WO2016047093A1 - 状態判定装置および状態判定方法 - Google Patents
状態判定装置および状態判定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016047093A1 WO2016047093A1 PCT/JP2015/004682 JP2015004682W WO2016047093A1 WO 2016047093 A1 WO2016047093 A1 WO 2016047093A1 JP 2015004682 W JP2015004682 W JP 2015004682W WO 2016047093 A1 WO2016047093 A1 WO 2016047093A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
- G01B11/165—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge by means of a grating deformed by the object
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/0002—Inspection of images, e.g. flaw detection
- G06T7/0004—Industrial image inspection
- G06T7/001—Industrial image inspection using an image reference approach
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
- G01M11/08—Testing mechanical properties
- G01M11/081—Testing mechanical properties by using a contact-less detection method, i.e. with a camera
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0008—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings of bridges
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0033—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by determining damage, crack or wear
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0041—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by determining deflection or stress
- G01M5/005—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by determining deflection or stress by means of external apparatus, e.g. test benches or portable test systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0091—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by using electromagnetic excitation or detection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
- G01N19/08—Detecting presence of flaws or irregularities
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/20—Analysis of motion
- G06T7/246—Analysis of motion using feature-based methods, e.g. the tracking of corners or segments
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/20—Analysis of motion
- G06T7/254—Analysis of motion involving subtraction of images
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
- G01B11/25—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
- G01B11/2518—Projection by scanning of the object
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/30—Subject of image; Context of image processing
- G06T2207/30108—Industrial image inspection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and a determination method for determining the state of a structure.
- Patent Document 1 it is possible to detect what appears on the surface such as cracks appearing on the surface of the structure. However, even if it looks like a crack, it is not possible to detect a case where peeling occurs in the same direction as the surface inside the structure or an internal cavity that cannot be seen from the surface.
- Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3 it is possible to detect cracks occurring in the structure from the stress state of the structure.
- a method for distinguishing and detecting various defects such as cracks, delamination, and internal cavities is not disclosed.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to enable detection by distinguishing defects such as cracks, peeling, and internal cavities by observing the structure from a distance.
- a state determination apparatus is provided in advance with a displacement calculation unit that calculates a two-dimensional spatial distribution of displacement of the structure surface from time-series images before and after applying a load on the structure surface, and the two-dimensional spatial distribution. And an abnormality determination unit that identifies a defect of the structure based on a comparison with the spatial distribution of the displacement.
- the state determination method calculates a two-dimensional spatial distribution of displacement of the structure surface from time-series images before and after applying a load on the structure surface, and the two-dimensional spatial distribution and a displacement space provided in advance. Based on the comparison with the distribution, the defect of the structure is identified.
- the present invention it is possible to detect a defect such as a crack, delamination or internal cavity by observing the structure from a distance.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the state determination apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the state determination apparatus 10 includes a displacement calculation unit 11 that calculates a two-dimensional spatial distribution of the displacement of the structure surface from time-series images before and after applying a load on the structure surface, and a two-dimensional spatial distribution created in advance.
- an abnormality determination unit 12 that identifies a defect in the structure based on the comparison with the spatial distribution of displacement.
- the direction of the arrow in the drawing shows an example, and does not limit the direction of the signal between the blocks.
- the state determination device 1 includes a displacement calculation unit 3, a differential displacement calculation unit 4, an abnormality determination unit 5, and an abnormality map creation unit 8.
- the abnormality determination unit 5 includes a two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 and a time change information analysis unit 7. Moreover, the direction of the arrow in the drawing shows an example, and does not limit the direction of the signal between the blocks.
- the state determination device 1 can be an information device such as a PC (Personal Computer) or a server. Each unit that configures the state determination device 1 by operating a program using a CPU (Central Processing Unit) that is a computing resource of an information device and a memory or HDD (Hard Disk Drive) that is a storage resource Can be realized.
- a CPU Central Processing Unit
- HDD Hard Disk Drive
- the structure 9 as the object to be measured has a beam-like structure supported at two points.
- the surface before and after applying a load to the structure 9 is imaged as a time-series image on the XY plane by the imaging device 2.
- the time-series image captured by the imaging device 2 is input to the displacement calculation unit 3 of the state determination device 1.
