WO2015072206A1 - 高分子材料のシミュレーション方法 - Google Patents
高分子材料のシミュレーション方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015072206A1 WO2015072206A1 PCT/JP2014/072318 JP2014072318W WO2015072206A1 WO 2015072206 A1 WO2015072206 A1 WO 2015072206A1 JP 2014072318 W JP2014072318 W JP 2014072318W WO 2015072206 A1 WO2015072206 A1 WO 2015072206A1
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- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 172
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000329 molecular dynamics simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 7
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- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- DEQZTKGFXNUBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)cyclohexanamine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1NSC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2S1 DEQZTKGFXNUBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005311 autocorrelation function Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003193 cis-1,4-polybutadiene polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001434 methanylylidene group Chemical group [H]C#[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
- G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/225—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material using electron or ion
- G01N23/2251—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material using electron or ion using incident electron beams, e.g. scanning electron microscopy [SEM]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/44—Resins; Plastics; Rubber; Leather
- G01N33/442—Resins; Plastics
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
- G06F17/11—Complex mathematical operations for solving equations, e.g. nonlinear equations, general mathematical optimization problems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16C—COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY; CHEMOINFORMATICS; COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
- G16C20/00—Chemoinformatics, i.e. ICT specially adapted for the handling of physicochemical or structural data of chemical particles, elements, compounds or mixtures
- G16C20/30—Prediction of properties of chemical compounds, compositions or mixtures
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G16C—COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY; CHEMOINFORMATICS; COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
- G16C10/00—Computational theoretical chemistry, i.e. ICT specially adapted for theoretical aspects of quantum chemistry, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics or the like
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30403—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter shape
- H01J2201/30419—Pillar shaped emitters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a simulation method for calculating deformation of a polymer material containing a filler.
- fillers such as carbon black and silica are blended in polymer materials such as tire rubber. It has been found that the dispersibility of the filler in the polymer material greatly affects the rubber strength and the like, but the details are not clarified so much. For this reason, it is important to accurately observe the dispersion state of the filler in the polymer material and perform a simulation using a model based on the dispersion state.
- a polymer material model is set based on a three-dimensional structure of a polymer material constructed from an electron beam transmission image. Therefore, in the following Patent Document 1, a polymer material model can be set based on the dispersion state of the filler.
- JP 2013-57638 A JP 2013-57638 A
- a polymer material model is set based on the finite element method.
- the polymer material model includes a filler model in which the filler is divided by a finite number of elements and a polymer material model in which the polymer material is divided by a finite number of elements.
- the conventional simulation method has a problem that the behavior of the polymer material at the time of large deformation cannot be expressed with high accuracy.
- the present invention has been devised in view of the above circumstances, and has as its main object to provide a simulation method of a polymer material that can accurately express the behavior of the polymer material at the time of large deformation.
- the present invention is a simulation method for calculating deformation of a polymer material containing a filler using a computer, and an imaging step of acquiring an electron beam transmission image of the polymer material using a scanning transmission electron microscope And a step of constructing a three-dimensional image of a polymer material based on the electron beam transmission image by a tomography method, and a computer comprising a polymer based on the three-dimensional image of the polymer material.
- Filler model arrangement in which at least one filler model that models the filler is arranged in the filler portion using a process, a plurality of filler particle models, and a bond chain model that connects adjacent filler particle models
- At least one coarse-grained model in which a polymer chain of the polymer material is modeled using a process, a plurality of coarse-grained particle models, and a bond chain model that connects adjacent coarse-grained particle models
- a coarse-grained model placement step in which the polymer material portion is placed, and the computer calculates structural relaxation based on molecular dynamics calculation using the filler model and the coarse-grained model. It is characterized by including.
- a small region selection step in which the computer selects a small region that is partitioned within the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material and has a predetermined size. Further, the filler model arranging step arranges the filler model in the filler portion of the small region, and the coarse-grained model arranging step includes the coarse-grained in the polymer material portion of the small region. It is desirable to arrange a model.
- the small region selecting step includes a step of calculating a volume fraction of the filler portion in a three-dimensional structure of the polymer material, and 3 of the polymer material. Calculating a volume fraction of the filler portion in each of the small regions in a plurality of small regions divided at different positions in the dimensional structure; and among the plurality of small regions, the small region It is desirable that the method includes a step of selecting the small region where the volume fraction of the filler portion is closest to the volume fraction of the filler portion in the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material.
- the filler model is arranged in a face-centered cubic lattice.
- the bond chain model of the filler model is defined based on a bond function or an interparticle distance constraint method.
- the polymer material simulation method of the present invention includes an imaging step of acquiring an electron beam transmission image of a polymer material using a scanning transmission electron microscope, and a tomography method based on the electron beam transmission image.
