WO2016024586A1 - 金属材料の処理装置 - Google Patents
金属材料の処理装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016024586A1 WO2016024586A1 PCT/JP2015/072754 JP2015072754W WO2016024586A1 WO 2016024586 A1 WO2016024586 A1 WO 2016024586A1 JP 2015072754 W JP2015072754 W JP 2015072754W WO 2016024586 A1 WO2016024586 A1 WO 2016024586A1
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- metal material
- oxygen
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 85
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
- B22F2003/1051—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding by electric discharge
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/241—Chemical after-treatment on the surface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
- B22F2201/02—Nitrogen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
- B22F2201/03—Oxygen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2202/00—Treatment under specific physical conditions
- B22F2202/13—Use of plasma
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/10—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
- C23C18/1633—Process of electroless plating
- C23C18/1646—Characteristics of the product obtained
- C23C18/165—Multilayered product
- C23C18/1653—Two or more layers with at least one layer obtained by electroless plating and one layer obtained by electroplating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/31—Coating with metals
- C23C18/42—Coating with noble metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
- H05K2203/09—Treatments involving charged particles
- H05K2203/095—Plasma, e.g. for treating a substrate to improve adhesion with a conductor or for cleaning holes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/10—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
- H05K3/12—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using thick film techniques, e.g. printing techniques to apply the conductive material or similar techniques for applying conductive paste or ink patterns
- H05K3/1241—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using thick film techniques, e.g. printing techniques to apply the conductive material or similar techniques for applying conductive paste or ink patterns by ink-jet printing or drawing by dispensing
- H05K3/125—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using thick film techniques, e.g. printing techniques to apply the conductive material or similar techniques for applying conductive paste or ink patterns by ink-jet printing or drawing by dispensing by ink-jet printing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal material processing apparatus, and more particularly to a metal fine particle sintering apparatus.
- a film of an electronic material such as a metal, a semiconductor, or an insulator formed on one surface of a substrate is processed by photolithography. That is, applying a resist on the film, leaving a part of the resist necessary as a circuit by exposure and development, removing unnecessary electronic materials by etching, and removing the remaining resist are repeated. In this case, many electronic materials are wasted, and the waste treatment of electronic materials and resists has to be a process with a high environmental load. Therefore, in recent years, an electronic circuit forming method using printing has attracted attention from the viewpoint of resource saving and energy saving as a technique capable of arranging necessary materials at necessary positions.
- an ink or paste containing metal fine particles is used to form a wiring portion in an electronic circuit, and a wiring pattern is formed on the substrate by various printing methods such as an ink jet method or a screen printing method.
- this ink or paste is a liquid, it contains a solvent in addition to the metal fine particles, and further, a dispersant that prevents aggregation of the metal fine particles, a binder for ensuring adhesion to the substrate, and the viscosity of the liquid are adjusted. In general, it contains organic substances such as solvents. Therefore, after forming the wiring pattern, it is necessary to decompose these organic substances by heat treatment to form a conduction path between the metal fine particles.
- the heat treatment temperature is required to be lowered (for example, about 200 ° C. or less) due to the limit of the heat resistant temperature.
- polyimide available at 260 ° C. or higher
- the heat treatment temperature is 180 ° C. or less, preferably 120 ° C. so that a relatively low-cost resin such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN, use temperature upper limit of about 180 ° C.) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET, use temperature upper limit of about 120 ° C.) can be used. It is desirable to lower it below °C.
- Patent Document 1 For inks or pastes containing silver fine particles as a metal, various products have been developed that exhibit good electrical conductivity by performing low-temperature heat treatment in the atmosphere (Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 On the other hand, in the case of copper, if heat treatment is performed in the atmosphere, copper oxide as an insulator is generated, and a conductive wiring cannot be obtained. In order to avoid this problem, it is necessary that the surroundings of the copper particles have a reducing atmosphere at least locally by some means during the firing process.
- Non-patent Document 1 hydrogen (Non-patent Document 1), formic acid vapor (Patent Document 2), extremely low oxygen atmosphere (Patent Document 3, Patent Document 4, Non-Patent Document 2) or any other reducing gas Heat treatment in the (2) Heat treatment (Non-patent Document 3, Patent Document 5) using an ink in which a reducing gas is generated from an ink component by thermal decomposition, such as copper formate, after blocking oxygen. It has been known.
- Some of the above-mentioned conventional techniques use hydrogen, formic acid vapor, and copper formate. However, it is preferable to reduce the environmental burden if possible without relying on such materials.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above points. Specifically, (1) if necessary, eliminating a gas component that is required to be disposed of, (2) providing grain growth or crystal growth of a metal material at a low temperature, and (3) a low resistivity film or An object of the present invention is to provide a device capable of wiring.
- the present invention employs the following means.
- a sealed container for storing a sample therein;
- An oxygen pump for extracting oxygen molecules from the gas discharged from the sealed container;
- Circulating means for returning the gas to the sealed container;
- a metal material processing apparatus comprising: a plasma generating means for converting the gas returned from the circulation means into plasma and irradiating the sample in the sealed container.
- a sealed container for storing the sample therein;
- An oxygen pump for extracting oxygen molecules from the gas discharged from the sealed container;
- Circulating means for returning the gas to the sealed container;
- a heater for heating the gas returned from the circulation means;
- a metal material processing apparatus comprising: a plasma generating means for converting the gas returned from the circulation means into plasma and irradiating the sample in the sealed container.
- the sample stage includes a heater for heating the sample.
- the circulation means pressurizes the gas discharged from the sealed container and returns it to the sealed container.
- the oxygen pump includes a solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity and electrodes disposed inside and outside thereof.
- the solid electrolyte body is made of stabilized zirconia.
- the electrode is a porous electrode along the surface of the solid electrolyte body.
- the metal material processing apparatus of the present invention enables processing of a metal material by a new method.
- (2) Grain growth or crystal growth of the raw metal material can be brought about at a low temperature.
- FIG. 1 It is an apparatus block diagram for demonstrating the processing apparatus of the metal material which concerns on preferable embodiment of this invention. It is a side view which shows typically a plasma generation means. It is sectional drawing which shows a gas heater typically. It is sectional drawing which showed the principal part of the oxygen pump typically. It is sectional drawing which showed the oxygen removal mechanism of the oxygen pump typically. It is a device block diagram of an ultrafine fluid jet. It is a top view which shows typically the drawing pattern of the sample (processed film) of the metal material used in the Example. 2 is a drawing-substituting photograph showing a scanning ion micrograph of a treated film (sintered film) of a metal material produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 1 It is an apparatus block diagram for demonstrating the processing apparatus of the metal material which concerns on preferable embodiment of this invention. It is a side view which shows typically a plasma generation means. It is sectional drawing which shows a gas heater typically. It is sectional drawing which showed the principal part of the oxygen pump typically. It is sectional
- FIG. 6 is a drawing-substituting photograph showing a scanning ion micrograph of a treated film (sintered film) of a metal material produced in Example 3.
- FIG. FIG. 1 (phase diagram) published in Patent Document 4 It is a drawing substitute photograph which shows the scanning ion micrograph of the processed film
- FIG. 1 is an apparatus explanatory view showing the whole of a metal material processing apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the apparatus of the present embodiment has a sealed container 1.
- a metal such as stainless steel is usually employed.
- the hermetic container 1, the oxygen pump 2, and the circulation means 3 are connected by pipes 8a, 8b, and 8c to form a gas circulation path 8.
- Oxygen is removed from the gas discharged from the hermetic container 1 by passing through the oxygen pump 2, and becomes an extremely low oxygen state having an oxygen partial pressure of, for example, 10 ⁇ 27 atm.
- the oxygen pump and the oxygen removal mechanism will be described later.
- the oxygen partial pressure is measured with a zirconia oxygen partial pressure meter heated to 600 ° C. unless otherwise specified.
- the operation principle of the zirconia oxygen partial pressure gauge will also be described later.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium can be used, but nitrogen is desirable mainly from the viewpoint of cost.
- the circulated gas may contain other components as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Examples of other components include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and low molecular weight organic compounds.
- the extremely oxygen-reduced gas is pressurized by the circulation means 3, passes through the pipe 8 d in the sealed container 1, and is sent to the plasmaization means 4.
- a sample stage 7 is provided in the hermetic container 1, and plasmaized gas is sprayed onto the sample 6.
- Sample 6 is obtained by providing a film of a metal material on a substrate.
