WO2015110117A2 - Procédé de préparation d'un catalyseur polymère à base de nitrure de carbone - Google Patents

Procédé de préparation d'un catalyseur polymère à base de nitrure de carbone Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015110117A2
WO2015110117A2 PCT/DE2015/000046 DE2015000046W WO2015110117A2 WO 2015110117 A2 WO2015110117 A2 WO 2015110117A2 DE 2015000046 W DE2015000046 W DE 2015000046W WO 2015110117 A2 WO2015110117 A2 WO 2015110117A2
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Prior art keywords
carbon nitride
polymeric carbon
catalyst
electrospinning
collector
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PCT/DE2015/000046
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German (de)
English (en)
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WO2015110117A9 (fr
WO2015110117A3 (fr
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Kevin Jablonka
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Kevin Jablonka
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Publication of WO2015110117A2 publication Critical patent/WO2015110117A2/fr
Publication of WO2015110117A9 publication Critical patent/WO2015110117A9/fr
Publication of WO2015110117A3 publication Critical patent/WO2015110117A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C01B3/042—Decomposition of water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
    • C01B21/0605—Binary compounds of nitrogen with carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of patent claim 1, and an apparatus for using the product produced by this method.
  • Another object of the invention was to provide a device for the photochemical decomposition of water for the production of hydrogen, in which a catalyst with significantly increased efficiency is used.
  • Polymeric carbon nitride can also be used for organic reactions.
  • To name would be the oxidation of alkanes, olefins, alcohols, heteroaromatics, the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol and the degradation of contaminants by Oxidation, hydrogenation and, for example, the activation of ⁇ bonds and aromatic systems (see also WANG, Y., WANG, X. & ANTONIETTI, M .: Graphite carbonitride as a heterogeneous organocatalyst: from photochemistry to viekwec catalysis Sustainable Chemistry, Angew. Chemie 124, 70-92 (2012).). Due to this multiple use, the ejfindungsgemäfie catalyst, which in itself already consists of cost-effective materials, could become even cheaper due to production on a larger scale.
  • Carbon nitride also has the advantage over other catalysts that it is very stable thermally and chemically. It can also be chemically modified with relatively simple means.
  • the structure is significantly more variable with respect to the structure of the macroscopic coherent structure as compared with another spinning method such as melt spinning.
  • another spinning method such as melt spinning.
  • a rotating collector (claim 5) allows easy controllable orientation and distribution of polymer fibers or droplets, whereby the risk of their clumping is significantly reduced. At a higher rotation speed ⁇ of the collector, this danger is steadily reduced further. In this way, the efficiency can be further increased. By moving the collector along the axis of rotation, larger areas of a thin film can be produced in a shorter time. This makes the process even more efficient.
  • the broad range of values has been established according to claim 5, whereby a considerable range of fiber and droplet shapes and orientations can be produced.
  • the thickness of the fibers or droplets, as well as the speed of their production can be controlled, which can also be achieved via the control of the voltage, the fiber or droplet thickness.
  • the voltage it is possible to regulate the charge density and thus control whether predominantly electrospinning or electrospraying takes place.
  • the fiber thickness can be controlled.
  • the change in the distance between needle and collector allows further control of the fiber or droplet thickness.
  • the development of the invention according to claim 6 allows an environmentally friendly and inexpensive production of the macroscopically related structure. Due to the easy vaporizability of acetic acid fibers of less soluble substances such as carbon nitride can be easily and quickly produced even at lower voltages between needle and collector.
  • the development of the invention according to claim 8 enables the production of Pölymerfasern or droplets in the nanometer to micrometer range with very inexpensive and very environmentally friendly means.
  • the production is simplified by the good solubility of cellulose acetate in acids. Due to the water insolubility of cellulose acetate heterogeneous catalysis and thus a very simple use of the catalyst is possible. The foil can thus be easily removed from the reaction mixture and reused.
  • Forming the invention of claim 9 further, results in a very easy and inexpensive way of synthesizing polymeric carbon nitride id. This synthesis is thus easier to implement on an industrial scale, since, apart from the heating, no further process steps are necessary. Furthermore, dicyandiamide is a chemical that is very cheap.
