Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B32/80—Phosgene
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
  • B01J19/0013—Controlling the temperature of the process
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/18—Carbon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J7/00—Apparatus for generating gases
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C263/00—Preparation of derivatives of isocyanic acid
  • C07C263/10—Preparation of derivatives of isocyanic acid by reaction of amines with carbonyl halides, e.g. with phosgene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C265/00—Derivatives of isocyanic acid
  • C07C265/02—Derivatives of isocyanic acid having isocyanate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C265/04—Derivatives of isocyanic acid having isocyanate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a saturated carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C68/00—Preparation of esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
  • C07C68/02—Preparation of esters of carbonic or haloformic acids from phosgene or haloformates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
  • C08G64/06—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G64/20—General preparatory processes
  • C08G64/26—General preparatory processes using halocarbonates
  • C08G64/28—General preparatory processes using halocarbonates and phenols
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/70—Non-metallic catalysts, additives or dopants
  • B01D2255/702—Carbon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
  • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for operating a phosgene generator for the production of phosgene by reacting carbon monoxide with chlorine in the gas phase on an activated carbon catalyst, which is arranged in a reaction space, in which the Phosgenherstel- ment after a predetermined operating time by shutting down the phosgene generator is at least temporarily interrupted over a period of time to end and resumed after a predetermined idle time by starting the phosgene generator over a start-up time.
• Phosgene is used in many areas of chemistry, be it as an excipient or as an intermediate.
• the largest use in terms of quantity is the production of diisocyanates as starting materials for polyurethane chemistry.
• diisocyanates as starting materials for polyurethane chemistry.
• TDI 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate
• MDI diphenylmethane diisocyanate
• HDI hexamethylene diisocyanate
• the activated carbon consumes itself over time and must be renewed regularly.
• the possibilities of regeneration of the activated carbon catalyst was proposed by E. Wygasch in 'Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry', (Urban & Schwarzenberg, Kunststoff, 13 (1962) 493), wherein the reactivation of the activated carbon at temperatures of 550 ° C to 630 ° C. is made.
• high demands are placed on the purity of the starting materials carbon monoxide and chlorine for the production of phosgene.
• the feedstocks should have low levels of methane and hydrogen, as they may cause a highly exothermic reaction during the combination with chlorine. The rise in temperature can lead to a dangerous reaction between chlorine and the apparatus material, the so-called chlorine-iron fire.
• the feedstocks should have low levels of sulfur, bromine and iodine, as these may remain in the phosgene produced and may lead to loss of quality when using the phosgene in a downstream process, such as the production of isocyanates. Such quality losses are for example a poorer color of the final product.
• the prior art discloses processes for preparing phosgene which have a low content of by-products.
• contents of less than 150 ppm of carbon tetrachloride are achieved by a suitable process control (EP 1 135 329 B1), or chlorine is required as starting material which is less than 50 ppm (EP 118 78 08 B1) or less than 400 ppm (EP 152 90 33 B1) of free or bonded bromine or iodine.
• a suitable process control EP 1 135 329 B1
• chlorine is required as starting material which is less than 50 ppm (EP 118 78 08 B1) or less than 400 ppm (EP 152 90 33 B1) of free or bonded bromine or iodine.
• phosgene is a strongly exothermic reaction with a formation enthalpy of -107.6 kJ / mol.
• Formed phosgene is subject to a dissociation equilibrium and decomposes at elevated temperatures back to the starting materials. At 100 ° C, phosgene dissociates enough to contain about 50 ppm of chlorine.
• EP 2 067 742 A1 describes a process for the preparation of phosgene with reduced CO emission or reduced CO losses through a main combination, a subsequent condensation of the phosgene and a subsequent subsequent combination of the residual gas with chlorine.
• a method with a control concept for minimizing the CO excess is proposed by WO 2010/103029 A1.
• phosgene Another important aspect in the production of phosgene is the safe and uniform removal of the heat of reaction. This is achieved, for example, in which the reaction is carried out in a tube bundle reactor - the so-called phosgene generator, in whose tubes the activated carbon is located and around which reaction tubes a cooling medium is conducted in forced convection or in natural convection and partially evaporated there.