- the chamber R of the sealed container is filled with the above-mentioned circulated gas (extremely low oxygen gas).
- the plasma generating means 4 As the plasma generating means 4, a so-called atmospheric pressure plasma apparatus is preferable in which gas is converted into plasma by glow discharge in a gas close to 1 atm.
- the structure of the plasmification means 4 is not particularly limited. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, in a pipe 42 (8d) having an inner diameter of several millimeters, electrodes 41a and 41b facing the vicinity of the outlet are attached. By applying a voltage of several tens of Hz and several kV to several tens of kV to the electrodes 41a and 41b by the voltage applying means 43, plasma 44 in a form to be ejected from the outlet of the pipe 42 (8d) can be generated. it can.
- the plasmification means 4 is not limited to this structure.
- a configuration may be adopted in which high-frequency high-voltage applying means is provided at a position different from the outlet of the gas introduction pipe 42 (8d) to generate plasma by electromagnetic induction.
- the pressure in the sealed container is preferably 0.1 atm or more and less than 10 atm. More preferably, the pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
- the temperature in the sealed container is preferably 0 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 50 ° C. or lower.
- sample stage, etc. By using a so-called hot plate as the sample stage 7, the sample 6 can be irradiated with plasma while being heated.
- the heating temperature at this time is preferably 100 ° C. or higher, more preferably 120 ° C. or higher, particularly 180 ° C. or higher in consideration of the efficiency and suitability of the processing of the metal material. preferable.
- As an upper limit it is preferable to set it as 350 degrees C or less, It is more preferable to set it as 300 degrees C or less, It is especially preferable to set it as 250 degrees C or less.
- the present invention has the advantage that the metal material can be processed at a low temperature as described above.
- the interface between the fine particles or the voids between the fine particles disappears at 250 ° C. or lower even though the melting point exceeds 1000 ° C., resulting in particle growth or crystal growth. it can.
- the treatment time of the metal material may be set as appropriate depending on the type of material and the thickness of the film. When the treatment is completed in a short time, for example, the treatment is preferably performed for 45 minutes or less, more preferably 30 minutes or less, and particularly preferably 20 minutes or less. As a lower limit, treatment for 10 minutes or more is practical.
- the average temperature of the gasified gas molecules is typically about 80 ° C., which is lower than the temperature of the hot plate. .
- the sample surface is cooled. That is, it is required to set the hot plate temperature high so as to compensate for the temperature drop due to the spraying of atmospheric pressure plasma, and the substrates that can be used are limited.
- a gas heater 12 is provided in front of the plasmarization means 4. The gas is warmed by the gas heater 12 and then turned into plasma. Thereby, cooling of the sample surface by plasma spraying can be prevented.
- the gas heater 12 As the gas heater 12, a hot air heater sold by Heat Tech Co., Ltd. as shown in FIG. 3 can be used conveniently.
- a heater element 14 for heating gas is disposed around the gas flow path from the gas inlet 13 to the back.
- the gas heater 12 In FIG. 1, the gas heater 12 is in the sealed container 1, but it can also be provided in the middle of the pipe 8 b. Since plasma has a finite lifetime, it is not a good idea to increase the distance between the plasmarization means 4 and the sample 6. It is considered to be advantageous that the gas is heated by the gas heater 12 and then converted into plasma. If the distance between the plasmarization means 4 and the sample 6 is a distance that allows plasma irradiation, the arrangement positions of the gas heater 12 and the plasmarization means 4 may be interchanged.
- the circulation means 3 is provided outside the sealed container 1, but it can also be provided inside the sealed container 1. By doing so, even if the airtightness of the circulation means 3 is insufficient, an extremely low oxygen partial pressure state can be maintained.
- the sealed container 1 needs to be large enough to contain the circulation means 3. For this reason, it is preferable to select an apparatus configuration by comparing the manufacturing cost of the sealed container 1 and the cost of the airtightness of the circulation means 3. It is not necessary to return the gas directly from the circulation means 3 into the reaction chamber. For example, it may be returned to the reaction chamber after being temporarily stored in a predetermined location.
- the circulation means 3 may be integrated with the oxygen pump 2.
- the circulation means 3 broadly includes a circulation path (pipe), and includes a configuration that does not have a fluid transport capability. Therefore, for example, when the oxygen pump 2 has a gas circulation function, or when the sealed container 1 also has this function, the circulation means 3 having a gas transportation force as illustrated may be omitted. And the form by which only the circulation means as a path
- positioned may be sufficient.
- the circulation flow rate of the gas in the system is not particularly limited, it is preferably 1 L / min or more from the viewpoint of generation of plasma in the sealed container 1 and good treatment. And it is more preferably 2 L / min or more, and particularly preferably 3 L / min or more. The upper limit is preferably 10 L / min or less.
- the flow rate it is preferable to adjust the flow rate according to the number. For example, it is preferable to adjust the gas circulation flow rate in a range obtained by multiplying the flow rate defined above by the number of plasmarization means 4 (plasma torches).
- the oxygen pump 2 of the present invention preferably includes a solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity and electrodes disposed on the inside and outside thereof.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an essential part schematically showing the oxygen pump (oxygen molecule discharging apparatus) 2 of FIG.
- the oxygen pump 2 includes a zirconia solid electrolyte body (solid electrolyte body) 21 having oxygen ion conductivity, and porous electrodes 22 and 23 made of gold or platinum disposed on the inner and outer surfaces thereof.
- the zirconia solid electrolyte body 21 is fixed to a metal pipe body (not shown) made of a copal material at both ends by brazing.
- the electrode and tube of the solid electrolyte body constitute an inner electrode.
- the internal pressure of the oxygen molecule discharging apparatus it is preferable to set to 0.5 kg / cm 2 or less in gauge pressure, it is more preferably set to 0.2 kg / cm 2 or less.
- the lower limit is preferably 0.1 kg / cm 2 or more.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the operation of the oxygen pump 2.
- a current I is passed from the DC power source E between the porous electrode (inner surface electrode) 23 and the porous electrode (outer surface electrode) 22.
- oxygen molecules (O 2 ) present in the space T in the solid electrolyte body 21 are electrolyzed into two oxygen ions by the inner surface electrode 23 and pass through the solid electrolyte body 21. Thereafter, it is generated again as oxygen molecules (O 2 ) and released to the outside of the solid electrolyte body 21.
- the oxygen molecules released to the outside of the solid electrolyte body 21 are exhausted using an auxiliary gas such as air as a purge gas.
- the oxygen pump 2 oxygen molecule discharging device
- the gas introduced into the solid electrolyte body (hereinafter also referred to as solid electrolyte pipe) 21 passes through the solid electrolyte body 21.
- solid electrolyte pipe gas introduced into the solid electrolyte body 21.
- ⁇ represents a carrier gas (N 2 or the like)
- ⁇ represents oxygen molecules
- ⁇ schematically represents oxygen ions.
- the oxygen partial pressure in the gas can be set to 10 ⁇ 25 atm, for example.
- a control signal for setting the amount set by the setting unit is sent from the partial pressure control unit (not shown) to the oxygen pump 2.
- the voltage E of the oxygen pump 2 is controlled by the control signal.
- a partial pressure of oxygen in an inert gas such as N 2 , Ar, or He supplied to the oxygen pump 2 through a gas supply valve and a mass flow controller (not shown) is set by a setting unit (not shown). Controlled to the amount.
- the inert gas controlled to have a very low oxygen partial pressure is preferably supplied to the plasmarization means of the sealed container after the partial pressure is monitored by a sensor.
- the monitored value is input to the oxygen partial pressure control unit, and is compared with the set value by the oxygen partial pressure setting unit.
- an inert gas whose oxygen partial pressure is controlled to 10 ⁇ 25 atm or less is supplied.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the gas exhausted from the sealed container is monitored by a sensor and serves as an index of the oxygen desorption rate from the sample in the sealed container.
- the used gas may be exhausted outside the apparatus, but it is preferable to form a closed loop that returns the oxygen gas to the oxygen pump again.
- the oxygen partial pressure can be obtained from the Nernst equation using an oxygen sensor using an oxygen ion conductor.
- the basic structure of the oxygen sensor is a zirconia solid electrolyte body 21 having oxygen ion conductivity and having porous electrodes 22 and 23 made of gold or platinum disposed on the inner and outer surfaces shown in FIG. Tube (solid electrolyte tube) itself.
- F is the Faraday constant
- R is the gas constant
- T is the absolute temperature of the solid electrolyte tube 21.