- the displacement calculation unit 3 calculates the displacement amount of the time series image. That is, the displacement amount of the frame image at the first time after the load is calculated using the frame image before the load captured by the imaging device 2 as a reference. Further, the displacement amount of the image before the load is calculated for each time-series image, such as the displacement amount of the frame image at the next time after loading, and the displacement amount of the frame image at the next time. The displacement calculation unit 3 calculates the displacement amount using image correlation calculation. Further, the displacement calculation unit 3 can also be represented on the XY plane as a displacement distribution diagram in which the calculated displacement amount is a two-dimensional spatial distribution.
- the displacement amount or displacement distribution diagram calculated by the displacement calculation unit 3 is input to the differential displacement calculation unit 4.
- the differential displacement calculation unit 4 performs spatial differentiation on the displacement amount or the displacement distribution diagram, and calculates a differential displacement amount or a differential displacement distribution diagram with the calculated differential displacement amount as a two-dimensional differential space distribution on the XY plane. To do.
- the calculation results of the displacement calculation unit 3 and the differential displacement calculation unit 4 are input to the abnormality determination unit 5.
- the abnormality determination unit 5 determines the state of the structure 9 based on the calculation result. That is, the abnormality determination unit 5 determines the location and type of abnormality of the structure 9 from the analysis results of the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 and the time change information analysis unit 7. Further, the determined location and type of abnormality of the structure 9 are input to the abnormality map creation unit 8.
- the abnormality map creation unit 8 maps the spatial distribution of the abnormal state of the structure 9 to the XY plane, records it as an abnormality map, and outputs it.
- FIG. 2A to 2D are diagrams for explaining the relationship between various abnormal states of the structure 9 and the surface displacement.
- FIG. 2A is a side view of the beam-like structure 9 supported at two points.
- the imaging device 2 in FIG. 1 is arranged under conditions for imaging the lower surface of the structure 9.
- compressive stress acts on the upper surface of the structure 9
- tensile stress acts on the lower surface with respect to the vertical load from the upper surface of the structure 9. .
- a beam-like structure that is supported at two points is not particularly required as long as the same stress is applied.
- the stress is proportional to the strain.
- the Young's modulus which is a proportional constant, depends on the material of the structure. Since the strain proportional to the stress is a displacement per unit length, the strain can be calculated by spatially differentiating the result calculated by the displacement calculator 3 with the differential displacement calculator 4. That is, the stress field can be obtained from the result of the differential displacement calculation unit 4.
- 3A to 3D are diagrams showing the results of processing the images from the imaging direction before and after loading of the beam-like structure 9 shown in FIG. 1 by the displacement calculation unit 3 and the differential displacement calculation unit 4.
- the structure 9 is a concrete having a length of 20 m, a thickness of 0.5 m, and a width of 10 m (Young's modulus 40 GPa), and a cantilever beam (resonance frequency 8 Hz, maximum deflection 4 mm) under the same conditions as when a load of 10 t is applied. ). This is an example in which the amount of displacement of the surface in the imaging direction and its spatial differential (distortion) are measured.
- FIG. 3A shows a surface displacement before and after loading in a healthy case, and a displacement of ⁇ 40 ⁇ m is continuously generated without a sudden change in a range of 10 mm.
- FIG. 3B is a result of applying spatial differentiation to the result of FIG. 3A, and a strain of about 0.9% at maximum is generated in the range of 10 mm.
- FIG. 3C shows the surface displacement before and after the load on the sample having cracks.
- a discontinuous sudden displacement of 60 ⁇ m occurs.
- the displacement of the peripheral part of the cracked part is ⁇ 20 ⁇ m in the range of 10 mm, which is smaller than the healthy state of FIG.
- FIG. 3D shows the result of applying spatial differentiation to the result of FIG. 3C. Since the differential value of the displacement diverges at the crack position, the strain increases rapidly. On the other hand, on both sides, the maximum strain is about 0.25% within a range of 10 mm, and the surface strain is smaller than that in FIG. 3B. In addition, the strain distribution has a maximum value at the cracked portion. From this result, even when the crack itself cannot be found due to the appearance, for example, by setting a threshold value for the strain value in advance, it is possible to detect a crack by confirming a strain value exceeding this. is there.
- the maximum deflection depending on the displacement of the cantilever beam is proportional to the Young's modulus, proportional to the cube of the beam length, inversely proportional to the cube of the beam thickness, Is proportional to the width of. Therefore, for structures of other materials and dimensions, the same results as in FIGS. 3A to 3D can be obtained by enlarging or reducing the image according to the above conditions.
- FIG. 4A and 4B are diagrams showing the distribution of the stress field around the crack portion calculated by the differential displacement calculation unit 4 when there is a crack.