• EP 0 134 506 B1 describes a method in which the cooling can be used to generate steam.
• the phosgene-forming reaction between carbon monoxide and chlorine on suitable activated carbon catalysts already proceeds at about 40 ° C.-50 ° C., the tempe- can rise in the catalyst bed in the tubes up to about 600 ° C and - depending on the intensity of the applied cooling - until the reactor outlet again to 40 ° C - 150 ° C decreases.
• the object of the present invention is thus to provide a method of the type mentioned above, which allows the production of phosgene with a low content of chlorine already in the start-up time.
• the method should make it possible to produce phosgene with a chlorine content of at most 100 ppmv at the outlet of the phosgene generator.
• This object is achieved by a method for operating a phosgene generator for the production of phosgene by reacting carbon monoxide with chlorine in the gas phase to an activated carbon catalyst, which is arranged in a reaction space in which the phosgene production after a predetermined period of operation by moving the phosgene generator over a downtime is at least temporarily interrupted and resumed after a specifiable standstill time by starting the phosgene generator over a start-up time, the method being characterized in that the activated carbon catalyst is freed before the start of the phosgene generator by the addition of carbon monoxide far from chlorine, that during the Startup a maximum concentration of chlorine in the gas stream immediately downstream of the reaction chamber of 1000 ppmv is not exceeded.
• the present invention is based on the finding that the displacement of chlorine present in the activated carbon catalyst and the reactor periphery surrounding it can be sufficiently effected by purging (spraying) the phosgene generator with carbon monoxide and thus the activated carbon catalyst in a suitable manner is treated.
• the activated carbon catalyst and the reactor periphery surrounding it are freed of chlorine before starting up the process before carbon monoxide and above all chlorine are passed back into the phosgene generator during the startup.
• the chlorine is displaced in a suitable manner, which is bound to the activated carbon.
• the treatment of the activated carbon can be carried out, for example, a) before the start-up time and / or b) during the start-up time and / or c) after the departure time.
• the unit "ppmv" means parts per million by volume and refers to a temperature of 298.15 K and a pressure of 1013 hPa.
• the volume concentration of chlorine in a phosgene-containing gas stream can be determined, for example, by UV spectrometry become.
• the unit standard cubic meter describes the amount of gas that would occupy a gas volume of one cubic meter under specified conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity).
• the chlorine used for the reaction can be prepared by conventional industrial processes such as chloroalkali or hydrogen chloride electrolysis and should be as pure as possible. Particularly suitable is chlorine with a purity of more than 98%.
• liquid chlorine from a storage container is used, which is evaporated in a heated carburetor and then freed of possibly entrained, liquid chlorine in a reboiler.
• the carbon monoxide used for the reaction can be prepared by conventional methods, for example from natural gas / naphtha in a synthesis gas plant or from coke by blowing with oxygen. It has proved to be particularly advantageous if the carbon monoxide has a methane content of less than 50 ppm.
• Activated carbon is preferably used as the carbon catalyst.
• Granular activated carbon having a particle diameter of about 3 to 10, preferably 3.5 to 7 mm is preferably used as the catalyst.
• the pore surface of the activated carbon is preferably about 1000 m 2 / g.
• the bulk material weight of the activated carbon used is preferably about 450 g / l.
• Particularly suitable activated carbon are those which have a printing hardness of more than 18 kp (determined by the method in DE-AS 2,322,706, column 6, lines 28-38) and a benzene absorption capacity of more than 40% by weight. exhibit.
• the high temperature stability activated carbons which correspond to these conditions and are resistant to breakage and abrasion in accordance with DE-AS 2 322 706 are highly suitable.
• Startup and departure times occur frequently in the production of phosgene in industrial everyday life and are not necessarily associated with an opening or other mechanical intervention in the phosgene generator, but only with the stopping and restarting of the phosgene production.
• These startup and shutdown times are characterized in practice by the fact that there may be deviations in the excess of carbon monoxide and residual amounts of chlorine in the phosgene. This is particularly noticeable when the gas flow is very small compared to the gas flow at full load.
