WO2015076388A1 - 終脳又はその前駆組織の製造方法 - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technique for inducing differentiation from pluripotent stem cells into telencephalon or a precursor tissue thereof in vitro.
- the cerebral cortex of mammals has a multilayer structure (I-VI layer), which is gradually formed from the stage of fetal cerebral cortex formation (Non-patent Document 1).
- the cerebral cortex is generated from the neuroepithelium of the dorsal telencephalon (mantle) and gradually forms a hemisphere in the hemisphere (Fig. 17A) (Non-patent Document 2).
- Cortical hem is adjacent to the posterior caudal side of the cerebral cortex, while the outer basal ganglia (LGE, striatum primordia) and the diaphragm are adjacent to the rostral side via the pale cortex.
- LGE outer basal ganglia
- striatum primordia striatum primordia
- Non-patent Document 3 the outermost I-layer fistula (embryonic) formed mainly from Reelin-positive Kahal Retius cells.
- the primordial of the period is called the marginal zone; (Fig. 17B) ⁇ (in the case of human cerebral cortex, some Reelin-positive cells are also produced directly from cerebral cortical neuroepithelium) (Non-patent Document 4).
- the remaining cortical plate layers have a characteristic pattern in which neurons are generated and arranged regularly in time and space. This is called an inside-out pattern, in which deeper layers of neurons are generated earlier from neural progenitor cells (FIG. 17B) (Non-patent Documents 5 and 6).
- Non-patent Document 10 In this floating cell mass derived from self-organized human ES cells, cerebral cortical neuroepithelium is spontaneously formed, and the ventricular zone, cortical plate and marginal zone are also spontaneous after 40-45 days of culture. Formed. This cerebral cortical neuroepithelium reproduced cerebral cortex formation in the early stages of human pregnancy, but was immature in many respects (FIG. 17C) (non-patent document 7).
- Non-patent Document 11 outer radial glial cells (oRG) could be induced in cerebral cortical tissue having a multilayer structure derived from human pluripotent stem cells.
- This study uses a non-selective differentiation method that provides stochastic specificity of the brain region. This differentiation method is characterized by swirling the aggregated mass using a spinner flask.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a technique for inducing a more mature telencephalon or a precursor tissue thereof from mammalian pluripotent stem cells in vitro.
- the present inventors have succeeded in performing steric induction of cerebral cortex tissue over a longer period of time by improving the culture conditions of the method for inducing self-assembly of human cerebral cortex.
- This method succeeded in spontaneously causing the dorsal ventral and anteroposterior polarities seen in living embryos in the self-organized cerebral cortex.
- a specific nerve region along the dorsoventral axis or the anteroposterior axis can be selectively differentiated by an exogenous signal factor, and the cerebral cortex tissue can be continuously connected to the adjacent tissue in the same positional relationship as in the living body.
- the multilayer structure (ventricular zone, subventricular zone, lateral subventricular zone, intermediate zone, subplate, deep cortical plate, We succeeded in three-dimensional formation from the surface layer along the deep axis.
- the present invention is as follows:
- telencephalon marker positive aggregate by suspension culture of the pluripotent stem cell aggregate in the presence of a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor; and A method for producing a cell aggregate containing the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof, further comprising suspension culture under high oxygen partial pressure conditions.
- the obtained cell aggregate includes any telencephalon partial tissue selected from the group consisting of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus and choroid, or a precursor tissue thereof.
- the cell aggregate to be produced contains hippocampal tissue or a precursor tissue thereof including dentate gyrus tissue or a precursor tissue thereof, and Ammon horn tissue or a precursor tissue thereof in a continuous neuroepithelium.
- the production method according to [7], wherein the hippocampal tissue or progenitor tissue further includes cortical hem in a continuous neuroepithelium.
- telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, choroid, etc.) or a precursor tissue thereof from pluripotent stem cells over a long period of time. .
- a cerebral cortex tissue or a precursor tissue thereof having polarity of the dorsoventral axis and anterior-posterior axis can be selectively induced from pluripotent stem cells.
- a cerebral cortex tissue or a precursor tissue thereof having a multi-layer structure in the second trimester can be selectively induced from pluripotent stem cells.
- cerebral cortex tissue or a precursor tissue thereof, choroid tissue or a precursor tissue thereof, and hippocampal tissue or a precursor tissue thereof are self-organized as a neighboring tissue from a pluripotent stem cell into a continuous neuroepithelium. It is possible.
- hippocampal tissue or a precursor tissue thereof including dentate gyrus tissue or a precursor tissue thereof and ammon horn tissue or a precursor tissue thereof, into a continuous neuroepithelium from pluripotent stem cells. Is possible.
- neural progenitor cells having characteristics of outer radial glial cells (oRG) that are abundant in the cerebral cortex of the human fetus and not present in the cerebral cortex of the mouse can be obtained from human pluripotent stem cells. It can be specifically induced outside the band.
- oRG outer radial glial cells
- Induction of cerebral cortex progenitor tissue differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (A) Foxg1 :: venus expression in cell aggregate of Day 26. (B) Foxg1 :: venus expression in cells in Day 34 aggregates. (C) A neuroepithelium-like structure on the hemisphere having a ventricular-like cavity formed inside the sputum cell aggregate. (D) Pax6 expression on the luminal side of the frog neuroepithelial structure. (E) Sox2 expression on the luminal side of the epithelial structure. (F) Phosphorylated histone H3 (pH3) expression on the most luminal side of the frog neuroepithelial structure.
- A Cell aggregate including both Foxg1 :: venus positive neuroepithelium and Foxg1 :: venus negative neuroepithelium.
- Bf1 (Foxg1) venus expression in cell aggregates including choroidal choroid, hippocampal progenitor tissue and cerebral cortex progenitor tissue.
- C Expression of Lmx1a and Lef1 in cell aggregates including choroidal choroid, hippocampal progenitor tissue and cerebral cortex progenitor tissue. Differentiation induction of hippocampal progenitor tissue from human pluripotent stem cells.
- A-D Expression of Bf1 (Foxg1) :: venus (A), Lmx1a B (B), Prox1 Zbtb20 ⁇ ⁇ (C) and Nrp2 (D) in the cell aggregate of Day 61.
- E-H Expression of Foxg1 :: venus, Lmx1a and Lef1 (E), Zbtb20 (F), Prox1 (G), Prox1 and Zbtb20 (H) in the cell aggregate of EDay 75.
- A Expression of Zbtb20, a hippocampal marker, in MAP2-positive cells showing neural dendrites.
- Bf1 (Foxg1) venus expression in Zbtb20 positive cells.
- C Expression of GFAP, an astrocyte marker, in Zbtb20 positive cells in the shape of glial cells.
- D Expression pattern in dispersed culture of Prox1 which is a granule cell marker of dentate gyrus and KA1 which is a cone cell marker of CA3 in the hippocampal region. Prox1 is a small cell with a cell body diameter of about 5-10 ⁇ m, and KA1 is expressed in a large, cone-like cell with a cell body diameter of 10-20 ⁇ m.
- E Bf1 (Foxg1) :: venus expression in the cells seen in FIG.
- A-A ′ Signal expression image and its bright field image during calcium imaging.
- B Various time-course response patterns of cells for calcium signals are shown.
- C-C ′ Bright field image during electrophysiology test.
- D Sodium-potassium current response.
- E Evoked action potential.
- F Its inhibition by sEPSC and DNQX. Bar: 50 ⁇ m (C, C ′).
- a higher level of pErk signal was observed on the opposite side of Coup-TF1 expression (N).
- the gradient and polarity of expression are shown as triangles. Arrowhead, ventricular girdle (VZ) (note that a gradient of marker expression is seen in the ventricular zone).
- VZ ventricular girdle
- Fgf8 treatment suppressed CoupTF1 and increased expression of rostral marker Sp8 (scale bar, 1 mm in A; 200 ⁇ m in C-P), nuclear counterstain (blue), DAPI.
- A-I Asymmetric curved morphogenesis of human ES cell-derived neuroepithelium. In A, the arrows indicate the boundaries of the neuroepithelial region.
- G-I Basal neural stem / progenitor cells (Pax6 +, Sox2 +) and intermediate neural stem / progenitor cells (Tbr2 +) in SVZ in Day 91 culture.
- H Percentage of Sox2 + / Tbr2- and Sox2- / Tbr2 + neural stem / progenitor cells in all neural stem / progenitor cells (Sox2 + and / or Tbr2 +) in the cortical plate.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the developing fetal telencephalon.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the developing fetal telencephalon.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the developing fetal telencephalon.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the developing fetal telencephalon.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the developing fetal telencephalon.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the developing fetal telencephalon.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the multilayered structure of the fetal cerebral cortical neuroepithelium in the early second trimester of human pregnancy (approximately 13 embryonic weeks).
- C Schematic diagram of the layered cerebral cortical neuroepithelial structure induced in the self-organized culture of human ES cells before. Its structure is similar to human cerebral cortex tissue during early pregnancy. Axial polarity in human ES cell-derived cerebral cortical neuroepithelium.
- A A schematic diagram of an improved culture method.
- Coup-TF1 expression in cerebral cortical neuroepithelium was strong in the posterior region but weak in the ventral region (F).
- G As a result of double immunostaining of CoupTF1 and Lhx2, these expression patterns were shown to have the same bias.
- H-J Parasagittal section of mouse telencephalon of E12.5.
- Gsh2 LGE (lateral basal ganglia) marker (H); Lmx1a, cortical hem and choroidal marker (H); Otx2 and Zic1, cortical hem markers (I and J).
- SAG treatment efficiently suppressed the expression of Pax6 and Gsh2. ** P ⁇ 0.01 and *** P ⁇ 0.001, Dunnett's test.
- D Schematic diagram of cortical morphogenesis in human ES cell culture compared to fetal cerebral cortex.
- C-E High-magnification observation of calretinin + neuronal cells (C), MAP2 + neurites (D), and CSPG accumulation in the intermediate zone (E) of cerebral cortical neuroepithelium.
- F Immunostaining of layer marker of E14.5 mouse fetal cerebral cortex.
- G Day 70 Immunostaining of human ES cell-derived cerebral cortical neuroepithelium. Almost no accumulation of GAD65 + interneurons or TAG1 + inferior axons in the cortical plate was observed.
- H-J Day 91 Immunostaining of human ES cell-derived cerebral cortical neuroepithelium.
- A-C Pax6 and Sox2 immunostaining in apical and basal heel (SVZ) neural stem / progenitor cells in human ES cell-derived cerebral cortical neuroepithelium on Day 91. Most of Sox2-positive cells expressed Pax6 (C).
- D-F Effect of ⁇ Notch signal inhibition on the expression of neural stem / progenitor cells and neuronal markers in cerebral cortical neuroepithelium.
- Tbr2 + and phosphorylated vimentin + neural stem / progenitor cells in human ES cell-derived cerebral cortical neuroepithelium did not have protrusions on the basement membrane side (apical apex) (Same for the protrusion on the side) (Scale bar, 100 ⁇ m for AE; 25 ⁇ m for)
- the present invention provides a telencephalon marker positive aggregate by suspending the aggregate of pluripotent stem cells in the presence of a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor, and the telencephalon marker positive aggregate And a method for producing a cell aggregate containing the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof, which further comprises suspension culture. Further suspension culture is preferably performed under high oxygen partial pressure conditions. Details of the present invention will be described below.
- Pluripotent Stem Cell is a daughter cell that has the ability to differentiate into all the cells that make up a living body (differentiated pluripotency) and the same differentiation potential as self after cell division. A cell that has both the ability to produce (self-replicating ability).
- Pluripotency can be evaluated by transplanting cells to be evaluated into nude mice and testing for the presence or absence of teratoma containing each of the three germ layers (ectodermal, mesoderm, and endoderm). it can.
- pluripotent stem cells examples include embryonic stem cells (ES cells), embryonic germ cells (EG cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), etc.
- the cell is not limited to this as long as it is a cell having both.
- embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are preferably used.
- Embryonic stem cells can be established, for example, by culturing an early embryo before implantation, an inner cell mass constituting the early embryo, a single blastomere, etc. (Manipulating theuse Embryo A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1994); Thomson, J. A. et al., Science, 282, 1145-1147 (1998)).
- An early embryo produced by nuclear transfer of a somatic cell nucleus may be used as an early embryo (Wilmut et al. (Nature, 385, 810 (1997)), Cibelli et al. (Science, 280, 1256). (1998)), Akira Iriya et al.
- Fusion ES cells obtained by cell fusion of ES cells and somatic cells are also included in the embryonic stem cells used in the method of the present invention.
- Embryonic stem cells can be obtained from a predetermined institution or commercially available products can be purchased.
- human embryonic stem cells KhES-1, KhES-2 and KhES-3 are available from the Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto University.
- Embryonic germ cells can be established by culturing primordial germ cells in the presence of LIF, bFGF, SCF, etc. (Matsui et al., Cell, 70, 841-847 (1992) , Shamblott et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.ciSci. USA, 95 (23), 13726-13731 (1998), Turnpenny et al., StemsCells, 21 (5), 598-609, (2003)).
- iPS cells Induced pluripotent stem cells
- somatic cells eg, fibroblasts, skin cells, lymphocytes, etc.
- somatic cells eg, fibroblasts, skin cells, lymphocytes, etc.
- somatic cells eg, fibroblasts, skin cells, lymphocytes, etc.
- somatic cells eg, fibroblasts, skin cells, lymphocytes, etc.
- somatic cells eg, fibroblasts, skin cells, lymphocytes, etc.
- the nuclear reprogramming factor is a substance (group) capable of inducing cells having differentiation pluripotency and self-replicating ability from somatic cells such as fibroblasts, a proteinous factor or a nucleic acid encoding the same (vector) Or any substance such as a low molecular weight compound.
- the nuclear reprogramming factor is a protein factor or a nucleic acid encoding the same, the following combinations are preferably exemplified (in the following, only the name of the protein factor is described).
- (1) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc where Sox2 can be replaced with Sox1, Sox3, Sox15, Sox17 or Sox18.
- Klf4 can be replaced with Klf1, Klf2 or Klf5. Furthermore, c-Myc can be replaced with T58A (active mutant), N-Myc, or L-Myc.) (2) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, Sox2 (3) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, c-Myc (4) Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28 (5) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, c-Myc, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28 (6) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, Sox2, bFGF (7) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, Sox2, SCF (8) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, c-Myc, Sox2, bFGF (9) Oct3 / 4, Klf4, c-Myc, Sox2, SCF
- IPS cells are preferably used for autologous transplantation.
- Pluripotent stem cells obtained by modifying a gene on a chromosome using a known genetic engineering technique can also be used in the present invention.
- a pluripotent stem cell uses a known method to knock a labeled gene (for example, a fluorescent protein such as GFP) into a gene encoding a differentiation marker in-frame, so that the differentiation stage corresponding to the expression of the labeled gene is used as an index. It may be a cell that can be identified as having reached.
- pluripotent stem cells for example, warm-blooded animals, preferably mammalian pluripotent stem cells can be used.
- mammals include, for example, laboratory animals such as rodents and rabbits such as mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs, domestic animals such as pigs, cows, goats, horses, and sheep, pets such as dogs and cats, humans, monkeys, Primates such as orangutans and chimpanzees.
- the pluripotent stem cell is preferably a rodent (mouse, rat, etc.) or primate (human etc.) pluripotent stem cell, most preferably a human pluripotent stem cell.
- Pluripotent stem cells can be maintained and cultured by a method known per se.
- pluripotent stem cells are preferably maintained by serum-free culture using a serum substitute such as Knockout TM Serum Replacement (KSR) or feeder-cell culture.
- KSR Knockout TM Serum Replacement
- the pluripotent stem cells used in the present invention are preferably isolated. “Isolated” means that an operation to remove factors other than the target cells and components has been performed, and the state existing in nature has been removed.
- the purity of “isolated human pluripotent stem cells” (percentage of the number of human pluripotent stem cells in the total number of cells) is usually 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, still more preferably Is 99% or more, most preferably 100%.
- Aggregates of pluripotent stem cells are obtained by culturing dispersed pluripotent stem cells on a culture vessel under non-adhesive conditions (that is, suspension culture). And a plurality of pluripotent stem cells can be aggregated to form an aggregate.
- the incubator used for forming the agglomerates is not particularly limited.
- the incubator is preferably non-cell-adhesive.
- the surface of the incubator is artificially treated so as to be non-cell-adhesive, or artificially treated for the purpose of improving the adhesion with cells (for example, Those that are not coated with an extracellular matrix or the like can be used.
- the medium used for the formation of aggregates can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as a basal medium.
- a basal medium for example, BME medium, BGJb medium, CMRL 1066 medium, Glasgow MEM medium, Improved MEM Zinc Option medium, IMDM medium, Medium 199 medium, Eagle MEM medium, ⁇ MEM medium, DMEM medium, Ham medium, Ham's
- the medium is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for culturing animal cells, such as F-12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, and mixed medium thereof.
- the medium used at the time of formation of the aggregate is preferably a serum-free medium.
- a serum-free medium means a medium that does not contain unconditioned or unpurified serum.
- a medium containing a purified blood-derived component or animal tissue-derived component (for example, cytokine) corresponds to a serum-free medium.
- the medium used for the formation of the aggregate may contain a serum substitute.
- the serum substitute may appropriately contain, for example, albumin, transferrin, fatty acid, collagen precursor, trace element, 2-mercaptoethanol or 3'thiolglycerol, or an equivalent thereof.
- a serum substitute can be prepared, for example, by the method described in WO98 / 30679.
- a serum substitute can utilize. Examples of such commercially available serum substitutes include KSR (knockoutockserum replacement) (Invitrogen), Chemically-defined Lipid concentrated (Gibco), and Glutamax (Gibco).