- the stress direction is bent by the crack, even when tensile stress is applied to both ends of the structure in the X direction in FIG. 4A, the stress direction near the crack is the Y direction as shown in FIG. 4B.
- the components are generated. Therefore, a crack can be detected by the presence or absence of this Y-direction component.
- the distribution of the stress field around the crack is known as a stress intensity factor in an elastic body showing a linear response, the information can also be used.
- FIGS. 5A to 5D show examples of the two-dimensional displacement distribution of the displacement around the crack.
- the experimental conditions are the same as those shown in FIGS. 3A to 3D.
- 5A and 5B are displacement amount contour lines in the horizontal direction (X direction) in FIG. 2B and in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface in FIG. 2B (Y direction), respectively.
- the density of the displacement contour lines is sparser around the crack than in the area where there is no crack. This corresponds to the gentle displacement portion outside the sudden displacement at the crack portion shown in FIG. 3C.
- the displacement at this portion is gentler than the displacement when there is no crack shown in FIG. 3A.
- a displacement component in the Y direction is generated around the cracked portion in the Y direction. This corresponds to the Y-direction component of the stress field (strain) shown in FIG. 4B.
- FIGS. 5C and 5D show cases where cracks are deeper than those in FIGS. 5A and 5B, respectively.
- the density of the displacement contour lines becomes sparser around the crack in each of the X direction and the Y direction. It is also possible to know the depth of cracks from this density information.
- the above crack determination is performed by the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 in the abnormality determination unit 5 in FIG.
- the strain in the X direction increases rapidly at the cracked portion. From this, it is possible to estimate that there is a crack at a location where a strain exceeding the threshold is detected by providing a threshold in advance in the value of strain in the X direction.
- Each of the above threshold values can be set by a simulation using the same dimensions and materials as the structure or an experiment using a reduced model. Furthermore, an actual structure can be set from data accumulated by measuring over a long period of time.
- the above determination can also be made by the following pattern matching process without using the above numerical comparison.
- FIG. 6A to 6C are diagrams for explaining the pattern distribution processing of the displacement distribution by the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6.
- FIG. 6A According to the displacement calculation unit 3 and the differential displacement calculation unit 4, as shown in FIGS. 5A to 5D, the displacement amount can be expressed as a displacement distribution diagram on the XY plane.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 rotates and enlarges / reduces the X-direction pattern of the displacement around the crack stored in advance, and the displacement distribution diagram obtained by the displacement calculation unit 3
- the X-direction pattern of the displacement around the crack stored in advance is created by simulation or the like in advance for each crack depth and width.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 rotates and enlarges / reduces the Y-direction pattern of the displacement around the crack stored in advance, and the displacement distribution obtained by the displacement calculation unit 3
- the direction and depth of the crack are determined by pattern matching with the figure.
- the Y-direction pattern of displacement around the crack stored in advance is created by simulation or the like in advance for each crack depth and width.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 is obtained by the differential displacement calculation unit 4 by rotating and enlarging / reducing the pattern of the differential vector field of the displacement around the crack stored in advance.
- the direction and depth of the crack are determined by pattern matching with a differential vector field (corresponding to a stress field).
- the pattern of the differential vector field of the displacement around the crack stored in advance is created by simulation or the like in advance for each depth and width of the crack.
- the correlation calculation is used for the pattern matching.
- Various other statistical calculation methods may be used for pattern matching.
- FIG. 7A and 7B show a two-dimensional distribution of stress on the surface viewed from the imaging direction when an internal cavity as shown in FIG. 2D exists.
- FIG. 7A is a perspective view
- FIG. 7B is a plan view.
- stress acts in the X direction in the figure due to the load, but since the stress field is bent in the hollow portion, a component in the Y direction in the figure exists in the stress.
- FIG. 8A to 8C are diagrams showing the contour lines of the displacement of the surface and the stress field as seen from the imaging direction when the internal cavity exists.
- FIG. 8A shows the contour lines of the X component of the displacement
- FIG. 8A shows the contour lines of the Y component of the displacement.
- FIG. 8B shows the stress field and
- FIG. 8C shows the stress field.
- the amount of strain is reduced, so that the density of the contour line of the X component of the displacement shown in FIG. 8A is reduced.
- the contour line of the Y component of the displacement shown in FIG. 8B is a closed curve.
- the stress field which is the differential of the displacement shown in FIG. 8C is bent at the hollow portion. Since the influence of the surface stress field becomes more prominent as the cavity portion is closer to the surface, the depth from the surface of the cavity portion can also be estimated from the bending method of the stress field.