- the solid electrolyte constituting the solid electrolyte body 21 is, for example, the formula (ZrO 2 ) 1-xy (In 2 O 3 ) x (Y 2 O 3 ) y (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ A zirconia-based material represented by 0.20, 0.08 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.20) can be used.
- the solid electrolyte is, for example, a composite oxide containing Ba and In, in which a part of Ba of this composite oxide is replaced by solid solution with La, In particular, an atomic ratio ⁇ La / (Ba + La) ⁇ of 0.3 or more can be employed. Further, a part of In is replaced with Ga.
- the connection structure between the both ends of the solid electrolyte body 21 and the pipe body affects the oxygen partial pressure, it is preferable to ensure high airtightness. Therefore, it is preferable to employ joining of the tube body and the solid electrolyte body 21 with a metal braze.
- the solid electrolyte is preferably heated to 600 ° C. to 1000 ° C.
- One or more oxygen pumps may be applied in the system. The longer the solid electrolyte body 21 is, the higher the molecule discharging function becomes. On the other hand, in view of cost and handling, a length of 15 cm to 60 cm is preferable.
- each tube to be connected is preferably 3 cm to 60 cm on one side.
- the connecting portion between the solid electrolyte body 21 and the tube body is preferably subjected to electrolytic plating with gold or platinum after brazing. Furthermore, after the electrolytic plating part is pretreated with acid or alkali, it is preferable that the solid electrolyte body is simultaneously subjected to electroless platinum plating. This functions as a porous electrode.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the gas to be circulated is preferably 10 ⁇ 22 atm or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ 23 atm or less, further preferably 10 ⁇ 25 atm or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ 27 atm or less. Although there is no lower limit, it is practical that the pressure is 10 ⁇ 30 atm or more.
- the metal material applied to the present invention is not particularly limited, but metal or metal compound fine particles are preferable. Among these, conductive fine particles (powder) are preferable.
- the metal material is preferably a transition metal or transition metal oxide particle, and is preferably a metal transition metal in a conductive ink conducting step.
- the metal material is preferably subjected to the treatment according to the present invention in the form of fine particles (powder), and through this treatment, particle growth or crystal growth is preferably integrated.
- a dense layer of a metal material is formed by integration. It can be considered that this dense layer is applied to processing for obtaining adhesion and electrical conduction between the substrate and the wiring layer. Thus, physical properties are stabilized by integrating the metal particles (bulk).
- the metal material is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained.
- metals such as transition metals, oxides and composite compounds thereof can also be used.
- the metal used for the metal material examples include copper, gold, platinum, silver, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, nickel, tin, lead, bismuth, and alloys thereof.
- copper, silver, iron, nickel, and ruthenium are preferably used, and copper is particularly preferably used.
- silver is expensive, and migration (electromigration, ion migration) is likely to occur.
- copper fine particles are inexpensive and have high migration resistance. For this reason, the technique which forms wiring by printing using the ink or paste containing copper is preferable.
- the present invention is not construed as being limited by this description.
- the metal material can be used in the form of particles.
- the primary particle diameter (average particle diameter) of the fine particles of the metal material is preferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 10 nm or more, and particularly preferably 20 nm or more.
- As an upper limit it is preferable that it is 2000 nm or less, and it is more preferable that it is 1500 nm or less.
- As a more preferable upper limit it is preferably 1000 nm or less, more preferably 500 nm or less, and further preferably 200 nm or less.
- the upper limit is more preferably 100 nm or less, further preferably 80 nm or less, and particularly preferably 50 nm or less.
- the primary particle size of the metal material refers to the most frequent particle size (300 to 1000 particles are measured in one evaluation sample) measured using a particle size distribution measurement method by analysis of a transmission electron microscope image. Shall.
- the concentration of the metal material in the measurement sample is 60% by mass unless otherwise specified.
- a commonly used solvent can be used as the solvent at this time.
- Dispersant When an ink containing fine particles of a metal material is used, it is preferable to contain a dispersant therein.
- the dispersant is preferably a dispersant having an acidic adsorption group (or a salt thereof) such as a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, and a phosphoric acid group.
- Commercially available dispersants include, for example, Disper BYK110, Disper BYK111, Disper BYK180, Disper BYK161, Disper BYK2155 (above, trade name, manufactured by Big Chemie Japan), Disparon DA-550, Disparon DA-325, Disparon DA-325.
- Disparon DA-234 Disparon PW-36, Disparon 1210, Disparon 2150, Disparon DA-7301, Disparon DA-1220, Disparon DA-2100, Disparon DA-2200 (above, trade name manufactured by Enomoto Kasei Co., Ltd.) It is done.
- the dispersant in the ink is preferably contained in an amount of 0.1 to 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the metal material fine particles. If the amount is too small, it is not sufficient to uniformly disperse the conductive particles. If the amount is too large, the characteristics of the metal material treatment film may be deteriorated.
- the solvent of the dispersion liquid (ink) containing a metal material is not particularly limited, a solvent capable of sufficiently dispersing the metal material is preferable.
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene or aliphatic hydrocarbons such as butadiene and normal hexane are suitable from the viewpoint of handleability.
- the ink jet method it is preferable that the ink jet method has fluidity and can be discharged from a nozzle. Depending on the method, it may be used without solvent.
- the concentration may be adjusted as appropriate.
- the concentration of the metal material in the ink is preferably 50% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, and more preferably 60% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less.
- the metal material treated by the apparatus of the present invention is preferably formed as a film.
- the thickness of this processed film (film after the metal material is processed) varies depending on the application.
- the thickness of the treated film is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 5 ⁇ m or more. Although there is no upper limit in particular, it is practical that it is 20 ⁇ m or less, and may be 10 ⁇ m or less.
- a film to be processed (film before processing) can be formed by applying the ink to a substrate by an ultrafine fluid jet described later.
- the applied film may be used as it is, but it is preferable to perform pretreatment by heating in order to remove excess medium components. What is necessary is just to adjust the heating temperature of a pretreatment with a metal material or a medium.
- the heating temperature may be 80 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower.
- the metal material is preferably used in the form of fine particles as described above.
- the surface of the particles may be in an oxidized state before the treatment. That is, the metal material may be a metal oxide.
- the entire metal material is reduced.
- the electrical resistivity of the metal material when it is formed into a film can be reduced to the same level as when it is not oxidized.
- the internal structure of the treated film of the metal material is not particularly limited, but is preferably an integrated structure in which fine particles remain and there are no voids between the grown particles.
- the electrical resistivity of the treated film is not particularly limited, but a film close to the specific resistivity of the metal to be treated is preferable.
- the electrical resistivity is preferably 100 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, and further preferably 20 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the electrical resistivity is more preferably 8 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, further preferably 5 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, and particularly preferably 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the lower limit is 1.7 ⁇ ⁇ cm, which is a bulk property value.
- the resistivity is preferably 50 times or less, more preferably 30 times or less, and more preferably 10 times or less. Further preferred. Furthermore, in relation to the specific resistivity of the metal material, the resistivity is more preferably 5 times or less, more preferably 3 times or less, and more preferably 2 times or less. Is particularly preferred.
- the value of electric resistivity means a value measured at room temperature (about 25 ° C.) by the method presented in the examples.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view schematically showing an ultrafine fluid jet device (super ink jet) 100 used as an embodiment in the present invention.
- an ultrafine nozzle (super fine nozzle body) 200 includes a nozzle body 101 and an electrode 102.
- the nozzle body 101 has a low conductance.
- glass capillaries are suitable.
- a conductive material coated with an insulating material may be used.
- the lower limit of the opening diameter (equivalent circle diameter) ⁇ i at the tip of the ultrafine nozzle 200 (nozzle body 101) is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m for the convenience of nozzle production.
- the nozzle inner diameter ⁇ i is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 8 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 6 ⁇ m or less.
- the outer diameter ⁇ o (equivalent circle diameter) at the tip of the ultrafine nozzle is not particularly limited, but the outer diameter ⁇ o is set to 0 in consideration of the relationship with the opening diameter ⁇ i and the generation of a good concentrated electric field at the nozzle tip 2t. It is preferably 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m.
- the ultrafine nozzle 200 (nozzle body 101) of the present embodiment has a taper and tapers toward the nozzle tip 2t.
- the taper angle ⁇ n of the nozzle outer shape 2o with respect to the direction of the inner hole of the nozzle is shown.
