WO2016035770A1 - 地熱交換器、液体輸送管、液体上昇用管、地熱発電設備及び地熱発電方法 - Google Patents
地熱交換器、液体輸送管、液体上昇用管、地熱発電設備及び地熱発電方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016035770A1 WO2016035770A1 PCT/JP2015/074764 JP2015074764W WO2016035770A1 WO 2016035770 A1 WO2016035770 A1 WO 2016035770A1 JP 2015074764 W JP2015074764 W JP 2015074764W WO 2016035770 A1 WO2016035770 A1 WO 2016035770A1
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- liquid
- pipe
- heat insulating
- geothermal
- heat
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
- F28D7/106—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically consisting of two coaxial conduits or modules of two coaxial conduits
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
- F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
- F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
- F24T10/13—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes
- F24T10/17—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes using tubes closed at one end, i.e. return-type tubes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits having a single U-bend
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
- F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
- F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
- F24T10/13—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes
- F24T10/15—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes using bent tubes; using tubes assembled with connectors or with return headers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a geothermal exchanger, a liquid transport pipe, a liquid rising pipe, a geothermal power generation facility, and a geothermal power generation method.
- the present inventors are related to a geothermal exchanger, supplied with a heat exchanging liquid pressurized by a high-pressure feed water pump, a liquid descending pipe for lowering the heat exchanging liquid, and heat heated by heat from the geotropics.
- a liquid rising pipe for raising the replacement liquid in a state that does not contain steam, and the heat exchange liquid taken out from the liquid rising pipe is sent to the steam generator, and only the steam is contained in the steam generator.
- the geothermal exchanger is taken out as In this geothermal exchanger, the liquid descending pipe is arranged outside the liquid ascending pipe, and the heat exchanging liquid passes through the introduction pit provided in the lower part of the liquid descending pipe and moves to the liquid ascending pipe. It has a structure.
- Such a geothermal exchanger can obtain steam from high-temperature and high-pressure hot water taken out from the underground, so that heat exchange with excellent thermal efficiency can be achieved.
- This invention is possible and is an effective invention for providing a geothermal exchanger having a very small influence on the environment in the vicinity of the earth tropics.
- This invention makes it a subject to further develop the heat exchanger concerning a prior art, and to provide a geothermal exchanger with more heat efficiency.
- the present invention employs the following means in order to achieve the above-described object.
- the geothermal exchanger buried in the geotropics is a geothermal exchanger buried in the geotropics, A pressurized heat exchange liquid is supplied, and a liquid descending pipe for lowering the heat exchange liquid is disposed inside or outside the liquid descending pipe, and descends to the earth tropics to A liquid raising pipe for raising a heat exchange liquid heated by heat, and a liquid transport pipe, An outer heat insulating layer is provided on the outside of the liquid transport pipe and at least partially or entirely from the surface side to the geotropics.
- the geothermal exchanger according to the present invention is a geothermal exchanger that takes in a liquid for heat exchange heated by the geotropics, and is partly or entirely outside the geothermal exchanger from the surface side to the geotropics. Since it has a heat insulation layer, it can prevent that a heat
- the outer heat insulating layer is provided at least until the temperature of the descending heat exchange liquid and the temperature of the geotropy are the same. It may be a thing. Below the point where the temperature of the descending heat exchange liquid is heated by the rising hot water and becomes the same temperature as that of the earth, the heat can be received from the earth. Therefore, it is more efficient that there is no outer heat insulating layer below it. Therefore, the outer heat insulating layer is provided only above it.
- an outer heat insulating pipe is disposed outside the liquid transport pipe, and the outer heat insulating layer is a space formed between the liquid transport pipe and the outer heat insulating pipe. It may be characterized by being.
- a heat insulating layer having various heat insulating effects can be provided by a member inserted into a space formed between the liquid transport pipe and the outer heat insulating pipe.
- the geothermal exchanger according to the present invention may be characterized in that a gas of 1.0 to 2.0 atm is enclosed in the outer heat insulating layer.
- the outer heat insulating layer receives pressure from the heat exchange liquid flowing inside, and the outer heat insulating pipe receives geothermal pressure from the surrounding geotropics. Therefore, by pressurizing the inside of the outer heat insulating layer, it is possible to counter each internal pressure or external pressure. Thereby, the thickness of the pipe
- the pressurized gas to be sealed may be air or nitrogen. By adopting air or nitrogen, the internal gas can be easily exchanged, so that temperature adjustment and the like can be easily performed.
- the outer heat insulating layer may be formed at a low pressure or a vacuum. Therefore, the heat conduction from the liquid transport pipe to the ground can be reduced more effectively.
- a heat insulating material may be enclosed in the outer heat insulating layer.
- a heat insulating layer having various effects can be formed by selecting a heat insulating material to be enclosed.
- the outer heat insulating layer is characterized in that a heat insulating material is provided directly on the outer periphery of the liquid transport pipe.
- a heat insulating material is provided directly on the outer periphery of the liquid transport pipe.
- the outer heat insulating layer can be easily formed without forming a double structure between the liquid transport pipe and the outer heat insulating pipe.
- a means for covering the heat insulating material is employed as a material for the outer heat insulating layer. Examples of the means for covering include a method of winding a heat insulating material, a method of spraying a heat insulating material, and a method of applying.
