WO2016117638A1 - 3次元発光画像の生成方法及び撮像システム - Google Patents
3次元発光画像の生成方法及び撮像システム Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for generating a three-dimensional emission image and an imaging system for generating a three-dimensional emission image.
- Stem cell-derived embryoid bodies such as iPS cells or ES cells or tissues such as spheroids have attracted attention as new research materials, and research using these has been conducted.
- Stem cell-derived embryoid bodies or spheroids are generally a group of cells in which stem cells cultured in a non-adhered state gather and aggregate to form a spherical three-dimensional structure.
- Cells contained in embryoid bodies or spheroids have the ability to differentiate into various cells depending on the culture conditions. For example, in regenerative medicine for the purpose of regenerating organs, or in drug discovery research that evaluates the efficacy and toxicity of new drugs on the human body, it is more in vivo than cells that have been used in the past. It is desirable to use cells having a three-dimensional structure close to the environment. For this reason, stem cell-derived embryoid bodies or spheroids have attracted attention as research materials, particularly in recent research in the field of regenerative medicine or drug discovery.
- Japanese Patent No. 5424528 discloses the following analysis method and analysis system. That is, this method and system is directed to a thick live sample embryo or tissue that generates faint light and has multiple sites to be measured. In this method and system, a weak light signal is acquired from a different position for each measurement site, and analysis is performed based on this signal.
- Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-119762 discloses a microscope system that captures a bright-field image and a light-emitting image or a fluorescent image while changing the focus position.
- a three-dimensional three-dimensional sample for example, a plurality of two-dimensional images having different focal planes are acquired by performing photographing while shifting the focal position at regular intervals, and the reconstruction processing based on the two-dimensional images is performed.
- a dimensional image can be constructed. It is known that the internal structure of a three-dimensional sample and its change can be analyzed by constructing such a three-dimensional image (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-122829, Japanese Special Table 2010-5324487). Issue gazette). In this case, for example, cells labeled with a luminescent protein or a fluorescent protein are used, and various information can be acquired about cells in a living state.
- the luminescence intensity of the photoprotein is weaker than the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent protein, and a long exposure is required for one photographing. For this reason, in the method of constructing a light emission three-dimensional image by reconstructing a light emission image taken while shifting the focal position at regular intervals, it takes time to construct the image. Further, when obtaining a plurality of two-dimensional images, if the photographing interval related to the focal position is shortened, the information amount of the three-dimensional image is increased and the definition becomes high. On the other hand, the time required for shooting increases and the data size also increases. Conversely, if the shooting interval related to the focal position is lengthened, the data size is reduced, but the amount of information included in the three-dimensional image is reduced, and the resolution is lowered.
- a three-dimensional time-lapse observation in which the above-described three-dimensional reconstructed image is acquired at predetermined time intervals is performed, thereby changing the three-dimensional sample with time.
- the amount of data obtained can be enormous.
- the data required for analysis is partial.
- data necessary for analysis can change with time.
- embryonic bodies or spheroids derived from stem cells may exhibit different gene expression levels in individual cells constituting these tissues.
- the present invention relates to a method and an imaging system for generating a three-dimensional luminescent image capable of acquiring necessary and sufficient data in observing a three-dimensional sample having a three-dimensional shape including a plurality of cells prepared to emit light.
- the purpose is to provide.
- a method for generating a three-dimensional luminescent image includes a plurality of three-dimensional samples having a three-dimensional shape including a plurality of cells prepared to emit light and having different focal planes.
- the interval between the plurality of two-dimensional images is set according to the localization of light emission in the three-dimensional sample, and the three-dimensional sample is photographed under non-illumination conditions.
- an imaging system includes an objective optical system, a drive unit that moves a focus position of the objective optical system in the optical axis direction, and a plurality of cells that are prepared to emit light 3.
- a plurality of two-dimensional images when acquiring a plurality of two-dimensional images having a focusing surface different from an imaging unit that images a light-emitting image of a three-dimensional sample having a three-dimensional shape via the objective optical system.
- An interval setting unit that sets the interval between images according to the localization of light emission in the three-dimensional sample, and the imaging unit to photograph the three-dimensional sample while controlling the operation of the driving unit under non-illumination conditions
- the imaging control unit that acquires the two-dimensional image group including the plurality of two-dimensional images according to the set interval is combined with the plurality of two-dimensional images included in the two-dimensional image group to obtain 3 Image composition to generate a three-dimensional luminescence Provided with a door.
- a method for generating a three-dimensional emission image capable of acquiring necessary and sufficient data in observation of a three-dimensional sample having a three-dimensional shape including a plurality of cells prepared to emit light, and An imaging system can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an outline of a configuration example of an imaging system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for generating a three-dimensional luminescent image according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of an image acquisition process according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an example of the condition adjustment process according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an example of automatic combination processing according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a three-dimensional light emission image acquired according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a three-dimensional light emission image acquired according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a three-dimensional light emission image acquired according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram for explaining the image acquisition of the three-dimensional sample in the second embodiment, and is a diagram illustrating a case where the interval between the imaging surfaces is wider than the focal depth of the objective optical system.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram for explaining a three-dimensional image obtained in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram for explaining image acquisition of a three-dimensional sample in the second embodiment, and is a diagram illustrating a case where the interval between imaging surfaces is narrower than the focal depth of the objective optical system.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram for explaining the image acquisition of the three-dimensional sample in the second embodiment, and is a diagram illustrating a case where the interval between imaging surfaces is narrower than the focal depth of the objective optical system.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram for explaining a three-dimensional image obtained in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram for explaining a three-dimensional image obtained in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram for explaining the outline of the operation of the imaging system according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating an example of an image acquisition process according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an example of an imaging plane setting process according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram for explaining conditions for setting the interval between the imaging surfaces to be narrow in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram for explaining conditions for setting the interval between the imaging surfaces to be narrow in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram for explaining the setting of the interval between the imaging surfaces in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram for explaining the setting of the interval between the imaging surfaces in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a two-dimensional image acquisition process according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 22 is a flowchart illustrating an example of an imaging surface setting process according to the first modification of the second embodiment.
- the imaging system 10 includes a sample holding unit 11 that holds a three-dimensional sample 12, an incubator 13, an objective optical system 14, an imaging unit 15, an objective optical system driving unit 16, and a sample holding unit.
- the three-dimensional sample 12 is a sample that includes a plurality of cells and has a thickness, such as embryoid bodies or spheroids derived from stem cells such as iPS cells and ES cells.
- the three-dimensional sample 12 is prepared to self-emit under non-illuminated conditions.
- the three-dimensional sample 12 includes, for example, cells into which a luciferase gene has been introduced. When luciferin is added, the cells in which the luciferase is expressed emit light.
- the incubator 13 adjusts the environmental conditions for maintaining the cells, such as temperature and CO 2 concentration, for the three-dimensional sample 12.
- the objective optical system 14 includes an optical system similar to a general microscope such as an objective lens.
- the imaging unit 15 includes an imaging device such as a cooled CCD camera.
- the imaging device included in the imaging unit 15 is not limited to a CCD image sensor, and may be a CMOS image sensor or the like.