  • the carbon nitride modified with the stated substances can be processed in the same way as the unmodified carbon nitride, the use of these modifications does not involve a higher production outlay. In addition, their use is inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
  • FIG. 1 shows the synthesis of the graphitic carbon nitride starting from dicyandiamide
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a structure for carrying out a high-shear treatment
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows the structure for carrying out the electrospinning / spraying method
  • FIG. 4 shows a measurement of the H 2 production of high-voltage-treated carbon nitride and carbon nitride according to the invention according to the prior art
  • FIG. 5 shows a characterization of the carbon nitride and cellulose acetate film according to the invention produced by means of the electrospinning process as carrier material and of the carbon nitride according to the prior art by means of electron spin resonance,
  • FIG. 6 shows a characterization of the high-stress treated carbon nitride according to the invention, the carbon nitride according to the invention which has been processed by means of an electrospinning method to form a film with the carrier polymer cellulose acetate in comparison with carbon nitride according to the prior art
  • Fig. 7 shows a measurement of the photocurrent in a film produced by electrospraying according to the invention, which consists of cellulose acetate fibers with attached graphitic carbon nitride and
  • FIG. 8 shows a structural detail of a modified graphitic carbon nitride molecule, according to the prior art.
  • Fig. 1 shows schematically the reactions in the synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (4) starting from dicyandiamide (1).
  • Dicyandiamide (1) condenses on heating with elimination of ammonia (5) to give N2- (4,6-diamino-l, 3,5-triazin-2-yl) -l, 3 ) 5-triazine-2,4, 6-triamine, which is also called melam (2). If it is further heated, melam condenses with elimination of ammonia (5) to triamino-s-triazine (l, 3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaazaphenalen-2,5,8-triamine), which also Meiern ( 3) is called.
  • graphitic carbon nitride which is a polymer of k tri-s-triazine units.
  • This synthesis can be carried out on a small scale, for example, simply in a muffle furnace with programmed temperature profile. All intermediates have no hazardous material classification and are therefore harmless. The measurement of ammonia production makes it easy to check the progress of the synthesis.
  • the graphitic carbon nitride prepared by the condensation reaction can now be dissolved with a carrier polymer, such as cellulose acetate, in an easily evaporable acid, such as concentrated acetic acid, by stirring or sonication. This solution should be slightly viscous for use in a so-called electrospinning / spraying process.
  • Fig. 2 shows schematically a possible structure for the high-voltage treatment of polymeric carbon nitride.
  • graphitic carbon nitride is first dissolved in glacial acetic acid in the ultrasonic bath. By protonation it is thus possible to bring individual layers of carbon nitride in the ultrasonic bath in solution.
  • This solution is drawn into a syringe and then pumped into a needle by a pump through a tube attached in a tube guide which allows for easy adjustment of the distance between collector and needle.
  • the positive pole of a DC high voltage source is connected to the needle.
  • ITO glass which is mounted on a bracket and grounded.
  • a high voltage - in the order of magnitude of the field between collector approximately 4 kV cm -1 - is applied between the needle and the collector.
  • the acetic acid evaporates and carbon nitride is deposited on the ITO glass, which can be removed from the ITO glass after drying.
  • the pumping speed is an important factor controlling the intensity of the high voltage treatment.
  • the entire structure is embedded in a housing to minimize disturbances of the process.
  • Fig. 3 shows schematically the structure of the electrospinning / spraying method.
  • the area in which high voltage is applied is housed in a housing (6) of polyethylene (PE) panels with the dimensions of 800 cm (height) to 800 cm ( Width) to 400 cm (depth).
  • the syringe (10) filled with the polymer is located outside the housing.
  • the syringe is connected by means of a so-called LuerLock connection to a transparent plastic tube (11), which is passed via a plastic tube (12) into the housing (6).
  • a series resistor (19) can be interposed in order to make the current as low as possible and thus harmless in the event of a possible electric shock.
  • the plate for the holder of the collector (17) is mounted on blocks of wood (7), which are fastened by means of large plastic screws in the bottom plate of the housing (6). In the bottom plate of the housing (6) holes are drilled at intervals of -5 cm.
  • the plate for the holder of the collector is also made of PE and is attached above plastic plugs.
  • the rotary collector (15) is made of an aluminum tube having an inner diameter of 2.1 cm and an outer diameter of 2.5 cm.
  • the pipe is fastened via flanges with turned-up shafts at angles of aluminum, which are fixed to the support plate (17).
  • the two shafts of the collector (15) are mounted by means of ball bearings to reduce the noise and to allow a smooth running of the collector (15).