- the angle ⁇ n is preferably 0 ° to 45 °, and more preferably 10 ° to 30 °.
- the nozzle inner shape 2i is not particularly limited, but may be any shape formed in a normal capillary tube in the present embodiment. A tapered shape having a slight taper along the taper of the outer shape may be used.
- the nozzle body 101 constituting the ultrafine nozzle 200 is not limited to the capillary tube, and may be formed by fine processing.
- the nozzle body 101 constituting the ultrafine nozzle 200 is formed of glass with good moldability.
- a metal wire (tungsten wire) 102 is inserted as an electrode inside the nozzle body 101.
- an electrode may be formed in the nozzle by plating.
- the nozzle body 101 itself is formed of a conductive material, an insulating material is coated thereon.
- the ultrafine nozzle 200 is filled with the liquid 103 to be discharged.
- the electrode 102 is disposed so as to be immersed in the liquid 103, and the liquid 103 is supplied from a liquid source (not shown).
- the ultrafine nozzle 200 is attached to the holder 106 by the shield rubber 104 and the nozzle clamp 105 so that pressure does not leak.
- the pressure adjusted by the pressure regulator 107 is transmitted to the ultrafine nozzle 200 through the pressure tube 108.
- the role of the pressure regulator 107 in this embodiment can be used to push the fluid out of the ultrafine nozzle 200 by applying a high pressure. This is particularly effective for adjusting conductance, filling the ultrafine nozzle 200 with a liquid containing an adhesive, or removing the nozzle clogging. It is also effective for controlling the position of the liquid level and forming a meniscus. Further, it may play a role of controlling the micro discharge amount by controlling the force acting on the liquid 103 in the nozzle by adding a phase difference with the voltage pulse.
- the ejection signal from the computer 109 is sent to and controlled by a voltage generator (voltage applying means) 110 having a predetermined waveform.
- the voltage generated from the voltage generator 110 having a predetermined waveform is transmitted to the electrode 102 through the high voltage amplifier 111.
- the liquid 103 in the ultrafine nozzle 200 is charged by this voltage.
- the effect of electric field concentration at the nozzle tip and the action of the image force induced on the counter substrate are used. For this reason, it is not necessary to make the base material S conductive or to provide a conductive counter substrate separately. That is, various materials including insulating materials can be used as the substrate S depending on the case.
- the voltage applied to the electrode 102 may be direct current or alternating current, and may be either plus or minus.
- the distance between the ultrafine nozzle 200 and the substrate S is shorter, the mirror image force works and the landing accuracy is improved.
- the distance between the ultrafine nozzle 200 and the substrate S is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 500 ⁇ m or less. Further, it is more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 30 ⁇ m or less. Although there is no particular lower limit, it is practical that it is 1 ⁇ m or more to 10 ⁇ m or more.
- the ultrafine fluid jet device 100 of the present embodiment it is possible to discharge the ultrafine droplets 11 that are so fine that it is difficult to achieve with a conventional piezo ink jet or bubble jet (registered trademark) ink jet. Therefore, a linear drawing pattern can be formed by continuously discharging and ejecting droplets.
- the ultrafine droplet 11 has an extremely high evaporation rate due to the action of surface tension, the high specific surface area, and the like. Therefore, it is considered that favorable thin film formation can be promoted by appropriately controlling evaporation / drying of droplets, collision energy, electric field concentration, and the like.
- the strength of the electric field generated at the tip 2t of the ultrafine nozzle 200 that enables ejection is not an electric field determined only by the voltage V applied to the nozzle and the distance h between the nozzle and the counter electrode. It is understood that the above electric field strength is rather based on the local concentrated electric field strength at the nozzle tip 2t. What is important in this embodiment is that the local strong electric field and the flow path for supplying fluid have a very small conductance.
- the fluid itself is sufficiently charged in a small area. When the charged microfluid is brought close to a dielectric such as a substrate or a conductor, the mirror image force acts and flies at right angles to the substrate to land and form a coating film or fine line. This is a fine line drawing pattern.
- JP-A-2004-165588 Regarding the principle and preferred embodiment of the discharge of ultrafine droplets realized by the above-described ultrafine fluid jet apparatus 100, reference can be made to JP-A-2004-165588.
- a conductive member is used as a part of the device, and this is grounded, or connected to the power supply unit having the opposite polarity to the electrode connected to the power supply nozzle, etc. For example, a potential difference may be caused. Due to this potential difference, the charged droplets can fly along the lines of electric force between the substrate and the nozzle, and can reliably land on the substrate.
- the applied current may be direct current or alternating current.
- the voltage (potential) is preferably lower from the viewpoint of workability and power saving. Specifically, it is preferably 5000 V or less, more preferably 1000 V or less, still more preferably 700 V or less, and particularly preferably 500 V or less.
- the lower limit is practically 100V or more, and more practically 300V or more.
- the pulse width is preferably equal to or greater than the time calculated from the slew rate of the power supply (amplifier) used, and more preferably equal to or greater than twice.
- the range of 100 times or less is preferable, and it is more preferable that it is the range of 10 times or less.
- the width of one pulse is preferably 0.00001 seconds or more, more preferably 0.0001 seconds or more, and particularly preferably 0.001 seconds or more.
- As an upper limit it is preferable that it is 1 second or less, It is more preferable that it is 0.1 second or less, It is further more preferable that it is 0.01 second or less.
- the pulse waveform is not particularly limited, and may be a sine wave or a rectangular wave. In the present invention, a rectangular wave is preferable in consideration of controllability. In consideration of the above-described discharge controllability, the frequency when discharging with alternating current is practically 100 Hz or more, and more practically 1000 Hz or more.
- the set values are not determined only by the applied voltage, but may be appropriately set according to the physical properties of the liquid employed, the nozzle diameter, the volume in the nozzle, the distance between the nozzle and the substrate, and the like.
- the ultrafine fluid jet apparatus 100 a film of a metal material having a very fine shape can be efficiently formed on demand.
- the line width or dot diameter of the metal material film is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or less in the case of miniaturization. Although there is no lower limit in particular, it is practical that it is 500 nm or more. However, a line or dot having a larger width may be used by processing such as painting.
- it can be set as the solid structure which piled up the fine drawing thing in the height direction. The height of the structure is not particularly limited.
- the height is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more. There is no particular upper limit, but 10 ⁇ m or less is practical.
- the aspect ratio of the three-dimensional structure is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 1 or more, and particularly preferably 3 or more. preferable. There is no particular upper limit, but 5 or less is practical.
- a gas such as hydrogen or formic acid vapor that requires disposal (exhaust or recovery).
- an inert gas such as nitrogen at a low temperature of, for example, 180 ° C. or less in a short time.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen
- not only reduction of the metal material but also particle growth or crystal growth can be promoted.
- membrane can be made into a very low thing, and it can respond suitably for manufacture of the electrode, wiring, etc. of an electronic element.
- an ink containing a raw material such as copper formate that generates a reducing gas it is not necessary to use an ink containing a raw material such as copper formate that generates a reducing gas, and the degree of freedom in ink selection can be expanded.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen is reduced through an oxygen pump, it is not necessary to use an ink that generates a reducing gas by thermal decomposition of the raw material. Therefore, in the preparation of the ink, it is possible to positively use materials related to the improvement of printing quality, such as metal fine particles, a dispersant, a solvent, and a viscosity modifier.
- a low resistivity sample within twice the bulk copper can be obtained by a short-time treatment at a temperature of 180 ° C. or less. Can do. Therefore, application to a resin substrate or the like is possible. Moreover, since it can be set as the processed film
- Example 1 A sample in which a thin line having a width of about 7 ⁇ m and a length of 10 mm was drawn with a pattern as shown in FIG. 7 was prepared on a glass substrate using copper ink.
- the copper ink used was obtained by dispersing copper fine particles of about 20 nm in a solvent.
- the ink was ejected by an ultra-fine ink jet printer (FIG. 6) and stacked up to a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m by overwriting several times. .
- the copper ink used was manufactured by Iox (copper concentration 60% by mass).
- the drawn sample was baked at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes in an oxygen stream.
- the copper thin wire as the sample became glossy black. It has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction that when a so-called solid film coated with copper ink in a large area is processed under the same conditions, copper is almost converted into copper oxide. Therefore, it is presumed that the copper thin wire is also changed to copper oxide.
- the sample was fixed to the sample stage 7 together with the glass substrate, the sealed container 1 was covered, and the vacuum pump 10 was evacuated.