- the imaging unit 15 captures an image of the three-dimensional sample 12 enlarged by the objective optical system 14. By performing imaging under non-illumination conditions, the imaging unit 15 can acquire an image of a state in which the three-dimensional sample 12 emits light. Such an image relating to light emission is referred to as a light emission image.
- a first filter 31 may be provided between the objective optical system 14 and the imaging unit 15.
- the first filter 31 can be configured as a spectral film, for example.
- photoproteins for example, luciferase
- imaging may be performed for each wavelength. .
- imaging is performed while the first filter 31 is used and the first filter 31 is replaced, or a part on a separate imaging unit or imaging element for each wavelength. Images are taken simultaneously in the area. Thereby, a multicolor three-dimensional light emission image can be acquired.
- the sample holder 11 is configured to hold the three-dimensional sample 12.
- the sample holder 11 is configured to be movable in the plane direction (XY direction).
- the sample holder 11 is constituted by a stage, for example.
- the sample holder drive unit 17 moves the sample holder 11 in the plane direction (XY direction). By moving the sample holder 11 in the plane direction (XY direction), the imaging system 10 can change the imaging field of view within the plane.
- the objective optical system drive unit 16 changes the focus position in the optical axis direction (Z direction) perpendicular to the plane direction (XY direction) of the objective optical system 14.
- the objective optical system driving unit 16 moves the objective lens in the optical axis direction, for example.
- the sample holding unit driving unit 17 may move the sample holding unit 11 in the optical axis direction.
- the imaging system 10 includes a main body 21 including the sample holding unit 11 and the incubator 13, a dark box 22 provided on the outer peripheral portion of the main body 21, a lid 23 covering the dark box 22, and a second box provided on the lid 23.
- a filter 30 and a light source 24 that is a light source of illumination light that irradiates the three-dimensional sample 12 through the second filter 30 are provided.
- the interior of the main body 21 is shielded from external light by the dark box 22 and the lid 23. Therefore, when the light source 24 is turned off, the inside of the main body 21 is in a non-illumination condition. Thereby, even when the three-dimensional sample 12 installed inside the main body 21 emits extremely weak light, the imaging system 10 can image the light under favorable conditions.
- the illumination of the three-dimensional sample 12 is performed by turning on the light source 24.
- Observation of a three-dimensional sample under illumination conditions is performed, for example, for confirming the position of the sample or focusing on the sample surface prior to observation and imaging of light emission.
- the three-dimensional sample 12 can be irradiated with excitation light for generating fluorescence by using the second filter 30 that can be configured as a spectral film, or by using a laser light source as the light source 24. If the three-dimensional sample 12 is prepared so as to generate fluorescence, an image of fluorescence of the three-dimensional sample 12 as well as light emission can be acquired.
- the control unit 18 is configured by, for example, a personal computer.
- the control unit 18 includes an imaging control unit 181 that controls the imaging operation, an image composition unit 182 that performs image processing on the captured image to generate a three-dimensional light emission image, and an imaging condition determination unit 183 that determines imaging conditions. And a recording unit 184 for recording various data.
- the imaging control unit 181 controls the exposure time when acquiring one image. Further, the imaging control unit 181 controls the change in the focus position in the Z-axis direction adjusted by the objective optical system driving unit 16, that is, the imaging pitch. The imaging control unit 181 causes the imaging unit 15 to acquire a set of two-dimensional emission images including a plurality of two-dimensional emission images for a plurality of different focal planes. In addition, the imaging control unit 181 controls an imaging interval that is an interval between the acquisition of one set of two-dimensional emission images and the acquisition of another set of two-dimensional emission images.
- the image composition unit 182 generates a three-dimensional light emission image by combining a set of two-dimensional light emission images.
- a three-dimensional reconstruction process that is a three-dimensional composition is performed. That is, the image composition unit 182 generates a three-dimensional light emission image by combining each image in a three-dimensional arrangement using a position information of each set of two-dimensional light emission images.
- the imaging condition determination unit 183 determines imaging conditions controlled by the imaging control unit 181. That is, the shooting condition determination unit 183 determines, for example, a shooting interval, a shooting pitch, and an exposure time.
- the recording unit 184 records information necessary for the operation of the control unit 18. This information includes a program for operating each unit of the control unit 18.
- the recording unit 184 records a two-dimensional image obtained by imaging or a three-dimensional light emission image generated by synthesis.
- a plurality of three-dimensional light emission images are acquired at predetermined shooting intervals. That is, according to the imaging system 10, time-lapse shooting of a three-dimensional light emission image can be performed.
- the control unit 18 includes an integrated circuit such as a central processing unit (CPU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and performs various operations.
- the imaging control unit 181, the image composition unit 182, and the imaging condition determination unit 183 may each be configured by one integrated circuit or the like, or may be configured by combining a plurality of integrated circuits. Further, two or more of the imaging control unit 181, the image synthesis unit 182, and the imaging condition determination unit 183 may be configured by one integrated circuit or the like.
- the operation of the control unit 18 is performed according to a program recorded in the recording unit 184 or a storage area in the integrated circuit.
- control unit 18 calculates the luminance value of the light emission for each pixel based on the two-dimensional image and / or the three-dimensional image recorded in the recording unit 184, which corresponds to the entire image or a partial light emission amount. Information on the luminance value is sent to the imaging condition determination unit 183.
- the display unit 19 includes a general display device such as a liquid crystal display.
- the display unit 19 displays, for example, the three-dimensional light emission image created by the image composition unit 182.
- the display unit 19 displays a light emission two-dimensional image and other images, and control information of the imaging system 10 by the control unit 18.
- the input unit 20 includes any one of general input devices such as a keyboard, a touch panel, a switch, and a slider.
- the input unit 20 receives a user instruction and transmits the instruction to the control unit 18.
- the three-dimensional sample is adjusted.
- the three-dimensional sample includes a plurality of cells and has a three-dimensional shape.
- Three-dimensional samples include, for example, embryonic bodies and spheroids derived from stem cells such as iPS cells and ES cells, aggregates and colonies of various cells such as cardiomyocytes and nerve cells differentiated from embryoid bodies and spheroids, or multi-layered Cell sheets etc. may be included.
- the three-dimensional sample is adjusted so as to self-emit without requiring external excitation light.
- cells of a three-dimensional sample express luciferase and can be adjusted to produce bioluminescence when luciferin is added.
- the three-dimensional sample is not limited to these.
- the three-dimensional sample may be a sample in which cells are spaced apart on a carrier.
- the shooting conditions include a shooting interval, which is a time interval for acquiring a set of two-dimensional emission images, an exposure time for acquiring a single two-dimensional emission image, and an in-focus position of the objective optical system in the optical axis direction. And an imaging pitch that is a distance interval between the in-focus planes.
- the imaging condition can be determined as an optimal combination of these conditions.
- the imaging pitch can be determined according to the size and shape of the three-dimensional sample.
- the exposure time may be determined according to the shooting pitch and the shooting interval.
- the exposure time can be determined according to the emission intensity of the three-dimensional sample.
- the shooting pitch may be determined according to the exposure time and the shooting interval.
- a plurality of two-dimensional emission images are acquired under non-illumination conditions.