- the medium used for the formation of aggregates can contain other additives as long as they do not adversely affect differentiation induction from pluripotent stem cells to the telencephalon or its partial tissue or its precursor tissue.
- additives include insulin, iron sources (eg, transferrin), minerals (eg, sodium selenate), saccharides (eg, glucose), organic acids (eg, pyruvate, lactic acid, etc.), serum proteins (eg, albumin, etc.) ), Amino acids (eg L-glutamine etc.), reducing agents (eg 2-mercaptoethanol etc.), vitamins (eg ascorbic acid, d-biotin etc.), antibiotics (eg streptomycin, penicillin, gentamicin etc.), buffering agents ( Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, HEPES and the like.
- the medium used for the formation of aggregates may be a medium used for inducing differentiation from a pluripotent stem cell to the telencephalon or its partial tissue or its precursor tissue, which will be described later.
- the pluripotent stem cells are recovered from the subculture and dispersed into single cells or a state close thereto.
- the pluripotent stem cells are dispersed using an appropriate cell dissociation solution.
- the cell dissociation solution for example, EDTA; proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, collagenase IV, metalloprotease and the like can be used alone or in appropriate combination. Among them, those having low cytotoxicity are preferable, and as such a cell dissociation solution, for example, commercially available products such as dispase (Adia), TrypLE® (Invitrogen), or Accutase (MILLIPORE) are available. Dispersed pluripotent stem cells are suspended in the medium.
- an inhibitor of Rho-associated ⁇ coiled-coil kinase is preferably added from the beginning of the culture.
- the ROCK inhibitor is added, for example, within 15 days, preferably within 10 days, more preferably within 6 days from the start of culture.
- Examples of the ROCK inhibitor include Y-27632 ((+)-(R) -trans-4- (1-aminoethyl) -N- (4-pyrylyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide dihydrochloride).
- the concentration of the ROCK inhibitor used for suspension culture is a concentration that can suppress cell death of pluripotent stem cells induced by dispersion.
- concentrations are usually about 0.1-200 ⁇ M, preferably about 2-50 ⁇ M.
- concentration of the ROCK inhibitor may be varied within the addition period. For example, the concentration can be halved in the latter half of the period.
- a suspension of dispersed pluripotent stem cells is seeded in the incubator, and the dispersed pluripotent stem cells are cultured on the incubator under non-adhesive conditions, thereby allowing a plurality of multiple pluripotent stem cells to be cultured.
- Capable stem cells are assembled to form aggregates. At this time, even if a plurality of pluripotent stem cell aggregates are simultaneously formed in one culture compartment by seeding the dispersed pluripotent stem cells in a relatively large incubator such as a 10 cm dish. It is good, but this causes a large variation in the size of each aggregate and the number of pluripotent stem cells contained therein, and this variation causes the pluripotent stem cells to change to the telencephalon or its partial tissue or its precursor.
- the dispersed pluripotent stem cells are rapidly aggregated to form one aggregate in one culture compartment.
- a method for rapidly aggregating such dispersed pluripotent stem cells include the following methods: (1) A method in which dispersed pluripotent stem cells are confined in a culture compartment having a relatively small volume (for example, 1 ml or less, 500 ⁇ l or less, 200 ⁇ l or less, 100 ⁇ l or less), and one aggregate is formed in the compartment. .
- the cultured compartment is allowed to stand after confining the dispersed pluripotent stem cells.
- Examples of the culture compartment include wells in multiwell plates (384 well, 192 well, 96 well, 48 well, 24 well, etc.), micropores, chamber slides, etc., tubes, medium drops in the hanging drop method, etc. However, it is not limited to these.
- the dispersed pluripotent stem cells confined in the compartment are subjected to gravity and settled in one place, or the cells adhere to each other, thereby forming one aggregate in one culture compartment.
- the bottom shape of the multi-well plate, micropore, chamber slide, tube or the like is preferably U-bottom or V-bottom so that the dispersed pluripotent stem cells can be easily precipitated in one place.
- a method of forming one aggregate in the tube by putting the pluripotent stem cells dispersed in a centrifuge tube, centrifuging the cells, and precipitating the pluripotent stem cells in one place.
- the number of pluripotent stem cells seeded in one culture compartment is such that one aggregate is formed per culture compartment, and the method of the present invention allows the pluripotent stem cell, from the pluripotent stem cell, to the telencephalon or its Although it is not particularly limited as long as differentiation into a partial tissue or its precursor tissue is possible, it is usually about 1 ⁇ 10 3 to about 5 ⁇ 10 4 , preferably about 1 ⁇ 10 3 to one culture compartment. About 2 ⁇ 10 4 , more preferably about 2 ⁇ 10 3 to about 1.2 ⁇ 10 4 pluripotent stem cells are seeded.
- pluripotent stem cells by rapidly aggregating pluripotent stem cells, about 1 ⁇ 10 3 to about 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells, preferably about 1 ⁇ 10 3 to about 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells per culture compartment, and more Preferably, one cell aggregate consisting of about 2 ⁇ 10 3 to about 1.2 ⁇ 10 4 pluripotent stem cells is formed.
- the time to aggregate formation is such that one aggregate is formed per compartment, and the method of the present invention allows differentiation induction from pluripotent stem cells to cerebral cortex or its precursor tissue in the aggregate. However, it is preferable to shorten this time because shortening this time can be expected to induce efficient differentiation into the target cerebral cortex tissue or its precursor tissue.
- pluripotent stem cell aggregates are formed within 24 hours, more preferably within 12 hours, even more preferably within 6 hours, and most preferably within 2 to 3 hours.
- a person skilled in the art can appropriately adjust the time until the formation of the aggregate by adjusting tools for aggregating cells, centrifugation conditions, and the like.
- culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is, for example, about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C.
- the CO 2 concentration is, for example, about 1 to 10%, preferably about 5%.
- a qualitatively uniform population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates can be obtained.
- the qualitative uniformity of aggregates of pluripotent stem cells means that the size and number of aggregates, macroscopic morphology, microscopic morphology by tissue staining analysis and its uniformity, expression of differentiation and undifferentiation markers and Evaluation can be made based on uniformity, differentiation marker expression control and synchronization, differentiation efficiency reproducibility between aggregates, and the like.
- the population of pluripotent stem cells aggregates used in the method of the present invention has a uniform number of pluripotent stem cells contained in the aggregates.
- a population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates is “homogeneous” means that 90% or more of the aggregates in the aggregate population are average values of the parameters ⁇ 10 in the aggregate population. %, Preferably within an average value ⁇ 5%.
- the production method of the present invention comprises a suspension culture of an aggregate of pluripotent stem cells in the presence of a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor. And obtaining a telencephalon marker positive aggregate (first culture step), and further subjecting the telencephalon marker positive aggregate to suspension culture (second culture step).
- the suspension culture in the second culture step is preferably performed under high oxygen partial pressure conditions.
- the expression of the telencephalon marker gene is induced by committing the differentiation direction from the pluripotent stem cell to the telencephalon region, and the obtained telencephalon marker positive aggregate is obtained in the second culture.
- further differentiation into the telencephalon or its partial tissue or its precursor tissue is induced.
- telencephalon marker examples include, but are not limited to, Foxg1 (also called Bf1), Six3, and the like.
- the telencephalon marker positive aggregate contains cells that express at least one telencephalon marker.
- the telencephalon marker positive aggregate is a Foxg1 positive aggregate.
- the telencephalon marker positive aggregate for example, 30% or more, preferably 50% or more, more preferably 70% or more of the cells contained in the aggregate are positive for the telencephalon marker.
- telencephalic partial tissues include cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, choroid.
- telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof is self-organized in an aggregate of pluripotent stem cells.
- telencephalon marker positive aggregates eg, Foxg1 positive aggregates
- the telencephalon marker-positive aggregate eg, Foxg1-positive aggregate
- the telencephalon marker-positive aggregate is further suspended in suspension (preferably under high oxygen partial pressure conditions), whereby the telencephalon is expressed in the aggregate.
- a marker-positive neuroepithelial-like structure is formed.
- 70% or more of the cells contained in the aggregate containing a neuroepithelial-like structure are positive for the telencephalon marker (eg, Foxg1 positive).
- the neuroepithelial-like structure formed in the aggregate exhibits a multi-row columnar epithelial structure with a ventricular-like cavity inside.
- the neuroepithelial structure includes Pax6-positive and Sox2-positive cell layers on the luminal side, and includes phosphorylated Histone H3-positive mitotic cells in the most luminal part. These structures are similar to the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex during early human pregnancy.
- Tuj1 which is a marker of postmitotic neurons
- Ctip2 and Tbr1 which are early cortical plate markers of the cerebral cortex
- Cells that express are included. These include Reelin positive Cajal Retius cells, which are neurons in the first layer of the cerebral cortex, and may have a layer rich in Laminin near the surface layer. That is, in a preferred embodiment, the aggregate obtained by the production method of the present invention contains cerebral cortex precursor tissue.
- “Suspension culture” of an aggregate of pluripotent stem cells refers to culturing an aggregate of pluripotent stem cells in a medium under conditions that are not adhesive to the incubator. Thereby, three-dimensional formation which was difficult in the conventional adhesion culture becomes possible.
- the medium used for suspension culture contains a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor.
- a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor By the action of the Wnt signal inhibitor and the TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor, differentiation induction from the pluripotent stem cells to the telencephalon region can be performed efficiently.
- the Wnt signal inhibitor is not particularly limited as long as it can suppress signal transduction mediated by Wnt.
- Wnt signal inhibitors include IWR-1-endo (4-[(3aR, 4S, 7R, 7aS) -1,3,3a, 4,7,7a-hexahydro-1,3-dioxo-4, 7-methano-2H-isoindol-2-yl] -N-8-quinolinyl-benzamide), IWP-2, XAV939, Dkk1, Cerberus protein, Wnt receptor inhibitor, soluble Wnt receptor, Wnt antibody, casein Examples include, but are not limited to, kinase inhibitors and dominant negative Wnt proteins. Of these, IWR-1-endo is preferable.
- the TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor is not particularly limited as long as it can suppress signal transduction mediated by TGF ⁇ .
- TGF ⁇ signal inhibitors SB431542 (4- (5-Benzol [1,3] dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) -benzamide), LY-364947, Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, SB-505 and A-83-01. Of these, SB431542 is preferable.
- Wnt signal inhibitor and TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor are IWR-1-endo and SB431542.
- the concentration of the Wnt signal inhibitor and the TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor in the medium can be appropriately set within a range in which differentiation induction from the pluripotent stem cell to the telencephalon region is possible in the aggregate, but the Wnt signal inhibitor
- the concentration is usually 0.1 to 50 ⁇ M, preferably 0.3 to 5 ⁇ M.
- SB431542 is used as a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor, the concentration is usually 0.1 to 100 ⁇ M, preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ M.
- the medium used for floating culture of aggregates can be prepared using a medium used for animal cell culture as a basal medium.
- a basal medium for example, BME medium, BGJb medium, CMRL 1066 medium, Glasgow MEM medium, Improved MEM Zinc Option medium, IMDM medium, Medium 199 medium, Eagle MEM medium, ⁇ MEM medium, DMEM medium, Ham medium, Ham's
- the medium is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for animal cell culture, such as F-12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, Neurobasal medium, and mixed medium thereof.
- Glasgow MEM medium is used.
- the medium used for the suspension culture of the aggregate is preferably a serum-free medium.
- the medium used for the suspension culture of the aggregate may contain a serum substitute.
- the serum substitute may appropriately contain, for example, albumin, transferrin, fatty acid, collagen precursor, trace element, 2-mercaptoethanol or 3'thiolglycerol, or an equivalent thereof.
- a serum substitute can be prepared, for example, by the method described in WO98 / 30679.
- a serum substitute can utilize. Examples of such commercially available serum substitutes include KSR (knockoutockserum replacement) (Invitrogen), Chemically-defined Lipid concentrated (Gibco), and Glutamax (Gibco).
- the medium used for suspension culture of aggregates can contain other additives as long as they do not adversely affect differentiation induction from pluripotent stem cells to telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof.
- additives include insulin, iron sources (eg, transferrin), minerals (eg, sodium selenate), saccharides (eg, glucose), organic acids (eg, pyruvate, lactic acid, etc.), serum proteins (eg, albumin, etc.) ), Amino acids (eg L-glutamine etc.), reducing agents (eg 2-mercaptoethanol etc.), vitamins (eg ascorbic acid, d-biotin etc.), antibiotics (eg streptomycin, penicillin, gentamicin etc.), buffering agents ( Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, HEPES and the like.
- the medium used for suspension culture of aggregates is a growth-factor-free chemical synthesis medium (growth-factor) from the viewpoint of not adversely affecting differentiation induction into the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof.
- Serum substitutes such as KSR
- gfCDM -free (Chemically (Defined) Medium
- the “growth factors” referred to here include pattern forming factors such as Fgf, Wnt, Nodal, Notch, Shh; insulin and Lipid-rich albumin.
- culture temperature is, for example, about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C.
- the CO 2 concentration is, for example, about 1 to 10%, preferably about 5%.
- the O 2 concentration is, for example, about 20%.
- the first culture step is performed for a period of time sufficient to induce the telencephalon marker positive aggregate (eg, Foxg1-positive aggregate) by committing the direction of differentiation into the telencephalon region.
- the telencephalon marker positive aggregate can be detected by, for example, RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry using an telencephalon marker-specific antibody. For example, it is carried out until 50% or more, preferably 70% or more of the cell aggregates in culture are positive for the telencephalon marker.
- the culture period can vary depending on the animal species of pluripotent stem cells and the type of Wnt signal inhibitor and TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor, so it cannot be specified in general. For example, human pluripotent stem cells When used, the first culture step is 15 to 20 days (eg, 18 days).
- the telencephalic marker positive aggregate obtained in the first culturing step is further subjected to suspension culture to obtain a cell aggregate containing the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof.
- the suspension culture in the second culture step is preferably performed under high oxygen partial pressure conditions. Further suspension culture of the telencephalon marker-positive aggregate under high oxygen partial pressure conditions achieves long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone contained in the aggregate, and the telencephalon or its partial tissue, or its precursor tissue It is possible to induce differentiation efficiently.
- the high oxygen partial pressure condition means an oxygen partial pressure condition that exceeds the oxygen partial pressure (20%) in the air.
- the oxygen partial pressure in the second culture step is, for example, 30 to 60%, preferably 35 to 60%, more preferably 38 to 60%.
- the medium used for the second culture step can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as a basal medium in the same manner as the medium used for the first culture step.
- a basal medium for example, BME medium, BGJb medium, CMRL 1066 medium, Glasgow MEM medium, Improved MEM Zinc Option medium, IMDM medium, Medium 199 medium, Eagle MEM medium, ⁇ MEM medium, DMEM medium, Ham medium, Ham's
- the medium is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for culturing animal cells, such as F-12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, and mixed medium thereof.
- DMEM medium is used.
- the Wnt signal inhibitor and the TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor used in the first culture step are unnecessary.
- the medium used for the second culture step does not contain a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor.
- the medium used in the second culturing step preferably contains N2 supplement as a serum substitute in order to promote differentiation induction into the telencephalon or its partial tissue or its precursor tissue.
- N2 supplement is a known serum replacement composition containing insulin, transferrin, progesterone, putrescine and sodium selenite, and can be purchased from Gibco / Invitrogen.
- the amount of N2 supplement added can be appropriately set so that differentiation induction into the telencephalon, its partial tissue, or its precursor tissue is promoted.
- the medium used in the second culture step preferably contains a chemically determined lipid concentrate (Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate) for long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone.
- Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate is a purified lipid mixture comprising cholesterol, DL- ⁇ -tocopherol, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and stearic acid, respectively.
- Lipid Concentrate a commercially available product can be used, and for example, it can be purchased from Gibco / Invitrogen.
- the medium used for suspension culture of aggregates can contain other additives as long as they do not adversely affect differentiation induction from pluripotent stem cells to telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof.
- additives include insulin, iron sources (eg, transferrin), minerals (eg, sodium selenate), saccharides (eg, glucose), organic acids (eg, pyruvate, lactic acid, etc.), serum proteins (eg, albumin, etc.) ), Amino acids (eg L-glutamine etc.), reducing agents (eg 2-mercaptoethanol etc.), vitamins (eg ascorbic acid, d-biotin etc.), antibiotics (eg streptomycin, penicillin, gentamicin etc.), buffering agents ( Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, HEPES and the like.
- the medium used in the second culturing step is a chemically synthesized medium (growth-free) that does not adversely affect differentiation induction into the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof.
- serum-substitute (KSR, etc.) is added to factor-free (Chemically (Defined) Medium; (gfCDM)).
- growth factors include pattern forming factors such as Fgf, Wnt, Nodal, Notch, Shh; insulin and Lipid-rich albumin.
- the medium in the second culturing step contains N2 supplement and Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate.
- the medium in the second culture step is a serum-free medium.
- the medium in the second culture step may contain serum.
- Serum can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone.
- Serum includes, but is not limited to, FBS and the like.
- the serum is preferably immobilized.
- the serum concentration in the medium can be appropriately adjusted within a range that can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone, but is usually 1 to 20% (v / v).
- the medium in the second culture step may contain heparin.
- Heparin can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone.
- the heparin concentration in the medium can be appropriately adjusted within a range that can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone, but is usually 0.5 to 50 ⁇ g / ml, preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ g / ml (eg, 5 ⁇ g / ml). ).
- the medium in the second culture step may contain an extracellular matrix component.
- the extracellular matrix can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone.