- the vacuum pump 10 a low vacuum pump such as a scroll pump or a rotary pump is sufficient.
- nitrogen was supplied from the gas supply path 9 to return to atmospheric pressure.
- the air is once evacuated and then returned to atmospheric pressure with nitrogen.
- the sealed container 1 does not have the strength to withstand the evacuation, the air may be expelled by simply flowing nitrogen for a sufficient time. good.
- the oxygen partial pressure of nitrogen is typically about 10 ⁇ 6 atm immediately after introduction from the gas supply path 9, but was lowered to 10 ⁇ 25 atm or less while circulating through the oxygen pump 2.
- the plasma generating means 4 was turned on to convert the nitrogen in an extremely low oxygen state into plasma, and the sample 6 was irradiated.
- This nitrogen has a very low oxygen partial pressure, but the total pressure is almost atmospheric. In this way, the sample was irradiated with an extremely low-oxygen nitrogen atmospheric pressure plasma.
- the cross-sectional area of Sample 6 having the pattern shown in FIG. 7 was measured with a laser microscope (VK-9500 manufactured by Keyence Corporation). Furthermore, when the volume resistivity was calculated using the electrical resistance measured by the 4-terminal method, it was 2.7 ⁇ ⁇ cm. This is about 1.6 times the volume resistivity of bulk copper at 20 ° C. of 1.7 ⁇ ⁇ cm, which is an extremely low value. Further, a cross section of this sample was cut out with a focused ion beam (FIB) processing apparatus (FB-2100 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) and observed with a scanning ion microscope, as shown in FIG.
- FIB focused ion beam
- the cross section When observing a cross section made by digging from the surface with FIB, it is impossible to observe from the front as long as the original surface is widened on the front side, so the cross section must be tilted for observation. In this photo, it is tilted 45 degrees. Therefore, in order to match the length scale in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, the original photograph is extended 1.41 times in the vertical direction.
- the black part at the bottom of the photo is the glass substrate.
- the upper part of the kamaboko type (half-long elliptical type) having various contrasts is the part where the copper fine particles are treated.
- a thin layer appearing black on the surface is a platinum layer formed by sputtering immediately before the FIB in order to prevent charging of the sample.
- Example 2 A sample was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and organic matter removal treatment in an oxygen stream was performed under the same conditions. Subsequently, the inside of the sealed container 1 was replaced with nitrogen in the same manner as in Example 1. Thereafter, nitrogen was circulated through the circulation path 8 for about 15 minutes to reduce the oxygen partial pressure to 10 ⁇ 27 atm or less.
- FIG. 10 (A) of Patent Document 4 when the oxygen partial pressure is 10 ⁇ 27 atm or less, reduction should be possible if the sample temperature is 180 ° C. or more. It is. Therefore, the temperature of the sample stage 7 was set to 180 ° C. It hold
- Example 3 Samples were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and organic matter removal treatment in an oxygen stream was performed at 350 ° C. for 45 minutes. Subsequently, the inside of the sealed container 1 was replaced with nitrogen in the same manner as in Example 1, and then nitrogen was circulated for about 15 minutes through the circulation path 8 to reduce the oxygen partial pressure to 10 ⁇ 27 atm or less. As can be seen from the phase diagram (FIG. 10) in FIG. 1 (A) of Patent Document 4, when the oxygen partial pressure is 10 ⁇ 27 atm or less, reduction should be possible if the sample temperature is 180 ° C. or higher. It is. Therefore, the temperature of the sample stage 7 was set to 180 ° C.
- the gas heater 12 was energized so that the gas temperature was 168 ° C. at the heater outlet. This state was maintained for 90 minutes while irradiating atmospheric pressure plasma.
- the volume resistivity of the sample taken out was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, it was 2.6 ⁇ ⁇ cm.
- the cross section of this sample was observed in the same manner as in Example 1, it was as shown in FIG. 9, and it was found that the sample was completely sintered. That is, by using the gas heater in combination, the sample is completely sintered even when firing at a low temperature of 180 ° C. From this, it was found that the process using the apparatus of the present invention can be applied to various resin substrates including PEN.