• These residual contents of chlorine are disadvantageous since, for the subsequent use, in particular for the preparation of isocyanates, chlorine contents of max. 50 ppmv are required.
• a maximum concentration of chlorine in the gas stream immediately downstream of the reaction space of 100 ppmv, in particular 50 ppmv is not exceeded, preferably a concentration of 10 ppmv is not exceeded.
• the chlorine supply over the period of time reduced or immediately interrupted the supply of carbon monoxide is maintained until the maximum concentration of chlorine is reached or exceeded. This can be a period of several hours, for example 3 or 5 hours. In this way it can be prevented that an increased chlorine concentration in the phosgene stream occurs during shutdown. Likewise, a chlorine accumulation is prevented in the generator, which could lead to an increased start-up in an increased chlorine concentration in the product stream.
• the activated carbon catalyst can be kept at a temperature of 60 ° C to 140 ° C during the Abfahrdauer, whereby the reaction rate of chlorine with carbon monoxide is maintained at a high level.
• the phosgene generator is in the downtime, wherein before the start of the carbon monoxide feed started and a) the activated carbon catalyst heated to a temperature of 60 ° C to 140 ° C and / or b) the carbon monoxide gas stream is heated to a temperature of 130 ° C to 250 ° C, so that the still existing from the previous production cycle on the activated carbon catalyst and / or in the reaction chamber chlorine reacts until reaching or falling below the maximum concentration.
• the amount of carbon monoxide used to reach or fall below the maximum chlorine concentration is at least 40 standard cubic meters per tonne activated carbon catalyst in the reaction space, in particular at least 60 standard cubic meters per tonne, preferably at least 80 standard cubic meters per tonne.
• the start of the phosgene generator can be defined by the start of the chlorine feed.
• the activated carbon catalyst can be heated to a temperature of at least 140 ° C, in particular at least 180 ° C are heated.
• the chlorine supply can be increased over the start-up time to a desired final value, wherein the increase is carried out in particular stepwise and the levels preferably 25%, 50%, 75% o and 100% o of the desired final value and / or wherein the stepwise increase preferably in same time intervals.
• a continuously operated industrial process starting from a production plant which is not in operation (eg after a brief standstill), can not immediately be brought back up to the process parameters before the production standstill. Educts and equipment must be heated, equipment may need to be rendered inert, the load on the apparatus with the reactants is gradually increased to the desired target value.
• Another object of the present invention is the use of phosgene obtained by the process according to the invention in the production of polycarbonate and isocyanates.
• This phosgene due to the low content of chlorine, can be used for isocyanate production without prior treatment, especially without a separate chlorine removal step.
• Carbon monoxide and chlorine are introduced into the reactor at approximately equal parts, for example at room temperature. To ensure that all the chlorine is reacted, a small excess of carbon monoxide can be used. Preferably, both reactants are mixed before entering the reactor in a suitable mixing device, such as a static mixer. In this method, it is advantageous that no special preparation of the catalyst is required.
• the gas stream emerging from the reactor should not exceed a temperature of 80 ° C., measured immediately after the phosgene generator, the temperature of the gas stream leaving the reactor preferably being in the range from 40 ° C. to 70 ° C.
• a corresponding cooling device may be provided, with which dissipates the heat of reaction liberated in the reaction and overheating of the catalyst is prevented.
• the pressure immediately downstream of the phosgene generator is preferably at most 300 kPas abs. In this way it is ensured that no phosgene condenses in the reactor.
• the phosgene exiting at the top of the reactor is preferably condensed at temperatures of -10 ° C to -20 ° C.
• phosgene is converted by reacting chlorine with carbon monoxide in activated carbon as a catalyst containing tubular reactors with simultaneous use of the resulting heat of reaction to produce steam.
• 95 vol .-% to 98 vol .-% of the chlorine used is reacted with excess carbon monoxide at reaction temperatures of about 250 ° C to phosgene in a first, granular tubular reactor containing a clear tube diameter of not more than 100 mm.
• the resulting heat of reaction is removed by evaporative cooling of a boiling at 150 ° C to 320 ° C liquid or with a non-boiling liquid whose temperature is maintained at the reactor outlet by forced circulation and temperature control at 150 ° C to 320 ° C.