- the displacement pattern in the X direction of the displacement around the cavity, the displacement pattern in the Y direction of the displacement around the cavity, and the differential vector field (corresponding to the stress field) stored in advance in the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 can be pattern-matched in the same manner as when a crack is determined. That is, when FIG. 8A is applied to FIG. 6A, FIG. 8B is applied to FIG. 6B, and FIG. 8C is applied to FIG. 6C, the position and depth of the internal cavity can be determined.
- This pattern matching uses correlation calculation, but other statistical calculation methods may be used.
- FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are diagrams for explaining the response when a load is applied to a structure having an internal cavity for a short time (referred to as impulse stimulation).
- Impulse stimulation can be applied, for example, to a position where a load is applied.
- FIG. 9B shows time responses of displacements at points A, B, and C shown in FIG. 9A in response to the impulse stimulation.
- stress transmission is fast and the amplitude of displacement is large.
- stress is transmitted from the periphery of the cavity, so that stress transmission is slow and the displacement amplitude is small.
- the stress transmission time and amplitude at the point B which is an intermediate point between the points A and C are intermediate values between the points A and C. Therefore, when the frequency distribution of the displacement distribution in the plane of the structure viewed from the imaging direction is analyzed by the time change information analysis unit 7 in the abnormality determination unit 5, the region of the internal cavity is determined from the amplitude and phase near the resonance frequency. Can be identified. Further, the internal cavity may be determined from the shift of the resonance frequency.
- the time change information analysis unit 7 can identify the region of the internal cavity.
- the time response processing of the above displacement is performed by frequency analysis using fast Fourier transform in the time change information analysis unit 7.
- frequency analysis various frequency analysis methods such as wavelet transform may be used.
- FIGS. 10A to 10C are diagrams showing the contour lines of the displacement of the surface and the stress field as seen from the imaging direction in the presence of peeling.
- FIG. 10A shows the contour lines of the X component of the displacement and
- FIG. 10A shows the contour lines of the Y component of the displacement.
- FIG. 10B shows the stress field in FIG. 10C.
- FIG. 10A shows contour lines of the X component of displacement. Since the peeled portion is not distorted and moves in a certain direction, there is no contour line. Using this feature, the abnormality determination unit 5 determines that there is peeling. In addition, since the point A in the figure is difficult to transmit stress due to tearing due to peeling, the contour lines are sparse compared to the point B which is a healthy part. The abnormality determination part 5 may determine a peeling part and a healthy part using this property.
- FIG. 10B shows contour lines of the Y component of the displacement.
- a displacement in the Y direction occurs outside the outer periphery of the peeled portion.
- the abnormality determination unit 5 can determine that there is peeling.
- the stress field which is the differential of the displacement shown in FIG. 10C, is 0 or a value in the vicinity thereof at the peeled portion. Using this feature, the abnormality determination unit 5 can determine that there is peeling.
- the displacement pattern in the X direction of the displacement around the separation, the displacement pattern in the Y direction of the displacement around the separation, and the differential vector field (corresponding to the stress field) stored in advance in the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 Can be pattern-matched in the same manner as when a crack is determined. That is, when FIG. 10A is applied to FIG. 6A, FIG. 10B is applied to FIG. 6B, and FIG. 10C is applied to FIG. This pattern matching uses correlation calculation, but other statistical calculation methods may be used.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a time response when a structure having delamination receives impulse stimulation.
- the peeled portion and the healthy portion have waveforms in which the displacement directions are opposite, that is, the phases are 180 ° different.
- the amplitude is large.
- the separation portion can be identified from the amplitude and phase.
- the peeled portion may contain a frequency component different from that of the entire structure. Therefore, the peeled portion may be specified from the shift of the resonance frequency.
- the frequency analysis in the time change information analysis unit 7 uses fast Fourier transform.
- various frequency analysis methods such as wavelet transform may be used.
- FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing a state determination method of the state determination apparatus 1 of FIG.
- step S ⁇ b> 1 the displacement calculation unit 3 of the state determination device 1 applies a reference load for calculating the amount of displacement before and after applying the load in the time-series images before and after applying the load imaged by the imaging device 2.
- the previous frame image is captured, and the first frame image that has started to be loaded is captured.
- step S2 the displacement calculation unit 3 calculates the amount of displacement in the X and Y directions of the image after loading with respect to the image before applying the reference load. Further, a two-dimensional distribution of the calculated displacement amount may be a displacement distribution diagram (contour line of the displacement amount) displayed on the XY plane. Further, in step S ⁇ b> 2, the displacement calculation unit 3 inputs the calculated displacement amount or displacement distribution diagram to the differential displacement calculation unit 4.