- Extracellular matrix component refers to various components normally found in the extracellular matrix.
- the main component of the basement membrane include type IV collagen, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and entactin.
- the extracellular matrix component added to the medium commercially available ones can be used, and examples thereof include Matrigel (BD Bioscience), human laminin (Sigma), and the like. Matrigel is a basement membrane preparation from Engelbreth Holm Swarn (EHS) mouse sarcoma.
- Matrigel's growth factor reduced product has lower growth factor concentrations than normal Matrigel, with standard concentrations of EGF ⁇ 0.5 ng / ml, NGF ⁇ 0.2 ng / ml, PDGF ⁇ 5 pg / ml , IGF-1 is 5 ng / ml, and TGF- ⁇ is 1.7 ng / ml.
- the concentration of the extracellular matrix component in the medium can be adjusted as appropriate within a range that can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone. However, when using Martigel, 1 / 500-1 / 20 of the culture solution. It is preferable to add at a volume of 1 more preferably 1/100.
- the medium in the second culture step contains serum and heparin in addition to N2 supplement and Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate.
- the culture medium may further contain an extracellular matrix.
- the medium of this embodiment is suitable for observing induction of differentiation of the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof or a precursor tissue thereof over a long period of time.
- medium containing N2 supplement, Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate, serum and heparin (optionally further extracellular matrix) may be used over the entire range of the second culturing step, but only for a part of the period. You may use the culture medium of an aspect.
- a medium containing N2 supplement and Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate and not containing serum, heparin and extracellular matrix is used in the middle (for example, in the Foxg1-positive aggregate, After the formation of a neuroepithelium-like structure (multi-row columnar epithelium) on a hemisphere with a chamber-like cavity), N2 supplements, Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate, serum, heparin, (optionally, extracellular matrix) You may switch to the containing medium.
- culture temperature is, for example, about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C.
- the CO 2 concentration is, for example, about 1 to 10%, preferably about 5%.
- the second culturing step is performed at least for a period sufficient to form a neuroepithelium-like structure (multi-row columnar epithelium) on the hemisphere having a ventricular-like cavity in the Foxg1-positive aggregate.
- the neuroepithelium-like structure can be confirmed by microscopic observation.
- the culture period can vary depending on the animal type of pluripotent stem cells, the type of Wnt signal inhibitor and TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor, etc., and thus cannot be specified in general.
- human pluripotent stem cells Is used the second culturing step is at least 15 to 20 days (eg, 17 days).
- the second culturing step is carried out over a long period of time (eg, 20 days or more, preferably 50 days or more, more preferably 70 days or more).
- a long period of time eg, 20 days or more, preferably 50 days or more, more preferably 70 days or more.
- the second culturing step is performed in a cell aggregate in which a cerebral cortex tissue or a precursor tissue thereof has a marginal zone, a cortical plate, a subplate, an intermediate zone, and a subventricular zone from the surface layer to the deep portion. And until a multi-layer structure including the ventricular zone is exhibited.
- the cerebral cortex or its precursor tissue exhibiting the multilayer structure is self-organized.
- the culture period required to exhibit the multilayer structure can vary depending on the animal type of pluripotent stem cells, the type of Wnt signal inhibitor and TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor, etc., but cannot be specified in general.
- the second culture step is performed, for example, for 52 days or more.
- the marginal zone generally contains Reelin positive Cajal Retius cells and laminin.
- the cortical plate includes a Tbr1-positive, Ctip2-positive deep cortical plate, and a shallow cortical plate containing nerve cells expressing Satb2, and the shallow cortical plate contacts the marginal zone.
- the shallow cortical plate may not be clearly formed, but when the differentiation is sufficiently advanced (for example, the second culture step is performed for 73 days or more.
- both the deep cortical plate and the shallow cortical plate are clearly formed.
- the subplate is formed directly under the cortical plate and contains cells containing many neurites that are positive for Calretinin and positive for MAP2.
- the intermediate zone is a sparse layer of cells between the subventricular zone and the cortical plate.
- the subventricular zone is characterized by Tbr2 positivity.
- the ventricular zone is characterized as Sox2 positive and Pax6 positive.
- a cerebral cortex tissue or a precursor tissue thereof is a marginal zone, a shallow cortex plate, a deep cortex plate, a sub-plate, an intermediate plate in the cell aggregate from the surface layer to the deep portion. This is carried out until a multi-layered structure including the belt, outer subventricular zone, subventricular zone, and ventricular zone is exhibited (eg, 73 days or more). Such a multilayer structure is found in vivo in the cerebral cortex of human midgestation.
- oSVZ lateral subventricular zone
- the neural stem / progenitor cells are abundant in the cerebral cortex of human fetuses and have the same characteristics as outer radial glial cells (oRG) that are hardly present in the mouse cerebral cortex. That is, according to the present invention, a human-specific phenomenon such as the appearance of oRG-like cells in the outer subventricular zone can be reproduced in vitro.
- the dorsoventral axis and anteroposterior axis of the cerebral cortex are spontaneously formed.
- the expression of the dorsal caudal marker (CoupTF1, Lhx2, etc.) is stronger on one side and on the other side Shows a weak gradient, and the expression of rostral markers (eg, Sp8) shows a gradient opposite to the dorsal dorsal marker.
- a region in which a dorsal caudal marker (eg, CoupTF1, Lhx2) is strongly expressed in the cerebral cortical ventricular zone is formed adjacent to a region in which a cortical hem marker (eg, Zic1, Otx2) is expressed. .
- a dorsal caudal marker eg, CoupTF1, Lhx2
- a cortical hem marker eg, Zic1, Otx2
- suspension culture of the aggregate is performed in the presence / absence of feeder cells.
- the incubator used for suspension culture of aggregates is not particularly limited.
- flasks, tissue culture flasks, dishes, petri dishes, tissue culture dishes, multi dishes, microplates, microwells examples include plates, micropores, multiplates, multiwell plates, chamber slides, petri dishes, tubes, trays, culture bags, and roller bottles.
- the incubator is preferably non-cell-adhesive.
- the surface of the incubator is artificially treated so as to be non-cell-adhesive, or artificially treated for the purpose of improving the adhesion with cells (for example, Those that are not coated with an extracellular matrix or the like can be used.
- an oxygen permeable one may be used as an incubator used for suspension culture of aggregates.
- an oxygen-permeable incubator By using an oxygen-permeable incubator, the supply of oxygen to the agglomerates is improved, which can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone.
- the cell aggregate grows large and there is a risk that sufficient oxygen will not be supplied to cells in the aggregate (for example, cells in the ventricular zone). It is preferable to use an incubator.
- the aggregates may be statically cultured, or the aggregates may be moved intentionally by swirling culture or shaking culture.
- the stationary culture refers to a culture method for culturing in a state where the aggregate is not intentionally moved. That is, for example, the medium convects with local changes in the medium temperature, and the aggregate may move due to the flow, but the aggregate is not intentionally moved. Including the case, in the present invention, it is referred to as static culture.
- Static culture may be performed throughout the whole period of suspension culture, or static culture may be performed only for a part of the period. For example, only one of the first culturing step and the second culturing step can be set as stationary culture. In a preferred embodiment, stationary culture is performed throughout the entire period of suspension culture. Static culture is advantageous in that it does not require an apparatus, is expected to have little damage to cell masses, and can reduce the amount of culture medium.
- a qualitatively uniform population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates is cultured in suspension in a medium containing a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor.
- a qualitatively uniform population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates By using a qualitatively uniform population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates, the difference between the aggregates in terms of the degree of differentiation into the telencephalon or its sub-tissue or its precursor tissue is minimized. The target differentiation induction efficiency can be improved.
- the following aspects are included in suspension culture of a qualitatively uniform population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates. (1) Prepare a plurality of culture compartments and seed a qualitatively uniform population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates so that one culture compartment contains one pluripotent stem cell aggregate.
- one pluripotent stem cell aggregate is put in each well of a 96-well plate.
- one pluripotent stem cell aggregate is converted into a Wnt signal inhibitor and TGF ⁇ signal inhibition.
- a qualitatively uniform population of pluripotent stem cell aggregates is seeded in one culture compartment so that one culture compartment contains multiple pluripotent stem cell aggregates.
- a plurality of pluripotent stem cell aggregates are placed in the compartment.
- a plurality of pluripotent stem cell aggregates are placed in a medium containing a Wnt signal inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ signal inhibitor. Incubate in suspension.
- any of the aspects (1) and (2) may be adopted, and the aspect may be changed during the culture (from the aspect (1) to the aspect (2). Or, from the aspect (2) to the aspect (1)).
- the aspect of (1) is employ
- the aspect of (2) is employ
- the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof contained in the cell aggregate, or its The differentiation stage of the precursor tissue progresses. Therefore, it is preferable to appropriately adjust the culture period and culture conditions according to the target telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof.
- the following (4) to (11) one aspect of the present invention will be described. However, these are examples of the present invention and do not limit the present invention.
- suspension culture is performed in the presence of a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator. Or its precursor tissue can be induced.
- the Wnt signal enhancer is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the choroid or its precursor tissue when used in the above method.
- GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor recombinant Wnt3a, Wnt agonist (compound ), Dkk (inhibitor of Wnt inhibitory protein), R-Spondin and the like.
- GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitors include CHIR99021 (6-[[2-[[4- (2,4-Dichlorophenyl) -5- (5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) -2-pyrimidinyl] amino] ethyl] amino] -3-pyridinecarbonitrile), Kenpaullone, 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), and the like.
- the Wnt signal enhancer is preferably a GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor, more preferably CHIR99021.
- the concentration of the Wnt signal enhancer is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the choroid or its precursor tissue when used in the above method.
- CHIR99021 When CHIR99021 is used, it is generally about 0.1 ⁇ M to 30 ⁇ M, preferably about 1 ⁇ M to 10 ⁇ M (eg, 3 ⁇ M).
- a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator means any substance that activates a pathway through which a signal is transmitted by the binding of a bone morphogenetic factor and a receptor.
- the osteogenic factor signal transduction pathway activator include BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, GDF5 and the like.
- the osteogenic factor signaling pathway activator is BMP4.
- BMP4 is a known cytokine and its amino acid sequence is also known.
- BMP4 used in the present invention is mammalian BMP4.
- BMP4 is preferably a rodent (mouse, rat, etc.) or primate (human, etc.) BMP4, most preferably human BMP4.
- Human BMP4 means that BMP4 has the amino acid sequence of BMP4 that is naturally expressed in vivo by humans.
- the representative amino acid sequences of human BMP4 are NCBI accession numbers, NP_001193.2 (updated June 15, 2013), NP_570911.2 (updated June 15, 2013), NP_570912.2 (2013) (Updated on June 15), an amino acid sequence (mature human BMP4 amino acid sequence) obtained by removing the N-terminal signal sequence (1-24) from each of these amino acid sequences can be exemplified.
- the concentration of the bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator in the medium can be appropriately set as long as it can induce differentiation from pluripotent stem cells to the choroid or its precursor tissue in the aggregate.
- concentration is usually 0.05 to 10 nM, preferably 0.1 to 2.5 nM (eg, 0.5 nM).
- the medium used for induction of the choroid or its precursor tissue may contain N2 supplement, Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate, serum and heparin.
- Culturing in a medium containing a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator (such as BMP4) is not necessarily performed in the entire period until the choroid or its precursor tissue is induced in the second culturing step. It is not necessary to carry out over a part, and it may be carried out in a part of the period.
- Suspension culture may be continued after switching to a medium that does not contain a Wnt signal enhancer and an osteogenic factor signal transduction pathway activator (such as BMP4).
- the choroid or its precursor tissue can be induced in 80% or more of the population of cell aggregates.
- telencephalon tissues other than the choroid eg, cerebral cortex
- Hippocampus a cerebral cortex or its precursor tissue and / or a hippocampus or its precursor tissue can be obtained in the same cell aggregate.
- choroidal tissue can be confirmed by the expression of choroidal markers (TTR, Lmx1a, Otx2, etc.), non-expression of telencephalon markers (Foxg1, etc.), and the morphology of pleated monolayer epithelium. .
- the time required for induction of choroidal tissue varies depending on the culture conditions and the type of mammal from which the pluripotent stem cells are derived, so it cannot be specified in general, but when human pluripotent stem cells are used, From the start of the culturing step 2 to, for example, 24 days later, choroidal tissue is induced inside the aggregate.
- a cell aggregate including the choroid or its precursor tissue can be obtained by selecting a cell aggregate from which the choroid or its precursor tissue is derived from the obtained population of cell aggregates.
- the Wnt signal enhancer is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the hippocampus or its precursor tissue.
- GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor for example, GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor, recombinant Wnt3a, Wnt agonist (compound ), Dkk (inhibitor of Wnt inhibitory protein), R-Spondin and the like.
- GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitors examples include CHIR99021 (6-[[2-[[4- (2,4-Dichlorophenyl) -5- (5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) -2-pyrimidinyl] amino] ethyl] amino] -3-pyridinecarbonitrile), Kenpaullone, 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), and the like.
- the Wnt signal enhancer is preferably a GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor, more preferably CHIR99021.
- the concentration of the Wnt signal enhancer is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the hippocampus or its precursor tissue when used in the above method.
- CHIR99021 is generally about 0.1 ⁇ M to 30 ⁇ M, preferably about 1 ⁇ M to 10 ⁇ M (eg, 3 ⁇ M).
- the medium used for induction of the hippocampus or its precursor tissue may contain N2 supplement, Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate, serum and heparin.
- the culture in the medium containing the Wnt signal enhancer does not necessarily need to be performed over the entire period until the hippocampus or its precursor tissue is induced in the second culture step. Just do it.
- floating culture in a medium containing a Wnt signal enhancer for 3 days or more from the start of the second culture step is sufficient to induce the hippocampus or its precursor tissue, and then a Wnt signal enhancer is added.
- the suspension culture may be continued after switching to a medium not containing it.
- the hippocampus or its precursor tissue can be induced in 80% or more of the population of cell aggregates.
- telencephalon tissues other than the hippocampus eg, cerebral cortex, choroid
- differentiation into telencephalon tissues other than the hippocampus eg, cerebral cortex, choroid
- a cell aggregate containing the cerebral cortex or the precursor tissue and / or the choroid or the precursor tissue in the same cell aggregate can be obtained.
- the medium used for inducing the hippocampus or its precursor tissue does not contain a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator (such as BMP4).
- a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator such as BMP4
- the medium used for induction of the hippocampus or its precursor tissue may contain a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator (such as BMP4).
- BMP4 bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator
- the induction of hippocampus or its precursor tissue can be confirmed using the expression of cortical hem markers (Lmx1a, Otx2, etc.) and the expression of telencephalon markers (Foxg1, etc.) as indicators.
- the time required for induction of the hippocampus or its progenitor tissue varies depending on the culture conditions and the type of mammal from which the pluripotent stem cells are derived, so it cannot be generally specified, but human pluripotent stem cells were used.
- the hippocampus or its precursor tissue is induced inside the aggregate from the start of the second culture step to, for example, 24 days later.
- suspension culture is transiently treated with a Wnt signal enhancer and an osteogenic factor signal transduction pathway activator.
- the choroid or its precursor tissue
- the hippocampus or its precursor tissue
- the cerebral cortex or its precursor tissue
- suspension culture is performed in the presence of a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator, and the obtained cell aggregate is transformed into a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal. Further culturing is performed in the absence of a substance that activates the transmission pathway.
- choroid or its precursor tissue
- hippocampal tissue or precursor tissue
- cerebral cortex tissue or its precursor tissue
- choroid (or precursor tissue), hippocampal tissue (or precursor tissue) and cerebral cortex tissue (or precursor tissue thereof) are induced in continuous neuroepithelium in 80% or more of the population of cell aggregates. be able to.
- a series of operations including formation of choroidal tissue and subsequent removal of these factors by treatment with a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator (acceleration by addition and reversion by removal) ) (Induction-reversal method) causes a signal called organizer activity to flow, and appropriate self-organization of choroidal tissue, cortical hem, gyrus tissue, and Ammon's horn tissue can be achieved.
- the choroid (or its precursor tissue), hippocampus (or precursor tissue) and cerebral cortex (or its precursor tissue) can be induced in one cell aggregate.
- the choroid or its precursor tissue
- hippocampus or precursor tissue
- cerebral cortex or its precursor tissue
- GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor examples include GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor, recombinant Wnt3a, Wnt agonist (compound), Dkk (inhibitor of Wnt inhibitory protein), R-Spondin and the like.
- the GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor include CHIR99021, Kenpaullone, 6-Bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO) and the like.
- the Wnt signal enhancer is preferably a GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor, more preferably CHIR99021.
- the concentration of Wnt signal enhancer induces choroid (or precursor tissue), hippocampus (or precursor tissue) and cerebral cortex tissue (or precursor tissue thereof) in one cell aggregate when used in the above method.
- CHIR99021 it is usually about 0.1 ⁇ M to 100 ⁇ M, preferably about 1 ⁇ M to 30 ⁇ M (eg, 3 ⁇ M).
- osteogenic factor signal transduction pathway activators examples include BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, GDF5 and the like.
- the osteogenic factor signaling pathway activator is BMP4.
- the concentration of an osteogenic factor signaling pathway activator in the culture medium when used in the above method, is in the choroid (or its precursor tissue), hippocampus (or precursor tissue) and cerebral cortex (or although it is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the precursor tissue), when BMP4 is used as a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator, its concentration is usually 0.05 to 10 nM, preferably 0.1 to 2.5 nM ( Example: 0.5 nM).
- the medium used for the second culturing step in the present methodology may include N2 supplement, Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate, serum and heparin.