• the leaving the reactor liquid or vapor heat transfer medium is condensed in a fed with water as the cooling medium heat exchanger to generate steam and / or cooled to a temperature lower than the temperature of the heat carrier at the reactor outlet temperature and returned to the reactor.
• the reactor gases leaving the reaction gases are cooled to a temperature of 50 ° C to 120 ° C and then passed into a granular activated carbon containing second reactor whose temperature is thermostatically adjusted to 50 ° C to 100 ° C and in which the reaction is completed such that the phosgene leaving the second reactor has a residual chlorine content of less than 50 ppmv.
• the subsequent condensation of the phosgene is carried out in the manner already described above.
• the process according to the invention can be operated, for example, in the following manner: a) Chlorine and carbon monoxide are reacted in the presence of an activated carbon catalyst in a tube reactor containing a plurality of reaction tubes and a coolant space surrounding the reaction tubes, chlorine and carbon monoxide being reacted with a molar
• step a) the heat of reaction in step a) is removed by evaporative cooling of a boiling at 150 ° C to 320 ° C liquid or with a non-boiling liquid whose temperature is maintained at the reactor outlet by forced circulation and temperature control at 150 ° C - 320 ° C; c) the reaction gases obtained in step a) are cooled on leaving the reactor (1) to a temperature of 50 ° C to 120 ° C and d) in a, containing granular activated carbon, second reactor (2) whose temperature to 50 ° C. to 100 ° C. and in which the reaction is completed so that the phosgene leaving the second reactor has a residual chlorine content of below 100 ppmv.
• a carbon monoxide stream (a.2) is supplied to the reactor (1) at least during a period to before the beginning of the startup process of phosgene production, which displaces or consumes existing chlorine.
• the content of chlorine, free in the reactor chamber or bound on the activated carbon catalyst, before the actual start-up - which begins with the addition of chlorine - to a lowest possible value may be achieved in alternative ways, for example: (a) before the start of a new production cycle, ie before the supply of chlorine (a1) and carbon monoxide (a.2), the plant is aerated with carbon monoxide (a.2) without Chlorine (a l) brought to operating temperature by means of a technical heating. As soon as the phosgene generator has reached the desired temperature of at least 140 ° C., preferably of at least 180 ° C., phosgene generation is started by addition of chlorine.
• either the phosgene generator can be heated by means of technical heating, or the carbon monoxide stream can be heated before it enters the phosgene generator, or both.
• All embodiments have in common that they reduce the content of chlorine, free in the reactor space or bound on the activated carbon catalyst. The degree of reduction achieved by the particular embodiment depends in particular on four factors:
• the amount of carbon monoxide for fogging can be, for example, 1 m 3 / h to 250 m 3 / h, preferably 5 m 3 / h to 100 m 3 / h, particularly preferably 10 m 3 / h to 50 m 3 / h.
• the temperature of the cooling jacket of the phosgene generator during the coating may be 20 ° C to 250 ° C, preferably 60 ° C to 200 ° C, more preferably 160 ° C to 200 ° C.
• the temperature of the carbon monoxide during the coating may be from 20 ° C to 250 ° C, preferably from 130 ° C to 250 ° C, more preferably from 220 ° C to 250 ° C.
• the duration of the coating is preferably at least 0.5 hours, preferably at least 2 hours, more preferably at least 6 hours. Even days of mistletoe of several days can be used in the sense of the present invention and be advantageous.
• the duration of the fogging and amount of carbon monoxide are to be combined in this embodiment so that, based on the mass of the activated carbon catalyst, at least 40 standard cubic meters of CO per ton of activated carbon catalyst are used, preferably 60 standard cubic meters and more preferably 80 standard cubic meters.
• the process according to the invention by means of a low content of chlorine in the phosgene generator before the actual start of phosgene production, makes it possible to start the phosgene generator and subsequently reuse the resulting phosgene in a technically smooth manner without downtime with directly high end product quality of the desired products, e.g. Isocyanates.