- This two-dimensional light emission image is an image of light emission of a three-dimensional sample.
- a two-dimensional image having a plurality of different focal planes is acquired as a set of two-dimensional images.
- the set of two-dimensional images may include a two-dimensional image at any position from end to end in the height direction of the three-dimensional sample, or a specific partial region in the height direction of the three-dimensional sample. These two-dimensional images may be included.
- a two-dimensional image that is a transmission image may be acquired under illumination conditions using illumination light or excitation light.
- This transparent image may be used, for example, for determining the photographing condition.
- this transmission image may be used for generating a three-dimensional light emission image to be described later.
- step S105 a three-dimensional light emission image is generated based on the set of two-dimensional light emission images acquired in step S103.
- the generation of the three-dimensional light emission image can be generated by synthesizing the two-dimensional light emission image based on the position information.
- a transmission image obtained under the illumination condition acquired in step S104 may also be used.
- step S106 when it is determined that the next two-dimensional light emission image and the three-dimensional light emission image using the next two-dimensional light emission image are generated at a shooting interval, steps S103 to S105 are repeated. That is, time-lapse shooting of a three-dimensional light emission image is performed.
- the image acquisition process is started when the user inputs an instruction to start data acquisition from the input unit 20 after placing the sample on the sample holder 11.
- the image acquisition process will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG. This image acquisition process is performed under the control of the control unit 18.
- step S201 the control unit 18 sets a shooting interval based on an input to the input unit 20 by the user.
- the imaging interval is determined according to the experiment content, for example. In measurement targeting a phenomenon that changes at intervals of several seconds to several minutes, such as measurement of intracellular calcium, it is required that the imaging interval be set short. On the other hand, in measurements such as stem cell differentiation, developmental studies, and analysis of clock gene expression, which are targeted for phenomena that gradually change from several hours to several days, the imaging interval may be relatively long.
- step S202 the control unit 18 acquires the light emission amount acquired as the brightness of the sample. For example, a two-dimensional image of a sample is acquired and the luminance of the obtained image is analyzed to acquire the light emission amount.
- step S203 the control unit 18 calculates exposure time candidates based on the information obtained in step S202.
- the exposure time listed as a candidate is an exposure time that allows imaging. For example, in the case of 16-bit image data, a value from 0 to 65535 is used as the pixel value. For example, an exposure time during which the pixel value is not saturated may be selected. Further, as a guideline for numerical values that can be imaged, an exposure time may be set such that the average value of all the pixel values is about 5000. Note that a threshold value may be arbitrarily set for the exposure time. For example, the control unit 18 examines the conditions of the exposure time and specifies an appropriate range as the exposure time.
- step S204 the control unit 18 acquires the thickness (depth) of the sample.
- the thickness of the sample for example, an image of the sample is acquired while changing the focus position in the Z direction.
- the lower limit and upper limit of the sample are specified from the obtained image, and the distance between the lower limit and the upper limit is calculated.
- the image to be acquired is preferably a bright field image acquired under illumination conditions because the image can be acquired reliably in a short time.
- a light emission image may be used instead of the bright field image.
- step S205 the control unit 18 calculates a shooting pitch candidate based on the thickness of the sample acquired in step S204.
- step S206 the control unit 18 performs mode selection for determining the shooting conditions.
- a depth priority mode a resolution priority mode, and an automatic combination mode are prepared.
- the user selects a desired mode from these modes.
- the control unit 18 acquires an input to the input unit 20 and identifies the selected mode.
- step S207 the control unit 18 determines provisional conditions for image acquisition with priority given to depth. That is, in the depth priority mode, data with high resolution in the depth direction is acquired by narrowing the shooting pitch. For example, consider a case where 30 minutes is selected as an imaging interval for an experimental sample having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m and a minimum exposure time of 1 minute is required. In this case, by setting the exposure time to 1 minute, 30 images can be acquired at intervals of 3.3 ⁇ m in 30 minutes, which is an imaging interval. In this case, it is determined as a temporary condition that the exposure time is 1 minute and the shooting pitch is 3.3 ⁇ m.
- the imaging pitch selected in the depth priority mode is a dimension capable of imaging a single cell at least twice.
- the imaging pitch can be reduced by subtracting the following value ( ⁇ m).
- the imaging pitch can be set from 1.4 to 2.9 ⁇ m to perform imaging from 2 to 4 times.
- the imaging pitch for cells having an average diameter of 10 ⁇ m is selected from 2.4 to 4.9 ⁇ m.
- step S208 the control unit 18 performs a condition adjustment process.
- the condition adjustment process will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG.
- step S301 the control unit 18 acquires a plurality of two-dimensional images for constructing a three-dimensional light-emitting image according to the determined provisional conditions for image acquisition, that is, the exposure time and shooting pitch. For example, a two-dimensional image is acquired with a predetermined exposure time at a predetermined focal position, and subsequently a two-dimensional image is acquired with a predetermined exposure time after changing the focal position by a predetermined shooting pitch. .
- step S302 the control unit 18 generates a three-dimensional light emission image based on the image acquired in step S301. At this time, deconvolution processing is performed on the image acquired in step S301, and processing for canceling image blur is performed. The generation of the three-dimensional emission image is performed using the image that has been subjected to the deconvolution process.
- step S303 the control unit 18 causes the display unit 19 to display the generated three-dimensional light emission image.
- step S304 the control unit 18 obtains the user's judgment as to whether or not the shooting conditions are appropriate.
- the display unit 19 displays the current setting values of the exposure time, shooting pitch, and shooting interval, and icons for changing them. The user can input his / her judgment result by selecting an icon.
- the process proceeds to step S305.
- step S305 the control unit 18 determines the currently set provisional condition for image acquisition as the final image acquisition condition. Thereafter, the condition adjustment process ends, and the process returns to the image acquisition process described with reference to FIG.
- step S304 when information indicating that the shooting condition is not appropriate is acquired, the process proceeds to step S306.
- step S306 the control unit 18 acquires change values of the exposure time, the shooting pitch, and the shooting interval from the user in order to change the conditions.
- the exposure time must be increased when the exposure time is increased in relation to the shooting interval
- the shooting pitch corresponding to the change is calculated.
- the process returns to step S301. Thereafter, acquisition of a two-dimensional image, generation of a three-dimensional light emission image, and the like are performed under the reset conditions.
- step S208 the process proceeds to step S213.
- step S209 the control unit 18 prioritizes resolution and determines provisional conditions for image acquisition. That is, in the resolution priority mode, a light emission image with a high S / N ratio is acquired by extending the exposure time. For example, consider a case in which 30 minutes is selected as an imaging interval for an experimental sample having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m, and an image with a high resolution can be acquired when the exposure time is 4 minutes. In this case, by setting the exposure time to 4 minutes, seven images can be acquired at intervals of 14.3 ⁇ m in 30 minutes, which is an imaging interval.
- the imaging pitch selected in the resolution priority mode can be set to such a dimension that any one can be imaged when two or more cells are adjacent in the depth direction.
- a value (mn) obtained by multiplying the average diameter m ( ⁇ m) of the target cell by n is 0.1 or more and The imaging pitch can be reduced by subtracting a value ( ⁇ m) less than half the value of mn (mn / 2).