- the duration of culturing in a medium containing a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator (such as BMP4) varies depending on the culture conditions and the type of mammal from which the pluripotent stem cells are derived. However, when human pluripotent stem cells are used, it is usually 1 to 7 days, preferably 2 to 4 days (eg, 3 days).
- the culture period after removal of Wnt signal enhancer and osteogenic factor signal transduction pathway activator (BMP4, etc.) varies depending on the culture conditions and the type of mammal from which the pluripotent stem cells are derived. However, when human pluripotent stem cells are used, it is usually 10 days or longer, preferably 14 days or longer.
- choroid or its precursor tissue
- hippocampus or its precursor tissue
- cerebral cortex tissue or its precursor tissue
- a choroidal region that is Lmx1a positive and Foxg1 negative
- cortical hem region that expresses Lmx1a and Otx2 and is weakly positive to Foxg1
- Region, Lef1-negative and Foxg1-positive cerebral cortex progenitor tissue is continuously formed on the same neuroepithelium.
- cell aggregates in which choroid (or precursor tissue), hippocampus (or precursor tissue) and cerebral cortex (or precursor tissue) are formed in continuous neuroepithelium By selecting, the target cell aggregate can be obtained.
- the suspension culture is transiently treated with a Wnt signal enhancer and bone formation.
- the hippocampus continuously contains dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and Ammon horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) in one cell aggregate. The tissue or its precursor tissue can be induced.
- Ammon horn tissue or its precursor tissue has been differentiated from pluripotent stem cells.
- suspension culture is performed in the presence of a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator, and the obtained cell aggregate is subjected to a high oxygen partial pressure condition under a Wnt signal condition. Further culturing is performed in the absence of a potentiator and an osteogenic factor signaling pathway activator.
- hippocampal tissue or its precursor tissue including dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and ammon horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) is formed in the continuous neuroepithelium in the obtained cell aggregate.
- a cell aggregate containing Ammon's horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) can be obtained.
- a series of operations including formation of choroidal tissue and subsequent removal of these factors by treatment with a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator (acceleration by addition and reversion by removal) ) (Induction-reversal method) causes a signal called organizer activity to flow, and appropriate self-organization of choroidal tissue, cortical hem, gyrus tissue, and Ammon's horn tissue can be achieved.
- Wnt signal enhancer when used in the above method, as long as dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and Ammon's horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) can be induced in one cell aggregate,
- examples include GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor, recombinant Wnt3a, Wnt agonist (compound), Dkk (inhibitor of Wnt inhibitory protein), R-Spondin and the like.
- the GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor include CHIR99021, Kenpaullone, 6-Bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO) and the like.
- the Wnt signal enhancer is preferably a GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor, more preferably CHIR99021.
- the concentration of the Wnt signal enhancer as long as it can induce dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and Ammon's horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) in one cell aggregate when used in the above method
- concentration of the Wnt signal enhancer is generally about 0.1 ⁇ M to 30 ⁇ M, preferably about 1 ⁇ M to 10 ⁇ M (eg, 3 ⁇ M).
- osteogenic factor signal transduction pathway activators examples include BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, GDF5 and the like.
- the osteogenic factor signaling pathway activator is BMP4.
- the concentration of the bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator in the medium is determined in one cell aggregate in the dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and ammon horn tissue (or its precursor tissue). ) Can be induced, but when BMP4 is used as a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator, its concentration is usually 0.05 to 10 nM, preferably 0.1 to 2.5 nM (eg, 0.5 nM).
- the medium used for the second culturing step in the present methodology may include N2 supplement, Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate, serum and heparin.
- the medium used for the second culture step in the present methodology can include B27 supplement, L-glutamine and serum.
- the duration of culturing in a medium containing a Wnt signal enhancer and a bone morphogenetic factor signal transduction pathway activator (such as BMP4) varies depending on the culture conditions and the type of mammal from which the pluripotent stem cells are derived. However, when human pluripotent stem cells are used, it is usually 1 to 7 days, preferably 2 to 4 days (eg, 3 days).
- the culture period after removal of Wnt signal enhancer and osteogenic factor signal transduction pathway activator (BMP4, etc.) varies depending on the culture conditions and the type of mammal from which the pluripotent stem cells are derived. However, when human pluripotent stem cells are used, it is usually 40 days or longer, preferably 51 days or longer.
- the dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and Ammon's horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) are continuously formed in one cell aggregate is confirmed by the expression of the marker of each tissue as an index. Can do.
- the dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) can be identified as positive for Lef1 (hippocampal progenitor tissue marker), positive for Zbtb20, positive for Prox1, and the like.
- Ammon horn (or its precursor tissue) can be identified as positive for Lef1 (hippocampal progenitor tissue marker), weakly positive for Zbtb20, or the like.
- the cell aggregate obtained by the present invention in addition to the dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and Ammon horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) in the continuous neuroepithelium in the cell aggregate, Further included is cortical hem. That is, hippocampal tissue or its precursor tissue including dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue), Ammon horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) and cortical hem can be induced in the continuous neuroepithelium.
- expression of Zbtb20 is also adjacent to the choroid (Lmx1a positive, Foxg1 negative) and cortical hem (Lmx1a positive, Foxg1 weakly positive) region even in Lef1-positive neuroepithelium (There is a gradient of expression intensity that is strong in the dentate gyrus tissue or its precursor tissue, and weakens as the distance from the tissue increases.
- the dentate gyrus tissue or its precursor tissue is formed between the Ammon horn tissue or its precursor tissue (eg, Zbtb20 weakly positive), cortical hem and choroid . That is, dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue), Ammon's horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) and cortical hem are formed in a continuous neuroepithelium in an arrangement adjacent to each other similar to a living body.
- the target cell aggregate can be obtained.
- the basal ganglia or its precursor tissue is induced in the cell aggregate by treating the cell aggregate with a sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal agonist.
- Sh sonic hedgehog
- the Shh signal agonist is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the basal ganglia tissue or its precursor tissue when used in the above method, for example, a protein belonging to the Hedgehog family (for example, Shh), Shh receptor agonists, Purmorphamine, SAG (N-Methyl-N ′-(3-pyridinylbenzyl) -N ′-(3-chlorobenzo [b] thiophene-2-carbonyl) -1,4-diaminocyclohexane) it can.
- the Shh signal agonist is preferably SAG.
- the concentration of the Shh signal agonist is not particularly limited as long as it can induce the basal ganglia tissue or its precursor tissue when used in the above method.
- SAG When SAG is used, it is usually 1 nM to 10 ⁇ M.
- the basal ganglia (LGE) is preferentially induced on the telencephalic neuroepithelium among the basal ganglia. Is done.
- the basal ganglia (MGE) is preferentially induced on the telencephalic neuroepithelium among the basal ganglia.
- the cell aggregate to be subjected to the Shh signal agonist treatment is preferably a telencephalon marker positive cell aggregate.
- the Shh signal agonist treatment (culture in a medium containing a Shh signal agonist) may be performed only in one of the first culture step and the second culture step, or may be performed in both of them.
- the culture in the medium containing the Shh signal agonist may be performed over the entire period until the basal ganglia tissue is induced, or may be performed only during a part of the period.
- the Shh signal agonist treatment is performed for 3 to 10 days (eg, 7 days) from the latter half of the first culture step to the first half of the second culture step in which the telencephalon marker is expressed in the cell aggregate. ) Over a period of time.
- the induction of the basal ganglia or its precursor tissue can be confirmed using the expression of the basal ganglia tissue marker as an indicator.
- basal ganglia tissue marker examples include Gsh2 and GAD65.
- MGE inner basal ganglia primordium
- the time required to induce the basal ganglia or its precursor tissue varies depending on the culture conditions and the type of mammal from which the pluripotent stem cells are derived.
- the basal ganglia or its precursor tissue is induced inside the aggregate from the start of the second culture step to, for example, 24 days later.
- the basal ganglia or its precursor tissue can be induced in 70% or more of the population of cell aggregates.
- a cell aggregate containing the basal ganglia or its precursor tissue can be obtained by selecting a cell aggregate from which the basal ganglia or its precursor tissue is derived from the obtained population of cell aggregates.
- the basal ganglia (or precursors thereof) (eg, LGE, MGE) induced by the method are continuously formed in the cerebral cortex (or precursors thereof) and one cell aggregate. Is done. That is, the basal ganglia (or precursor tissues thereof) (for example, LGE, MGE) and the cerebral cortex (or precursor tissues thereof) are formed in the continuous neuroepithelium in the obtained cell aggregate. In one embodiment, basal ganglia (or precursor tissues thereof) (eg, LGE, MGE) and cerebral cortex (or precursor tissues thereof) are induced in continuous neuroepithelium in 50% or more of the population of cell aggregates. be able to.
- the dorsoventral axis and the anteroposterior axis of the cerebral cortex are spontaneously formed.
- the expression of the dorsal caudal marker (CoupTF1, Lhx2, etc.) is stronger on one side and weaker on the other side
- the expression of rostral markers (eg, Sp8) is opposite to the dorsal marker.
- the entire cerebral cortex ventricular zone can be rostralized by the action of FGF8, which is known to be important for the acquisition of the rostral specificity of the cerebral cortex.
- FGF8 treatment can be performed by using a medium containing FGF8 in the second culture step.
- concentration of FGF in the medium is sufficient to achieve rostralization, and is usually 10 to 1000 ng / ml, preferably 50 to 300 ng / ml.
- FGF8 treatment is performed in all or part of the second culture step.
- the rostralization of the entire cerebral cortical ventricular zone is caused by the overall attenuation of the expression of the dorsal caudal marker (CoupTF1, Lhx2, etc.) and the increase of the rostral marker (eg, Sp8) throughout the ventricular zone, etc. Can be confirmed.
- cell aggregates dentate gyrus tissue (or its precursor tissue) and ammon horn tissue (or its precursor tissue) containing the hippocampus or its precursor tissue obtained by the method of (7) above are used.
- the cell aggregate containing the hippocampus or its precursor tissue is treated with an appropriate cell dissociation solution and dispersed to a single cell or a state close thereto.
- an appropriate cell dissociation solution for example, a physiological aqueous solution containing a chelate such as EDTA; a proteolytic enzyme such as papain, trypsin, collagenase IV, metalloprotease, etc. alone or in appropriate combination can be used.
- Dispersed cells are suspended in an appropriate medium for culturing the cells, and seeded in a culture vessel.
- a culture vessel adhesive culture equipment generally used for cell adhesion culture can be used. Examples of the culture equipment include, but are not limited to, petri dishes, petri dishes, flasks, multi-well plates, chamber slides, and the like.
- the surface of the culture vessel is an extracellular matrix such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen, basement membrane preparation; poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, poly-L-ornithine, etc. You may coat with the polymer of.
- the surface of the culture vessel is coated directly or indirectly with laminin and fibronectin. Indirect coating is performed by, for example, first forming a poly-L-lysine substrate by coating the surface of the culture vessel with poly-L-lysine, and then coating laminin and fibronectin on the substrate. Can be performed.
- the medium used for adhesion culture of dispersed cells can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells (preferably nerve cells) as a basal medium.
- a basal medium for example, DMEM, Ham's F-12, Neurobasal, IMDM, M199, EMEM, ⁇ MEM, Fischer's Medium, and mixed media thereof can be used for culturing animal cells (preferably nerve cells).
- the medium can be used.
- Neurobasal is used.
- the medium preferably contains a B27 supplement as a serum substitute in order to promote maturation of hippocampal neurons.
- B27 supplements are biotin, L-carnitine, corticosterone, ethanolamine, D (+) galactose, reduced glutathione, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, progesterone, putrescine, retinylacetic acid, selenium, triodo-1-thyromine, vitamin E , Vitamin E acetate, bovine albumin, catalase, insulin, superoxide dismutase, transferrin and the like.
- a vitamin A-free B27 supplement obtained by removing retinyl acetate from the composition.
- the amount of B27 supplement added can be appropriately set so that the maturation of hippocampal neurons is promoted.
- the medium may contain BDNF to promote maturation of hippocampal neurons.
- the concentration of BDNF in the medium is not particularly limited as long as it promotes the maturation of hippocampal neurons, but is usually 1 ng / ml or more, preferably 10 ng / ml or more, more preferably 20 ng / ml or more.
- the upper limit of the BDNF concentration is not particularly limited as long as it promotes the maturation of hippocampal neurons, but the activity saturates even when added in excess, so it is usually set to a concentration of 1000 ng / ml or less, preferably 100 ng / ml or less. preferable.
- BDNF is preferably isolated.
- the medium may contain NT-3 in order to promote maturation of hippocampal neurons.
- the concentration of NT-3 in the medium is not particularly limited as long as it promotes the maturation of hippocampal neurons, but is usually 1 ng / ml or more, preferably 10 ng / ml or more, more preferably 20 ng / ml or more. is there.
- the upper limit of NT-3 concentration is not particularly limited as long as it promotes the maturation of hippocampal neurons, but the activity is saturated even if added excessively, so the concentration is usually 1000 ng / ml or less, preferably 100 ng / ml or less. It is preferable.
- NT-3 is preferably isolated.
- the medium may contain serum.
- Serum can contribute to the maturation of hippocampal neurons.
- Serum includes, but is not limited to, FBS and the like.
- the serum is preferably immobilized.
- the serum concentration in the medium can be appropriately adjusted within a range that can contribute to long-term maintenance culture of the ventricular zone, but is usually 1 to 20% (v / v).
- the medium can contain other additives as long as they do not adversely affect the maturation of hippocampal neurons.
- additives include insulin, iron sources (eg, transferrin), minerals (eg, sodium selenate), saccharides (eg, glucose), organic acids (eg, pyruvate, lactic acid, etc.), serum proteins (eg, albumin, etc.) ), Amino acids (eg L-glutamine etc.), reducing agents (eg 2-mercaptoethanol etc.), vitamins (eg ascorbic acid, d-biotin etc.), antibiotics (eg streptomycin, penicillin, gentamicin etc.), buffering agents ( Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, HEPES and the like.
- the medium used for adherent culture of dispersed cells contains B27 supplement.
- the B27 supplement is preferably vitamin A free.
- the medium may further contain FBS and L-glutamine.
- the medium used for the adhesion culture of dispersed cells contains B27 supplement, BDNF and NT-3.
- the B27 supplement is preferably vitamin A free.
- the medium may further contain FBS and L-glutamine.
- an inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase may be added from the beginning of the adhesion culture.
- the ROCK inhibitor is added, for example, within 15 days, preferably within 10 days, more preferably within 6 days from the start of culture.
- Examples of the ROCK inhibitor include Y-27632 ((+)-(R) -trans-4- (1-aminoethyl) -N- (4-pyrylyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide dihydrochloride).
- the concentration of the ROCK inhibitor used for the adhesion culture is a concentration capable of suppressing cell death.
- concentrations are usually about 0.1-200 ⁇ M, preferably about 2-50 ⁇ M.
- concentration of the ROCK inhibitor may be varied within the addition period. For example, the concentration can be halved in the latter half of the period.
- culture temperature is, for example, about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C.
- CO 2 concentration is, for example, about 1 to 10%, preferably about 5%.
- the seeded cells adhere to the surface of the culture vessel and begin to extend neurites.
- the period of adhesion culture of the dispersed cells is not particularly limited as long as the period is sufficient for differentiation of the dispersed cells into mature hippocampal neurons, but is usually 50 days or more, preferably 80 days or more, more preferably 100 days. That's it.
- the adherent culture of dispersed cells is performed until mature hippocampal neurons appear.
- the appearance of mature hippocampal neurons can be confirmed by hippocampal neuron specific markers.
- Mature hippocampal neurons can be identified as, for example, Zbtb20 and Foxg1-positive cells with MAP2-positive dendrites. Therefore, in one embodiment, adherent culture of dispersed cells is performed until the appearance of Zbtb20 and Foxg1-positive and MAP2-positive dendrites is confirmed.
- the mature hippocampal neurons include hippocampal dentate granule cells (Prox1-positive, circular and relatively small cells) and hippocampal CA3 region cone cells (KA1-positive, relatively large cells).
- Zbtb20 and GFAP positive astrocytes may be induced.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing the astrocyte.
- Single dispersed cells tend to form small clusters, and neurites are elongated between induced mature hippocampal neurons.
- the mature hippocampal neurons thus induced are functional and produce a sodium-potassium current response, evoked action potential, and / or spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) upon potential stimulation. These neural activities can be confirmed using the patch clamp method.
- the induced mature hippocampal neurons can be used for functional analysis or the like as they are, or can be detached from the culture vessel with an appropriate cell dissociation solution and isolated.
- telencephalon or partial tissue thereof or precursor tissue thereof is obtained from the cell aggregate obtained as described above. Can be isolated.
- the present invention provides a cell aggregate obtained by the method of the present invention, the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, and a precursor tissue thereof.
- the present invention provides hippocampal neurons obtained by the method of the present invention described above.
- the cell aggregate obtained by the method of the present invention, the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, a precursor tissue thereof, and a hippocampal neuron can be used for transplantation medicine.
- a therapeutic drug for diseases based on disorders of the telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, choroid, hippocampus, etc.) or in the damaged state of the telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, choroid, hippocampus, etc.)
- the telencephalon or its partial tissues cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, choroid, hippocampus, etc.
- their precursor tissues or hippocampal neurons
- telencephalic disorders For patients with diseases based on telencephalic disorders, or telencephalic lesions, cell aggregates obtained by the present invention, telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, choroid, hippocampus, etc.), those By transplanting progenitor tissue, or hippocampal neurons, diseases based on telencephalic disorders, or telencephalic injury states can be treated.