- the differential displacement calculator 4 spatially differentiates the input displacement amount or displacement distribution diagram to calculate a differential displacement amount (stress value) or a differential displacement distribution diagram (stress field).
- the displacement calculation unit 3 and the differential displacement calculation unit 4 input the above calculation results to the abnormality determination unit 5.
- steps S3, S4, and S5 are steps in which the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 of the abnormality determination unit 5 determines cracks, separation, and internal cavities that are defects in the structure.
- the determination method a method using pattern matching and a method using a threshold will be described.
- step S3 the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 of the abnormality determination unit 5 determines the state of cracks, separation, and internal cavities from the input displacement amount or displacement distribution diagram in the X direction.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 includes, as a database, displacement distribution patterns created in advance corresponding to cracks, internal cavities, widths and depths of separation as shown in FIGS. 6A, 8A, and 10A. ing.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 performs pattern matching on the displacement distribution diagram in the X direction input from the displacement calculation unit 3 by rotating, enlarging and reducing these displacement distribution patterns, and thereby detecting defects in the XY plane. Determine the position and type.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 determines, for example, the continuity of the displacement amount based on the input displacement amount in the X direction. That is, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3C, the presence or absence of continuity is determined based on the presence or absence of a steep change equal to or greater than the threshold value of the displacement amount. The two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 determines that there is a possibility that a crack or separation may exist in any part on the XY plane when there is a steep change without continuity.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 sets 1 to the discontinuity flag DisC (x, y, t), and records the displacement amount data at a place where there is a steep change as numerical information.
- t is the time on the time-series image of the frame image captured in step S1.
- the abnormality determination unit 5 inputs the defect information determined by pattern matching, or the discontinuity flag DisC (x, y, t) and numerical information determined by the displacement amount threshold value to the abnormality map creation unit 8.
- step S4 the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 of the abnormality determination unit 5 determines the state of cracks, separation, and internal cavities from the input displacement amount or displacement distribution diagram in the Y direction.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 includes, as a database, displacement distribution patterns created in advance corresponding to cracks, internal cavities, widths and depths of separation as shown in FIGS. 6B, 8B, and 10B. ing.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 performs pattern matching on the displacement distribution diagram in the Y direction input from the displacement calculation unit 3 by rotating and enlarging and reducing these displacement distribution patterns, and in the XY plane. Determine the position and type of the defect.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 determines that the location is defective when detecting a displacement amount that is greater than a predetermined threshold. Then, the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 sets 1 in the orthogonal flag ortho (x, y, t), and records displacement amount data of a location where a displacement amount greater than the threshold is detected as numerical information.
- the abnormality determination unit 5 inputs the defect information determined by pattern matching, or the orthogonal flag ortho (x, y, t) and numerical information determined by the displacement amount to the abnormality map creation unit 8.
- step S5 the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 of the abnormality determination unit 5 determines the state of cracks, separation, and internal cavities from the input differential displacement amount (stress value) or differential displacement distribution diagram (stress field). To do.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 includes, as a database, displacement distribution patterns created in advance corresponding to cracks, internal cavities, widths and depths of separation as shown in FIGS. 6C, 8C, and 10C. ing.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 performs pattern matching on the differential displacement distribution diagram input from the differential displacement calculation unit 4 by rotating and enlarging / reducing these displacement distribution patterns, so that defects in the XY plane are detected. Determine the position and type.
- the strain in the X direction increases rapidly because the differential value of the displacement diverges at the cracked portion. From this, it is possible to determine that there is a crack at a location where a strain exceeding the threshold is detected by providing a threshold value in advance for the strain value.
- the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 determines that a crack is present at the location based on the input differential displacement amount, sets 1 to the differential value flag Diff (x, y, t), and detects the defective location. Is recorded as numerical information.
- the abnormality determination unit 5 inputs the defect information determined by pattern matching, or the differential value flag Diff (x, y, t) and numerical information determined by the differential displacement amount to the abnormality map creation unit 8.
- step S6 the displacement calculation unit 3 determines whether the processing of each frame image of the time series image has been completed. That is, when the number of frames of the time-series image is n, it is determined whether or not the n-th process is finished. If the number of processes is less than n (NO), the processes from step S1 are repeated. This is repeated until n sheets are completed. Note that n is not limited to the total number of frames, and can be set to an arbitrary number. When the process has finished n sheets (YES), the process proceeds to step S7.