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Abstract
Description
そこで近年、印刷を用いた電子回路形成法が、必要な材料を必要な場所に配置できる技術として、省資源・省エネルギーの観点から注目されている。
そこでは、電子回路のうち配線部分を形成するのに、金属微粒子を含むインクまたはペーストが使われ、インクジェットまたはスクリーン印刷法などの種々の印刷手法によって、基板上に配線パターンが形成される。このインクまたはペーストは、液体であるから、金属微粒子以外に溶媒を含み、さらに、金属微粒子同士の凝集を防ぐ分散剤や、基板への密着性を確保するためのバインダや、液体の粘度を調整するための溶剤等の有機物を一般に含む。従って、配線パターン形成後、熱処理によってこれらの有機物を分解し、金属微粒子間に伝導経路を形成する必要がある。印刷を行なう基板としては、可撓性を持つ樹脂が好まれており、その耐熱温度の限界から、熱処理温度を下げる(例えば200℃程度以下)ことが求められている。
例えば、耐熱性の高い樹脂としてポリイミド(260℃以上で使用可能)が存在する。しかし他の樹脂に比べて高価である。そのため比較的低価格な樹脂、例えばポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN、使用温度上限約180℃)、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET、使用温度上限約120℃)を使用できるよう、熱処理温度を180℃以下、好ましくは120℃以下に下げることが望ましい。
金属として銀の微粒子を含むインクまたはペーストについては、大気中で低温の熱処理を行なうことで、良好な電導性を発揮するようになる製品が種々開発されている(特許文献1)。一方、銅の場合、大気中で熱処理を行なったのでは、絶縁体である酸化銅が生成してしまい、導電性のある配線を得ることができない。この問題を回避するには、焼成処理中、何らかの手段により、銅粒子の周りが少なくとも局所的に還元性雰囲気となっている必要がある。
その手段として、下記の方法
(1)水素(非特許文献1)、ギ酸蒸気(特許文献2)、極低酸素雰囲気(特許文献3、特許文献4、非特許文献2)など、何らかの還元性気体中での熱処理、
(2)ギ酸銅など、熱分解によりインクの成分から還元性気体が生ずるインクを用い、酸素を遮断した上での熱処理(非特許文献3、特許文献5)、
が知られている。
本発明は上記の点に鑑みてなされたものである。具体的には、(1)必要により、廃棄処理が求められる気体成分を不要化すること、(2)低温において金属材料の粒成長あるいは結晶成長をもたらすこと、(3)低抵抗率の膜乃至配線とすること、ができる装置の提供を目的とする。
〔1〕試料を内部に収容する密閉容器と、
該密閉容器より排出される気体から酸素分子を引き抜く酸素ポンプと、
該気体を該密閉容器に戻す循環手段と、
該密閉容器内にあって、該循環手段から戻された該気体をプラズマ化し、該試料に照射するプラズマ化手段と
を有する金属材料の処理装置。
〔2〕試料を内部に収容する密閉容器と、
該密閉容器より排出される気体から酸素分子を引き抜く酸素ポンプと、
該気体を該密閉容器に戻す循環手段と、
該循環手段から戻された該気体を加熱するヒーターと、
該密閉容器内にあって、該循環手段から戻された該気体をプラズマ化し、該試料に照射するプラズマ化手段と
を有する金属材料の処理装置。
〔3〕上記密閉容器内に、上記試料を保持するための試料ステージを有する〔1〕または〔2〕に記載の装置。
〔4〕上記試料ステージが試料を加熱するヒーターを備える〔3〕に記載の装置。
〔5〕上記循環手段が、上記密閉容器から排出される気体を加圧して該密閉容器に戻す〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔6〕上記金属材料が、金属または金属化合物の微粒子である〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔7〕上記金属材料の焼結および還元、または焼結もしくは還元を行うことができる〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔8〕上記循環手段から戻されプラズマ化される該気体の全圧力が、絶対圧で0.1気圧以上10気圧未満である〔1〕~〔7〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔9〕上記金属材料を構成する金属が銅である〔1〕~〔8〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔10〕上記気体が窒素を含む〔1〕~〔9〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔11〕上記密閉容器内に戻される気体中の酸素分圧が10-25気圧以下である〔1〕~〔10〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔12〕上記酸素ポンプが酸素イオン伝導性を有する固体電解質体とその内側及び外側に配設された電極を具備する〔1〕~〔11〕のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
〔13〕上記固体電解質体が安定化ジルコニア製である〔12〕に記載の装置。
〔14〕上記電極が固体電解質体の表面に沿う多孔質の電極である〔12〕または〔13〕に記載の装置。
図1は本発明の好ましい実施形態に係る金属材料の処理装置の全体を示す装置説明図である。本実施形態の装置は、密閉容器1を有する。密閉容器を構成する材料や材質は特に問わないが、通常、ステンレス等の金属が採用される。形態としては、箱状の容器で、内部を真空引きできる構造であることが望ましい。密閉容器1と酸素ポンプ2と循環手段3の間は配管8a、8b、8cで結ばれ、気体の循環経路8を形成する。密閉容器1から排出された気体は酸素ポンプ2を通ることで酸素が除去され、例えば10-27気圧以下の酸素分圧を持つ極低酸素状態となる。酸素ポンプおよびそこでの酸素の除去機構については、後述する。本明細書において酸素分圧は、特に断らない限り、600℃に熱されたジルコニア式酸素分圧計で測定されたものとする。ジルコニア式酸素分圧計の動作原理についても後述する。循環される気体としては、窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウム等の不活性気体を用いることができるが、主にコスト的な観点から窒素が望ましい。循環される気体には、本発明の効果を損ねない範囲で他の成分が含有されていてもよい。他の成分としては、水素、一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素、低分子量有機化合物等が挙げられる。極低酸素化された気体は循環手段3で加圧され密閉容器1内の配管8dを通り、プラズマ化手段4に送られる。密閉容器1内には試料ステージ7が設けられており、プラズマ化されたガスが試料6に吹き付けられる。試料6は基板上に金属材料の膜を付与したものである。なお、このとき密閉容器の室内Rは上記の循環される気体(極低酸素化された気体)で満たされている。
プラズマ化手段4としては、1気圧に近い気体中でのグロー放電により、気体をプラズマ化する、いわゆる大気圧プラズマ装置が望ましい。プラズマ化手段4の構造は特に限定されないが、例えば、図2のように、内径数ミリメートルの配管42(8d)において、その出口付近に向かい合う電極41a、41bを付しておく。当該電極41a、41bに、数十Hz、数kV~数十kVの電圧を電圧印加手段43により印加することにより、上記配管42(8d)の出口から噴出する形のプラズマ44を発生させることができる。ただし、本発明においてプラズマ化手段4がこの構造に限定して解釈されるものではない。例えば、気体の導入配管42(8d)の排出口とは別の位置に高周波高電圧の印加手段を設け電磁誘導によりプラズマを発生する構成としてもよい。
試料ステージ7として、いわゆるホットプレートを用いることで、試料6を加熱しながらプラズマを照射することができる。このときの加熱温度は、金属材料の処理の効率や適性を考慮して、温度は、100℃以上とすることが好ましく、120℃以上とすることがより好ましく、180℃以上とすることが特に好ましい。上限としては、350℃以下とすることが好ましく、300℃以下とすることがより好ましく、250℃以下とすることが特に好ましい。本発明によれば、金属材料の処理を上記のように低温で行うことができるという利点を有する。例えば金属材料として銅の微粒子を用いた場合に、その融点が1000℃を超えるにも関わらず、250℃以下で微粒子の界面ないし微粒子間の空隙を消失させ、粒子成長ないし結晶成長をもたらすことができる。
金属材料の処理時間は材料の種類や膜の厚さなどにより適宜設定すればよい。短時間で処理を完了する場合には、例えば、45分以下で処理することが好ましく、30分以下で処理することがより好ましく、20分以下で処理することが特に好ましい。下限としては、10分以上の処理が実際的である。
一方、気体をプラズマ化する際に用いられる大気圧プラズマの技術においては、プラズマ化された気体分子の平均的な温度は、典型的には80℃程度であり、ホットプレートの温度に比べて低い。低い温度のプラズマ化された気体分子を試料に照射すると試料表面が冷却されてしまう。すなわち、大気圧プラズマの吹き付けによる温度低下分を補償できるようにホットプレート温度を高く設定することが要請され、使用できる基板が限定される。
この問題を解決するため、プラズマ化手段4の前段に気体用ヒーター12を設ける。気体用ヒーター12で気体を暖めてからプラズマ化する。これにより、プラズマ吹き付けによる試料表面の冷却を防止することができる。
気体用ヒーター12としては、図3に示すような、ヒートテック社等から販売されている熱風ヒーターを便利に使うことができる。熱風ヒーターは、ガス入口13から奥のガス流路の周囲に気体を加熱するヒーターエレメント14が配されている。
なお図1では、気体用ヒーター12は密閉容器1内にあるが、配管8bの途中に設けることもできる。
プラズマには有限の寿命があるので、プラズマ化手段4と試料6の距離を大きく離すことは得策ではない。気体用ヒーター12で気体を暖めてからプラズマ化する方が有利と考えられる。なお、プラズマ化手段4と試料6の距離がプラズマ照射可能な距離であれば、気体用ヒーター12とプラズマ化手段4の配置位置を入れ替えてもよい。