- the method includes a step of constructing a three-dimensional structure, a model setting step of setting a polymer material model based on the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material, and a step of performing deformation simulation based on the polymer material model. According to such a method, an accurate polymer material model can be set based on an actual polymer material.
- model setting process based on a three-dimensional image of the polymer material, a three-dimensional structure of the polymer material in which the filler portion where the filler is arranged and the polymer material portion around the filler portion is identified.
- the process of building is included.
- At least one filler model in which the filler is modeled is arranged in the filler portion using a plurality of filler particle models and a bond chain model that connects adjacent filler particle models.
- a plurality of coarse-grained particle models, and a coupled chain model that connects adjacent coarse-grained particle models at least one coarse-grained model that models a polymer chain of a polymer material is enhanced. Placing in the molecular material portion and computing a structural relaxation based on a molecular dynamics calculation using a filler model and a coarse-grained model.
- the filler model and the coarse-grained model are independently modeled based on the molecular dynamics method. Therefore, in the polymer material simulation method of the present invention, the behavior of the polymer material at the time of large deformation can be expressed with high accuracy.
- model setting step structural relaxation calculation based on molecular dynamics calculation is performed, so that the equilibrium state of the filler model and the coarse-grained model can be calculated.
- the simulation accuracy can be improved.
- FIG. 1 It is a perspective view of the computer with which the simulation method of this invention is performed. It is a schematic partial expanded sectional view of a polymeric material. It is a structural formula of polybutadiene. It is the flowchart in which an example of the process sequence of the simulation method of this embodiment was shown. It is the schematic by which an example of the scanning transmission electron microscope of this embodiment was shown. It is explanatory drawing by which the state which inclined the sample was shown. (A), (b) is a side view which shows the positional relationship of the focus and sample in an imaging process. It is a perspective view which shows the three-dimensional structure of this embodiment. It is a flowchart which shows an example of the process sequence of a model setting process. It is a perspective view which shows a virtual space notionally.
- Three-dimensional structure 26 Polymer material model 27 Filler part 28 Polymer material part 35 Filler model 36 Coarse-grained model
- the deformation of the polymer material containing the filler is calculated using a computer.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a computer for executing the simulation method of the present invention.
- the computer 1 includes a main body 1a, a keyboard 1b, a mouse 1c, and a display device 1d.
- the main body 1a is provided with, for example, an arithmetic processing unit (CPU), a ROM, a working memory, a storage device such as a magnetic disk, and disk drive devices 1a1 and 1a2.
- the storage device stores in advance software or the like for executing the simulation method of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic partial enlarged cross-sectional view of the polymer material of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a structural formula of polybutadiene.
- the polymer material 2 include rubber, resin, or elastomer.
- the polymer material 2 of the present embodiment include cis-1,4 polybutadiene (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “polybutadiene”).
- the polymer chain constituting the polybutadiene has a polymerization degree n of a monomer ⁇ — [CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH—CH 2 ] — ⁇ composed of a methylene group (—CH 2 —) and a methine group (—CH—). It is comprised by connecting with.
- a polymer material a polymer material other than polybutadiene may be used.
- the filler 3 contained in the polymer material 2 for example, carbon black, silica, alumina, or the like is included.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a processing procedure of the simulation method of the present embodiment.
- an electron beam transmission image of the polymer material 2 is acquired using a scanning transmission electron microscope (imaging step S1).
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an example of a scanning transmission electron microscope of the present embodiment.
- the scanning transmission electron microscope apparatus 4 includes an electron gun 5, a focusing lens 8, an X-direction scanning coil 9x, and a Y-direction scanning coil 9y, as in a conventional scanning transmission electron microscope.
- the focusing lens 8 is for focusing the primary electron beam 6 emitted from the electron gun 5 at a right angle to the horizontal plane and downward onto the sample 7 made of the polymer material 2.
- the X direction scanning coil 9x and the Y direction scanning coil 9y are for scanning the primary electron beam 6 on the sample 7 in the X direction and the Y direction.
- the sample 7 is formed in a plate shape having a constant thickness t.
- the sample 7 is fixed to the sample holder 11.
- An electron beam passage hole 13 that penetrates along the optical axis O of the electron beam is provided at the center of the sample holder 11. Through the electron beam passage hole 13, the transmitted electrons 12 that have passed through the sample 7 pass.
- the sample holder 11 is attached to the sample stage 14.
- An electron beam transmission hole 19 penetrating along the electron beam optical axis O is provided at the center of the sample stage 14.
- the electron beam transmission hole 19 and the electron beam passage hole 13 are continuous along the electron beam optical axis O.