- step S7 the time change information analysis unit 7 of the abnormality determination unit 5 determines the time response of the displacement as shown in FIG. 9B or FIG. 11 from the time-series displacement amount or the displacement distribution diagram corresponding to the n frame images. Is analyzed. That is, from n displacement distribution diagrams I (x, y, n), a time frequency distribution (time frequency is assumed to be f) is an amplitude A (x, y, f) and a phase P (x, y, f). Calculated.
- the time change information analysis unit 7 determines that there is an internal cavity at a position where a phase shift occurs when the time frequency distribution has a characteristic in which the phase differs depending on the location as shown in FIG. 9B. Moreover, when the polarity of the displacement is reversed as shown in FIG.
- the time change information analysis unit 7 inputs the calculation result of the time frequency distribution and the determination result of the defect to the abnormality map creation unit 8.
- step S8 the abnormality map creation unit 8 creates an abnormality map (x, y) based on the information input in the above steps.
- the results sent from the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 and the time change information analysis unit 7 are data groups related to the point (x, y) on the XY coordinates. The state of the structure of these data is determined by the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 and the time change information analysis unit 7 in the abnormality determination unit 5.
- the abnormality map creation unit 8 has a determination based on the displacement amount in the X direction and the differential displacement amount even if data loss occurs, for example, the determination based on the displacement amount in the Y direction cannot be made.
- the state of the relevant part in the XY coordinates can be determined. Based on this determination, an abnormality map (x, y) can be created.
- the determination may be made by majority vote.
- the item having the largest difference from the threshold value that is the criterion may be determined.
- the abnormality map creation unit 8 can express the degree of defects based on the various numerical information described above. For example, the width and depth of a crack, the dimension of peeling, the dimension of an internal cavity, the depth from the surface, and the like can be expressed.
- the abnormality map creation unit 8 creates the abnormality map (x, y) for the determination of the defect state of the structure performed by the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 and the time change information analysis unit 7 in the abnormality determination unit 5. It can also be done on the occasion. That is, analysis data may be obtained from the two-dimensional spatial distribution information analysis unit 6 and the time change information analysis unit 7, and the abnormality map creation unit 8 may determine the defect state based on the analysis data.
- the result output of the abnormality map creation unit 8 may be information in a form that can be directly visualized by a person with a display device, or information in a form that is read by a machine.
- the lens focal length of the imaging device 2 is 50 mm
- the pixel pitch is 5 ⁇ m
- a pixel resolution of 500 ⁇ m can be obtained at an imaging distance of 5 m.
- the image pickup device 2 of the image pickup device 2 is monochrome and has the number of pixels of 2000 horizontal pixels and 2000 vertical pixels, and can capture a 1 m ⁇ 1 m range at an imaging distance of 5 m.
- the frame rate of the image sensor can be 60 Hz.
- sub-pixel displacement estimation by quadratic curve interpolation can be used so that displacement can be estimated up to 1/100 pixels, and a displacement resolution of 5 ⁇ m can be obtained.
- the following various methods can be used for subpixel displacement estimation in image correlation.
- a smoothing filter can be used to reduce noise during differentiation in displacement differentiation.
- ⁇ ⁇ Interpolation by quadratic surface, equiangular line, etc. may be used for subpixel displacement estimation.
- SAD Sum of Absolute Difference
- SSD Sud of Squared Difference
- NCC Normalized Cross Correlation
- ZNCC Zero-mean Normalized
- the lens focal length of the imaging device 2 may be appropriately changed according to the measurement target.
- a beam-like structure can correspond to a bridge, and a load can correspond to a traveling vehicle.
- the load is applied to the beam-like structure.
- the material exhibits the same behavior as described above in terms of material mechanics, a structure having other materials, sizes and shapes, or a load method different from loading the structure, for example, a load is suspended. It can also be applied to a load method such as lowering.
- time-series signal of a spatial two-dimensional distribution of the surface displacement of a structure it is not limited to a time-series image, but an array-shaped laser Doppler sensor, an array-shaped strain gauge, an array-shaped vibration sensor. An array-type acceleration sensor or the like may be used. Spatial two-dimensional time-series signals obtained from these array sensors may be handled as image information.
- a defect such as a crack, a separation, or an internal cavity by remotely observing the structure.
- Appendix 1 A displacement calculation unit for calculating a two-dimensional spatial distribution of the displacement of the structure surface from time-series images before and after applying a load on the structure surface;
- a state determination apparatus comprising: an abnormality determination unit that identifies a defect of the structure based on a comparison between the two-dimensional spatial distribution and a spatial distribution of displacement provided in advance.