- an inner heat insulating layer may be provided between the liquid descending pipe and the liquid raising pipe. Even if a heat insulating pipe is used as the material for the liquid rising pipe, there is no actual complete heat insulation, so that the heat exchanging liquid composed of rising hot water is reduced from being deprived by the heat exchanging liquid. Therefore, an inner heat insulating layer is provided between them. Thereby, it can reduce that the temperature of the rising liquid for heat exchange falls.
- the inner heat insulating layer is formed between the inner heat insulating pipe formed outside the liquid rising pipe, and the inner heat insulating pipe is formed at a low pressure or a vacuum. It may be characterized by. Further, the inner heat insulating tube may be characterized in that a gas of 1.0 to 2.0 atm is enclosed.
- a flange may be provided on the outer periphery of the liquid transport pipe.
- the geothermal power generation facility according to the present invention is characterized by using the above-described geothermal exchanger and further comprising a high-pressure pump, a steam generator, and a generator. By adopting such a configuration, it is possible to provide a geothermal power generation facility having the same effect as described above.
- Step of introducing high-pressure heat exchange liquid into the geothermal exchanger with a high-pressure pump (2) By passing through the geothermal exchanger, the heat exchange liquid (3) A step of obtaining steam by a steam generator from the geothermal exchanger that has taken water (4) A step of rotating a turbine by the steam obtained by the steam generator
- an efficient geothermal power generation method can be provided.
- the liquid transport pipe buried in the geotropics is a liquid transport pipe used in a geothermal exchanger buried in the geotropics.
- a liquid lowering pipe that is supplied with pressurized heat exchange liquid and lowers the heat exchange liquid;
- a liquid rising pipe disposed inside or outside the liquid lowering pipe for raising the lowered heat exchange liquid;
- An outer heat insulating layer is provided outside the liquid transport pipe.
- the liquid transport pipe according to the present invention is a liquid for producing a closed heat exchanger in which the heat exchange liquid is not directly in contact with the ground until the heat exchange liquid is heated by the earth and then taken up. It is a transport pipe, and at least a liquid descending flow area and a liquid rising duct can be provided by a liquid descending pipe and a liquid raising pipe. Furthermore, since the outer side of this liquid transport pipe has an outer heat insulating layer, if it is placed in a non-geothermal zone where the temperature is low, heat is transferred into the ground when the heat exchange liquid passes through the non-geotropy Diffusion can be prevented. Thereby, when the heat exchange liquid heated in the deep underground is transported to the ground, it is possible to reduce the deprivation of heat to the non-geotropical zone, and it is possible to produce a highly efficient geothermal exchanger.
- the outer heat insulating layer may be provided with an outer heat insulating pipe formed outside the liquid transport pipe.
- a heat insulating material can be inserted into the triple tube structure in which the outer heat insulating tube is formed, and an effective heat insulating effect can be exhibited.
- a liquid heat insulating material can be used, or an effective heat insulating effect can be achieved by forming the inside of the outer heat insulating tube at a low pressure or a vacuum. It is possible to reduce heat conduction from the liquid transport pipe to the ground.
- a pressurized gas of 1.0 to 3.0 atm can be enclosed in the outer heat insulating tube.
- the liquid transport pipe receives pressure from the heat exchange liquid flowing inside, and the outer heat insulating pipe receives geothermal pressure from the surrounding geotropics.
- the pressurized gas to be sealed at this time air, nitrogen, or the like can be used. By adopting air or nitrogen, the internal gas can be easily exchanged, so that temperature adjustment or the like can be easily performed.
- the liquid transport pipe according to the present invention is characterized in that a heat insulating material is disposed outside the pipe disposed on the inner side of the liquid rising pipe and the liquid lowering pipe. May be.
- a heat insulating material is disposed outside the pipe disposed on the inner side of the liquid rising pipe and the liquid lowering pipe. May be.
- the liquid transport pipe according to the present invention is characterized in that an inner heat insulating pipe is arranged outside the pipe arranged inside the liquid raising pipe and the liquid descending pipe. May be.
- the outside heat insulation of the tube arranged inside is an inside heat insulation tube, and the inside of the inside heat insulation tube can be made into a low pressure or a vacuum, or a gas layer of 1.0 to 3.0 atm can be formed. .
- a flange may be provided on the outer periphery of the liquid transport pipe.
- a heat insulation layer can be provided in the further outer side of an outer side heat insulation layer.
- the liquid rising pipe according to the present invention is a part of a liquid transport pipe used in a geothermal exchanger buried in the geotropics, and is disposed inside the liquid lowering pipe for lowering the heat exchange liquid, In the liquid raising pipe for raising the heat exchange liquid moved from the liquid lowering pipe with the lower end opened. A cutout portion is formed in the lower end portion of the liquid rising pipe.
- the notch may be formed so as to have a side having a gradient with respect to a horizontal plane of the liquid rising pipe.
- a side having a slope is provided in the notch.
- the notch may be formed to have a side perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the liquid rising pipe. If there are gradients on both sides, they may flow in opposite directions and cancel the rotational force. In view of this, the formation of the opposite rotational flow is suppressed as much as possible by providing the vertical sides.
- the notch may be a right triangle.
- the most efficiently rising heat exchange liquid can be spirally rotated.
- the lower end of the liquid ascending tube may have a ring-shaped member formed so as to bridge between the notches.
- a rectifying plate may be provided on the outer periphery of the liquid rising pipe.
- the rectifying plate may be provided in parallel to the axial direction of the liquid rising pipe.
- the rectifying plate may be provided obliquely with respect to the axial direction of the liquid rising pipe.