- Diseases based on telencephalic disorders include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, Alzheimer's disease, ischemic brain disease (eg, stroke), epilepsy, brain trauma, motor neurological disease, neurodegenerative disease, and the like.
- a state where replenishment of these cells is desired includes after brain surgery (for example, after removal of a brain tumor).
- pluripotent stem cells eg, induced pluripotent stem cells
- pluripotent stem cells established from recipient somatic cells eg, induced pluripotent stem cells
- Self-endothelium or a partial tissue thereof, a precursor tissue thereof, or a hippocampal neuron is produced and transplanted into the recipient.
- the cell aggregate obtained by the present invention can be used for drug screening and evaluation.
- the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof, or a precursor tissue thereof obtained by the present invention has a higher-order structure very similar to the telencephalon or a partial tissue thereof or a precursor tissue thereof in a living body, and therefore is based on a telencephalon disorder.
- the present invention can be applied to screening for therapeutic agents for diseases and telencephalic injuries, side effects / toxicity tests of drugs (eg, alternative tests for corneal stimulation test), and development of new treatment methods for diseases in the telencephalon.
- Example 1 3D formation of selective cortical progenitor tissue from human pluripotent stem cells (method) Disperse human ES cells (KhES-1; telencephalon-specific gene Foxg1 with fluorescent protein gene Venus) into a single cell by trypsin treatment, according to SFEBq method (Nakano et al, Cell Stem Cell, 2012) Then, aggregates were formed, and suspension aggregate culture for differentiation induction was performed at 37 ° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 .
- KSR Kerat Serum Replacement
- 0.1 mM non-essential amino acid solution Gibco / Invitrogen
- 1 mM sodium pyruvate solution Sigma
- 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol was used.
- 20 ⁇ M of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 was added to suppress dispersion-induced cell death, and the concentration was reduced by half for the next 3 days.
- FIG. 1F These neuroepithelial structures have Pax6-positive and Sox2-positive cell layers with high cell density on the luminal side (Figs. 1D and E), and phosphorylated Histone H3-positive mitotic cells in the most luminal part. Recognized (FIG. 1F). These structures were similar to the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex in early human pregnancy. On the outside of the cell layer similar to the ventricular zone, Tuj1, which is a marker of postmitotic neurons, was expressed, and Ctip2 and Tbr1, which were early cortical plate markers of the cerebral cortex, were expressed.
- Reelin-positive Cajal Retius cells which are neurons in the first layer of the cerebral cortex, and had a layer containing a large amount of Laminin near the surface layer. That is, it was found that cerebral cortex progenitor tissue was formed in the aggregates cultured in this way. Thus, it was recognized with high reproducibility that the cerebral cortex progenitor tissue of human early pregnancy was self-forming.
- Example 2 Formation of basal ganglia progenitor tissue from human pluripotent stem cells (method) The cells were cultured in the same manner as in Example 1 until the 35th day of differentiation induction. That is, human ES cell aggregates were cultured in a V-bottom 96-well plate until 18 days after induction of differentiation, and then the floating aggregates were transferred to a cell non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm). Suspension culture to the eye was carried out in the presence of 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 and 40% O 2 .
- Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal agonist SAG was added to the culture solution of Example 1 at a final concentration of 30 nM or 500 nM only during the period from the 15th day to the 21st day. These aggregates were analyzed on day 35 by immunohistochemical staining.
- Example 3 Continuous three-dimensional formation of cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (method) The cells were cultured in the same manner as in Example 2 until the 35th day of differentiation induction. That is, human ES cell aggregates were cultured in a V-bottom 96-well plate until 18 days after induction of differentiation, and then the floating aggregates were transferred to a cell non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm). Suspension culture to the eye was carried out in the presence of 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 and 40% O 2 . Only during the period from the 15th day to the 21st day of the differentiation culture, the Shh signal agonist SAG was added to the culture solution at a concentration of 30 nM. These aggregates were analyzed on day 35 by immunohistochemical staining.
- Example 4 3D formation of selective choroidal tissue from human pluripotent stem cells (method) After 18 days after differentiation induction, the cells were cultured in a V-bottom 96-well plate under the culture conditions of Example 1, and the floating aggregates were transferred to a non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm). The reaction was carried out in the presence of CO 2 and 40% O 2 . From the 18th day to the 42nd day of the culture, the DMEM / F12 medium (Gibco / Invitrogen) was supplemented with 1% N2 supplement (Gibco / Invitrogen), 1% lipid concentrate (Chemically defined lipid concentrate, Gibco / Invitrogen). ), 10% FBS, 5 ⁇ g / ml heparin, 3 ⁇ M GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor CHIR99021, 0.5 nM BMP4 added, and cultured on day 42 by immunohistochemical staining.
- DMEM / F12 medium Gibco / Invitrogen
- Example 5 Formation of selective cortical hem (progenitor tissue of hippocampus) from human pluripotent stem cells (method) After 18 days after differentiation induction, the cells were cultured in a V-bottom 96-well plate under the culture conditions of Example 1, and the floating aggregates were transferred to a non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm). The reaction was performed in the presence of CO 2 and 40% O 2 . From the 18th day to the 42nd day of the culture, DMEM / F12 medium (Gibco / Invitrogen) was supplemented with 1% N2 supplement (Gibco / Invitrogen), 1% lipid concentrate (Chemically defined lipid concentrate, Gibco / Invitrogen). ), 10% FBS, 5 ⁇ g / ml heparin, 3 ⁇ M GSK-3 ⁇ inhibitor added to CHIR99021 (Wnt signal enhancer) and analyzed on day 42 by immunohistochemical staining.
- DMEM / F12 medium
- Example 6 Sequential formation of choroid, hippocampal progenitor tissue and cerebral cortex progenitor tissue (method) After 18 days after differentiation induction, the cells were cultured in a V-bottom 96-well plate under the culture conditions of Example 1, and the floating aggregates were transferred to a non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm). The reaction was performed in the presence of CO 2 and 40% O 2 . From the 18th day to the 35th day of the culture, the DMEM / F12 medium (Gibco / Invitrogen) was supplemented with 1% N2 supplement (Gibco / Invitrogen), 1% lipid concentrate (Chemically defined lipid concentrate, Gibco / Invitrogen).
- Foxg1 venus negative neuroepithelium had a structure protruding outward from the aggregate, and its tip had a hemispherical structure.
- Lmx1a positive and Foxg1 venus negative choroid region
- Lmx1a, Otx2 expressing cortical hem region weakly positive
- Foxg1 venus weakly positive region
- Lef1 positive A region of hippocampal progenitor tissue positive for Foxg1 :: venus, Lef1-negative and Foxg1 ::: venus-positive cerebral cortex progenitor tissue was continuously formed (FIGS. 6B and 6C).
- the choroid, hippocampal progenitor tissue, and cerebral cortex progenitor tissue were continuously self-forming in one agglomerate, and more than 80% of the agglomerates were recognized with good reproducibility.
- Example 7-1 Continuous three-dimensional formation of each region in hippocampal tissue (method) After 18 days after differentiation induction, the cells were cultured in a V-bottom 96-well plate under the culture conditions of Example 1, and the floating aggregates were transferred to a non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm). The reaction was performed in the presence of CO 2 and 40% O 2 . From the 18th day onward, the culture solution was cultured using one of the following two media.
- the agglutinates have a neuroepithelium that is positive for the hippocampal progenitor tissue marker, Lef1 and Foxg1 :: venus. Was formed (FIGS. 7A, B).
- These neuroepithelium contained many Nrp2-positive neurons, which are hippocampal progenitor tissue markers (FIG. 7D).
- the neuroepithelium also contained many cells positive for Zbtb20, a marker for hippocampal neurons and progenitor cells (FIG. 7C).
- the expression of Zbtb20 in the neuroepithelial ventricular zone and subventricular zone is strong in the precursor tissue of the dentate gyrus (adjacent to the choroid and cortical hem), and from the Ammon horn (choroid and cortical hem) There is a gradient of expression intensity that is weak in the progenitor tissue in the far part.
- the expression of Zbtb20 is adjacent to the choroid (Lmx1a positive, Foxg1 :: venus negative) and cortical hem (Lmx1a positive, Foxg1 :: venus weakly positive) regions in Lef1-positive neuroepithelium formed from human ES cells.
- Example 7-2 Mature hippocampal neurons (method) obtained by dispersive culture of continuous three-dimensional formation of each region in hippocampal tissue Continuous hippocampal tissue was induced by the method of Example 7-1, and cell aggregates obtained during Day 60-90 were converted into single cells with a cell dissociation solution such as papain enzyme solution (SUMITOMO BAKELITE, MB-X9901). Then, the cells were seeded on a glass dish or slide, and planar culture was performed. Before culturing, the glass surface was coated with poly-D-Lysine 200 ⁇ g / ml overnight at 4 ° C.
- a cell dissociation solution such as papain enzyme solution
- the culture solution used was Neurobasal medium (Gibco / Invitrogen) supplemented with 2% B27 supplement without vitamin A (Gibco / Invitrogen), 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% FBS. Cells cultured under these planar conditions stuck to the glass surface within 2-3 days after dispersion and began to extend neurites. Analysis was performed by immunohistochemical staining between d140 and d197.
- Prox1 positive cells that are hippocampal dentate gyrus markers and KA1 that is hippocampal CA3 region marker are positive, and Prox1 positive cells are circular and relatively small indicating granule cells
- KA1-positive cells had a relatively large pyramidal cell-like shape (FIGS. 8D-E). This is thought to be consistent with the formation of granule cells in the dentate gyrus seen in vivo and cone cells in the CA region.
- the proportion of Zbtb20 positive cells was around 80%, and this expression rate was recognized with good reproducibility. From these results, it was suggested that granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and cone cells of the hippocampal CA3 region could be induced in terms of marker expression and cell morphology.
- Example 7-3 Functional analysis of mature hippocampal neurons obtained by distributed culture of hippocampal tissue induced in three dimensions (method) Continuous hippocampal tissue was dispersedly cultured in the same manner as in Example 7-1. In this test, flat culture was performed by seeding on a glass or plastic dish or slide. For the culture, the surface of glass or plastic was coated with poly-D-Lysine 100 ⁇ g / ml at 37 ° C. for 3 hours and Laminin 20 ⁇ g / ml / Fibronectin 8 ⁇ g / ml overnight at 37 ° C.
- the culture broth was dispersed on days 1 and 2 in Neurobasal medium (Gibco / Invitrogen) with 2% B27 supplement without vitamin A (Gibco / Invitrogen), 2 mM L-glutamine, 1% FBS, 20ng / ml BDNF, 20ng / ml NT-3 and 10 ⁇ M Y-27632 added were used.
- Neurobasal medium (Gibco / Invitrogen) was supplemented with 2% B27 supplement vitamin A (Gibco / Invitrogen), 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% FBS, BDNF 20ng / ml, and NT-3 20ng / ml.
- the buffer for internal solution 120mM K-Gluconate, 10mM KCl, 10mM EGTA, and 10mM Hepes containing buffer with KOH pH7.2
- the pH of the buffer containing external solution 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl 2 , 2 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM Glucose, 1 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , and 10 mM Hepes to pH 7.4 with NaOH. Satisfied and used.
- the measurement was performed with EPC10 (HEKA). All tests were performed at room temperature.
- the film capacitance component was corrected, and the test was performed under the condition that the series resistance value was within 3 times the electrode resistance value.
- Voltage-dependent sodium and potassium currents were held at -60 mV, and measurements were made during stimulation from -80 mV to +60 mV in increments of -10 mV.
- sEPSC measured the current over time when the voltage was held at -60 mV, and the drug was DNQX (sigma, D0540) at a final concentration of 10 ⁇ M.
- the membrane potential when hyperpolarization stimulation was performed was measured.
- Example 8 Three-dimensional formation of cerebral cortex with multi-layered structure of mid-gestation from human pluripotent stem cells (method) The cells were cultured in the same manner as in Example 1 until the 35th day of differentiation induction. That is, after culturing human ES cell aggregates in a V-bottom 96-well plate until 18 days after induction of differentiation, the floating aggregates were transferred to a non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm), and differentiation induction after 18 days. Suspension culture was performed at 37 ° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 and 40% O 2 .
- the agglomerates were divided into half portions once every two weeks after the 35th day, and the culture was continued with the culture solution described in Example 1. From the 56th day after differentiation induction, the cell mass was transferred to a cell non-adsorbing culture dish (diameter 6 cm, SARSTEDT) with high oxygen permeability and culture was continued. From day 70 of differentiation induction, the concentration of Matrigel Growth Factor Reduce (BD Bioscience) was changed to 2% and the culture was continued. These aggregates were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining on days 70 and 91.
- FIG. 10F, F ' A cerebral ventricular zone with high cell density containing Pax6-positive and Sox2-positive neural progenitor cells (Fig. 10F, F ') and a subventricular zone containing Tbr2-positive cells formed above it (Figure 10G). Between the cortical plate and the subventricular zone, a sparse cell was developed that resembled the middle zone of midgestation. A cell layer containing many calretinin-positive and MAP2-positive neurites was formed immediately below the cortical plate (Fig. 10H, H '). In this cell layer, accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) was observed (Fig. 10H "), suggesting that a sub-plate was formed. The cerebral cortex tissue possessed became thicker (Fig.
- FIG. 10I had a Sox2-positive and Pax6-positive ventricular zone and a Tbr2-positive subventricular zone that developed even during this period (Fig. 10J, K, M)
- the cortical plate is also thickened (Fig. 10I), and it contains not only Tbr1-positive and Ctip2-positive deep cortical plate neurons but also Satb2-positive, Brn2-positive shallow cortical plate neurons.
- Fig. 10L-O Even at this time, a Calretinin-positive subplate was observed directly under the cortical plate (Fig. 10P).
- -Has a multi-layered structure found in the cerebral cortex of human midgestation along the deep axis It becomes possible to weave a three-dimensional form.
- Example 9 Spontaneous axis formation in the cerebral cortex and its extrinsic control (method) The cells were cultured in the same manner as in Example 1 until the 42nd day of differentiation induction. That is, human ES cell aggregates were cultured in a V-bottom 96-well plate until 18 days after induction of differentiation, and then the floating aggregates were transferred to a non-adsorbing Petri dish (diameter 9 cm), from 18 to 42 days after induction of differentiation. Suspension culture to the eye was carried out in the presence of 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 and 40% O 2 . The same culture solution as that used in Example 1 was used. When examining the influence of exogenous factors, 200 ng / mL of FGF8b was added to the culture medium on the 24th to 42nd days. Under any condition, aggregates were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining on day 42.
- CoupTF1 and Lhx2 are known as dorsal dorsal markers that form a gradient from the dorsal caudal side to the rostral side in the cerebral cortical ventricular zone in early pregnancy.
- Sp8 is known as a rostral marker showing an opposite gradient.
- the dorsal-side marker CoupTF1 was expressed more strongly on one side and weakly on the other side in the cerebral cortical ventricular zone derived from human pluripotent stem cells (FIG. 11A).
- the expression of Sp8, the rostral marker showed a slope opposite to that of CoupTF1 (FIG.
- the dorsal caudal side of the cerebral cortex is adjacent to the cortical hem, but the cortical ventricular zone derived from human pluripotent stem cells also has regions where the dorsal-tail markers CoupTF1 and Lhx2 are strongly expressed. It was formed adjacent to a region that expresses cortical hem markers Zic1 and Otx2 (FIGS. 11D and E).
- FGF8 is important for obtaining the rostral specificity of the cerebral cortex in vivo.
- phosphorylated Erk produced by FGF signal was strongly accumulated on the rostral side where the expression of the dorsal caudal marker CoupTF1 was weak (FIG. 11F).
- FGF8b when exogenous FGF8b was allowed to act, CoupTF1 expression was attenuated as a whole, and conversely, Sp8 expression was increased throughout the ventricular zone (FIG. 11G-I).
- Example 10 Human ES cell maintenance culture and differentiated human ES cells (KhES-1) were used according to the Japanese government's guidelines for human ES cell research. Human ES cells were treated with 20% (vol / vol) Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR, Gibco / Invitrogen), 2 mM glutamine, 0.1 mM in DMEM / F12 (Sigma) using MEF cells inactivated by mitomycin C.
- KSR Knockout Serum Replacement
- Non-essential amino acid solution Gibco / Invitrogen
- 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) 50 U / ml penicillin
- 50 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin was used as a medium and cultured at 37 ° C. in the presence of 2% CO 2 .
- human ES cells were reacted with PBS containing 0.25% trypsin, 0.1 mg / ml collagenase IV, 20% KSR, 1 mM CaCl 2 at 37 ° C. for 7 minutes, and detached from feeder cells in a lump. .
- the detached human ES cell mass was gently pipetted into small cell masses (tens of cells). Cell passage was performed in 3-4 quarters.
- SFEBq culture human ES cells were dispersed into single cells with TrypLE Express (Gibco / Invitrogen) containing 0.05 mg / ml DNase I (Roche) and 10 ⁇ M Y-27632 and 20 ⁇ M Y-27632. Aggregates were formed by seeding each well of a V-bottom 96-well plate with a low cell-adsorbing surface coat using a cerebral cortical differentiation medium.
- the medium for cerebral cortical differentiation was G-MEM medium (Gibco / Invitrogen), 20% KSR® (Knockout® Serum® Replacement), 0.1 mM non-essential amino acid solution (Gibco / Invitrogen), 1 mM sodium pyruvate solution (Sigma), A solution supplemented with 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin was used.
- the day when the SFEBq culture was started was defined as day 0, and IWR1e (Wnt inhibitor) and SB431542 (TGF ⁇ inhibitor) were added on days 0 to 18 so that the concentrations were 3 ⁇ M and 5 ⁇ M, respectively.