- the imaging pitch is set from 6.1 to 23.9 ⁇ m, and one image is taken every 2 to 4 cells. Can be executed. Similarly, the imaging pitch for cells having an average diameter of 10 ⁇ m is selected from 10.1 to 39.9 ⁇ m.
- step S210 the control unit 18 performs a condition adjustment process.
- the condition adjustment process is the same as the condition adjustment process in step S208 described with reference to FIG. After the condition adjustment process, the process proceeds to step S213.
- step S206 When the automatic combination mode is selected in step S206, the process proceeds to step S211.
- step S211 the control unit 18 performs an automatic combination process. The automatic combination process will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG.
- step S401 the control unit 18 sets a plurality of shooting conditions based on the shooting interval acquired in step S201, the exposure time candidate acquired in step S203, and the shooting pitch candidate acquired in step S205. To do.
- step S402 the control unit 18 acquires a plurality of necessary two-dimensional images according to the conditions set in step S401.
- step S403 the control unit 18 generates a plurality of three-dimensional light emission images based on the two-dimensional image acquired in step S402.
- step S404 the control unit 18 causes the display unit 19 to display a plurality of three-dimensional light emission images generated in step S403 and shooting conditions for generating those images.
- the user selects a preferable photographing condition while confirming the three-dimensional light emission image and the photographing condition displayed on the display unit 19.
- step S405 the control unit 18 acquires selection of shooting conditions by the user.
- step S406 the control unit 18 determines the condition acquired in step S405 as a temporary condition. Thereafter, the automatic combination process is terminated, and the process returns to the image acquisition process described with reference to FIG.
- step S212 the control unit 18 performs a condition adjustment process. Thereafter, the process proceeds to step S213.
- step S ⁇ b> 213 the control unit 18 stores the image acquisition conditions determined in the condition adjustment processing in the recording unit 184.
- step S214 the control unit 18 determines whether an instruction to start data acquisition has been input. When the data acquisition start instruction is not input, the process returns to step S214 and waits for the input of the data acquisition start instruction. When an instruction to start data acquisition is input, the process proceeds to step S215.
- step S215 the control unit 18 performs a data acquisition process.
- the data acquisition process is performed according to the determined image acquisition condition. That is, a luminescent image is acquired according to the determined exposure time. In this image, a plurality of light emitting images having different focal positions are acquired while changing the focal position according to the determined shooting pitch. A three-dimensional light emission image is created based on the plurality of light emission images. The acquisition of the three-dimensional light emission image obtained in this way is performed at each determined shooting interval. Thus, the process ends.
- shooting conditions such as shooting interval, exposure time, and shooting pitch need not be constant throughout the measurement.
- priority may be given to depth in the first half of observation, and resolution may be given priority in the second half, or the imaging interval may be set to be different between the first and second half of the observation.
- the distribution information of the cells inside the subject from the transmission image and confirm the distribution in the height direction of the cells, and then determine the position in the height direction of the intermediate part to be imaged.
- the time for acquiring one three-dimensional emission image can be minimized, and efficient analysis can be realized.
- the three-dimensional light emission image acquired in this embodiment is an image of light emission of a three-dimensional sample. Therefore, if the observation method using the light emission phenomenon according to the present embodiment is used, there is no problem derived from autofluorescence that occurs in the case of fluorescence observation. Further, in fluorescence observation, there is a case where damage caused by excitation light on a three-dimensional sample cannot be ignored. If the observation method using the light emission phenomenon according to the present embodiment is used, there is no problem derived from excitation light that occurs in the case of fluorescence observation. For this reason, the observation according to the present embodiment can be applied to long-term observation.
- the shooting interval, the exposure time, and the shooting pitch are optimally selected according to the purpose of the experiment and the sample to be observed.
- a three-dimensional luminescence image at the intermediate site is acquired in addition to the end in the height direction, and the gene expression in the entire structure Can be grasped three-dimensionally.
- the intermediate part is a part close to the state of the living body, and it is significant that the data of this part can be acquired.
- an image that can be compared (or verified) with the internal structure of the three-dimensional sample can be acquired.
- the imaging pitch based on the size and shape of the embryoid body or spheroid, a three-dimensional luminescent image in consideration of the number and density of cells included in the imaging range can be obtained.
- the resolution priority mode should be adopted to widen the imaging pitch. Only a narrow region (for example, a depth corresponding to one-third to one-fifth of the entire length) including the intermediate portion where the cross section is the largest is limited by the depth priority mode. It is preferable to photograph accurately.
- the imaging conditions can be changed as appropriate, the imaging conditions can be determined so that, for example, stereoscopic observation with necessary accuracy according to the degree of progress of differentiation is performed. Further, since the in-focus position is changed in the optical axis direction and a plurality of light emission images are taken, there is no need to move or rotate the three-dimensional sample as the subject.
- the observation method according to the present embodiment can obtain particularly useful information in research for understanding the induction mechanism of stem cell differentiation.
- the method can be used, for example, as an analysis tool for evaluating differentiation efficiency and evaluating differentiation-inducing drugs.
- three-dimensional luminescence observation is performed on embryoid bodies widely used in regenerative medicine research, so that high-precision analysis based on height and thickness information that cannot be detected on a flat surface is performed. obtain.
- Example> ⁇ Example 1> The results of three-dimensional observation using luminescence for the expression of myocardial specific markers in the myocardial induction process of iPS cells are shown below.
- Myocardium-specific troponin T is a protein that is specifically expressed in the myocardium and is used as a marker gene for myocardial differentiation.
- An experimental system capable of analyzing the change in the expression of cTnT during the myocardial differentiation process of mouse iPS cells by embryoid body formation method as luminescence intensity was constructed, and three-dimensional observation of the mouse iPS cell embryoid bodies was performed.
- KO DMEM medium was used for culturing mouse iPS cells (iPS-MEF-Ng-20D-17, Kyoto University) into which the vector was introduced.
- the iPS cells were cultured on MEF cells whose division was stopped by mitomycin C treatment.
- Mouse iPS cells were transfected with a pcTnT-GL4 gene expression vector using the Nucleofection method. Transfected cells were cultured overnight in KO DMEM medium with neomycin resistant feeder cells. Thereafter, the culture medium was replaced with a KO DMEM medium supplemented with antibiotic G418 (Invitrogen) to a final concentration of 250 ⁇ g / ml, and selective culture was performed. In this way, a stable expression cell line was obtained. Hereinafter, this cell is referred to as cTnT-GL4-expressing mouse iPS cell.
- the number of cells in the solution was measured with a cell counter, and the cells were adjusted to 2500 or 5000 cells in each well of Lipidure-Coat culture medium (96-well round bottom; NOF Corporation) supplemented with IMDM medium.
- the turbid solution was added and cultured at 37 ° C. for 3 to 7 days to form embryoid bodies.
- the exposure time at each focal position was 3 minutes, 5 minutes or 10 minutes.
- the shooting pitch was 10 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, or 100 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 6 shows the imaging results when 20 images (1000 ⁇ m in total) are acquired while changing the focal position with the imaging pitch being 10 ⁇ m.