- Appendix 2 A differential displacement calculator that calculates a two-dimensional differential spatial distribution of the two-dimensional spatial distribution from the two-dimensional spatial distribution; The state determination device according to appendix 1, wherein the abnormality determination unit specifies a defect of the structure based on a comparison between the two-dimensional differential space distribution and a differential space distribution of differential displacement provided in advance.
- (Appendix 3) The state determination apparatus according to appendix 1 or 2, wherein the abnormality determination unit specifies a defect of the structure based on a temporal change of the two-dimensional spatial distribution.
- (Appendix 4) The state determination apparatus according to appendix 2 or 3, wherein the abnormality determination unit specifies a defect of the structure based on a temporal change of the two-dimensional differential space distribution.
- (Appendix 5) The state according to any one of appendices 1 to 4, wherein the abnormality determination unit identifies a defect of the structure based on a comparison between a displacement amount of the surface of the structure and a threshold value provided in advance. Judgment device. (Appendix 6) 6.
- the abnormality determination unit identifies a defect of the structure based on a comparison between a differential displacement amount of a displacement of the structure surface and a threshold value provided in advance.
- State determination device (Appendix 7) The state determination device according to one of appendices 1 to 6, further including an abnormality map creation unit that creates an abnormality map indicating the location and type of the defect based on a determination result of the abnormality determination unit. (Appendix 8) The state determination apparatus according to one of appendices 1 to 7, wherein the type of the defect includes cracks, peeling, and internal cavities.
- Appendix 12 From the time-series images before and after applying the load on the structure surface, calculate the two-dimensional spatial distribution of the displacement of the structure surface, A state determination method for identifying a defect of the structure based on a comparison between the two-dimensional spatial distribution and a spatial distribution of displacement provided in advance.
- Appendix 13 Calculating a two-dimensional differential spatial distribution of the two-dimensional spatial distribution from the two-dimensional spatial distribution; The state determination method according to appendix 12, wherein a defect of the structure is specified based on a comparison between the two-dimensional differential space distribution and a differential space distribution of differential displacement provided in advance.
- Appendix 14 The state determination method according to appendix 12 or 13, wherein a defect of the structure is specified based on a time change of the two-dimensional spatial distribution.
- Appendix 15 The state determination method according to appendix 13 or 14, wherein a defect of the structure is specified based on a time change of the two-dimensional differential space distribution.
- Appendix 16 The state determination method according to any one of appendices 12 to 15, wherein a defect of the structure is specified based on a comparison between a displacement amount of the displacement of the structure surface and a threshold value provided in advance.
- Appendix 20 The state determination method according to appendix 19, wherein the spatial distribution of the displacement provided in advance and the differential spatial distribution of the differential displacement provided in advance are based on information on the crack, the separation, and the internal cavity.
- Appendix 21 21.
- Appendix 22 Item 22.
- the present invention can be applied to an apparatus or system for remotely observing and detecting cracks, delamination, and internal cavities generated in structures such as tunnels and bridges.