図1では、循環手段3は密閉容器1の外に設けられているが、密閉容器1内に設けることもできる。そのようにすれば、循環手段3の気密性が不十分であっても、極低酸素分圧状態を維持することができる。一方、密閉容器1は循環手段3を内蔵できるだけの大きさを必要とする。このため、密閉容器1の製作コストと循環手段3の気密性にかかるコストを比べて、装置構成を選択することが好ましい。なお、循環手段3から気体を直接反応室内に戻さなくてもよい。例えば、一時所定の箇所に貯留した後に、反応室内に戻すようにしてもよい。もしくは、循環手段3を酸素ポンプ2と一体化してもよい。なお、本発明において循環手段3とは広義には循環経路(配管)を含む意味であり、流体の輸送能力をもたない構成も含む意味である。したがって、例えば酸素ポンプ2が気体の循環機能を担う場合や、密閉容器1がこの機能を兼ねる場合などには、図示されたような気体の輸送力のある循環手段3は省略されてもよい。そして経路(流路)としての循環手段のみが配置された形態でもよい。
系内の気体の循環流量は特に限定されないが、密閉容器1内でのプラズマの発生と良好な処理の観点から、1L/分以上であることが好ましい。そして2L/分以上であることがより好ましく、3L/分以上であることが特に好ましい。上限は、10L/分以下であることが好ましい。そして7L/分以下であることがより好ましく、5L/分以下であることが特に好ましい。プラズマ化手段4を密閉容器1内で複数設ける場合には、上記の流量をその個数に合わせて調整することが好ましい。例えば、上記で規定した流量にプラズマ化手段4(プラズマトーチ)の個数を乗じた範囲で、気体の循環流量を調節することが好ましい。
本願発明の酸素ポンプ2は、酸素イオン伝導性を有する固体電解質体とその内側及び外側に配設された電極を具備することが好ましい。
図4は、図1の酸素ポンプ(酸素分子排出装置)2を模式化して示す要部断面図である。酸素ポンプ2は、酸素イオン伝導性を有するジルコニア製固体電解質体(固体電解質体)21と、その内面及び外面に配設された金又は白金よりなる多孔質の電極22、23とを備える。ジルコニア製固体電解質体21は、両端部でコパール材からなる金属製管体(図示せず)とロウ付けで固着される。固体電解質体の電極と管体は、内側電極を構成する。酸素分子排出装置の内圧は、ゲージ圧で0.5kg/cm2以下とされることが好ましく、0.2kg/cm2以下とされることがより好ましい。下限としては、0.1kg/cm2以上とされることが好ましい。
特に、原子数比{La/(Ba+La)}を0.3以上としたもの、が採用できる。
さらにInの一部をGaで置換したもの、
例えば、式{Ln1-xSrxGa1-(y+z)MgyCozO3-d、ただし、Ln=La,Ndの1種または2種、x=0.05~0.3、y=0~0.29、z=0.01~0.3、y+z=0.025~0.3}で示されるもの、
式{Ln1-xAxGa1-y-zB1yB2zO3-d、ただし、Ln=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Smの1種または2種以上、A=Sr,Ca,Baの1種または2種以上、B1=Mg,Al,Inの1種または2種以上、B2=Co,Fe,Ni,Cuの1種または2種以上}で示されるもの、
式{Ln2-xMxGe1-yLyO5-d、ただし、Ln=La,Ce,Pr,Sm,Nd,Gd,Yd,Y,Sc、M=Li,Na,K,Rb,Ca,Sr,Baの1種もしくは2種以上、L=Mg,Al,Ga,In,Mn,Cr,Cu,Znの1種もしくは2種以上}で示されるもの、
式{La1-xSrxGa1-y-zMgyAl2O3-d、ただし、0<x≦0.2、0<y≦0.2、0<z<0.4}で示されるもの、
式{La1-xAxGa1-y-zB1yB2zO3-d、ただし、Ln=La,Ce,Pr,Sm,Ndの1種もしくは2種以上、A=Sr,Ca,Baの1種もしくは2種以上、B1=Mg,Al,Inの1種もしくは2種以上、B2=Co,Fe,Ni,Cuの1種もしくは2種以上、x=0.05~0.3、y=0~0.29、z=0.01~0.3、y+z=0.025~0.3}で示されるもの
等が採用できる。
本発明に適用される金属材料は特に限定されないが、金属ないし金属化合物の微粒子であることが好ましい。なかでも導電性の微粒子(粉体)であることが好ましい。金属材料は、遷移金属あるいは遷移金属酸化物の粒子であることが好ましく、導電インクの導体化工程において金属性の遷移金属となるものが好ましい。金属材料は、微粒子(粉体)状態で本発明に係る処理に付されて、この処理を通じて、粒子成長ないし結晶成長し、一体化することが好ましい。例えば、一体化することにより金属材料の緻密層を構成する。この緻密層を、基板と配線層間の接着や電気的導通を得る加工に適用することが考えられる。このように金属粒子を一体化(バルク)とすることで物性が安定化する。例えば、空気中でも微粒子のようには酸化されず、低電気抵抗状態を好適に維持することができる。
金属材料は本発明の効果が得られるものであれば特に制限はない。上述した遷移金属等の金属そのものの他、その酸化物や複合化合物なども用いることができる。
本明細書において、金属材料の一次粒径は、透過型電子顕微鏡画像の解析による粒度分布測定法を用いて測定した最頻粒径(1つの評価試料で300~1000個を測定する)を指すものとする。測定試料中の金属材料の濃度は、特に断らない限り、60質量%とする。このときの溶媒は常用されているものを用いることができる。
金属材料の微粒子を含むインクとするとき、その中には、分散剤を含有させることが好ましい。分散剤は、カルボキシル基、スルホン酸基、リン酸基などの酸性吸着基(またはその塩)を有する分散剤であることが好ましい。市販の分散剤としては、例えば、Disper BYK110、Disper BYK111、Disper BYK180、Disper BYK161、Disper BYK2155(以上、ビックケミー・ジャパン社製、商品名)、ディスパロンDA-550、ディスパロンDA-325、ディスパロンDA-375、ディスパロンDA-234、ディスパロンPW-36、ディスパロン1210、ディスパロン2150、ディスパロンDA-7301、ディスパロンDA-1220、ディスパロンDA-2100、ディスパロンDA-2200(以上、楠本化成社製、商品名)などが挙げられる。
金属材料を含有する分散液(インク)の溶媒は特に限定されないが、前記金属材料を十分に分散させることができるものが好ましい。例えば、キシレン、トルエン等の芳香族炭化水素またはブタジエン、ノルマルヘキサン等の脂肪族炭化水素が取扱い性の面から適している。インクジェット法による場合には、流動性がありノズルから吐出することができることが好ましい。方法によっては無溶媒で用いてもよい。
金属材料を媒体に分散させた分散体(インク)とする場合、その濃度は適宜調節されればよい。例えば、後述する超微細流体ジェットによる吐出に適した濃度に設定することが挙げられる。インクにおける金属材料の濃度は50質量%以上80質量%以下であることが好ましく、60質量%以上70質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
本発明の装置により処理した金属材料は膜として形成されていることが好ましい。この処理済膜(金属材料が処理された後の膜)の厚みは、アプリケーションにより異なる。例えば電子材料としての利用を考慮すると、処理済膜の厚みは、1μm以上が好ましく、2μm以上がより好ましく、5μm以上がさらに好ましい。上限値は特にないが、20μm以下とすることが実際的であり、10μm以下としてもよい。
金属材料の微粒子を含有するインクを用いる場合、後述する超微細流体ジェット等により、基材に塗布して被処理膜(処理される前の膜)を形成することができる。被処理膜は、塗布したものをそのまま用いてもよいが、余剰の媒体成分を除去するために、加熱による前処理を行うことが好ましい。前処理の加熱温度は金属材料や媒体によって調節すればよい。例えば、その加熱温度を80℃以上250℃以下ですることが挙げられる。
金属材料の処理済膜の内部構造は、特に限定されないが、微粒子の残存や成長した粒子間に空隙のない一体化された構造であることが好ましい。本発明によれば、微粒子を材料とした際にも、粒子成長および結晶成長を効果的に促し、緻密な金属組織をもつ膜とすることが可能である。処理済膜の電気抵抗率は特に限定されないが、処理される金属の固有抵抗率に近い膜とすることが好ましい。例えば処理される金属が銅の場合、その電気抵抗率を100μΩ・cm以下とすることが好ましく、50μΩ・cm以下とすることがより好ましく、20μΩ・cm以下とすることがさらに好ましい。さらにその電気抵抗率は、8μΩ・cm以下とすることがより好ましく、5μΩ・cm以下とすることがさらに好ましく、3μΩ・cm以下とすることが特に好ましい。下限値はバルクの物性値である1.7μΩ・cmである。金属材料がもつ固有抵抗率との関係でいうと、その50倍以下の抵抗率であることが好ましく、30倍以下の抵抗率であることがより好ましく、10倍以下の抵抗率であることがさらに好ましい。さらに金属材料がもつ固有抵抗率との関係でいうと、5倍以下の抵抗率であることがより好ましく、3倍以下の抵抗率であることがさらに好ましく、2倍以下の抵抗率であることが特に好ましい。なお、本明細書において電気抵抗率の値は、特に断らない限り、実施例に提示の方法で、室温(約25℃)で測定した値をいうこととする。
本発明の装置に適用される金属材料は、その処理に際し、基材上にどのような方法で付与されてもよい。例えば、インクジェット法や、スピンコート法、スクリーン塗布法等の各種の方法で付与することが挙げられる。本発明においては、中でも、超微細流体ジェットによる処理が好ましい。
図6は、本発明において一実施形態として用いられる超微細流体ジェット装置(スーパーインクジェット)100を模式化して示した説明図である。本実施形態の超微細流体ジェット装置100において、超微細径のノズル(超微細ノズル体:Super Fine Nozzle Member)200はノズル本体101及び電極102で構成されている。液滴サイズの超微細化を考慮するとき、ノズル本体101を低コンダクタンスのものにすることが好ましい。このためには、ガラス製キャピラリーが好適である。その他、導電性物質に絶縁材でコーティングしたものでも可能である。
本実施形態においては、コンピューター109からの吐出信号は、所定の波形をもつ電圧の発生装置(電圧印加手段)110に送られ制御される。所定波形をもつ電圧の発生装置110より発生した電圧は、高電圧アンプ111を通して、電極102へと伝えられる。超微細ノズル200内の液体103は、この電圧により帯電する。本実施形態においては、ノズル先端部における電界の集中効果と、対向基板に誘起される鏡像力の作用を利用する。このため、基材Sを導電性のものにしたり、これとは別に導電性の対向基板を設けたりする必要がない。すなわち、基材Sとして場合によっては絶縁性のものを含め様々な材料を用いることが可能である。電極102への印加電圧は直流でも交流でもよく、プラス・マイナスのどちらでもよい。