- the descending heat exchange liquid can also be rotated in a spiral manner, and turbulent flow and irregular vortices can be prevented from being generated. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the flow from being hindered by friction loss.
- the rectifying plate may function as a support member for supporting the liquid descending pipe.
- the present invention includes the liquid rising pipe and the liquid lowering pipe provided outside the liquid rising pipe, and a bottom surface portion of the liquid lowering pipe has a hemispherical shape or a semi-elliptical shape.
- a liquid transport pipe is provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a geothermal power generation facility 110 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a side view showing the liquid descending pipe 11 of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a flange member provided with a flange on the liquid descending pipe 11 of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a side view showing the liquid rising pipe 12 of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment.
- 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of the liquid transport pipe 10 according to the first embodiment, and FIG. 6B is a partially transparent perspective view.
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing another embodiment of the liquid rising pipe 12 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example in which the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment is applied to binary power generation.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the third embodiment.
- Embodiments of a geothermal exchanger 100, a liquid transport pipe 10, a liquid rising pipe 12, a geothermal power generation facility 110, and a geothermal power generation method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. It should be noted that the embodiments and drawings described below exemplify a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and are not used for the purpose of limiting to these configurations, and do not depart from the gist of the present invention. Can be changed as appropriate. In addition, the same or similar code
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a geothermal power generation facility 110 according to the first embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the geothermal power generation facility 110 mainly includes a geothermal exchanger 100, a high-pressure pump 101, a steam generator 102, a heater 103, a turbine 104, a generator 105, a condenser 106, and the like.
- the geothermal power generation facility 110 according to the present embodiment introduces a heat exchange liquid into the geothermal exchanger 100 in which the geothermal exchanger 100 is embedded in a well 85 provided in the geotropy 80 by the high-pressure pump 101, and the geothermal exchanger In this facility, geothermal heat is transferred to the heat exchanging liquid while flowing through the heat exchange liquid 100, and heat is extracted from the heat exchanging liquid that has become a high temperature.
- a high-pressure heat exchange liquid is introduced into the geothermal exchanger 100, the heat exchange liquid heated by the geothermal heat is taken in, and the steam generator 102 is boiled under reduced pressure to generate steam.
- the generated steam is further heated by the heater 103 if necessary, is sent to the turbine 104 as high-temperature and high-pressure steam, and is generated by the generator 105 by the rotation of the turbine 104.
- the steam consumed in the turbine 104 is condensed in the condenser 106, and the condensed heat exchange liquid is sent again to the high-pressure pump 101, and geothermal heat is received again by the geothermal exchanger 100.
- the geothermal power generation facility 110 is a closed circulation type geothermal power generation facility that circulates the heat exchange liquid and extracts the geothermal heat.
- the geothermal power generation facility 110 is not limited to the above-described configuration, and other components may be additionally provided.
- the geothermal exchanger 100 mainly includes a liquid transport pipe 10 having a liquid descending pipe 11 and a liquid raising pipe 12 in a place that is not geotropical, and the liquid transport pipe.
- 10 has a triple pipe structure including an outer heat insulating pipe 40 constituting an outer heat insulating layer 30 provided on the outer side of 10, and in the geotropy 80, a liquid transport having a liquid descending pipe 11 and a liquid rising pipe 12.
- a double tube structure having only the tube 10 is formed.
- the geothermal exchanger 100 is provided with other means such as a sensor 17 for measuring various data.
- the liquid transport pipe 10 has a double pipe structure with a liquid rising pipe 12 arranged on the inner side and a liquid lowering pipe 11 arranged on the outer side.
- the space formed between the liquid ascending pipe 12 and the liquid descending pipe 11 constitutes a liquid descending flow area 90 for transporting the heat exchange liquid from the ground to the ground tropics 80, and the space inside the liquid ascending pipe 12 is heated.
- a liquid ascending flow area 91 is formed for returning the obtained heat exchange liquid to the ground.
- the lower part of the liquid descending pipe 11 is closed, and the liquid raising pipe 12 is formed with the lower end opened.
- the liquid descending flow area 90 and the liquid ascending flow area 91 communicate with each other at the lowermost end, the liquid for heat exchange descends while being heated in the liquid descending flow area 90, and is used for raising the liquid at the lowermost end. It is introduced into the pipe 12, and rises in the liquid rising basin 91 and is carried to the ground.
- the liquid descending pipe 11 is produced by connecting a plurality of pipes.
- pipes made of ceramic composite materials or carbon materials can be used in addition to metal pipes such as oil well pipes.
- Different materials may be used for the upper liquid descending pipe 11 a arranged in a place other than the upper earth tropical 80 and the lower liquid descending pipe 11 b arranged in the earth tropical 80.
- the lower liquid descending pipe 11b is a pipe that receives heat from the earth and tropics, so that the surface of the pipe is provided with irregularities, or a metal such as copper is plated or sprayed to increase the heat conduction area. May be.
- the lower end liquid descending tube 11c disposed at the lowermost end of the liquid descending tube 11 is formed with the lower end closed as shown in FIG. 3c.
- the lower end surface may be formed like a hemisphere or a semi-elliptical sphere so that the heat exchange liquid flows smoothly into the liquid ascending pipe 12.
- a flange 73 is provided at the lower end of the upper liquid descending pipe 11a, at the boundary between the triple pipe structure and the double pipe structure.