• the phosgene produced by the process according to the invention and exiting at the top of the reactor is preferably condensed at temperatures of -10.degree. C. to -45.degree. It may be directly without further purification for the production of polycarbonates, or for the preparation of isocyanates from amines such as methylenediphenyldiamine, polymethylenepolyphenylpolyamine, mixtures of methylenediphenyldiamine and polymethylenepolyphenylpolyamine, tolylenediamine, xylylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, isophoronediamine and naphthyldiamine, preferably methylenediphenyldiamine, mixtures of methylenediphenyldiamine and polymethylenepolyphenylpolyamine and toluenediamine, or for the preparation of pharmaceutical agents, or for the preparation of active ingredients for crop protection.
• amines such as methylenediphenyldiamine, polymethylenepol
• Carbon monoxide should have a purity of at least 96% by volume, and chlorine should have a purity of not less than 98% by volume, the following levels of impurities should not be exceeded:
• the completeness of the reaction is monitored by continuously measuring the residual chlorine content and the carbon monoxide content.
• the gaseous excess carbon monoxide containing phosgene thus produced is then condensed in a phosgene liquefier at -17 ° C.
• the bottom product from the phosgene liquefier runs into a phosgene solution tank.
• Excess carbon monoxide does not condense and is driven overhead in a downstream identical second phosgene generator and charged there with an appropriate amount of chlorine, so that in turn remain after complete reaction of the chlorine 9% of carbon monoxide in the phosgene.
• the completeness of the reaction is monitored by continuously measuring the residual chlorine content and the carbon monoxide content.
• the phosgene thus prepared is condensed at -17 ° C. in a second phosgene liquefier.
• the bottom product from the second phosgene liquefier also runs into the phosgene solution tank.
• the top product is excess carbon monoxide, which also adheres to traces of phosgene, passed into a flue rail, there freed from phosgene and then burned in a thermal exhaust air purification.
• 4.2 tons of phosgene per hour arrive in the phosgene solution tank.
• the phosgene can be mixed with a solvent in the phosgene solution tank.
• the phosgene in the phosgene solution tank is mixed with monochlorobenzene to give a 35% phosgene solution and taken out at -2 ° C. for further use, such as the preparation of isocyanates.
• it can also be used as pure liquid phosgene.
• the ramp-up of the production load can be designed manually or with a start-up automatic.
• the plant is in each case as quickly as possible raised to the desired target load, wherein the phosgene formed during the start-up phase at the outlet of the phosgene generator has a residual chlorine content of ⁇ 100 ppm of chlorine.
• Example 1 comparative example: combined addition of chlorine and CO leads to 400 or 1000 ppm chlorine in phosgene.
• the phosgene generator is started by simultaneously driving chlorine and carbon monoxide into a mixing tube rendered inert with nitrogen.
• the amount of the two feedstocks, which are introduced into the mixing tube during the start-up time t of 45 minutes, is continuously increased from 0 m 3 / h to 545 NmVh carbon monoxide and steplessly from 0 m 3 / h to 455 NmVh chlorine.
• the phosgene gives a carbon monoxide content of 9%.
• the temperature in the mixing tube is 18 ° C, and the pressure is immediately set to 1.8 bar absolute.
• the mixed gas of chlorine and carbon monoxide then enters the 18 ° C interior of the tube bundle phosgene generator and displaces the inert nitrogen.
• the reaction to phosgene starts directly and is highly exothermic.
• the heat of reaction is removed via a water cycle by means of water cooling.
• the temperature of the phosgene in the outlet line of the generator is 5 minutes at 55 ° C and the pressure is 1.53 bar absolute.
• the phosgene has a residual chlorine content> 100 ppm during the start-up phase and> 1000 ppm in the peak (above the measurement range of 1000 ppm).
• the phosgene thus prepared is condensed as described in the general preparation conditions and collected in the phosgene solution tank. After 45 minutes, these flow rates are increased to the desired target load.
• the start-up of the system can be designed manually or with an automatic start system. The system is driven up to the nominal load as quickly as possible.
• phosgene with increased chlorine content arrives during the start-up phase because the chlorine partially condenses in the phosgene liquefier.