- Cerebral cortical neuroepithelium derived from human ES cells was cultured under the following conditions. On day 18 of culture, cell clumps were transferred to a 9 cm Petri dish with a low cell-adsorbing surface coat and 1% N2 supplement (Gibco / Invitrogen), 1% in DMEM / F12 medium (Gibco / Invitrogen). % Lipid concentrate (Chemically defined lipid concentrate, Gibco / Invitrogen), 0.25 mg / mL fungizone, 100 U / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin added at 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 , The culture was performed in the presence of 40% O 2 .
- Cerebral cortical neuroepithelialization was carried out by adding human recombinant FGF8b (Gibco, 200 ng / mL) during 24-42 days in culture. Cell aggregates were fixed on day 42 of culture.
- the ventralization of the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium was performed by adding the hedgehog agonist SAG (30 nM or 500 nM) during 15-21 days of culture. Cell aggregates were fixed on day 35 of culture.
- V-bottom 96-well plates were constructed from 9000 human ES cells. 15) was seeded in each well and cultured in a GMEM-KSR medium containing a Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) (Reference 16) (FIG. 18A). Thereafter, the cell mass was transferred to a low cell adsorptive 9 cm culture dish and cultured in the presence of 40% O 2 .
- SB43152 ventricular zone Inhibitor
- IWR1e Wnt inhibitor
- foxg1 :: venus positive cells had an efficiency of 30-40% of the total cells (FIG. 12B and FIG. 18C).
- the foxg1 :: venus positive neuroepithelium showed a neuroepithelium-like structure (multi-row columnar epithelium) on the hemisphere with a ventricle-like cavity inside (FIG.
- These neuronal cell layers contained Reelin-positive Cajal-retius cells (FIG. 12I), and had a layer containing a large amount of Laminin near the surface layer (FIG. 12J). That is, a self-organized layer structure was formed in the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium derived from human ES cells.
- telencephalon marker Foxg1 is about 18-20 days in culture Start to be observed.
- the apical side of the neuroepithelium (aPKC positive) was located on the outer periphery of the cell mass (Fig. 13A, bottom).
- aPKC positive was located on the outer periphery of the cell mass (Fig. 13A, bottom).
- this neuroepithelium was partially discontinuously divided into several large neuroepithelium (FIG. 13A). Subsequently, these segmented cerebral cortical neuroepithelium showed a curvature with a concave apical side (FIG. 13 BD and FIG. 19A, top).
- Each segment of the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium showed an asymmetric curved structure.
- One side of the neuroepithelium has a rotation end feature (Fig. 13 B-D, arrow) and the other side has a round feature.
- Activated myosin (indicated by phosphorylated MLC2) was uniformly accumulated on the surface of the apical side of the cerebral cortex region, including the rounded side (FIG. 13C).
- the rotation end of the cerebral cortex region approached the opposite side and finally adhered (FIGS. 13E to E and F).
- the body of the cerebral cortex region neuroepithelium moved in the same direction as the rotation end (Fig. 13 E-H).
- the morphological change accompanying this rotation finally formed a hemispheric cerebral cortex structure with the inner lumen located on the 27th day of culture (FIG. 13I and FIG. 19A, armpit).
- the neuroepithelium on which weak SAG has acted has a continuous formation of areas of cerebral cortex (Pax6 positive) and LGE (Gsh2 positive), which is an improved culture. Under the conditions, it is shown that the mantle and the mantle lower part are continuously formed in one aggregate by self-assembly. Within this continuous neuroepithelium, the rotational end of the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium (Fig. 13 OQ, arrow)) is located on the opposite side of the cerebral cortex-LGE junction, and the rotation end and the non-rotation end are the cerebral cortex, respectively. This is consistent with the dorsal and ventral side of the neuroepithelium.
- the developing cerebral cortex abducts due to the strong curvature of the mantle epithelium, but the fetus mantle itself does not move because its ends are fixed by other tissues.
- the curvature from the midline cortex of the fetal neuroepithelium (hippocampal area) to the dorsal area of the cerebral cortex is particularly strong (Fig. 17A).
- the posterior end of the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium derived from human ES cells can move without being fixed, causing a morphological change accompanying rotation. It can be inferred that this reflects the strong bending action on the dorsal side of the cerebral cortex (Fig. 19D).
- FIG. 14A and A ′ the thickness of human ES cell-derived cerebral cortical neuroepithelium was 200 ⁇ m or more.
- the neuroepithelium morphologically showed a multi-layered structure of ventricular zone, subventricular zone, intermediate zone, cortical plate, and marginal zone (FIG. 14 BG and FIGS. 20A and B).
- Laminin accumulated in the outermost layer of the marginal zone and contained Reelin positive cells (CR cells) (FIGS. 14C and C ′).
- a cortical plate was formed directly under the marginal zone, and it contained Tbr1-positive and Ctip2-positive deep cortical plate neurons (FIGS. 14D and D '). At this time, few neurons expressed Satb2 (Reference 21), a marker of the superficial cortical plate (FIG. 14E).
- the luminal ventricular zone is approximately 100 ⁇ m thick on the 70th day of culture, with Pax6-positive and Sox2-positive neural stem / progenitor cells (Fig. 14 F and F '), or radial glia (Reference 22). Contained cells called.
- a subventricular zone composed of Tbr2-positive cells was formed on the top (FIG. 14G).
- the thickness of the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium was 300-350 ⁇ m, and it had a well-developed ventricular zone (Fig. 14 K and Fig.20 H and I).
- the cortical plate was also thickened (about 150 ⁇ m; Fig. 14 I), and contained not only Tbr1-positive and Ctip2-positive deep cortical plate neurons but also shallow cortical plate neurons (Satb2-positive, Brn2-positive) ( Fig. 14 (LN) and Fig. 20 (J). Nerve cells (Calretinin positive) on the subplate were also observed just below the cortical plate (Fig. 14 O).
- Fig. 14P The separation of the morphological layer structure observed during long-term culture (summarized in Fig. 14P) is similar to the tissue found in the first trimester of human fetal cerebral cortex (References 25 and 27). Furthermore, in the cortical plate derived from human ES cells, the superficial nerve cell sputum (Satb2 positive, Brn2 positive) was preferentially located on the surface side of the deep neuronal sputum (Tbr1 positive, Ctip2 positive) (Fig. 15 AH ). Furthermore, if cells are labeled for 1 day using EdU on the 50th day and BrdU on the 70th day, the cells labeled with EdU and BrdU are preferentially located on the deep and surface layers, respectively, on the 91st day.
- Fig. 15 IL results are similar to the inside-out pattern during fetal cerebral cortex development (Ref. 5, 6), that is, the late-born cerebral cortex neurons are located outside and the early-born cerebral cortex neurons are located inside. It shows that neurons have a tendency to be located.
- CaMKII ⁇ a marker of mature neurons, is more preferentially observed in the luminal 2/3 part of the cerebral cortex derived from human ES cells.
- the region mainly expressed Tbr1 but not Satb2 (FIG. 15 MO and Fig. 20 K).
- the majority of CaMKII ⁇ -positive neurons co-expressed Tbr1 but not Satb2 ( Figure 20 L and M; Figure 15 P).
- SVZ contained a number of IntermediateTprogenitors that were Tbr2-positive, Sox2-negative, and Pax6-negative (Fig. 14 G and M).
- nerve stem / progenitor cells different from Intermediate ⁇ progenitors, phosphorylated Vimentin-positive, Tbr2-negative, Sox2-positive, Pax6-positive, accumulated outside SVZZ (Fig. 16 GG ′′ And Fig. 21 (AC).
- the percentage of cells of this type was relatively small at 70 days of culture and became prominent at 91 days of culture (Fig. 16 H). On the 91st day of culture, this Tbr2 negative and Sox2 positive were observed.
- oRG neural stem / progenitor cells different from Tbr2-positive Intermediate progenitors
- Tbr2-negative, Sox2-positive, and Pax6-positive neural stem / progenitor cells of the cerebral cortical neuroepithelium derived from human ES cells on day 91 of culture have apical processes but no lumen processes.
- Fig. 16 JK 'and Fig. 21 H, H', and I These cells have pericentrin-positive basal bodies in the cell body even in SVZ (Fig. 21 (J)). This is different from a neural stem cell on the lumen side having a basal body near the lumen.
- oRG-like cells derived from human ES cells tended to divide horizontally (Fig. 16 L and M).
- Tbr2-positive cells did not have protrusions on the apical side as in vivo Intermediate-progenitors (FIG. 21-K-K ′′).
- cerebral cortical neuroepithelium derived from human ES cells can grow healthy under suspension culture conditions for a long period of 13 weeks or longer. And it becomes a thickness of about 350 ⁇ m, and has a multi-layered structure that is seen in the fetal cerebral cortex of human mid-gestation pupae (from 11 weeks of embryonic life) (Reference 30).
- the culture method of the present invention was able to reproduce even a phenomenon characteristic of cerebral cortex development in the middle stage of human pregnancy, that is, the appearance of oRG-like neural stem / progenitor cells on the 91st day of culture (13 weeks). These results also suggest that the generation speed of the self-organized tissue in the method of the present invention is almost the same as that of the fetal brain.
- the culture system of the present invention can also be used for studies on the specificity of the dorsoventral axis of the entire telencephalon.
- the cerebral cortex and LGE striatal primordia
- the formation of MGE was induced by a stronger hedgehog signal.
- the improved culture system shown in this study can also reproduce complex cerebral cortex layer formation, ie, ventricular zone, subventricular zone, intermediate zone, subplate, cortical plate, marginal zone Became.
- the subplate is a structure that is particularly prevalent in primates (sometimes called the VII layer) and is thought to be formed by pioneer neurons in the cerebral cortex (References 24 and 25).
- the subplate is a structure that appears only temporarily in the fetal brain, and a part derived from the subplate is present in interneurons of white matter in the adult brain (Reference 33). Since subplates are lost after birth, the study is not particularly easy in humans, so our system may be important in studies of neuronal cell layers where this understanding is not advanced.
- our culture system could be applied to studying inside-out stratification of human fetal cerebral cortex, including causes of spondylosis.
- the culture system of the present invention has great advantages in studying the role of oRG neural stem / progenitor cells in human cerebral cortex formation.
- oRG neural stem / progenitor cells For wrinkled human cerebral cortex, it is probably a great advantage to have this neural stem / progenitor cell that produces many superficial neurons with multiple divisions.