- the outer heat insulating layer 30 formed with the tube 11a is sealed. Thereby, it is possible to prevent water and other substances from entering the outer heat insulating layer 30 from the ground tropical region 80 or a place other than the ground tropical region 80 into the outer heat insulating layer 30.
- the connection portion of the liquid descending pipe 11 where the flange 73 is to be provided is provided between the upper liquid descending pipe 11a and the lower liquid descending pipe 11b.
- the flange member 70 that can be screwed to each other and in which the flange 73 is formed can be provided by sandwiching the flange member 70 therebetween.
- a flange 73 is provided in a cylindrical fitting part 71 that can be fitted to the outer periphery of the liquid descending pipe 11. It can be provided by using the flange member 70.
- the flange 73 may be simply welded to the liquid descending pipe 11.
- the flange 73 can also be provided in the middle of the upper liquid descending pipe 11a and the lower liquid descending pipe 11b by adjusting the size of the flange.
- the outer heat insulating layer 30 can be divided into a plurality of parts, and even if a part of the pipe constituting the outer heat insulating layer 30 breaks down, the remaining outer side The heat insulation layer can be retained. Further, in both the upper and lower liquid descending pipes 11, by providing the flange 73, this flange has a function of positioning the liquid transport pipe 10, and vibrations caused by the flow of water can be suppressed.
- the liquid rising pipe 12 is a pipe-like member disposed inside the liquid lowering pipe 11 and is formed by connecting a plurality of pipes in the same manner as the liquid rising pipe 12.
- a metal pipe may be used, but a resin pipe having a high thermal insulation property may be used so that the heat received in the tropical zone 80 is not taken away to the outside. Examples thereof include a polyimide tube, a Teflon (registered trademark) tube, a Kevlar (registered trademark) tube, and a fluororesin tube.
- the cross-sectional area of the liquid ascending pipe 12 (the cross-sectional area of the liquid ascending flow area 91) is the cross-sectional area of the liquid descending flow area 90 (the cross-sectional area obtained by subtracting the cross-sectional area of the liquid ascending pipe 12 from the cross-sectional area of the liquid descending pipe 11). It is preferable to provide the same or smaller. By adopting such a configuration, it is possible to increase the flow rate of the rising heat exchange liquid relative to the flow rate of the falling heat exchange liquid, thereby shortening the time for flowing through the liquid rising flow area 91, and increasing heat exchange. The heat loss of the working liquid can be reduced.
- the lower end of the liquid rising pipe 12 is open.
- the opening at the front end may be simply formed to have a circular cross section, but preferably, as shown in FIG. 5, the opening of the lower end liquid rising tube 12a that forms the lowermost end of the liquid rising tube 12
- the part may be formed so as to have a notch 12b.
- the liquid rising pipe 12 can be disposed directly on the bottom surface of the liquid lowering pipe 11, so that it is not necessary to suspend the liquid rising pipe 12 above.
- the shape of the cutout portion 12b is not particularly limited, but the cutout portion 12b changes the speed at which the heat exchange liquid that has descended in the vertical direction flows when it flows into the liquid rising pipe 12 inside. Accordingly, as shown in FIG.
- the liquid can be caused to flow upwardly in the liquid rising pipe 12.
- the highest portion of the cutout portion 12b tries to flow into the liquid rising pipe 12 at a high pressure, and the lowest portion ⁇ flows at a low pressure. . Therefore, the heat exchange liquid flowing in by this pressure difference flows spirally.
- the cutout portion 12b may have any shape as long as it is asymmetrical to the left and right, but in order to generate a stronger vortex, the cutout portion 12b having a side 12c having a gradient with respect to the horizontal plane is preferable.
- an erection member 12f may be provided so as to connect the tip pieces 12d constituting the notch 12b.
- s12f may be provided in a ring shape with the tip piece 12d.
- tube 12 may be provided so that it can replace
- the liquid rising pipe 12 having the tip provided with the notch 12b is provided with the notch 12b in the periphery. Since the liquid can be moved from the downward flow region to the liquid upward flow region, it can be disposed so as to be in contact with the bottom surface in the liquid descending tube 11.
- a rectifying plate 13 for rectification may be provided on the outer periphery of the liquid rising pipe 12. If the rectifying plate 13 is provided in parallel to the axis of the liquid ascending pipe 12, that is, in the vertical direction, the heat exchange liquid can be rectified so as to fall straight. On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, by providing the rectifying plate 13 in an oblique direction with respect to the axis of the liquid rising tube 12, the descending heat exchange liquid can be lowered while rotating spirally. it can.
- the current plate 13 may be formed with a flat surface or a curved surface.
- the width of the rectifying plate 13 By forming the width of the rectifying plate 13 to be the same as the width of the gap between the liquid rising pipe 12 and the liquid lowering pipe 11, the positional relationship between the liquid rising pipe 12 and the liquid lowering pipe 11 can be changed. It can also function as a support member 15 (see FIG. 2) for supporting.
- the outer heat insulating tube 40 is a tube that forms a space outside the liquid transport tube 10 and forms the outer heat insulating layer 30 by air.
- the outer heat insulating tube 40 also serves as a casing.
- the outer heat insulating pipe 40 is not particularly limited, and a normal oil well pipe or the like may be used.
- the outer heat insulating layer 30 is for preventing the heat of the descending heat exchange liquid from moving into the ground, so that the temperature of the descending heat exchange liquid is the same as the temperature in the ground. It is enough if it is provided. Below that, heat is received by geothermal heat, so it is more efficient not to provide the outer heat insulating layer 30.