- the left figure is a three-dimensional reconstructed image when the exposure time of each two-dimensional image is 5 minutes, and the right figure is an exposure time of each two-dimensional image is 10 minutes. This is a three-dimensional reconstructed image.
- FIG. 7 shows the result of imaging an area having a thickness of 400 ⁇ m with an exposure time of 3 minutes or 5 minutes and an imaging pitch of 10 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, or 100 ⁇ m.
- the upper row is when the exposure time of each two-dimensional image is 3 minutes
- the lower row is when the exposure time of each two-dimensional image is 5 minutes.
- the images in the left column have a shooting pitch of 10 ⁇ m and are the results of reconstructing a three-dimensional light emission image based on 40 images.
- the middle row image has a shooting pitch of 50 ⁇ m, and is a result of reconstructing a three-dimensional light emission image based on eight images.
- the images in the right column have a shooting pitch of 100 ⁇ m and are the results of reconstructing a three-dimensional light emission image based on four images.
- FIG. 8 shows the result of photographing an area having a thickness of 400 ⁇ m with an exposure time of 3 minutes or 5 minutes and a photographing pitch of 10 ⁇ m or 100 ⁇ m.
- the upper row shows the case where the exposure time of each two-dimensional image is 3 minutes
- the lower row shows the case where the exposure time of each two-dimensional image is 5 minutes.
- the images in the left column are results of reconstructing a three-dimensional light emission image based on 40 images with a shooting pitch of 10 ⁇ m.
- the images in the right column have a shooting pitch of 100 ⁇ m and are the results of reconstructing a three-dimensional light emission image based on four images.
- the sample was illuminated with light of a predetermined wavelength emitted from a light source, and a transmission image by bright field or fluorescence was acquired.
- the imaging range in the height direction of the sample could be specified appropriately.
- the three-dimensional information from the vicinity of the apex of the height of the three-dimensional sample or from the vicinity of the adhesion portion on the bottom surface of the container may become noise in the analysis of the expression level due to physical effects such as gravity and adsorption force. Therefore, it is important to select an intermediate region with as little mechanical influence as possible as the imaging range.
- the imaging pitch is used for analysis without missing cells in the sample, regardless of the culture period, when the number or density of cells changes according to the degree of differentiation inside the sample, such as embryoid bodies and spheroids. It was important to.
- Example 2 By performing time-lapse observation using a three-dimensional luminescence observation method, the expression of cTnT in the myocardial differentiation process of the cTnT-GL4 mouse iPS cells used in Example 1 can be observed three-dimensionally and over time.
- a second embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- differences from the first embodiment will be described, and the same portions will be denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof will be omitted.
- time-lapse observation is performed in which acquisition of a three-dimensional image in which a three-dimensional image is generated based on a plurality of two-dimensional images is repeatedly performed.
- the acquisition of the three-dimensional image can be performed, for example, by repeating the same processing every predetermined time.
- a shooting pitch that is an interval in the Z-axis direction between the two-dimensional image and the two-dimensional image is 3 It is changed as appropriate each time a three-dimensional image is acquired.
- FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram when an image of the three-dimensional sample 300 is acquired.
- a first region of interest 301 and a second region of interest 302, which are regions that emit light, are included in the three-dimensional sample 300.
- a focal plane when an image is acquired is indicated by a broken line. That is, the first focusing surface 401, the second focusing surface 402, the third focusing surface 403, the fourth focusing surface 404, the fifth focusing surface 405, and the sixth focusing surface 406.
- the range in which an image is obtained according to the depth of focus of the objective optical system 14 at this time is indicated by an “I” type symbol on the right side of the figure.
- the I-shaped height indicates the depth of focus, that is, the range to be focused. That is, in imaging on the first focusing surface 401, an image in the first range 411 is acquired. Similarly, in imaging on each of the second focusing surface 402, the third focusing surface 403, the fourth focusing surface 404, the fifth focusing surface 405, and the sixth focusing surface 406, Images of the range 412, the third range 413, the fourth range 414, the fifth range 415, and the sixth range 416 are respectively acquired.
- an image as shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 10 is obtained. That is, images of the first range 411, the second range 412, the third range 413, the fourth range 414, the fifth range 415, and the sixth range 416 are obtained.
- the first missing region 421 between the first range 411 and the second range 412, and the area between the second range 412 and the third range 413 shown by shading in FIG.
- an image of the fifth missing region 425 between the fifth range 415 and the sixth range 416 is not obtained. That is, complete images cannot be obtained for the three-dimensional sample 300 and the first region of interest 301 and the second region of interest 302 that are the region of interest.
- FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram in the case where the number of times of imaging is increased as compared with the case shown in FIG.
- the first focusing surface 431, the second focusing surface 432, the third focusing surface 433, the fourth focusing surface 434, the fifth focusing surface 435, and the sixth focusing surface In each of the focusing surface 436, the seventh focusing surface 437, the eighth focusing surface 438, the ninth focusing surface 439, the tenth focusing surface 440, and the eleventh focusing surface 441, 2 It is assumed that a dimensional image is acquired.
- the first range 451 and the second range 452 overlap.
- an image as shown in FIG. 12 is obtained. That is, complete images are obtained for the three-dimensional sample 300 and the first region of interest 301 and the second region of interest 302 that are the region of interest.
- the shooting ranges overlap with each other has been described, but the shooting ranges do not need to overlap as long as the shooting ranges are adjacent to each other with no gap.
- the information is incomplete and unclear, but the number of acquired two-dimensional images is small and the data size is small. Become.
- the three-dimensional image obtained under the condition where the focal plane interval is narrow as shown in FIG. 12 includes all information on the observation target and becomes a high-definition image. The number is large and the data size is large.
- the present embodiment it is considered that two-dimensional images are not acquired in the fifth range 455 and the seventh range 457 shown in FIG. That is, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 13, even if the first missing region 471 and the second missing region 472 occur, the first range 451 and the second range are used to reduce the data size. 452, the third range 453, the fourth range 454, the sixth range 456, the eighth range 458, the ninth range 459, the tenth range 460, and the eleventh range 461 are acquired. .
- FIG. 14 shows on which focal plane imaging is performed over time. That is, FIG. 14 shows a case where time elapses in the order of the left figure (a), the middle figure (b), and the right figure (c).
- Each of the horizontal straight lines 480 in each figure indicates a focal plane when each photographing is performed.
- the in-focus plane when this shooting is performed is referred to as a shooting plane 480.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces 480 is set wide across the entire three-dimensional sample 300. here.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces 480 is wider than the focal depth of the objective optical system 14.
- the first attention area 301 and the second attention area 302 are generated as shown in the middle diagram (b) of FIG. 14, the first attention area 301 and the second attention area 302 are The resulting region is detected.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces 480 is set narrow, and for the other regions, the interval between the imaging surfaces 480 is set wide.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces 480 set narrow here is equal to the focal depth of the objective optical system 14 or narrower than the focal depth of the objective optical system 14.
- a first interval an interval equal to or smaller than the focal depth
- an interval wider than the focal depth is referred to as a second interval.