• the amount of chlorine in phosgene continuously dilutes by adding phosgene in the course of a day to ⁇ 50 ppm chlorine in the end product phosgene.
• the use of this chlorine-contaminated phosgene leads to color problems in the phosgenation of MDA to the end product MDL for 12 hours.
• the color number of the MDI is> 0.210 and in the peak 0.240 (yellowness value).
• the color number (yellow value) was determined by dissolving 1.0 g of the obtained isocyanate in chlorobenzene and diluting to 50 ml with chlorobenzene. From this solution, the extinction against chlorobenzene is determined at a wavelength of 430 nm and a layer thickness of 10 mm at room temperature. This method was used as the basis for all yellow value information.
• Example 2 (According to the Invention) Forerun with CO before the phosgene production is started with the addition of chlorine.
• a phosgene plant is started by carbon monoxide and chlorine are displaced by 1 minute in an inertized mixing tube with a time lag.
• the amount of the two feedstocks, which are introduced into the mixing tube during the startup time t of 45 minutes, corresponding to only 44 minutes for chlorine, is steplessly changed from 0 m 3 / h to 545 Nm 3 / h carbon monoxide and steplessly from 0 m 3 / h to 455 NmVh chlorine, pulled up.
• the phosgene gives a carbon monoxide content of 9%.
• the temperature in the mixing tube is 18 ° C and the pressure is immediately set to 1.8 bar absolute.
• the heat of reaction is removed via a water cycle by means of water cooling.
• the temperature of the phosgene in the outlet line of the generator is after 5 minutes at 55 ° C and the pressure is 1.57 bar absolute.
• the phosgene thus prepared is condensed as described in the general preparation conditions and collected in the phosgene solution tank. After 45 minutes, these flow rates are increased to the desired target load.
• the start-up of the system can be designed manually or with an automatic start system.
• the system is raised to the target load as quickly as possible, with the phosgene generated during the start-up phase having a residual chlorine content of 22 ppm, this value being determined in the outlet line of the generator.
• 3200 Nm 3 / h of chlorine and 4230 Nm 3 / h of carbon monoxide are continuously mixed in a mixing tube at 20 ° C. and a pressure of 3.2 bar.
• the mixed gas of chlorine and carbon monoxide is driven into a bottom-mounted manifold of a tube-bundle phosgene generator.
• the distributor there are 4 tons of activated carbon (Norit RB4C) as catalyst.
• the catalyst is protected by a sieve plate above and below the tube sheet against discharge and trickle down.
• the mixed gas reacts in a highly exothermic Reaction to phosgene.
• the heat of reaction is released by means of evaporative cooling to a thermal oil (Dekalin), so that the temperature of the phosgene in the outlet line of the generator is 234 ° C.
• the pressure is 2.55 bar absolute. Due to the high reaction temperature in the hot merger, a disproportionation occurs, so that 1-3% chlorine is still present in the exit gas stream.
• the completeness of the reaction is monitored by continuously measuring the residual chlorine content and the carbon monoxide content.
• the thus prepared, gaseous, excess carbon monoxide and a small amount of chlorine-containing phosgene is then cooled down in a gas cooler to 117 ° C and driven into another tube-phosgene generator.
• the chlorine present in the gas stream is converted to phosgene on a catalyst (activated carbon: Norit RB4C).
• the reaction is cooled by means of evaporative cooling of a heat carrier (methylene chloride).
• the temperature of the phosgene in the outlet line of the second generator is 98 ° C and the pressure is 2.46 bar absolute.
• the completeness of the reaction is also monitored by continuously measuring the residual chlorine content and the carbon monoxide content.
• the chlorine-free phosgene produced in this way is condensed in a phosgene liquefier at -17.degree.
• the bottom product from the phosgene liquefier drains into the phosgene of the phosgene absorption column.
• Excess carbon monoxide does not condense and is treated overhead in a mixing tube with an appropriate amount of chlorine, then reacted in a downstream identical third phosgene generator (Nachverutz) of activated carbon to phosgene.
• the reaction is cooled by means of evaporative cooling of a heat carrier (methylene chloride).
• Example 3 Heating mode: When heating the generators, no flow of carbon monoxide.