- the liquid for heat exchange is preferably a low boiling point liquid such as water or water in which ammonia is dissolved, at a boiling point of 150 ° C. or lower at atmospheric pressure.
- a well 85 is formed by excavating a place where a geothermal well is planned.
- the well 85 is excavated so that the diameter of the well 85b provided in a place other than the earth tropics is smaller than the diameter of the well 85a provided in the underground tropics 80.
- a well 85b having a diameter of 35 cm is formed in a place other than the earth and tropics up to 500 m underground, and a well 85 a having a diameter of 28 cm is formed in the earth and tropics 80 from 500 m to 1500 m underground.
- the underground well is excavated to 500 m, and an oil well pipe is arranged as the outer heat insulating pipe 40 in the well 85a.
- An outer layer 88 into which fluidized soil, cement, urethane foam or the like is poured is provided between the outer heat insulating tube 40 and the well 85b, and functions as a further heat insulating layer while fixing the outer heat insulating tube 40.
- a support table 95 on which the liquid transport pipe 10 is placed is installed at the bottom of the well 85b.
- tube 12 respectively.
- the flange member 70 is attached to the liquid descending pipe 11 when it is dropped into the well 85 while extending the length, and when the length reaches 1500 m. Thereby, it is possible to prevent water and other substances from entering the outer heat insulating layer 30 from the earth tropical 80 or the non-geotropy into the outer heat insulating layer 30.
- the liquid descending pipe 11 and the liquid raising pipe 12 are extended to form the liquid transport pipe 10 connected to the ground, and the geothermal exchanger 100 is completed.
- the flange member 70 may be provided, and the flange 73 may be provided between the lower liquid descending pipe 11b and the well 85a, or between the upper liquid descending pipe 11a and the well 85b.
- the heat exchange liquid is pressurized by the high pressure pump 101 and supplied to the liquid descending flow area 90.
- the pressurized heat exchange liquid descends in the liquid descending flow area 90.
- the descending heat exchange liquid descends while being heated by the heat of the heated heat exchange liquid that rises in the liquid ascending flow area 91 in places other than the geotropics.
- the outer heat insulating layer 30 is installed outside the liquid transport pipe 10, it is possible to reduce the conduction of the heat of the descending heat exchange liquid into the ground and suppress heat loss. be able to.
- the heat exchanging liquid As the heat exchanging liquid further descends, it approaches the earth tropical 80, and the temperature of the heat exchanging liquid and the temperature of the earth tropical 80 become the same temperature.
- the outer heat insulating layer 30 disappears in the vicinity of this point, it descends while being heated by the heat of the earth and the tropics 80 thereafter. And it moves from the liquid descending flow area 90 to the liquid ascending flow area 91 at the lowest end, and starts to rise.
- the heat exchange liquid is raised to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point under atmospheric pressure. Preferably, it is 250 ° C. or higher. Then, as described above, the heat exchange liquid rises while conducting a part of the heat to the falling heat exchange liquid via the liquid raising pipe 12.
- the heat exchange liquid is maintained at a high temperature and a high pressure until at least the water is taken in from the lowermost part through the liquid rising pipe 12, It is also possible to take water from the upper end in a single-phase state not included.
- the heat exchange liquid heated in this manner is taken in and depressurized by the steam generator 102 to generate high-temperature and high-pressure steam, which is used for power generation.
- the geothermal exchanger 100 When the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the present invention is used as a single-phase high-temperature / high-pressure heat-exchange liquid, the single-phase heat-exchange liquid is efficiently removed from the single-phase heat exchange liquid by setting the steam generator 102. Water vapor can be obtained. Therefore, heat exchange with a large capacity and excellent thermal efficiency can be performed.
- the turbine 104 can be efficiently moved even if it does not install a steam separator in the step before introducing into the turbine 104 by taking out as single phase water vapor
- a steam separator may be provided for higher efficiency.
- the heat transfer coefficient of the liquid single-phase flow is small compared to the heat transfer coefficient of the gas-liquid two-phase flow fluid, so improve the heat efficiency when transporting the heat obtained in the geotropy 80 to the ground. Can do.
- the gas-liquid two-phase flow when flowing as a gas-liquid two-phase flow in the geothermal exchanger 100, the gas-liquid two-phase flow has very complicated flow characteristics and heat transfer characteristics, and subsurface pressure is applied in the deep underground.
- the behavior of is complicated and unstable, but can be made more stable if it is a single-phase flow.
- vibration due to vapor of the gas-liquid two-phase flow may be a problem. Such problems can be reduced, and damage to the geothermal exchanger 100 can be reduced.
- the liquid descending pipe 11 has an inner diameter of 250 mm and the liquid raising pipe 12 has an inner diameter of 200 mm.
- a pressure of 1.2 MPa, a liquid amount of 35.20 m 2 / h, a heat exchange liquid When water at 145 ° C. is used, a pressure of 0.79 MPa, a liquid amount of 35.20 m 2 / h, water at 185 ° C. can be received, and a generator having a power generation capacity of about 80 KW can be moved.
- the geothermal exchanger according to each embodiment is a binary-type geothermal power generation facility. Also good.
- the binary system is a system in which a low-boiling-point medium having a lower boiling point than that of the heat-exchange liquid is heated and evaporated and the turbine is rotated by the steam.