  • One of the two shafts has a bore to fix the motor shaft of a 12V DC motor (16) driving the collector tube therein by means of a screw.
  • the DC motor (16) is also fixed to an angle at which the tube (15) is fixed, and can be driven by a laboratory power supply (8). By regulating the current intensity, it is possible to control its rotational speed.
  • the rotary collector (16) can move on an axis (A).
  • the syringe (10) After filling the syringe (10) with a previously prepared solution of cellulose acetate carrier and graphitic carbon nitride in acetic acid and the tube (11) the latter is passed through the plastic tube (12) and a needle (13), in the size Gauge 20th , connected to the hose. Thereafter, the distance between needle (13) and collector (15) can be adjusted. Once this has been done, the needle (13) can be connected to the positive pole of the high voltage source (18). The collector (15) is placed on earth. Once this has taken place, the pumping rate can be regulated by means of the syringe pump (9).
  • the " pump speed control allows fiber thickness control and is the most important parameter to influence the speed of the manufacturing process.
  • the collector (15) is switched on. Once a drop has formed on the needle (13), the high voltage is applied. In this case, this voltage is adjusted so that there is a stable jet of fibers or droplets between the needle (13) and collector (15). Due to the applied high voltage and the resulting ionization of the particles of the solution, there is repulsion between the particles of the solution in the needle (13). In an interaction between electrostatic repulsion, air pressure, gravity and surface tension, a so-called Taylor cone. From which forms a jet of polymer fibers / droplets (14), which are drawn over their time of flight to the collector (15) and dried. The duration of the flight time and thus the thickness of the fiber or the diameter of the droplets depends on the distance between the needle (13) and collector (1-5) and on the applied high voltage.
  • Fig. 4 shows the H 2 production of high voltage treated carbon nitride (dashed, a) according to the invention compared to prior art carbon nitride when illuminated by a solar simulator and triethanolamine as electron donor and H 2 PtCl 6 as co-catalyst in FIG H 2 0.
  • gas production was monitored by pressure, and gas composition was determined by headspace gas chromatography at the end of the experiment.
  • high-tension treated carbon nitride contaminated according to the invention was used for this measurement with graphitic carbon nitride, a clear increase in the catalytic activity and thus in the efficiency of the catalyst according to the invention can be observed.
  • Fig. 5 shows a characterization of the inventive film (dotted b)), which was prepared by means of the electrospinning method and cellulose acetate as a carrier polymer, from known graphite carbonitride powder (a)) and a reference sample (painted and dotted , c)) by electron spin resonance at 6.2 Kelvin.
  • the reference sample was obtained by wiping out the electrospinning solution and then freeze-drying. It is known that a peak at a g-factor of ⁇ 2.0034 is due to unpaired holes in aromatic systems. An increase in the intensity of this peak is attributed to increased local stress and lattice defects. An extremely high density of unpaired hole electrons is found in literature known carbon nitride (a)).
  • FIG. 3 shows a characterization of high-stress treated carbon nitride according to the invention (dotted, b)), of a film according to the invention (deleted and scores, c)), which was prepared by means of the electrospinning method and cellulose acetate as a carrier polymer and of literature-known graphitic carbon nitride (a)) by means of ATR infrared spectroscopy.
  • FIG. 7 shows the measured photocurrent for a film according to the invention.
  • the film (about 1 cm 2 ) was here by means of poly-3, -ethylenedioxythiophen-poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) attached to ITO (indium-tin-oxide) - glass.
  • PEDOT poly-3, -ethylenedioxythiophen-poly (styrenesulfonate)
  • ITO indium-tin-oxide
  • Fig. 8 shows a section of a graphitic carbon nitride molecule modified with metal cations such as zinc and iron.
  • the "R” stands for more tri-s-triazine units, and the metal cation is mainly held between the tri-s-triazine units through N-M bonds.
  • Zinc-modified graphitic carbon nitride can be prepared, for example, by using carbon nitride in the The mixture is allowed to stir for several hours and then the methanol is evaporated off, the residue is then dried, or the metal cations can be introduced into the carbon nitride with dicyandiamide by analogy with dicyandiamide To the solution is added a salt with the desired cation, then the solvent is evaporated off and the residue is dried. The dried residue can be processed by the method already described by heating to 560 ° C. to graphitic carbon nitride, which then with Metallka is modified.
  • mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride The preparation of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride is described in KWON, K., SA, YJ, CHEON, JY & Joo, SH: Ordered mesoporous carbon nitrides with graphitic frameworks as metal-free, highly durable, methanol-tolerant Langmuir 28, 991-6 (2012). described.