これらの設定値は、印加電圧だけで定まるものではなく、採用される液体の物性、ノズル径、ノズル内の体積、ノズル-基材間距離等に応じて適宜設定されればよい。
上記非特許文献3の技術では、ギ酸銅をインク原料としており、分解で生成した銅粒子がネッキングにより連結した形態となっており、粒成長は見られていない。非特許文献1、特許文献2では、水素・ギ酸蒸気の還元雰囲気で熱処理している。ここでは、ある程度の粒成長が見られているが、粒径の増大率は数倍程度で十分ではない。抵抗率も最小で5μΩ・cm程度に留まっている。粒成長が十分でないと、空気中で銅が自然酸化し、時間の経過と共に抵抗率が増大してしまうことになる。
従来の極低酸素雰囲気を用いた還元熱処理(プラズマを用いない)では、低温での処理が可能になったが(特許文献4)、処理済膜においてほとんど粒成長がみられない。
本発明の好ましい実施形態によれば、上述のように、金属材料の還元のみならず、粒子成長ないし結晶成長を促すことができる。これにより、膜の電気抵抗率をきわめて低いものとすることができ、電子素子の電極・配線等の製造に好適に対応することができる。
本発明の好ましい実施形態によれば、還元性気体を発生するギ酸銅のような原料が含まれたインクを使う必要をなくし、インク選択の自由度を広げることができる。
本発明の好ましい実施形態によれば、窒素等の不活性気体に酸素ポンプを通じて還元性を与えるため、原料の熱分解により還元性気体を発生するようなインクを使う必要がない。そのため、インクの調製においては、金属微粒子と分散剤、溶媒、粘度調整剤といった、印刷品質の向上に関わる材料を積極的に使用することができる。
本発明の好ましい実施形態によれば、特に金属微粒子として銅ナノ粒子を用いた場合、バルク銅の2倍以内の低抵抗率試料を、180℃以下の温度での、短時間の処理で得ることができる。そのため、樹脂基板等への適用が可能である。また、μmオーダーまで成長した粒からなる処理済膜とすることができるので、例えば数ヶ月室温・大気中に放置しても、抵抗率の上昇を抑えることができる。
ガラス基板上に、銅インクを用い、幅約7μm、長さ10mmの細線を図7のようなパターンで描画した試料を作成した。用いた銅インクは20nm程度の銅微粒子を溶媒中に分散させたもので、このインクを超微細インクジェットプリンター(図6)により吐出させ、数回の重ね描きにより厚み1μm程度まで積み上げたものである。
銅インクは、イオックス社製(銅濃度60質量%)を用いた。
酸素分圧が十分下がったところでプラズマ化手段4を点灯し、極低酸素状態となった窒素をプラズマ化して、試料6に照射した。この窒素は酸素分圧こそ非常に低いが、全圧はほぼ大気圧である。このようにして、極低酸素化された窒素の大気圧プラズマを試料に照射した。
ヒーターで試料を250℃まで加熱し、大気圧プラズマを照射しながら45分間保持した。その後室温(約25℃)まで試料6を冷却してから試料6を密閉容器1から取り出した。図7のパターンを持つ試料6の断面積をレーザー顕微鏡(キーエンス社製VK-9500)で測定した。さらに4端子法で測定した電気抵抗を用いて体積抵抗率を算出したところ、2.7μΩ・cmとなった。これは20℃におけるバルク銅の体積抵抗率1.7μΩ・cmの1.6倍程度で、極めて低い値である。また、この試料を収束イオンビーム(FIB)加工装置(日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製FB-2100)で断面を切り出し、走査イオン顕微鏡で観察したところ、図8に示したようであった。FIBで表面から掘り下げて作った断面を観察する場合、手前側に元々の表面が広がっている以上、真正面から観察することは不可能なため、必ず断面を傾けて観察しなければならない。この写真では45度傾けている。よって、横方向と縦方向の長さスケールを合わせるため、元の写真を縦方向に1.41倍に伸ばして掲載している。写真下部の黒く写っている部分がガラス基板である。その上部の、かまぼこ型(半長楕円型)で種々のコントラストを持つ部分が、銅微粒子が処理された部分である。その上に黒っぽく見えている薄層は、試料の帯電防止用に、FIBの直前にスパッタで成膜した白金の層である。その上に白っぽい粒々が見えているのは、上記白金層の表面である。つまりこの部分はもう断面ではなく、断面より遠い側の表面である。これを見ると、250℃という低温にも拘わらず焼結が進み、原料のナノ粒子が数十倍のサイズまで粒成長していることが判る。また、粒子間にボイドがなく、極めて緻密な組織となっている。この試料の電気抵抗率を2ヶ月後に再測定したところ、誤差範囲内で一致した。粒子径が大きく成長し、ボイドもないため、自然酸化による抵抗上昇という問題がないものと考えられる。
実施例1と同様に試料を用意し、酸素気流中での有機物除去処理を同一条件で行なった。ついで実施例1と同様に密閉容器1内を窒素で置換した。その後循環経路8を通じて15分程度窒素を循環させ、酸素分圧を10-27気圧以下まで低下させた。特許文献4の図1(A)にある相図(図10)からわかるように、酸素分圧が10-27気圧以下のとき、試料の温度が180℃以上であれば還元が可能となるはずである。そこで、試料ステージ7の温度を180℃に設定した。この状態で大気圧プラズマを照射しながら45分間保持した。取り出した試料の体積抵抗率を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、5.0μΩ・cmであった。したがって、180℃という低温での焼成でも試料はかなりの程度還元されることがわかった。
実施例1と同様に試料を用意し、酸素気流中での有機物除去処理を350℃、45分間で行なった。ついで実施例1と同様に密閉容器1内を窒素で置換し、その後循環経路8を通じて15分程度窒素を循環させ、酸素分圧を10-27気圧以下まで低下させた。特許文献4の図1(A)にある相図(図10)から分かるように、酸素分圧が10-27気圧以下のとき、試料の温度が180℃以上であれば還元が可能となるはずである。そこで試料ステージ7の温度を180℃に設定した。次いで、気体用ヒーター12に通電し、気体の温度がヒーターの出口において168℃になるようにした。この状態で大気圧プラズマを照射しながら90分間保持した。取り出した試料の体積抵抗率を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、2.6μΩ・cmであった。さらに、この試料の断面を実施例1と同様に観察したところ、図9のようになり、完全に焼結されていることがわかった。つまり、気体用ヒーターを併用することで、180℃という低温での焼成でも試料は完全に焼結される。このことから、本発明の装置を用いたプロセスがPENを含む種々の樹脂基板へ適用可能であることがわかった。
プラズマ化手段によるプラズマ照射を行わなかった以外実施例1と同様に銅微粒子の処理を行った。その結果、微粒子の粒子成長はほとんど見られず、微粒子間に多くの空隙が残る状態であった(図11参照)。
2 酸素ポンプ
3 循環手段
4 プラズマ化手段
5 プラズマ化された気体
6 試料
7 試料ステージ
8 循環経路
9 気体供給経路
10 真空ポンプ
11 液滴
12 気体用ヒーター
13 ガス入口
14 ヒーターエレメント
21 ジルコニア製固体電解質体
22、23多孔質電極
41a、41b 電極
42 導入配管
43 電圧印加手段
44 プラズマ化された気体
100 超微細流体ジェット
200 超微細径のノズル
101 ノズル本体
102 電極(金属線)
103 液体
104 シールドゴム
105 ノズルクランプ
106 ホルダー
107 圧力調整器
108 圧力チューブ
109 コンピューター
110 発生装置(電圧印加手段)
111 高電圧アンプ
S 基材
Claims (14)
- 試料を内部に収容する密閉容器と、
該密閉容器より排出される気体から酸素分子を引き抜く酸素ポンプと、
該気体を該密閉容器に戻す循環手段と、
該密閉容器内にあって、該循環手段から戻された該気体をプラズマ化し、該試料に照射するプラズマ化手段と
を有する金属材料の処理装置。 - 試料を内部に収容する密閉容器と、
該密閉容器より排出される気体から酸素分子を引き抜く酸素ポンプと、
該気体を該密閉容器に戻す循環手段と、
該循環手段から戻された該気体を加熱するヒーターと、
該密閉容器内にあって、該循環手段から戻された該気体をプラズマ化し、該試料に照射するプラズマ化手段と
を有する金属材料の処理装置。 - 前記密閉容器内に、前記試料を保持するための試料ステージを有する請求項1または2に記載の装置。
- 前記試料ステージが試料を加熱するヒーターを備える請求項3に記載の装置。
- 前記循環手段が、前記密閉容器から排出される気体を加圧して該密閉容器に戻す請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記金属材料が、金属または金属化合物の微粒子である請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記金属材料の焼結および還元、または焼結もしくは還元を行うことができる請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記循環手段から戻されプラズマ化される該気体の全圧力が、絶対圧で0.1気圧以上10気圧未満である請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記金属材料を構成する金属が銅である請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記気体が窒素を含む請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記密閉容器内に戻される気体中の酸素分圧が10-25気圧以下である請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記酸素ポンプが酸素イオン伝導性を有する固体電解質体とその内側及び外側に配設された電極を具備する請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記固体電解質体が安定化ジルコニア製である請求項12に記載の装置。
- 前記電極が固体電解質体の表面に沿う多孔質の電極である請求項12または13に記載の装置。
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