- the heat of the heat-exchange liquid system and the low-boiling- medium system It has a cycle. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 8, a heat exchange liquid circulation cycle 107 in which the heat exchange liquid circulates and a low boiling point medium circulation cycle 108 are provided.
- the circulation cycle 107 for heat exchange liquid mainly circulates between the geothermal exchanger 100 and the inside of the evaporator 108 for heating the low boiling point medium by the high pressure pump 101.
- the low boiling point medium circulation cycle 108 is heated by the evaporator 108 to generate steam, and the turbine 104 is rotated by the obtained steam, and the generator 105 generates electricity.
- the low boiling point liquid used for power generation is cooled by the condenser 109 and sent again to the evaporator by the circulation pump 111.
- the outer heat insulating layer 30 is a heat insulating layer formed by an air layer by forming a space with a tube, but the gas inserted into the inside may be other than air, such as nitrogen. Good. Further, a method of making the space between the liquid transport pipe 10 and the outer heat insulation pipe 40 low pressure or vacuum, or a heat insulating gas such as nitrogen or air pressurized between the liquid transport pipe 10 and the outer heat insulation pipe 40. In addition, a method of enclosing a liquid or a solid heat insulating material may be employed.
- the outer heat insulating pipe 40 is subjected to geothermal pressure from the geotropy 80, while the inner liquid descending pipe 11 is pressurized by a pump. Although pressure from the heat exchange liquid is applied, a force against these pressures can be applied by the pressurized insulating gas. Therefore, compared with the case where the gas which is not pressurized is inserted, the pipe
- the outer heat insulating tube 40 is provided, and the heat descending layer is provided with the liquid descending tube 11 and the double tube structure.
- a heat insulating material may be provided on the outside. Examples of the method for providing the heat insulating material on the outside include the following examples. For example, a method of directly covering the liquid transport pipe 10 with the heat insulating material, such as a method of winding or sticking a sheet-shaped heat insulating material, or a method of spraying or applying the heat insulating material, may be adopted. Good.
- the method of winding the heat insulating material includes a heat-resistant polyimide sheet, a sheet made of glass fiber or ceramic fiber, Gunze Eco Cover (manufactured by Gunze Engineering Co., Ltd.), etc.
- the method of winding the sheet-like heat insulating material is mentioned.
- Examples of the method of spraying or applying the heat insulating material include a method of applying mortar or the like, or spraying a heat-resistant material in which alumina fiber or ceramic fiber is bonded with alumina and alumina cement. Of course, it is not limited to these.
- FIG.10 and FIG.11 is sectional drawing of the geothermal exchanger 100 concerning 2nd Embodiment.
- the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that an inner heat insulating layer 60 is provided between the liquid descending flow area 90 and the liquid rising flow area 91. Since other points are the same as those of the first embodiment, description thereof is omitted.
- the inner heat insulating layer 60 is a heat insulating layer formed outside the liquid rising pipe 12.
- a method for producing the heat insulating layer a method of winding a sheet-like heat insulating material as shown in FIG.
- the heat insulation sheet to be used can be the same as that of the outer heat insulation layer 30, but resistance to the flowing heat exchange liquid is required.
- an inner heat insulating pipe 16 may be provided outside the liquid rising pipe 12 to form a liquid transport pipe 10 having a quadruple pipe structure as a whole.
- the inner heat insulating layer 60 between the liquid rising pipe 12 and the inner heat insulating pipe 16 is formed in a closed system different from the liquid descending flow area 90 and the liquid rising flow area 91.
- the above-described heat insulating material may be inserted into the inner heat insulating layer 60, or may be formed in a vacuum or low pressure. Further, the heat insulation gas such as air or nitrogen may be pressurized or sealed without being pressurized.
- the inner heat insulating pipe 16 is applied with the pressure of the descending heat exchange liquid, and the liquid rising pipe 12 is applied with the pressure of the ascending heat exchange liquid. A force against the pressure can be applied. Therefore, compared with the case where the gas which is not pressurized is inserted, the pipe
- a pressurized heat insulating gas having a pressure of 1.0 to 3.0 atm, more preferably 1.2 to 2.0 atm is inserted on the ground surface.
- the inner heat insulating layer 60 By providing the inner heat insulating layer 60, it is possible to suppress the heat of the rising heat exchange liquid from being conducted to the falling heat exchange liquid. However, since there is no real heat insulation, the heat exchange liquid moves to a temperature where some amount of heat falls. However, since the outer heat insulating layer 30 is installed outside the liquid transport pipe 10, the heat of the descending heat exchange liquid can be reduced from being conducted to the non-tropical area, and heat loss can be suppressed. Can do.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the third embodiment.
- the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the third embodiment has a double-pipe structure in which the arrangement of the liquid descending pipe 11 and the liquid raising pipe 12 is reversed with respect to the geothermal exchanger 100 according to the first embodiment. ing. That is, the liquid raising pipe 12 is disposed on the outer side, and the liquid lowering pipe 11 is disposed on the inner side.
- the liquid transport pipe 10 has a liquid descending pipe 11 and a liquid raising pipe 12 communicating with each other at the lowermost end, and a liquid descending flow area 90 formed between the outer liquid descending pipe 11 and the liquid raising pipe 12.
- the heat exchange liquid pressurized through the liquid descends, and the heat exchange liquid heated in the geotropy 80 during the descent flows to the liquid ascending flow area 91 in the liquid ascending pipe 12 at the lowest end, and rises. Carried to the ground.