- the third attention area when the third attention area is generated in addition to the first attention area 301 and the second attention area 302, The region including the attention region 302 and the third attention region 303 is detected.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces 480 is set to a narrow first interval, and for the other areas, the imaging surface is set.
- the interval 480 is set to a wide second interval.
- the interval of the imaging surface 480 is changed from the first interval to the second interval for the attention area.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces is appropriately changed according to the presence or absence of a region of interest where light emission is recognized.
- FIG. 15 shows an outline of an example of image acquisition processing according to the present embodiment.
- step S501 the control unit 18 performs initial settings related to image acquisition.
- This initial setting includes, for example, setting of an image acquisition region that is a range in the Z-axis direction in which an image is acquired, settings relating to shooting timing including an image acquisition time interval (shooting interval) in time-lapse shooting, and the like.
- the photographing condition determining unit 183 of the control unit 18 performs a photographing surface setting process.
- the imaging plane setting process is a process for setting an imaging plane, which is a focusing plane when acquiring a two-dimensional image, according to the localization of light emission in the three-dimensional sample. That is, the imaging condition determination unit 183 sets the interval between the imaging surfaces.
- the imaging condition determination unit 183 acquires a plurality of two-dimensional images having different focal planes
- the interval between the plurality of two-dimensional images is determined according to the localization of light emission in the three-dimensional sample. Functions as an interval setting unit.
- the imaging plane setting process will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG.
- step S601 the shooting condition determination unit 183 analyzes the luminance distribution of the two-dimensional image acquired by shooting one time before the shooting.
- step S602 the imaging condition determination unit 183 specifies a three-dimensional distribution of the attention area based on the luminance distribution obtained in step S601.
- step S603 the imaging condition determination unit 183 sets an imaging plane in the image acquisition area according to the distribution of the attention area specified in step S602.
- the imaging plane is set at a wide second interval that is evenly wide over the entire image acquisition area.
- a region where the luminance value related to the light emission is higher than a predetermined threshold is set as a region indicating light emission, and this region is set as a high luminance region.
- the area of the high luminance area is larger than a predetermined threshold, there is a region of interest on the imaging surface, and the interval between the imaging surfaces is set to a first interval equal to or less than the depth of focus of the objective optical system 14 in the vicinity of the imaging surface.
- the imaging system 10 may be configured.
- the imaging system 10 can be configured so that the interval between the imaging surfaces is a first interval that is equal to or less than the focal depth of the objective optical system 14 in the vicinity of the imaging surface.
- the imaging system 10 can be configured so that the distance between the imaging surfaces in the vicinity is a first distance equal to or smaller than the depth of focus of the objective optical system 14.
- the first interval may be set when the change in the overall luminance value of a certain photographing surface is larger than a predetermined threshold.
- FIGS. 19 and 20 show the left diagrams show the positional relationship of the imaging surface 510 in the three-dimensional sample 300.
- a plurality of horizontal broken lines in the left diagrams of FIGS. 19 and 20 indicate the imaging surface 510.
- a state in which the region of interest 308 is present in the three-dimensional sample 300 is shown.
- the right diagram schematically shows a two-dimensional image 540 obtained with respect to each imaging plane 480.
- FIG. 19 shows a case where, for example, the imaging surfaces 510 set in the first image acquisition are evenly arranged at the second interval. That is, in FIG. 19, the first imaging surface 511, the second imaging surface 512, the third imaging surface 513, the fourth imaging surface 514, and the fifth imaging surface 515 are set at equal intervals. Has been. Images obtained on the first imaging surface 511, the second imaging surface 512, the third imaging surface 513, the fourth imaging surface 514, and the fifth imaging surface 515 are respectively represented as a first image 541 and a second image 541. Image 542, third image 543, fourth image 544, and fifth image 545. Since the third imaging surface includes the attention area 308, the third image 543 includes a bright area 549 in which light emission is imaged.
- the imaging condition determination unit 183 specifies that the third image 543 includes the bright region 549 in the luminance analysis of the image in step S601, and in step S602, the third imaging is performed on the imaging surface 510. It is specified that there is a region of interest in the vicinity of the surface 513, and in step S603, many imaging surfaces are set in the vicinity of the third imaging surface 513 at narrow intervals.
- FIG. 20 shows the imaging plane 510 set in this way and the two-dimensional image 540 obtained on the imaging plane 510.
- the sixth imaging surface 516, the seventh imaging surface 517, the eighth imaging surface 518, the ninth imaging surface 519, the tenth imaging surface 520, and the eleventh imaging surface. 521 is set.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces adjacent to each other of the surface 521 is, for example, a first interval that is narrower than the second interval that is the interval between the first imaging surface 511 and the second imaging surface 512 and narrower than the depth of focus. .
- 519, 10th imaging surface 520, 11th imaging surface 521, 4th imaging surface 514, and 5th imaging surface 515 respectively, first image 551, second image 552, and third image.
- 553, fourth image 554, fifth image 555, sixth image 556, seventh image 557, eighth image 558, ninth image 559, tenth image 560, and eleventh image 561 Is obtained.
- detailed image data regarding the attention area 308 is obtained.
- the third image 553 and the ninth image 559 do not capture light emission related to the attention area 308. Therefore, in the next shooting, the setting of the shooting surface is set so that image acquisition is not performed for the sixth shooting surface 516 and the eleventh shooting surface 521 related to the third image 553 and the ninth image 559. It may be done.
- step S503 the control unit 18 stands by until the start of shooting in consideration of the time-lapse shooting timing set in step S501.
- step S504 the imaging control unit 181 of the control unit 18 performs a two-dimensional image acquisition process.
- a set of two-dimensional images is acquired as a two-dimensional image group on the imaging surface set in step S502.
- the two-dimensional image acquisition process will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG.
- step 701 the imaging control unit 181 sets the variable n to 1.
- the imaging control unit 181 sets a focus position on the n-th imaging plane set in the imaging plane setting process in step S502. That is, the imaging control unit 181 controls the operation of the objective optical system driving unit 16 to adjust the position of the objective optical system 14, for example, the position of the objective lens 142, and an image related to the nth imaging surface is acquired. Adjust to the state.
- step 703 the imaging control unit 181 causes the imaging unit 15 to perform an imaging operation and acquires a two-dimensional image.
- step 704 the imaging control unit 181 sets the variable n to n + 1.
- step 705 the imaging control unit 181 determines whether image acquisition has been completed on all imaging planes set in the imaging plane setting process in step S502. If all the images have not been acquired, the process returns to step S702. That is, the imaging surface is changed and a two-dimensional image is acquired. On the other hand, when the acquisition of all images is completed, the two-dimensional image processing ends, and the processing returns to the image acquisition processing described with reference to FIG.
- step S505 the image composition unit 182 of the control unit 18 generates a three-dimensional image based on the two-dimensional image acquired by the two-dimensional image acquisition process in step S504.
- step S506 the control unit 18 determines whether or not the next image acquisition related to the time-lapse shooting is necessary based on the initial setting set in step S501.
- the process returns to step S502. That is, at the timing of the next image acquisition related to time-lapse shooting, a two-dimensional image related to a newly set shooting plane is acquired, and a three-dimensional image is acquired based on the obtained two-dimensional image.