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Abstract
Description
(付記1)
構造物表面の荷重印加前後の時系列画像から、前記構造物表面の変位の2次元空間分布を算出する変位算出部と、
前記2次元空間分布と、予め備えられた変位の空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する異常判定部と、を有する、状態判定装置。
(付記2)
前記2次元空間分布から前記2次元空間分布の2次元微分空間分布を算出する微分変位算出部を有し、
前記異常判定部は、前記2次元微分空間分布と、予め備えられた微分変位の微分空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記1記載の状態判定装置。
(付記3)
前記異常判定部は、前記2次元空間分布の時間変化に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記1または2記載の状態判定装置。
(付記4)
前記異常判定部は、前記2次元微分空間分布の時間変化に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記2または3記載の状態判定装置。
(付記5)
前記異常判定部は、前記構造物表面の変位の変位量と、予め備えられた閾値との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記1から4の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
(付記6)
前記異常判定部は、前記構造物表面の変位の微分変位量と、予め備えられた閾値との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記2から5の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
(付記7)
前記異常判定部の判定結果に基づいて、前記欠陥の場所と種類を示す異常マップを作成する異常マップ作成部を有する、付記1から6の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
(付記8)
前記欠陥の種類は、ひび割れ、剥離、内部空洞を含む、付記1から7の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
(付記9)
前記予め備えられた変位の空間分布と前記予め備えられた微分変位の微分空間分布は、前記ひび割れ、前記剥離、前記内部空洞の情報に基づく、付記8記載の状態判定装置。
(付記10)
前記構造物表面の変位は、前記時系列画像の前記荷重印加前の画像と前記荷重印加後の画像との差である、付記1から9の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
(付記11)
前記2次元空間分布は、前記変位のX-Y平面におけるX方向の変位の分布、前記変位のX-Y平面におけるY方向の変位の分布を含む、付記1から10の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
(付記12)
構造物表面の荷重印加前後の時系列画像から、前記構造物表面の変位の2次元空間分布を算出し、
前記2次元空間分布と、予め備えられた変位の空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、状態判定方法。
(付記13)
前記2次元空間分布から前記2次元空間分布の2次元微分空間分布を算出し、
前記2次元微分空間分布と、予め備えられた微分変位の微分空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記12記載の状態判定方法。
(付記14)
前記2次元空間分布の時間変化に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記12または13記載の状態判定方法。
(付記15)
前記2次元微分空間分布の時間変化に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記13または14記載の状態判定方法。
(付記16)
前記構造物表面の変位の変位量と、予め備えられた閾値との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記12から15の内の1項記載の状態判定方法。
(付記17)
前記構造物表面の変位の微分変位量と、予め備えられた閾値との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、付記13から16の内の1項記載の状態判定方法。
(付記18)
前記判定結果に基づいて、前記欠陥の場所と種類を示す異常マップを作成する、付記12から17の内の1項記載の状態判定方法。
(付記19)
前記欠陥の種類は、ひび割れ、剥離、内部空洞を含む、付記12から18の内の1項記載の状態判定方法。
(付記20)
前記予め備えられた変位の空間分布と前記予め備えられた微分変位の微分空間分布は、前記ひび割れ、前記剥離、前記内部空洞の情報に基づく、付記19記載の状態判定方法。
(付記21)
前記構造物表面の変位は、前記時系列画像の前記荷重印加前の画像と前記荷重印加後の画像との差である、付記12から20の内の1項記載の状態判定方法。
(付記22)
前記2次元空間分布は、前記変位のX-Y平面におけるX方向の変位の分布、前記変位のX-Y平面におけるY方向の変位の分布を含む、付記12から21の内の1項記載の状態判定方法。
2 撮像装置
3 変位算出部
4 微分変位算出部
5 異常判定部
6 2次元空間分布情報解析部
7 時間変化情報解析部
8 異常マップ作成部
9 構造物
10 状態判定装置
11 変位算出部
12 異常判定部
Claims (10)
- 構造物表面の荷重印加前後の時系列画像から、前記構造物表面の変位の2次元空間分布を算出する変位算出手段と、
前記2次元空間分布と、予め備えられた変位の空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する異常判定手段と、を有する、状態判定装置。 - 前記2次元空間分布から前記2次元空間分布の2次元微分空間分布を算出する微分変位算出手段を有し、
前記異常判定手段は、前記2次元微分空間分布と、予め備えられた微分変位の微分空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、請求項1記載の状態判定装置。 - 前記異常判定手段は、前記2次元空間分布の時間変化に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、請求項1または2記載の状態判定装置。
- 前記異常判定手段は、前記2次元微分空間分布の時間変化に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、請求項2または3記載の状態判定装置。
- 前記異常判定手段は、前記構造物表面の変位の変位量と、予め備えられた閾値との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、請求項1から4の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
- 前記異常判定手段は、前記構造物表面の変位の微分変位量と、予め備えられた閾値との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、請求項2から5の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
- 前記異常判定手段の判定結果に基づいて、前記欠陥の場所と種類を示す異常マップを作成する異常マップ作成手段を有する、請求項1から6の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
- 前記欠陥の種類は、ひび割れ、剥離、内部空洞を含む、請求項1から7の内の1項記載の状態判定装置。
- 構造物表面の荷重印加前後の時系列画像から、前記構造物表面の変位の2次元空間分布を算出し、
前記2次元空間分布と、予め備えられた変位の空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、状態判定方法。 - 前記2次元空間分布から前記2次元空間分布の2次元微分空間分布を算出し、
前記2次元微分空間分布と、予め備えられた微分変位の微分空間分布との比較に基づいて、前記構造物の欠陥を特定する、請求項9記載の状態判定方法。
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US20170307360A1 (en) | 2017-10-26 |
JP6652060B2 (ja) | 2020-02-19 |
JPWO2016047093A1 (ja) | 2017-07-06 |
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