- no specific marker has been reported to define oRG, and to distinguish between oRG and luminal neural stem cell sputum (both Sox2-positive, Pax6-positive, Tbr2-negative) Depends mainly on movement and location. Therefore, research on oRG using dispersive culture that loses its positional relationship has become extremely limited.
- the culture system of the present invention has a great advantage in this respect because it has a three-dimensional positional relationship with the developing human cerebral cortex.
- oRG could be induced in cerebral cortical tissue having a multilayered structure derived from human pluripotent stem cells (Reference 34).
- This study uses a non-selective differentiation method that probabilistically obtains brain region specificity (we are a highly reproducible cerebral cortex-specific differentiation method).
- the telencephalon having a higher-order structure similar to that of the telencephalon in vivo, or a partial tissue thereof (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, choroid, etc.), or a progenitor tissue thereof is pluripotent in vitro. Stem cells can be induced. Therefore, the present invention is useful for the implementation of regenerative medicine in the cranial nerve region.
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Abstract
Description
即ち、本発明は下記の通りである:
[2]得られる細胞凝集塊が、大脳皮質、大脳基底核、海馬及び脈絡膜からなる群から選択されるいずれかの終脳部分組織、又はその前駆組織を含む、[1]記載の製造方法。
[3]高酸素分圧条件下での浮遊培養を、Wntシグナル増強剤の存在下で行う、[1]又は[2]記載の製造方法。
[4]高酸素分圧条件下での浮遊培養を、Wntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の存在下で行う、[1]又は[2]記載の製造方法。
[5](I)多能性幹細胞の凝集塊を、Wntシグナル阻害剤及びTGFβシグナル阻害剤の存在下で浮遊培養することにより、終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を得ること、
(II)(I)で得られた該終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を、Wntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の存在下で更に浮遊培養すること、及び
(III)(II)で得られた細胞凝集塊をWntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の不在下で更に浮遊培養すること
を含む、終脳若しくはその部分組織、或いはその前駆組織を含む細胞凝集塊の製造方法。
[6]製造される細胞凝集塊が、連続した神経上皮中に、大脳皮質組織又はその前駆組織、脈絡膜組織又はその前駆組織、及び海馬組織又はその前駆組織を含む、[5]記載の製造方法。
[7]製造される細胞凝集塊が、連続した神経上皮中に、歯状回組織又はその前駆組織、及びアンモン角組織又はその前駆組織を含む、海馬組織またはその前駆組織を含む、[5]記載の製造方法。
[8]海馬組織または前駆組織が、連続した神経上皮中に、皮質ヘムを更に含む、[7]記載の製造方法。
[9]製造される細胞凝集塊が、アンモン角組織又はその前駆組織を含む、[5]記載の製造方法。
[10](II)及び(III)における浮遊培養を高酸素分圧条件下で行う、[5]記載の製造方法。
[11]細胞凝集塊を、shhシグナル作動薬で処理することを含む、[1]又は[2]記載の製造方法。
[12]細胞凝集塊を、FGF8で処理することを含む、[1]又は[2]記載の製造方法。
[13]得られる細胞凝集塊が、表層から深部に向かって、辺縁帯、皮質板、サブプレート、中間帯、脳室下帯及び脳室帯を含む多層構造を有する、大脳皮質組織又はその前駆組織を含む、[2]記載の製造方法。
[14]得られる細胞凝集塊が、大脳基底核又はその前駆組織を含む、[11]記載の製造方法。
[15]得られる細胞凝集塊が、吻側化大脳皮質又はその前駆組織を含む、[12]記載の製造方法。
[16]多能性幹細胞が胚性幹細胞又は誘導多能性幹細胞である、[1]~[15]のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
[17]多能性幹細胞がヒト由来である、[1]~[16]のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
[18]浮遊培養をフィーダー細胞の非存在下で行う、[1]~[17]のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
[19][1]~[18]のいずれかに記載の製造方法により得られる細胞凝集塊。
[20][1]~[18]のいずれかに記載の製造方法により得られる、海馬又はその前駆組織を含む細胞凝集塊を分散すること、及び分散した細胞を更に接着培養し、該細胞から成熟した海馬ニューロンを誘導することを含む、成熟した海馬ニューロンの製造方法。
以下、本発明の詳細を説明する。
「多能性幹細胞」とは、生体を構成するすべての細胞に分化しうる能力(分化多能性)と、細胞分裂を経て自己と同一の分化能を有する娘細胞を生み出す能力(自己複製能)とを併せ持つ細胞をいう。
(1) Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc(ここで、Sox2はSox1, Sox3, Sox15, Sox17またはSox18で置換可能である。また、Klf4はKlf1, Klf2またはKlf5で置換可能である。さらに、c-MycはT58A(活性型変異体), N-Myc, L-Mycで置換可能である。)
(2) Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2
(3) Oct3/4, Klf4, c-Myc
(4) Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28
(5) Oct3/4, Klf4, c-Myc, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28
(6) Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, bFGF
(7) Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, SCF
(8) Oct3/4, Klf4, c-Myc, Sox2, bFGF
(9) Oct3/4, Klf4, c-Myc, Sox2, SCF
多能性幹細胞の凝集塊は、分散させた多能性幹細胞を、培養器に対して、非接着性の条件下で培養し(即ち、浮遊培養し)、複数の多能性幹細胞を集合させて凝集塊を形成させることにより、得ることができる。
(1)比較的小さな体積(例えば、1ml以下、500μl以下、200μl以下、100μl以下)の培養コンパートメント中に、分散した多能性幹細胞を閉じ込め、該コンパートメント中に1個の凝集塊を形成する方法。好ましくは分散した多能性幹細胞を閉じ込めた後、培養コンパートメントを静置する。培養コンパートメントとしては、マルチウェルプレート(384ウェル、192ウェル、96ウェル、48ウェル、24ウェル等)、マイクロポア、チャンバースライド等におけるウェルや、チューブ、ハンギングドロップ法における培地の液滴等を挙げることができるが、これらに限定されない。該コンパートメントに閉じ込められた分散した多能性幹細胞が、重力にうながされて1箇所に沈殿し、或いは細胞同士が接着することにより、1つの培養コンパートメントにつき、1つの凝集塊が形成される。マルチウェルプレート、マイクロポア、チャンバースライド、チューブ等の底の形状は、分散した多能性幹細胞が1箇所へ沈殿するのが容易となるように、U底又はV底とすることが好ましい。
(2)遠心チューブに分散した多能性幹細胞を入れ、これを遠心し、1箇所に多能性幹細胞を沈殿させることにより、該チューブ中に1個の凝集塊を形成する方法。
本発明の製造方法は、多能性幹細胞の凝集塊を、Wntシグナル阻害剤及びTGFβシグナル阻害剤の存在下で浮遊培養することにより、終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を得ること(第1の培養工程)、及び該終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を、更に浮遊培養すること(第2の培養工程)を含む。第2の培養工程における浮遊培養は、好適には、高酸素分圧条件下で行われる。第1の培養工程により、多能性幹細胞から、終脳領域への分化方向をコミットすることにより、終脳マーカー遺伝子の発現が誘導され、得られた終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を第2の培養工程に付すことにより、終脳若しくはその部分組織、又はその前駆組織への更なる分化が誘導される。
(1)複数の培養コンパートメントを用意し、1つの培養コンパートメントに1つの多能性幹細胞の凝集塊が含まれるように、質的に均一な、多能性幹細胞の凝集塊の集団を播く。(例えば、96ウェルプレートの各ウェルに1つずつ、多能性幹細胞の凝集塊を入れる。)そして、各培養コンパートメントにおいて、1つの多能性幹細胞の凝集塊をWntシグナル阻害剤及びTGFβシグナル阻害剤を含む培地中で浮遊培養する。
(2)1つの培養コンパートメントに複数の多能性幹細胞の凝集塊が含まれるように、質的に均一な、多能性幹細胞の凝集塊の集団を1つの培養コンパートメントに播く。(例えば、10cmディッシュに、複数の多能性幹細胞の凝集塊を入れる。)そして、該コンパートメントにおいて、複数の多能性幹細胞の凝集塊をWntシグナル阻害剤及びTGFβシグナル阻害剤を含む培地中で浮遊培養する。
本発明の方法の第2の培養工程において、浮遊培養を、Wntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の存在下で行うことにより、細胞凝集塊中に脈絡膜又はその前駆組織を誘導することができる。
本発明の方法の第2の培養工程において、浮遊培養を、Wntシグナル増強剤の存在下で行うことにより、細胞凝集塊中に海馬又はその前駆組織(皮質ヘム等)を誘導することができる。
本発明の方法の第2の培養工程において、浮遊培養を、一過性に、Wntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の存在下で行うことにより、1つの細胞凝集塊中に、脈絡膜(又はその前駆組織)と海馬(又は前駆組織)と大脳皮質(又はその前駆組織)を誘導することができる。
(6)と同様に、本発明の方法の第2の培養工程において、浮遊培養を、一過性に、Wntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の存在下で行うことにより、1つの細胞凝集塊中に、歯状回組織(又はその前駆組織)及びアンモン角組織(又はその前駆組織)を連続的に含む、海馬組織又はその前駆組織を誘導することができる。これまでに、多能性幹細胞からアンモン角組織(又はその前駆組織)を分化させたという報告はない。
本発明の方法において、細胞凝集塊を、ソニックヘッジホッグ(Shh)シグナル作動薬で処理することにより、細胞凝集塊中に大脳基底核又はその前駆組織を誘導することができる。
上述の通り、本発明の方法においては、大脳皮質の背腹軸及び前後軸が自発的に形成される。一態様において、第2の培養工程において得られる、細胞凝集塊に含まれる、大脳皮質脳室帯において、背尾側マーカー(CoupTF1、Lhx2等)の発現が、片側ではより強く、反対側では弱いという勾配を示し、吻腹側マーカー(例、Sp8)の発現が、背尾側マーカーと逆の勾配を示す。ここに、大脳皮質の吻腹側の特異性の獲得に重要であることが知られるFGF8を作用させることにより、大脳皮質脳室帯全体を吻側化させることができる。
上記(5)~(7)のいずれかの方法により得られる海馬又はその前駆組織を含む細胞凝集塊を分散し、分散した細胞を更にインビトロで接着培養することにより、成熟した海馬ニューロンを得ることが出来る。本発明は、このような海馬ニューロンの製造方法をも提供する。
更なる局面において、上記により得られた細胞凝集塊から終脳若しくはその部分組織、又はその前駆組織を単離することができる。本発明は上記本発明の方法により得られる細胞凝集塊、終脳若しくはその部分組織、及びその前駆組織を提供する。更なる態様において、本発明は上記本発明の方法により得られる海馬ニューロンを提供する。
ヒト多能性幹細胞からの選択的な大脳皮質前駆組織の立体形成
(方法)
ヒトES細胞(KhES-1;終脳特異的遺伝子Foxg1に蛍光タンパク遺伝子Venusをノックインしたもの)をトリプシン処理により単一細胞に分散し、SFEBq法(Nakano et al, Cell Stem Cell, 2012)に準じて凝集塊を形成し、分化誘導のための浮遊凝集塊培養を37℃、5% CO2存在下に行った。分散した9000個のヒトES細胞を、低細胞吸着性の表面コートをしたV底型96ウェルプレートの各ウェルに播種し、分化誘導用の培養液は成長因子を含まないG-MEM培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に20%KSR (Knockout Serum Replacement)、0.1mM 非必須アミノ酸溶液(Gibco/Invitrogen社)、1mM ピルビン酸ナトリウム溶液(Sigma社)、0.1 mM 2-メルカプトエタノールを添加したものを用いた。分化誘導の最初の3日間は分散惹起性細胞死を抑制するためにROCK阻害剤Y-27632を20 μM添加し、次の3日間はその濃度を半減させて作用させた。分化誘導開始後0日目から18日目までWntシグナル阻害剤IWR-1-endを3 μM、TGFβシグナル阻害剤SB431542 を5 μM 添加して作用させた。分化誘導開始後18日目に、これらの凝集塊を低細胞吸着性の表面コートをした9 cm ペトリ皿に移し、浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下に行った。18日目から35日目まではDMEM/F12培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に1%のN2サプリメント (Gibco/Invitrogen社)、1%の脂質濃縮物(Chemically defined lipid concentrate、Gibco/Invitrogen社)を添加したものを用いた。35日目以降は、これらの培養液に、さらに10%FBS、5 μg/mlのヘパリン、1%のマトリゲル グロースファクター リデュースト(BD Bioscience社)を添加したものを用いた。これらの凝集塊は、分化誘導開始後1日目および34日目にFACSで解析を行い、42日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
分化誘導開始18日後より、凝集塊にFoxg1::venusの蛍光が強く観察された。分化誘導開始26日後には、9割以上の凝集塊で再現性良くFoxg1::venusの蛍光が強く観察された(図1A)。分化誘導開始34日後には、全細胞の7.5割以上の細胞でFoxg1::venusの蛍光が観察された。またすべての凝集塊はFoxg1::venus 陽性であった(図1B)。Foxg1:venus陽性凝集塊は、内部に脳室様の空洞を有した半球上の神経上皮様構造(多列円柱上皮)を示した。これらの神経上皮構造は、内腔側にPax6陽性およびSox2陽性の細胞密度が高い細胞層を有し(図1D、E)、最も内腔の部分にリン酸化Histone H3陽性の有糸分裂細胞を認めた(図1F)。これらの構造はヒト妊娠初期の大脳皮質の脳室帯に類似していた。脳室帯に類似した細胞層の外側には、有糸分裂後の神経細胞のマーカーであるTuj1を発現し、大脳皮質の初期皮質板マーカーであるCtip2とTbr1を発現していた。またこれらは、大脳皮質の第1層の神経細胞であるReelin陽性カハールレチウス細胞を含み、表層近くにはLamininを多く含んだ層を有していた。つまり、このように培養した凝集塊の中に大脳皮質前駆組織が形成されていることが判った。このようにヒト妊娠初期の大脳皮質前駆組織を自己形成することが再現性良く認められた。
ヒト多能性幹細胞からの大脳基底核前駆組織の立体形成
(方法)
分化誘導35日目まで実施例1の培養条件と同様に培養した。即ち、ヒトES細胞凝集塊を分化誘導18日後までV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、分化誘導18日から35日目までの浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下で行った。ただし、実施例1の培養液に15日目から21日目の期間のみ、Sonic hedgehog (Shh)シグナル作動薬SAGを30 nMまたは500 nMの最終濃度で添加して作用させた。これらの凝集塊は、35日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
Shhシグナル作動薬SAGを30 nMを作用させた場合、Foxg1::venus陽性の終脳神経上皮には、Gsh2を発現する外側基底核原基(LGE)が形成された(図2A,Bの矢頭)。Gsh2陽性のLGE神経上皮はこの条件下において7割以上の凝集塊で再現性良く認められた。胎児のLGEはGABA作動性神経細胞である線条体神経細胞を生み出す。同様に、ヒトES細胞由来のLGE神経上皮の直下には、GAD65陽性のGABA作動性神経細胞が認められた(図2B)。
大脳皮質と大脳基底核の連続的な立体形成
(方法)
分化誘導35日目まで実施例2の培養条件と同様に培養した。即ち、ヒトES細胞凝集塊を分化誘導18日後までV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、分化誘導18日から35日目までの浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下で行った。分化培養15日目から21日目の期間のみ、Shhシグナル作動薬SAGを30 nMの濃度で培養液に添加した。これらの凝集塊は、35日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
実施例2で示したように、Shhシグナル作動薬SAGを30 nMを作用させた場合、終脳神経上皮はFoxg1::venus陽性かつ、外側基底核原基(LGE)のマーカーであるGsh2,GAD65を発現した(図3A,B)。これらのLGE 神経上皮は、Gsh2陰性かつ大脳皮質のマーカーであるPax6陽性の大脳皮質神経上皮と連続して形成されていた(図3C)。つまりこれらの結果は、大脳皮質と大脳基底核が一つの凝集塊の中に連続して形成されていることを示している。このように、大脳皮質と大脳基底核が一つの凝集塊の中に連続して自己形成することは、5割以上の凝集塊で再現性良く認められた。
ヒト多能性幹細胞からの選択的な脈絡膜組織の立体形成
(方法)
分化誘導18日後まで実施例1の培養条件でV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2,40% O2存在下で行った。培養液は、18日目から42日目までは、DMEM/F12培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に1% N2サプリメント(Gibco/Invitrogen社)、1% 脂質濃縮物(Chemically defined lipid concentrate、Gibco/Invitrogen社)、10%FBS、5 μg/ml ヘパリン、3 μM GSK-3β阻害剤CHIR99021、0.5 nM BMP4を加えたものを用いて培養し、42日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
上記の条件で培養した場合、分化誘導開始18日目以降も凝集塊にBf1(Foxg1)::venusの強い蛍光は観察されなかった。これらの凝集塊はひだ状の単層上皮となり、脈絡膜のマーカーであるTTR、Lmx1a、Otx2を発現している(図4A,B)ことから、脈絡膜組織を誘導できたと考えられた。この条件下で脈絡膜組織を自己形成することは、8割以上の凝集塊で再現性良く認められた。
ヒト多能性幹細胞からの選択的な皮質ヘム(海馬采の前駆組織)の形成
(方法)
分化誘導18日後まで実施例1の培養条件でV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下で行った。培養液は、18日目から42日目までは、DMEM/F12培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に1% N2サプリメント (Gibco/Invitrogen社)、1% 脂質濃縮物(Chemically defined lipid concentrate、Gibco/Invitrogen社)、10%FBS、5 μg/ml ヘパリン、3 μM GSK-3β阻害剤CHIR99021(Wntシグナル増強剤)を加えたものを用いて培養し、42日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
上記のように18日目以降Wntシグナルを増強した条件で培養した場合、皮質ヘムのマーカーのLmx1a、Otx2を発現し、Foxg1::venus弱陽性である神経上皮が主体である凝集塊が形成された(図5A,B)。この神経上皮は脈絡膜マーカーのTTRを発現しなかった(図5A)。これらのマーカー発現プロフィールから、この条件では海馬采の前駆組織である皮質ヘムが選択的に誘導されたと考えられる。この条件下で、皮質ヘムの選択的な形成することは、8割以上の凝集塊で再現性良く認められた。
脈絡膜と海馬前駆組織と大脳皮質前駆組織の連続的な立体形成
(方法)
分化誘導18日後まで実施例1の培養条件でV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下で行った。培養液は、18日目から35日目までは、DMEM/F12培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に1% N2サプリメント(Gibco/Invitrogen社)、1% 脂質濃縮物(Chemically defined lipid concentrate、Gibco/Invitrogen社)、10%FBS、5 μg/ml ヘパリンを加えたものを用いて培養した。ただし、18日目から21日目の期間のみ、これらの培養液に3 μM GSK-3β阻害剤CHIR99021、0.5 nM BMP4を添加し作用させた。これらの物質は、実施例4と5にあるように、脈絡膜や皮質へムへの分化を促進するが、実施例6の培養では、これらの作用を3日間に限定し、21日目以降の培養からはこれらを除いた。これらの凝集塊は35日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
上記のように、一過性にのみWntシグナルとBMPシグナルを増強して、その後にそれらを除去した条件で培養した場合、培養21-27日目の凝集塊には、Foxg1::venus陽性の神経上皮とFoxg1::venus陰性の神経上皮の両者が形成され(図6A)、それらは連続した神経上皮を構成していた。このようなFoxg1::venus陽性と陰性の神経上皮の両者を隣接して含む状態は、8割以上の凝集塊で再現性良く認められた。Foxg1::venus陰性の神経上皮は、凝集塊から外へ突出する構造を取り、その先端は半球様の構造を有していた。分化誘導開始35日目において、これらの凝集塊では、Lmx1aが陽性でFoxg1::venusが陰性の脈絡膜領域、Lmx1a、Otx2を発現しFoxg1::venus弱陽性である皮質ヘムの領域、Lef1陽性でFoxg1::venusが陽性の海馬前駆組織の領域、Lef1陰性かつFoxg1::venus陽性の大脳皮質前駆組織が連続的に形成されていた(図6B,C)。このように、脈絡膜と海馬前駆組織と大脳皮質前駆組織が一つの凝集塊の中に連続して自己形成することは、8割以上の凝集塊で再現性良く認められた。
