentration portion) is the inside of the main phase particles (the Ga concentration). It is considered that this is because the gap of the anisotropic magnetic field is formed so as to enclose the particles, and the high temperature demagnetization rate can be greatly suppressed.
- the main phase particle has a Ga concentration distribution having a gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, and the length of the region having the increasing gradient is 100 nm or more.
- Sample No. containing particles 1 to sample no. 17 the absolute value of the high temperature demagnetization factor can be controlled to 1.3% or less.
- the Ga concentration distribution of the main phase particles has a gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, and the absolute value of the Ga concentration gradient is 0.05 atomic% / ⁇ m or more.
- Sample No. containing main phase particles having a length of 100 nm or more. 1 to sample no. 16 the absolute value of the high temperature demagnetization factor is controlled to 1.0% or less.
- the main phase particle C has a gradient in which the concentration distribution of C increases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, and the length of the region having the increasing gradient is 100 nm or more.
- the concentration distribution of C of the main phase particles has a gradient that increases from the end of the main phase particles toward the inside of the particles, and the absolute value of the concentration gradient of C is 0.00010 atomic% / nm or more.
- sample no. 1 to sample no. From the results of 19, the absolute value of the high temperature demagnetization factor is 2. when the main phase particles having the B concentration difference in which the concentration ratio A2 (A2 ⁇ B / ⁇ B) of ⁇ B and ⁇ B is 1.08 or more are included. It turns out that it is controlled to 5% or less.
- the main phase particle has a B concentration distribution having a gradient that decreases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, and the length of the region having the decreasing gradient is 100 nm or more.
- the B concentration distribution of the main phase particle has a gradient that decreases from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, and the absolute value of the B concentration gradient is 0.0005 atomic% / nm or more.
- Sample No. containing main phase particles having a length of 100 nm or more. 1 to sample no. 16 the absolute value of the high temperature demagnetization factor is controlled to 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 2 shows a measurement example of a Ga concentration distribution measured with a three-dimensional atom probe microscope in a line from the particle end portion of the main phase particle formed to the inside of the particle. 2 and 3, the average Ga atom concentration in the divided region is graphed with respect to the distance between the center point of the divided region and the edge of the main phase particle. From the results of elemental analysis by these three-dimensional atom probe microscopes, sample No. 2 shows that main phase particles having a concentration ratio A of 1.69 and a value larger than 1.50 are included.
- the position indicating the lowest Ga concentration ( ⁇ Ga) within the measurement range exists within 100 nm from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle, and from the end of the main phase particle toward the inside of the particle. It can be seen that a region having an increasing concentration gradient and having an absolute value of the Ga concentration gradient of 0.05 atomic% / ⁇ m or more has 100 nm or more.
- FIG. 3 shows a sample No. which is a comparative example according to the prior art.
- 23 shows a measurement example of the Ga concentration distribution measured with a three-dimensional atom probe microscope in a line from the particle end portion of the main phase particle formed in 23 toward the inside of the particle. From the results of elemental analysis by these three-dimensional atom probe microscopes, sample No. 23, the density ratio A is 1.06, which is smaller than 1.20, indicating that the microstructure of the present invention is not formed.
- Sample No. which is a comparative example. 24 to sample no. No. 28 also had the same Ga concentration distribution, but it is considered that the high temperature demagnetization rate has not been suppressed.
- sample No. 1 to sample no. The 22 samples include those having a Ga concentration difference in the main phase particles, and the number of O, C, and N atoms contained in the sintered magnet satisfies the following specific relationship. That is, when the number of atoms of O, C, and N is [O], [C], and [N], respectively, the relationship of [O] / ([C] + [N]) ⁇ 0.85 is satisfied. ing. As described above, when [O] / ([C] + [N]) ⁇ 0.85, the coercive force (HcJ) can be effectively improved and the high temperature demagnetization factor is effectively increased. It was possible to suppress it.
- HcJ coercive force
- the composition of the main component is 25 wt% Nd-7Pr-1.5Dy-0.93B-0.20 Al-2Co-0.2Cu-0.17Ga-0.08O-0.08C-0.005N,
- the amount of carbon contained in the alloy was 100 ppm, and sample No. 32 was produced. Furthermore, the sample No. was changed by changing the amount of carbon contained in the raw material alloy. 30, 31, 33, and 34 were produced. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Table 4 shows that when the amount of carbon contained in the raw material alloy is 100 ppm or more, the Ga concentration ratio A and the Ga concentration gradient are likely to be within the preferred range.
- the temperature increase rate from room temperature to 300 ° C. is 1 ° C./min or more
- the Ga concentration ratio A is within a preferable range
- the temperature increase rate from room temperature to 300 ° C. is 2 ° C./min.
- the temperature rising speed from room temperature to 300 ° C. is more preferably 4 ° C./min or more.
- the Ga concentration ratio tends to be within a preferable range by setting the cooling rate after aging 2 to 50 ° C./min or more and 250 ° C./min or less.
- a rare earth magnet that can be used even in a high temperature environment can be provided.
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Abstract
Description
R:29.5~35.0質量%、
B:0.7~0.98質量%、
M:0.03~1.7質量%、
Cu:0.01~1.5質量%、及び、
Fe:実質的に残部、及び、
残部を占める元素のうちのFe以外の元素の合計含有量:5.0質量%以下。
MのうちGaの含有量は0.03~1.5質量%が好ましい。また、MのうちGaの含有量を0.08~1.2質量%とすることで、成形体の強度が高くなる。MのうちAlの含有量を0.1~0.5質量%とすることで、成形体の強度が高くなる。
D =100*(B1-B0)/B0(%)
と、評価される。
2 粒界相
5 試料切り出し箇所
11 外縁部の長さ50nmの部分
12a,12b 主相粒子端部
Claims (5)
- R2T14B型結晶構造を有する結晶粒子を主相とする希土類磁石であって、主相粒子内にGaが存在し、主相粒子の一粒子内におけるGaの最高濃度をαGa、最低濃度をβGaとした場合、αGaとβGaの濃度比率A(A=αGa/βGa)が1.20以上となる主相粒子を含むことを特徴とする希土類磁石。
- 前記濃度比率Aが1.50以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の希土類磁石。
- 前記βGaを示す位置が前記主相粒子の端部から粒子内部に向かって100nm以内に存在している請求項1~2のいずれかに記載の希土類磁石。
- 前記主相粒子の端部から前記主相粒子の内部に向かって増加するGaの濃度勾配を有し、かつ、前記Gaの濃度勾配を有する領域の長さが100nm以上である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の希土類磁石。
- 前記主相粒子の端部から前記主相粒子の内部に向かって増加するGaの濃度勾配を有し、かつ、前記Gaの濃度勾配の絶対値が0.05原子%/μm以上である領域の長さが100nm以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の希土類磁石。
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