- Other configurations are the same as those in the first embodiment.
- the outer heat insulating layer 30 according to the present embodiment is more effective because it is more susceptible to geothermal heat in the non-geotropy. Can work.
- it can be used as a heat exchanger for geothermal power generation.
Abstract
Description
加圧された熱交換用液体が供給され、前記熱交換用液体を下降させる液体下降用管と、前記液体下降用管の内側又は外側に配置され、前記地熱帯まで下降して前記地熱帯の熱によって熱せられた熱交換用液体を上昇させる液体上昇用管と、を備えた液体輸送管と、
前記液体輸送管の外側であって、少なくとも地表側から前記地熱帯に至るまでの間の一部又は全部に外側断熱層を有することを特徴とする。
(1)高圧ポンプで高圧の熱交換用液体を地熱交換器に導入する工程
(2)地熱交換器を通過することによって前記熱交換用液体に地熱の熱によって熱せられた熱交換用液体を単相のまま取水する工程
(3)取水した地熱交換器から蒸気発生器によって蒸気を得る工程
(4)蒸気発生器により得た蒸気によってタービンを回転させる工程
によって、効率のよい地熱発電方法を提供することができる。
加圧された熱交換用液体が供給され、前記熱交換用液体を下降させる液体下降用管と、
前記液体下降用管の内側又は外側に配置され、前記下降した熱交換用液体を上昇させるための液体上昇用管と、
前記液体輸送管の外側に外側断熱層を有することを特徴とする。
前記液体上昇用管の下端部には、切欠部が形成されていることを特徴とする。
第1実施形態にかかる地熱発電設備110及び地熱交換器100について、図1及び図2に沿って詳細に説明する。図1は、第1実施形態にかかる地熱発電設備110を示す模式図であり、図2は、第1実施形態にかかる地熱交換器100を示す断面図である。
第2実施形態にかかる地熱交換器100が図10及び図11に示されている。図10及び図11は、第2実施形態にかかる地熱交換器100の断面図である。
第3実施形態にかかる地熱交換器100が図12に示されている。図12は、第3実施形態にかかる地熱交換器100の断面図である。第3実施形態にかかる地熱交換器100は、第1実施形態にかかる地熱交換器100に対し、液体下降用管11と液体上昇用管12の配置が逆に配置された二重管構造となっている。すなわち、液体上昇用管12が外側に、液体下降用管11が内側に配置されている。液体輸送管10は、最下端部において液体下降用管11と液体上昇用管12が連通しており、外側の液体下降用管11と液体上昇用管12の間に形成される液体下降流域90を通って加圧された熱交換用液体が下降し、下降中に地熱帯80で熱せられた熱交換用液体が最下端で液体上昇用管12内の液体上昇流域91に流れて上昇し、地上に運ばれる。それ以外の構成は第1実施形態と同様である。
11c…下端液体下降用管、12…液体上昇用管、
12a…下端液体上昇用管、12b…切欠部、12c…辺、
13…整流板、15…支持部材、16…内側断熱管、17…センサー、
30…外側断熱層、40…外側断熱管、60…内側断熱層、
70…フランジ部材、71…嵌合部、73…フランジ、80…地熱帯、
85,85a,85b…坑井、88…外層、
90…液体下降流域、91…液体上昇流域、95…支持台、
100…地熱交換器、101…高圧ポンプ、102…蒸気発生器、
103…加熱器、104…タービン、105…発電機、106…凝縮器、
110…地熱発電設備
Claims (32)
- 地熱帯に埋設される地熱交換器において、
加圧された熱交換用液体が供給され、前記熱交換用液体を下降させる液体下降用管と、前記液体下降用管の内側又は外側に配置され、前記地熱帯まで下降して前記地熱帯の熱によって熱せられた熱交換用液体を上昇させる液体上昇用管と、を備えた液体輸送管と、
前記液体輸送管の外側であって、少なくとも地表側から前記地熱帯に至るまでの間の一部又は全部に外側断熱層を有することを特徴とする地熱交換器。 - 前記外側断熱層は、少なくとも下降する熱交換用液体の温度と前記地熱帯の温度とが同一となる点に至るまで設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記液体輸送管の外側に外側断熱管が配置されてなり、前記外側断熱層は、前記液体輸送管と前記外側断熱管との間に形成された空間であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記外側断熱層の中には、1.0~2.0気圧の気体が封入されていることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記外側断熱層の中は、低圧又は真空に形成されていることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記外側断熱層の中に、断熱材が封入してあることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記外側断熱層は、前記液体輸送管の外周に直接断熱材が設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記液体下降用管と前記液体上昇用管との間に内側断熱層を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記内側断熱層は、液体上昇用管の外側に形成された内側断熱管との間に形成され、前記内側断熱管の中は低圧又は真空に形成されてなることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記内側断熱管の中は、1.0~2.0気圧の気体が封入されていることを特徴とする請求項9に記載の地熱交換器。
- 前記液体輸送管の外周には、フランジが設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の地熱交換器。
- 請求項1に記載の地熱交換器と、
高圧ポンプと、蒸気発生器と、発電機と、を備えたことを特徴とする地熱発電設備。 - 請求項12に記載の地熱発電設備を使用した地熱発電方法において、以下の工程からなることを特徴とする地熱発電方法。
(1)高圧ポンプで高圧の熱交換用液体を地熱交換器に導入する工程
(2)地熱交換器を通過することによって前記熱交換用液体に地熱の熱によって熱せられた熱交換用液体を単相のまま取水する工程
(3)取水した地熱交換器から蒸気発生器によって蒸気を得る工程
(4)蒸気発生器により得た蒸気によってタービンを回転させる工程 - 地熱帯に埋設される地熱交換器に使用される液体輸送管において、
加圧された熱交換用液体が供給され、前記熱交換用液体を下降させる液体下降用管と、
前記液体下降用管の内側又は外側に配置され、前記下降した熱交換用液体を上昇させるための液体上昇用管と、
前記液体下降用管又は液体上昇用管の外側に形成された外側断熱層と、