海馬組織内の各領域の連続的な立体形成
(方法)
分化誘導18日後まで実施例1の培養条件でV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下で行った。培養液は、18日目以降は、下記の2つの培地のいずれかを用いて培養を行った。
1) DMEM/F12培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に1% N2サプリメント (Gibco/Invitrogen社)、1% 脂質濃縮物(Chemically defined lipid concentrate、Gibco/Invitrogen社)、10%FBS及び5 μg/ml ヘパリンを加えたもの
2) Neurobasal培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に2% B27サプリメント ビタミンA無し(Gibco/Invitrogen社)、2mM L-グルタミン及び10% FBSを加えたもの
ただし、実施例6と同様に、18日目から21日目の期間のみ、これらの培養液に3 μM GSK-3β阻害剤CHIR99021、0.5 nM BMP4を添加し作用させた。これらの凝集塊は61日目及び75日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
上記の1)および2)のいずれの培養液を用いた培養でも、61日目まで継続して培養した場合、凝集塊には海馬前駆組織マーカーであるLef1陽性かつFoxg1::venus陽性の神経上皮が形成された(図7A, B)。これらの神経上皮は海馬前駆組織マーカーであるNrp2陽性の神経細胞を多く含んでいた(図7D)。また神経上皮は海馬神経細胞および前駆細胞のマーカーであるZbtb20陽性の細胞も多く含んでいた(図7C)。胎児の海馬前駆組織では、神経上皮の脳室帯および脳室下帯のZbtb20の発現は歯状回(脈絡膜や皮質ヘムに隣接する部分)の前駆組織に強く、アンモン角(脈絡膜や皮質ヘムから遠い部分)の前駆組織に弱いという発現強度の勾配が見られる。同様に、ヒトES細胞から形成したLef1陽性神経上皮でもZbtb20の発現は脈絡膜(Lmx1a陽性、Foxg1::venusは陰性)や皮質ヘム(Lmx1a陽性、Foxg1::venusは弱陽性)の領域と隣接する部分で強く、これらから離れるに従って弱くなるという発現強度の勾配が見られた(図7A, B, C)。さらに培養を同条件で75日目まで継続すると、歯状回神経細胞に特徴的なZbtb20とProx1をともに発現する領域(図7E, DG)が、Zbtb20が弱陽性のアンモン角領域(図7E, CA)と、皮質ヘム(図7E, hem)および脈絡膜(図7E, CP)の間に形成が確認された。これらは海馬組織内において歯状回組織、アンモン角組織になり得る領域が連続的に形成されていることを示している。
海馬組織内の各領域の連続的な立体形成を分散培養し得られる成熟した海馬ニューロン
(方法)
実施例7-1の方法により連続した海馬組織を誘導し、Day60-90の間で得られた細胞凝集塊をパパイン酵素液(SUMITOMO BAKELITE, MB-X9901)などの細胞解離液にて単一細胞に分散させ、その細胞をガラス製のdishやslideなどに播種して平面培養を行った。培養を行う前にガラスの表面をpoly-D-Lysine 200μg/mlで4℃にて一晩、Laminin 20μg/ml/Fibronectin 8μg/mlで37℃にて一晩コーティングした。
培養液はNeurobasal培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に2% B27サプリメント ビタミンA無し(Gibco/Invitrogen社)、2mM L-グルタミン及び10% FBSを加えたものを用いた。これらの平面条件で培養した細胞は、分散後2-3日以内にガラスの表面に張り付き、神経突起を延ばし始めた。d140からd197の間に免疫組織染色で解析した。
単一に分散した細胞は小さな凝集塊を形成しやすく、そのニューロン間で神経突起が伸長されていた(図8A)。ほとんどの細胞で海馬マーカーであるZbtb20は陽性であり(図8B)、Foxg1::venusもDay197時点で陽性であった(図8B)。MAP2陽性の樹状突起を認めるニューロン以外に散在する細胞がみられたが、これらの細胞もZbtb20(+)で、細胞の形はグリア細胞様で、GFAP陽性であることより、アストロサイトであると示唆された(図8C)。Zbtb20陽性細胞の中には、海馬の歯状回マーカーであるProx1陽性細胞と海馬のCA3領域マーカーであるKA1が陽性の細胞が見られ、Prox1陽性細胞は顆粒細胞を示唆する円形で比較的小さな細胞である一方、KA1陽性細胞は比較的大きめの錐体細胞様の形をしていた(図8D-E)。これは生体内で見られる歯状回では顆粒細胞が、CA領域では錐体細胞が形成される事と矛盾していないと考えられた。Zbtb20陽性の細胞割合は8割前後で、この発現率は再現良く認められた。
これらの結果から、マーカーの発現と細胞形態上、海馬歯状回の顆粒細胞及び海馬CA3領域の錐体細胞が誘導できたことが示唆された。
3次元で誘導した海馬組織を分散培養し得られる成熟した海馬ニューロンの機能解析
(方法)
実施例7-1と同様の方法により、連続した海馬組織を分散培養した。本試験においてはガラス製もしくはプラスチック製のdishやslideなどに播種して平面培養を行った。培養にはガラスもしくはプラスチックの表面をpoly-D-Lysine 100μg/mlで37℃にて3時間、Laminin 20μg/ml/Fibronectin 8μg/mlで37℃にて一晩コーティングした。
培養液は分散1~2日目はNeurobasal培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に2% B27サプリメント ビタミンA無し(Gibco/Invitrogen社)、2mM L-グルタミン、1% FBS、20ng/ml BDNF、20ng/ml NT-3、及び10μM Y-27632を加えたものを用いた。培養3日目以降は、Neurobasal培地(Gibco/Invitrogen社)に2% B27サプリメント ビタミンA無し(Gibco/Invitrogen社)、2mM L-グルタミン、10% FBS、BDNF 20ng/ml、及びNT-3 20ng/mlを加えた培地を用いて、半量培地交換を3日に1回行った。分散後30-60日の間に、細胞をfluo4-AM(life technologies、F-14201) 5μM中で37℃にて45分インキュベートし、培地で洗浄後にLCMを用いたカルシウムイメージングによる機能解析を行った。また、同じ方法で分散培養した細胞でパッチクランプ法による電気生理的解析を行った。測定はwhole cell patch clampにておこない、ガラス電極(電極抵抗値3-6MΩ)内を内液用バッファー(120mM K-Gluconate、10mM KCl、10mM EGTA、及び10mM Hepes含有バッファーをKOHにてpH7.2に調整)で、チャンバー内を外液用バッファー(140mM NaCl、2.5mM CaCl2、2mM MgCl2、10mM Glucose、1mM NaH2PO4、及び10mM Hepes含有バッファーをNaOHにてpH7.4に調整)で満たして使用した。測定はEPC10(HEKA)にて行った。全ての試験は室温で実施した。膜容量成分補正を行い、直列抵抗値は電極抵抗値の3倍以内となる条件下で試験を実施した。電位依存性のナトリウム、カリウム電流は、-60mVで電位を保持し、-80mVから+60mVまで-10mV刻みでの刺激時の測定を行った。sEPSCは-60mVにて電圧を保持した際の経時的な電流を測定し、薬剤はDNQX(sigma, D0540)を終濃度10μMで使用した。活動電位は過分極刺激を行った際の膜電位を測定した。
分散後30-31日経過後のカルシウムイメージングでは、多くの神経がカルシウム流入に伴う発火活動を示しており(図9A, A’)、各細胞の多様な経時的活動パターンが確認できた(図9B)。分散後53日目に施行したパッチクランプでは、電位刺激によるナトリウム・カリウム電流応答、誘発性活動電位、及び自発性興奮性シナプス後電流(spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current; sEPSC)が認められた(図9C-E)。このsEPSCはAMPA型グルタミン酸受容体アンタゴニストであるDNQXによる阻害が確認された(図9F)。
これらの実験により、実施例7で得られた神経細胞では自発的な神経活動が見られ、かつその細胞では刺激に応じた活動を示しており、シナプスネットワークも有する機能的な神経が得られていることが示唆された。
ヒト多能性幹細胞からの妊娠中期型の多層構造を持つ大脳皮質の立体形成
(方法)
分化誘導35日目まで実施例1の培養条件と同様に培養した。即ち、ヒトES細胞凝集塊を分化誘導18日後までV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、分化誘導18日目以降の浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下で行った。長期間において凝集塊を健康に維持するために35日目以降は、2週間に1度凝集塊を半分割し、実施例1で記載した培養液で培養を継続した。分化誘導56日目以降は、酸素透過性の高い細胞非吸着性培養皿(直径6cm, SARSTEDT社)に細胞塊を移し培養を継続した。分化誘導70日目以降は、マトリゲル グロースファクター リデュースト(BD Bioscience社)の濃度を2%に変更して培養を継続した。これらの凝集塊は、70日目および91日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
上記の条件で培養した場合、分化誘導開始70日目で凝集塊は形態的に明らかな層構造を示した(図10A-B’)。この層構造の最も表層にはLamininが蓄積し、Reelin陽性のカハールレチウス細胞を含んだ辺縁帯が形成されていた(図10C,C’)。辺縁帯の直下にはTbr1陽性、Ctip2陽性の深部皮質板の神経細胞を含む皮質板が観察された(図10D,D’)。この時点では浅部皮質板のマーカーであるSatb2を発現した神経細胞は少なかった(図10E)。内腔側には細胞密度が高くPax6陽性およびSox2陽性の神経前駆細胞を含んだ細脳室帯(図10F,F’)と、その上部にTbr2陽性の細胞を含んだ脳室下帯が形成されていた(図10G)。皮質板と脳室下帯の間は細胞がまばらな、妊娠中期の中間帯と良く似た領域が発達していた。皮質板の直下にはCalretinin陽性かつMAP2陽性の多くの神経突起を含んだ細胞層が形成されていた(図10H,H’)。この細胞層はコンドロイチン硫酸プロテオグリカン(CSPG)の蓄積が観察される(図10H”)ことからもサブプレートが形成されていることが示唆された。分化誘導開始91日目には、この多層構造を持った大脳皮質組織はさらに分厚くなり(図10I)、この時期においても発達したSox2陽性かつPax6陽性の脳室帯およびTbr2陽性の脳室下帯を有していた(図10J,K,M)。皮質板も同様に分厚くなり(図10I)、Tbr1陽性、Ctip2陽性の深部皮質板の神経細胞だけでなく、Satb2陽性、Brn2陽性の浅部皮質板の神経細胞も多く含まれていることが明らかになった(図10L-O)。この時点においてもCalretinin陽性のサブプレートは皮質板の直下に観察された(図10P)。このように、本培養法によって、図10Qに示すような表層-深部軸に沿ってヒト妊娠中期の大脳皮質に見られる多層構造を有する組織を立体形成することが可能となった。
大脳皮質の自発軸形成とその外因性の制御
(方法)
分化誘導42日目まで実施例1の培養条件と同様に培養した。即ち、ヒトES細胞凝集塊を分化誘導18日後までV底96穴プレートにて培養したのち、浮遊凝集塊を細胞非吸着性のペトリ皿(直径9 cm)に移し、分化誘導18日から42日目までの浮遊培養を37℃、5% CO2、40% O2存在下で行った。培養液は実施例1と同じものを用いた。外因性因子の影響を検討する際には24日目から42日目にこの培養液に200 ng/mLのFGF8bを添加し作用させた。いずれの条件においても、凝集塊は42日目に免疫組織染色で解析した。
妊娠初期の大脳皮質脳室帯において発現が背尾側から吻腹側にかけて勾配を形成する背尾側マーカーとしてCoupTF1やLhx2が知られている。一方で逆の勾配を示す吻腹側マーカーとしてSp8が知られている。外因性因子を作用させない場合には、ヒト多能性幹細胞から誘導した大脳皮質脳室帯でも背尾側マーカーのCoupTF1が、片側ではより強く、反対側では弱く発現していた(図11A)。吻腹側マーカーであるSp8の発現はCoupTF1と逆の勾配を示し(図11A)、他の背尾側マーカーであるLhx2の発現はCoupTF1と同じ勾配を示した(図11B,C)。生体内の終脳組織では大脳皮質の背尾側は皮質ヘムに隣接するが、ヒト多能性幹細胞から誘導した大脳皮質脳室帯も、背尾側マーカーのCoupTF1やLhx2が強く発現する領域が皮質ヘムマーカーであるZic1やOtx2を発現する領域と隣接して形成されていた(図11D,E)。これらは、この条件下においてヒト多能性幹細胞から誘導した大脳皮質は自発的に背尾側から吻腹側への極性を自己組織化的に獲得したことを示唆している。
(方法)
ヒトES細胞の維持培養と分化
ヒトES細胞(KhES-1)は日本政府のヒトES細胞研究指針に従って使用した。ヒトES細胞はマイトマイシンCによって不活性化されたMEF細胞をフィーダーとして、DMEM/F12 (Sigma)に 20% (vol/vol) Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR, Gibco/Invitrogen社), 2 mM グルタミン, 0.1 mM非必須アミノ酸溶液 (Gibco/Invitrogen社), 5 ng/ml ヒト組換えbFGF (Wako), 0.1 mM 2-メルカプトエタノール (2-ME), 50 U/ml ペニシリン、 50 μg/ml ストレプトマイシンを加えたものを培地として用いて、37℃, 2% CO2 存在下で培養を行った。細胞の継代は、ヒトES細胞を0.25%トリプシン、0.1 mg/ml コラゲナーゼIV、20% KSR、1 mM CaCl2を含むPBSで37℃で7分間反応させて、塊のままフィーダー細胞から剥がした。剥がしたヒトES細胞の塊は、緩やかにピペッティングして小さな細胞の塊 (数十個の細胞)にした。細胞の継代は3~4分の1で行った。
自己組織化した大脳皮質神経上皮の極性
SFEBq培養法を改良するために (図18 A 及び A′)、分散した9000個のヒトES細胞を、低細胞吸着性のV底型96ウェルプレート (文献15) の各ウェルに播種し、Rho-キナーゼ阻害剤(Y-27632)(文献16) を含んだGMEM-KSR培地で培養を行った (図18A)。その後、細胞塊を低細胞吸着性9cm培養皿に移し、40% O2存在下で培養した。脂質濃縮物(18日目)、10%FBS、ヘパリン、低濃度のマトリゲル(1%)(35日目)の添加は脳室帯の長期間の維持培養のために、最初の18日間のTGFβ阻害剤(SB43152)とWnt阻害剤(IWR1e)の添加は終脳領域の効率的な誘導のために添加した。
ヒトES細胞由来の神経上皮(N-cadherin陽性かつSox2陽性)において、終脳マーカーFoxg1の発現は培養18-20日くらいに観察され始める。神経上皮の頂端側(aPKC陽性)は細胞塊の外周に位置した (図13A, 下)。培養21日目にはこの神経上皮は部分的に非連続的にいくつかの大きな神経上皮に分かれた (図13A)。その後、これらの分割された大脳皮質神経上皮は頂端側がくぼんだ湾曲を示した (図13 B-D 及び 図19A, 上)。
改良した培養条件下では、ヒトES細胞由来の大脳皮質神経上皮は培養42日以降も成長を続けた。培養70日ではヒトES細胞由来の大脳皮質神経上皮の厚さは200μm以上になった (図14 A 及び A′)。この時期になると、神経上皮は形態的に脳室帯、脳室下帯、中間帯、皮質板、辺縁帯の多層構造を示した (図14 B-G 及び 図20 A 及び B)。辺縁帯の最表層にはLamininが蓄積し、リーリン陽性の細胞(CR細胞)を含んでいた (図14 C 及び C′)。辺縁帯の直下には皮質板が形成され、Tbr1陽性、Ctip2陽性の深部皮質板の神経細胞を含んでいた (図14 D 及び D′)。この時期には浅部皮質板のマーカーであるSatb2 (文献21)を発現した神経細胞は少なかった (図14 E)。内腔側の脳室帯は、培養70日目には約100μmの厚さで、Pax6陽性およびSox2陽性の神経幹/前駆細胞 (図14 F 及び F′)、または放射状グリア (文献22)と呼ばれる細胞を含んでいた。その上部にTbr2陽性の細胞から成る脳室下帯が形成されていた (図14 G)。
最後に、長期間培養したヒトES細胞由来大脳皮質における大脳皮質神経幹/前駆細胞の動態を検討した。過去のin vivo研究によって、発生がより進んだ時期では内腔側の神経幹細胞の非垂直の分裂が増加し、この非対称的な分裂によって頂端側の神経前駆細胞が生み出されることが明らかになっている (文献28, 29)。本培養において、培養70日での内腔側神経幹細胞は垂直の分裂面(60-90度)を優位に示した (図16 A-C)。この分裂では内腔表面に対して平行に娘細胞の分裂が起こる。一方、培養91日では分裂中の神経幹細胞(リン酸化Vimentin陽性)は非垂直の分裂をより高頻度に示した (図16 D-F)。
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Claims (20)
- 多能性幹細胞の凝集塊を、Wntシグナル阻害剤及びTGFβシグナル阻害剤の存在下で浮遊培養することにより、終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を得ること、及び該終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を、高酸素分圧条件下で更に浮遊培養することを含む、終脳若しくはその部分組織、或いはその前駆組織を含む細胞凝集塊の製造方法。
- 得られる細胞凝集塊が、大脳皮質、大脳基底核、海馬及び脈絡膜からなる群から選択されるいずれかの終脳部分組織、又はその前駆組織を含む、請求項1記載の製造方法。
- 高酸素分圧条件下での浮遊培養を、Wntシグナル増強剤の存在下で行う、請求項1又は2記載の製造方法。
- 高酸素分圧条件下での浮遊培養を、Wntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の存在下で行う、請求項1又は2記載の製造方法。
- (I)多能性幹細胞の凝集塊を、Wntシグナル阻害剤及びTGFβシグナル阻害剤の存在下で浮遊培養することにより、終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を得ること、
(II)(I)で得られた該終脳マーカー陽性凝集塊を、Wntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の存在下で更に浮遊培養すること、及び
(III)(II)で得られた細胞凝集塊をWntシグナル増強剤及び骨形成因子シグナル伝達経路活性化物質の不在下で更に浮遊培養すること
を含む、終脳若しくはその部分組織、或いはその前駆組織を含む細胞凝集塊の製造方法。 - 製造される細胞凝集塊が、連続した神経上皮中に、大脳皮質組織又はその前駆組織、脈絡膜組織又はその前駆組織、及び海馬組織又はその前駆組織を含む、請求項5記載の製造方法。
- 製造される細胞凝集塊が、連続した神経上皮中に、歯状回組織又はその前駆組織、及びアンモン角組織又はその前駆組織を含む、海馬組織またはその前駆組織を含む、請求項5記載の製造方法。
- 海馬組織または前駆組織が、連続した神経上皮中に、皮質ヘムを更に含む、請求項7記載の製造方法。
- 製造される細胞凝集塊が、アンモン角組織又はその前駆組織を含む、請求項5記載の製造方法。
- (II)及び(III)における浮遊培養を高酸素分圧条件下で行う、請求項5記載の製造方法。
- 細胞凝集塊を、shhシグナル作動薬で処理することを含む、請求項1又は2記載の製造方法。
- 細胞凝集塊を、FGF8で処理することを含む、請求項1又は2記載の製造方法。
- 得られる細胞凝集塊が、表層から深部に向かって、辺縁帯、皮質板、サブプレート、中間帯、脳室下帯及び脳室帯を含む多層構造を有する、大脳皮質組織又はその前駆組織を含む、請求項2記載の製造方法。
- 得られる細胞凝集塊が、大脳基底核又はその前駆組織を含む、請求項11記載の製造方法。
- 得られる細胞凝集塊が、吻側化大脳皮質又はその前駆組織を含む、請求項12記載の製造方法。
- 多能性幹細胞が胚性幹細胞又は誘導多能性幹細胞である、請求項1~15のいずれか1項記載の製造方法。
- 多能性幹細胞がヒト由来である、請求項1~16のいずれか1項記載の製造方法。
- 浮遊培養をフィーダー細胞の非存在下で行う、請求項1~17のいずれか1項記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1~18のいずれか1項記載の製造方法により得られる細胞凝集塊。
- 請求項1~18のいずれか1項記載の製造方法により得られる、海馬又はその前駆組織を含む細胞凝集塊を分散すること、及び分散した細胞を更に接着培養し、該細胞から成熟した海馬ニューロンを誘導することを含む、成熟した海馬ニューロンの製造方法。
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EP14863861.2A EP3072960B1 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2014-11-21 | Method for manufacturing telencephalon or progenitor tissue thereof |
CA2931278A CA2931278A1 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2014-11-21 | Method for manufacturing telencephalon or progenitor tissue thereof |
ES14863861T ES2732730T3 (es) | 2013-11-22 | 2014-11-21 | Método para producir telencéfalo o tejido progenitor del mismo |
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US15/037,926 US11198850B2 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2014-11-21 | Method for manufacturing telencephalon or progenitor tissue thereof |
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JP2019122396A (ja) | 2019-07-25 |
JP6835335B2 (ja) | 2021-02-24 |
JP6499084B2 (ja) | 2019-04-10 |
JP2022141848A (ja) | 2022-09-29 |
ES2732730T3 (es) | 2019-11-25 |
CN111269885A (zh) | 2020-06-12 |
US20160289635A1 (en) | 2016-10-06 |
AU2014353973A1 (en) | 2016-07-07 |
JPWO2015076388A1 (ja) | 2017-03-16 |
KR20160090339A (ko) | 2016-07-29 |
EP3072960A1 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
US11198850B2 (en) | 2021-12-14 |
EP3072960B1 (en) | 2019-03-27 |
MY188836A (en) | 2022-01-07 |
US20220098550A1 (en) | 2022-03-31 |
EP3072960A4 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
CN106103702B (zh) | 2020-03-24 |
JP7116964B2 (ja) | 2022-08-12 |
AU2014353973B2 (en) | 2021-01-28 |
CN106103702A (zh) | 2016-11-09 |
CA2931278A1 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
KR102317610B1 (ko) | 2021-10-26 |
JP2021072818A (ja) | 2021-05-13 |
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