• the phosgene generator is started by simultaneously driving chlorine and carbon monoxide into a nitrogen inertized mixing tube having a volume of 100 liters.
• the amount of the two feedstocks, which are introduced into the mixing tube during the start-up time t of 30 minutes, is continuously increased from 0 Nm 3 / h to 1000 NmVh carbon monoxide and steplessly from 0 Nm 3 / h to 800 NmVh chlorine.
• the content of carbon monoxide in the phosgene is 11%.
• the temperature in the mixing tube is 20 ° C and the pressure is immediately set to 3.2 bar absolute.
• the mixed gas of chlorine and carbon monoxide then enters the preheated to 220 ° C interior of the tube-phosgene generator and displaces the inert nitrogen.
• the reaction to phosgene starts directly and is highly exothermic.
• the heat of reaction is removed via a heat transfer oil circulation (Dekalin) by means of evaporative cooling.
• the temperature of the phosgene in the outlet line of the generator is after 10 minutes at 234 ° C and the pressure is 2.55 bar absolute.
• the phosgene has a residual chlorine content> 1000 ppm (above the measuring range of 1000 ppm) during the start-up phase.
• the phosgene thus prepared is cooled down to 113 ° C as described in the general preparation conditions and passed into the downstream tube-bundle phosgene generator. Since the temperature of the reactor is initially only 30 ° C.
• the chlorine and CO present in the phosgene produced are converted into phosgene, as described in the general production conditions.
• the residual chlorine content during the start-up phase is> 1000 ppm (above the measuring range of 1000 ppm).
• the phosgene thus produced and condensed in the phosgene liquefier has an increased chlorine content during the start-up phase, since the chlorine partially condenses in the phosgene liquefier.
• the amount of chlorine in phosgene continuously dilutes by adding phosgene in the course of a day to ⁇ 50 ppm chlorine in the end product phosgene.
• the use of this chlorine-contaminated phosgene leads to color problems in the phosgenation of MDA to the end product MDL for 18 hours.
• the color number of the MDI is> 0.200 and in the peak 0.220 (yellowness index).
• Example 4 (according to the invention) Hot operation: drive CO while heating the generators.
• a phosgene plant is started by carbon monoxide and chlorine are displaced by 10 minutes in an inertized mixing tube with a time delay.
• the amount of the two feedstocks which are introduced into the mixing tube during the start-up time t of 30 minutes, corresponding to only 20 minutes for chlorine, is continuously increased from 0 NmVh to 1000 NmVh carbon monoxide and continuously from 0 NmVh to 800 NmVh chlorine.
• the content of carbon monoxide in the phosgene is 11%.
• the temperature in the mixing tube is 20 ° C and the pressure is immediately set to 3.2 bar absolute.
• the mixed gas of chlorine and carbon monoxide then enters the preheated to 220 ° C interior of the tube-phosgene generator and displaces the inert nitrogen.
• the reaction to phosgene starts directly and is highly exothermic.
• the heat of reaction is removed via a heat transfer oil circulation (Dekalin) by means of evaporative cooling.
• the temperature of the phosgene in the outlet line of the generator is after 10 minutes at 234 ° C and the pressure is 2.55 bar absolute.
• the phosgene has a residual chlorine content of 100-800 ppm during the start-up phase.
• the phosgene so prepared is cooled down to 113 ° C as described in the general preparation conditions.
• the residual chlorine reacts under the CO excess to form phosgene.
• the phosgene thus prepared is condensed and collected in the phosgene absorption as described in the general production conditions. After 60 minutes, these flow rates are increased to the desired target load.
• the start-up of the system can be designed manually or with an automatic start system. The system is raised to the target load as quickly as possible, with the phosgene generated during the start-up phase having a residual chlorine content of 25 ppm. This measurement is carried out in the outlet line of the generator.
• the use of this phosgene which is only contaminated with traces of chlorine, results in the phosgenation of MDA to an almost colorless end product MDI with a color number of 0.170 (yellow value).
• phosgene with low chlorine contents which allows the production of almost colorless MDI, is produced only when the phosgene generator according to the invention is started up.

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• 2014
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