- the image acquisition process ends.
- the two-dimensional image related to the region of interest where light emission is detected is the first two-dimensional image
- the other two-dimensional image is the second two-dimensional image
- the first two-dimensional image and the first two-dimensional image The interval between the two-dimensional image adjacent to the two-dimensional image is defined as a first interval
- the interval between the second two-dimensional image and the second two-dimensional image adjacent to the second two-dimensional image is defined as
- the first interval is narrower than the second interval.
- the first interval is not more than the depth of field of the objective optical system 14.
- the number of two-dimensional images acquired according to the light emission status of the three-dimensional sample 300 changes. Therefore, the time required to acquire the set number of two-dimensional images changes during the image acquisition process in which time-lapse shooting is performed. Accordingly, the time required to acquire a set of two-dimensional images may be longer than the time from the start of acquisition of the set of two-dimensional images to the start of acquisition of the next set of two-dimensional images. obtain. Therefore, the time from the start of acquisition of a set of two-dimensional images to the start of acquisition of the next set of two-dimensional images is such that the distance between the imaging plane and the imaging plane is the entire area of the image acquisition area. It is preferable that the time is longer than the time required to acquire a set of two-dimensional images when the first interval is set to be narrower than the depth of focus.
- the distance between the imaging surfaces is larger than the depth of focus of the objective optical system 14.
- the interval is set to 2 and the number of two-dimensional images used to reconstruct one three-dimensional image is reduced. As a result, the data size is reduced.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces is set to a first interval that is equal to or less than the focal depth of the objective optical system 14, A high-definition three-dimensional image can be obtained.
- the imaging surface interval is set to a second interval larger than the focal depth of the objective optical system 14. The number of two-dimensional images that are set and used to reconstruct one three-dimensional image is reduced. As a result, the data size is reduced.
- step S801 the imaging condition determination unit 183 adjusts the timing for performing the next process while waiting so that the setting of the imaging surface is completed before the start of the next two-dimensional image acquisition process.
- step S ⁇ b> 802 the imaging condition determination unit 183 cooperates with the imaging control unit 181 to acquire a two-dimensional image under conditions where the imaging plane interval is wide. This interval may be, for example, a third interval wider than the second interval.
- the set of two-dimensional images obtained here will be referred to as an evaluation image group.
- the imaging condition determination unit 183 analyzes the luminance of the two-dimensional image of the evaluation image group obtained in step S803, and specifies the distribution of the attention area in step S804.
- step S805 the imaging condition determination unit 183 sets an imaging plane according to the distribution of the attention area.
- the imaging surface can be set according to the current state of the three-dimensional sample 300.
- the interval between the imaging surfaces is set to a first interval that is equal to or smaller than the focal depth of the objective optical system 14 and a second interval that is larger than the focal depth in the region of interest and the other regions, respectively.
- An example is shown. However, it is not limited to this. There may be a plurality of types of intervals between the imaging surfaces, and they can be changed as appropriate.
- the interval between the imaging planes is narrow for areas with a high degree of attention, such as an area with high luminance observed or an area with a large change in luminance, and the interval between imaging planes is set wide for an area with a low degree of attention. .
- the interval between the imaging surfaces may be narrower than the focal depth of the objective optical system 14. Also in this modified example, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional image having the necessary fineness and suppressing the data size.
- the shooting pitch described in the first embodiment and the adjustment of the shooting interval described in the second embodiment may be combined.
- the present invention is not limited to a sample for regenerative medicine, but may be applied to various samples that are required to observe changes in gene expression for each cell in a time-lapse manner, for example, in vivo samples.
- the adjustment of the shooting pitch and / or the shooting interval performed by the above-described shooting system may be designed such that the user manually changes the shooting conditions while looking at the display screen of the shooting system.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の第1の実施形態について図面を参照して説明する。本実施形態に係る3次元発光画像を取得するための撮像システムの構成例の概略を図1に示す。図1に示すように、撮像システム10は、3次元試料12を保持する試料保持部11と、インキュベータ13と、対物光学系14と、撮像部15と、対物光学系駆動部16と、試料保持部駆動部17と、撮像システム10の各部の動作を制御する制御部18と、表示部19と、入力部20とを備える。
〈実施例1〉