を有することを特徴とする液体輸送管。 - 前記外側断熱層は、外側に形成された外側断熱管によって形成された空間であることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の液体輸送管。
- 前記外側断熱管は、内部を低圧又は真空にしたり、1.0気圧から3.0気圧の気体層を封入したりすることが可能な密封性を有することを特徴とする請求項15に記載の液体輸送管。
- 前記外側断熱層は、前記外側断熱管によって形成された空間に、断熱材が封入してあることを特徴とする請求項15に記載の液体輸送管。
- 前記外側断熱層は、断熱材であることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の液体輸送管。
- 前記液体上昇用管と前記液体下降用管のうち、内側に配置された管の外側には、断熱材が配置されていることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の液体輸送管。
- 前記液体上昇用管と前記液体下降用管のうち、内側に配置された管の外側には内側断熱管が配置されていることを特徴とする請求項19に記載の液体輸送管。
- 前記内側断熱管の内部を低圧又は真空にしたり、1.0気圧から3.0気圧の気体層を形成したりできるように密封性を有することを特徴とする請求項19に記載の液体輸送管。
- 前記液体下降用管又は液体上昇用管の外周には、フランジが設けられていることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の液体輸送管。
- 地熱帯に埋設される地熱交換器に使用される液体輸送管の一部であって、熱交換用液体を下降させる液体下降用管の内側に配置され、下端部が開口されて前記液体下降用管から移動した前記熱交換用液体を上昇させるための液体上昇用管において、
前記液体上昇用管の下端部には、切欠部が形成されていることを特徴とする液体上昇用管。 - 前記切欠部は、前記液体上昇用管の水平面に対して勾配がある辺を有するように形成されていることを特徴とする請求項23記載の液体上昇用管。
- 前記切欠部は、前記液体上昇用管の水平面に対して垂直な辺を有するように形成されていることを特徴とする請求項23又は24に記載の液体上昇用管。
- 前記切欠部は、直角三角形であることを特徴とする請求項23に記載の液体上昇用管。
- 前記液体上昇用管の下端部は、切欠部の間を架設するように形成されたリング状部材を有することを特徴とする請求項23から26のいずれか1項に記載の液体上昇用管。
- 前記液体上昇用管の外周には整流板が設けられていることを特徴とする請求項23に記載の液体上昇用管。
- 前記整流板は、液体上昇用管の軸方向に対して平行に設けられていることを特徴とする請求項28に記載の液体上昇用管。
- 前記整流板は、液体上昇用管の軸方向に対して斜めに設けられていることを特徴とする請求項28に記載の液体上昇用管。
- 前記整流板は、液体下降用管を支持するための支持部材として機能することを特徴とする請求項28記載の液体上昇用管。
- 請求項23から請求項31のいずれか1項に記載の液体上昇管と、
前記液体上昇用管の外側に設けられた前記液体下降用管と、を備え、
前記液体下降用管の底面部は、半球状又は半楕円球形状であることを特徴とする液体輸送管。
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US15/507,833 US10203162B2 (en) | 2014-09-02 | 2015-08-31 | Geothermal heat exchanger, liquid transport pipe, liquid raising pipe, geothermal power generation facility, and geothermal power generation method |
NZ730272A NZ730272A (en) | 2014-09-02 | 2015-08-31 | Geothermal heat exchanger, liquid transport pipe, liquid raising pipe, geothermal power generation facility, and geothermal power generation method |
JP2016546644A JPWO2016035770A1 (ja) | 2014-09-02 | 2015-08-31 | 地熱交換器、液体輸送管、液体上昇用管、地熱発電設備及び地熱発電方法 |
AU2015312919A AU2015312919B2 (en) | 2014-09-02 | 2015-08-31 | Geothermal heat exchanger, liquid transport pipe, liquid raising pipe, geothermal power generation facility, and geothermal power generation method |
MX2017002420A MX2017002420A (es) | 2014-09-02 | 2015-08-31 | Intercambiador de calor geotermico, tubo de transporte de liquido, tubo de ascenso de liquido, instalacion de generacion de energia geotermica, y metodo de generacion de energia geotermica. |
PH12017500380A PH12017500380B1 (en) | 2014-09-02 | 2017-03-01 | Geothermal heat exchanger, liquid transport pipe, liquid raising pipe, geothermal power generation facility, and geothermal power generation method |
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Also Published As
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JPWO2016035770A1 (ja) | 2017-05-25 |
AU2015312919A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 |
AU2015312919B2 (en) | 2019-03-28 |
PH12017500380A1 (en) | 2017-07-17 |
US20170292792A1 (en) | 2017-10-12 |
US10203162B2 (en) | 2019-02-12 |
PH12017500380B1 (en) | 2017-07-17 |
NZ730272A (en) | 2018-08-31 |
MX2017002420A (es) | 2017-08-02 |
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