Abstract

Procédé de préparation d'un catalyseur polymère à base de nitrure de carbone afin d'améliorer le rendement d'une catalyse, notamment lors de la décomposition photochimique de l'eau pour obtenir de l'hydrogène. L'invention concerne également un dispositif dans lequel est utilisé un catalyseur préparé selon ledit procédé. Le catalyseur est de préférence fixé à des gouttelettes/fibres d'un polymère support insoluble dans l'eau, dont le diamètre ou l'épaisseur est à l'échelle nanométrique à micrométrique et qui forment une structure mécaniquement cohérente. Cette structure mécaniquement cohérente est obtenue de préférence par un procédé d'électrofilage ou d'électronébulisation.
PCT/DE2015/000046 2014-01-23 2015-01-20 Procédé de préparation d'un catalyseur polymère à base de nitrure de carbone WO2015110117A2 (fr)

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DE102014000888.6A DE102014000888B4 (de) 2014-01-23 2014-01-23 Vorrichtung zur katalytischen, photochemischen Aufspaltung von Wasser zur Gewinnung von Wasserstoff
DE102014000888.6 2014-01-23

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CN107199021A (zh) * 2017-06-16 2017-09-26 浙江理工大学 一种高吸附性复合水凝胶材料及其制备方法
CN107684925A (zh) * 2017-10-26 2018-02-13 阜阳师范学院 一种酸改性g‑C3N4光催化剂及其制备和应用
CN109734060A (zh) * 2019-02-18 2019-05-10 东南大学 氮化碳纳米材料及其制备方法和应用
CN109908955A (zh) * 2019-04-01 2019-06-21 山东农业大学 一种自漂浮氮化碳/醋酸纤维素柔性光催化多孔薄膜的制备方法
CN110016222A (zh) * 2019-04-15 2019-07-16 扬州大学 杀菌透气薄膜及其制备方法和应用
CN113083341A (zh) * 2021-02-25 2021-07-09 广东省科学院测试分析研究所(中国广州分析测试中心) 一种中空聚合型氮化碳催化剂及其在光催化还原co2合成乙醛的应用

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CN105148744A (zh) * 2015-08-25 2015-12-16 华南理工大学 可调控超薄二维纳米g-C3N4膜及其制备方法与应用
CN105148744B (zh) * 2015-08-25 2017-08-25 华南理工大学 可调控超薄二维纳米g‑C3N4膜及其制备方法与应用
CN107199021A (zh) * 2017-06-16 2017-09-26 浙江理工大学 一种高吸附性复合水凝胶材料及其制备方法
CN107199021B (zh) * 2017-06-16 2019-12-24 浙江理工大学 一种高吸附性复合水凝胶材料及其制备方法
CN107684925A (zh) * 2017-10-26 2018-02-13 阜阳师范学院 一种酸改性g‑C3N4光催化剂及其制备和应用
CN109734060A (zh) * 2019-02-18 2019-05-10 东南大学 氮化碳纳米材料及其制备方法和应用
CN109734060B (zh) * 2019-02-18 2020-12-25 东南大学 氮化碳纳米材料及其制备方法和应用
CN109908955A (zh) * 2019-04-01 2019-06-21 山东农业大学 一种自漂浮氮化碳/醋酸纤维素柔性光催化多孔薄膜的制备方法
CN110016222A (zh) * 2019-04-15 2019-07-16 扬州大学 杀菌透气薄膜及其制备方法和应用
CN110016222B (zh) * 2019-04-15 2021-09-28 扬州大学 杀菌透气薄膜及其制备方法和应用
CN113083341A (zh) * 2021-02-25 2021-07-09 广东省科学院测试分析研究所(中国广州分析测试中心) 一种中空聚合型氮化碳催化剂及其在光催化还原co2合成乙醛的应用

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WO2015110117A9 (fr) 2015-10-01
WO2015110117A3 (fr) 2016-03-10
DE102014000888A1 (de) 2015-07-23
DE102014000888B4 (de) 2017-03-09

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