iPS細胞の心筋誘導過程における心筋特異的マーカーの発現について発光を利用した3次元観察を行った結果について以下に示す。
(1)cTnT遺伝子のプロモーター領域とルシフェラーゼ遺伝子とを含む核酸が導入されたマウスiPS細胞の作製
cTnT遺伝子のためのプロモーター領域をネオマイシン耐性のpGL4.17ルシフェラーゼレポーターベクター(Promega)に組み込み、「cTnT遺伝子発現特異的発光ベクターpcTnT-GL4」を作製した。
培養したcTnT-GL4発現マウスiPS細胞をPBSで洗浄し、0.25%トリプシンEDTAで剥がした後、KO DMEM培地を加え、37℃インキュベータで4時間インキュベートした。フィーダー細胞(MEF)を固着させることで、マウスiPS細胞のみが浮遊する状態にした。マウスiPS細胞が含まれた培地を遠心して細胞を回収し、1mlのKO DMEM培地又はIMDM培地に細胞を再混濁した。溶液中の細胞数をセルカウンターで計測し、IMDM培地を加えたLipidure-Coat培養培地(96ウェル丸底;日油株式会社)の各ウェルに細胞数が2500個又は5000個になるように細胞混濁液を加え、3乃至7日間37℃で培養し、胚様体を形成させた。
形成させた胚様体をゼラチンコート処理した35mmディッシュに移し、37℃で一晩インキュベートしてディッシュ表面に胚様体を接着させた。その後、37℃で5乃至14日間ほど培養し、拍動する心筋細胞への分化誘導を行った。
37℃で培養を続け、一部に拍動する心筋細胞が見られるようになったcTnT―GL4発現マウスES細胞の胚様体について、D-Luciferin(和光純薬製)を終濃度1mMとなるよう加え、拍動する細胞を解析ソフトウェアであるcellSens(オリンパス株式会社)を搭載した発光顕微鏡LV200(オリンパス株式会社)を用いて、発光3次元観察を行った。その際の撮影条件として、対物レンズは20倍、CCDカメラはImagEM(登録商標)(浜松ホトニクス社製)、ビニングは1×1とした。
図6は、撮影ピッチを10μmとして、焦点位置を変化させながら20枚の画像(計1000μm)を取得した場合の撮影結果を示す。図6において、左側の図は、各々の2次元画像の露出時間が5分である場合の3次元再構築画像であり、右側の図は、各々の2次元画像の露出時間が10分である場合の3次元再構築画像である。
3次元発光観察法を用いたタイムラプス観察を行うことで、実施例1で用いたcTnT-GL4マウスiPS細胞の心筋分化過程におけるcTnTの発現を、立体的かつ経時的に観察することができる。
本発明の第2の実施形態について説明する。ここでは、第1の実施形態との相違点について説明し、同一の部分については、同一の符号を付してその説明を省略する。第2の実施形態でも、複数の2次元画像に基づいて3次元画像が生成される3次元画像の取得が繰り返し行われるタイムラプス観察が行われる。ここで、3次元画像の取得は、例えば一定時間ごとに同じ処理が繰り返されることで行われ得る。第2の実施形態では、3次元画像を取得するために行われる一組の2次元画像の取得において、2次元画像と2次元画像との間のZ軸方向の間隔である撮影ピッチが、3次元画像の取得毎に適宜に変更される。
第2の実施形態の第1の変形例について説明する。ここでは、第2の実施形態との相違点について説明し、同一の部分については、同一の符号を付してその説明を省略する。上述の実施形態では、注目領域の分布の特定が、直前の画像取得において得られた2次元画像に基づいて行われる例を示した。しかしながらこれに限らない。例えば、図22に示すフローチャートのように、注目領域以外の領域について適用される撮影面の間隔よりも広い間隔で、2次元画像の取得が行われ、ここで得られた2次元画像に基づいて、注目領域の分布が特定されてもよい。
第2の実施形態の第2の変形例について説明する。ここでは、第2の実施形態との相違点について説明し、同一の部分については、その説明を省略する。上述の実施形態では、注目領域の変化に応じて設定される撮影面の数が変化する。しかしながら、撮影面の数が変化すると一組の2次元画像に含まれる2次元画像の数が変化する。これに対して本変形例では、撮影面の数が予め決められている。すなわち、撮影面設定処理において、注目領域に応じて、撮影面の総数が予め決められた数となるように撮影面が設定される。
第2の実施形態の第2の変形例について説明する。ここでは、第2の実施形態との相違点について説明し、同一の部分については、同一の符号を付してその説明を省略する。上述の実施形態では、撮影面の間隔は、注目領域とそれ以外の領域とで、それぞれ対物光学系14の焦点深度以下の第1の間隔と焦点深度よりも広い第2の間隔とに設定される例を示した。しかしながらこれに限らない。撮影面の間隔は、複数種類であってもよく、適宜に変更され得る。ただし、観察される輝度が高い領域や、輝度の変化が大きい領域など、注目度が高い領域については撮影面の間隔は狭く、注目度が低い領域については撮影面の間隔は広く、設定される。いずれの場合も撮影面の間隔が対物光学系14の焦点深度よりも狭くてもよい。本変形例においても、必要な精細さを有しつつデータサイズを抑制した3次元画像の取得が行われ得る。
Claims (12)
- 発光するように調製された複数の細胞を含む3次元的な形状を有する3次元試料について、互いに異なる合焦面を有する複数の2次元画像を取得する際の、前記複数の2次元画像の互いの間隔を前記3次元試料における発光の局在に応じて設定することと、
非照明条件下で前記3次元試料を撮影することで設定された前記間隔に応じた前記複数の2次元画像を含む2次元画像群を取得することと、
前記2次元画像群に含まれる前記複数の2次元画像を合成して3次元発光画像を生成することと
を含む3次元発光画像の生成方法。 - 前記2次元画像群に含まれる前記複数の2次元画像のうち、所定の条件を満たす前記発光が検出される2次元画像を第1の2次元画像とし、前記第1の2次元画像以外の画像を第2の2次元画像としたときに、
前記2次元画像の前記間隔は、前記第1の2次元画像と当該第1の2次元画像に隣接する2次元画像との間の第1の間隔が、前記第2の2次元画像と当該第2の2次元画像に隣接する第2の2次元画像との間の第2の間隔よりも狭くなるように設定される、
請求項1に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。 - 前記所定の条件は、前記2次元画像における前記発光を示す輝度値が所定の値以上であることである、請求項2に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。
- 前記所定の条件は、前記2次元画像における前記発光を示す領域の面積値が所定の値以上であることである、請求項2に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。
- 前記所定の条件は、前記2次元画像の予め決められた領域において前記発光を示す輝度値の変化が所定の値以上であることである、請求項2に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。
- 前記第1の間隔よりも広い間隔で前記複数の2次元画像である評価用画像群を取得することと、
前記評価用画像群に基づいて、前記所定の条件を満たすか否かの判断を行うことと
をさらに含む請求項2に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。 - 前記第1の間隔は、前記2次元画像の取得の際に用いられる対物光学系に応じて決定される焦点深度以下である、請求項2に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。
- 前記2次元画像群の取得は繰り返し複数回行われ、
前記間隔の設定は、各々の前記2次元画像群の取得の都度に行われる、
請求項1に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。 - 各々の前記2次元画像の間の前記間隔が変化しても、前記2次元画像群に含まれる前記2次元画像を取得するための露出時間の合計は変化しない、請求項8に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。
- 前記間隔の設定は、直前に取得された前記2次元画像群に基づいて行われる、請求項8に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。
- 前記2次元画像群は、一定時間ごとに同じ処理が繰り返されることで取得される、請求項8に記載の3次元発光画像の生成方法。
- 対物光学系と、
前記対物光学系の合焦位置を光軸方向に移動させる駆動部と、
発光するように調製された複数の細胞を含む3次元的な形状を有する3次元試料についての発光画像を前記対物光学系を介して撮像する撮像部と、
互いに異なる合焦面を有する複数の2次元画像を取得する際の、前記複数の2次元画像の互いの間隔を前記3次元試料における発光の局在に応じて設定する間隔設定部と、
非照明条件下で前記駆動部の動作を制御しながら前記撮像部に前記3次元試料を撮影させることで、設定された前記間隔に応じた前記複数の2次元画像を含む2次元画像群を取得させる撮像制御部と、
前記2次元画像群に含まれる前記複数の2次元画像を合成して3次元発光画像を生成する画像合成部と
を備える撮像システム。
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CN104268929B (zh) * | 2014-09-09 | 2017-04-05 | 北京工商大学 | 基于图像强度各阶导数的荧光显微图像3d重建方法及装置 |
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JP2003057170A (ja) * | 2001-08-13 | 2003-02-26 | Shiseido Co Ltd | メラニン評価装置 |
JP2006308808A (ja) * | 2005-04-27 | 2006-11-09 | Keyence Corp | 拡大観察装置 |
JP2012022135A (ja) * | 2010-07-14 | 2012-02-02 | Olympus Corp | 共焦点顕微鏡装置 |
JP2012122829A (ja) * | 2010-12-08 | 2012-06-28 | Olympus Corp | 生体内部の画像化方法及び装置 |
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WO2018105298A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-09 | 2018-06-14 | ソニー株式会社 | 情報処理装置、情報処理方法及び情報処理システム |
CN110023737A (zh) * | 2016-12-09 | 2019-07-16 | 索尼公司 | 信息处理装置、信息处理方法及信息处理系统 |
JPWO2018105298A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-09 | 2019-10-24 | ソニー株式会社 | 情報処理装置、情報処理方法及び情報処理システム |
US11302437B2 (en) | 2016-12-09 | 2022-04-12 | Sony Corporation | Information processing device, information processing method and information processing system |
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US20170315049A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
JPWO2016117638A1 (ja) | 2017-11-02 |
CN107209122A (zh) | 2017-09-26 |
DE112016000251T5 (de) | 2017-10-05 |
JP6461204B2 (ja) | 2019-01-30 |
WO2016117089A1 (ja) | 2016-07-28 |
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