- a scattering angle limiting stop 15 for limiting the passage of the transmitted electrons 12 is provided on the downstream side of the sample stage 14.
- a scintillator 16 that converts the transmitted electrons 12 into light and a photomultiplier tube 17 that converts the converted light into an electronic signal are provided downstream of the scattering angle limiting diaphragm 15.
- the scintillator 16 and the photomultiplier tube 17 constitute a transmission electron detector 18.
- the sample stage 14, the scattering angle limiting aperture 15, the scintillator 16, and the photomultiplier tube 17 are arranged in a sample chamber (not shown) of the scanning transmission electron microscope apparatus 4. Further, the scanning transmission electron microscope apparatus 4 is provided with a sample tilt portion (not shown) that tilts (rotates) the sample 7 with respect to the electron beam.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view showing a state in which the sample 7 is tilted.
- the sample inclined portion can hold the sample 7 with respect to the horizontal plane H while being inclined by an angle ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇ 0). Therefore, the sample inclined portion is useful for imaging the sample 7 in a plurality of angular states in which the angles of the electron beam e with respect to the optical axis O are different.
- the sample holder 11 on which the sample 7 is fixed is mounted on the sample stage 14 by the operator.
- the primary electron beam 6 emitted from the electron gun 5 is focused by the focusing lens 8 and scanned onto the sample 7 by the X direction and Y direction scanning coils 9x and 9y.
- the transmitted electrons 12 scattered and transmitted in the sample 7 or the transmitted electrons 12 transmitted without being scattered in the sample 7 are transmitted from the lower surface of the sample 7. Emitted.
- the transmitted electrons 12 emitted from the lower surface of the sample 7 pass through the electron beam passage hole 13 of the sample holder 11 and the electron beam passage hole 19 of the sample stage 14 and then reach the scattering angle limiting stop 15.
- the transmitted electrons 12 having a specific scattering angle pass through the scattering angle limiting diaphragm 15, collide with the scintillator 16, are converted into light, and then are converted into electric signals by the photomultiplier tube 17.
- This electrical signal is sent to display means (both not shown) via the A / D converter.
- the transmitted signal is subjected to luminance modulation, and an electron beam transmission image reflecting the internal structure of the sample 7 is displayed. Thereby, a plurality of images according to the scanning position can be acquired.
- the sample 7 is tilted (rotated) by the sample tilt portion (not shown).
- the sample 7 is imaged in a plurality of angular states in which the angles of the electron beam e with respect to the optical axis O are different.
- the sample 7 is tilted in units of a predetermined angle from the measurement start angle to the measurement end angle. And acquisition of an electron beam transmission image is repeated for every angle.
- a rotation series image (a plurality of electron beam transmission images) is obtained.
- Such a rotation series image is stored in the computer 1.
- FIG. 7A and 7B are side views showing the positional relationship between the focal point F and the sample 7 in the imaging step S1. It is desirable that the focal point F of the scanning transmission electron microscope apparatus 4 be adjusted to the central region C of the thickness t of the sample 7 (rubber material) in a plurality of angular states with different angles with respect to the optical axis O of the electron beam. . As a result, a range in which a clear image can be obtained, that is, a region with a focal depth f can be secured more widely inside the sample 7.
- the central region C is desirably a region that is 30% or less of the thickness t with the center position of the thickness t of the sample 7 as the center. As shown in FIG.
- the sample 7 when the upper surface 7 a and the lower surface 7 b of the sample 7 are not orthogonal to the optical axis O of the electron beam e, the sample 7 extends along the optical axis direction of the electron beam e that crosses the sample 7. Desirably, it is defined as the apparent thickness t ′ (ie, t / cos ⁇ ).
- FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing a three-dimensional image (three-dimensional structure) of the present embodiment.
- step S2 a plurality of electron beam transmission images acquired for each angle are converted into three-dimensional images (hereinafter simply referred to as “three-dimensional images”) of a polymer material as shown in FIG. 8 based on the tomography method. Yes.) Reconstructed as 21.
- three-dimensional images the dispersion state of the filler 3 (shown in FIG. 2) in the polymer material 2 is clearly shown in three dimensions.
- Such a three-dimensional image 21 is stored in the computer 1.
- FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a processing procedure of the model setting step S3.
- step S3 of the present embodiment first, based on the three-dimensional image 21 shown in FIG. 8, the filler portion 27 in which the filler 3 (shown in FIG. 2) is arranged, and the periphery of the filler portion 27.
- the three-dimensional structure (hereinafter, simply referred to as “three-dimensional structure”) 22 of the polymer material identified from the polymer material portion 28 is constructed (step S31).
- a cross-sectional position is designated in the three-dimensional image 21, and a plurality of two-dimensional slice images are acquired.
- each slice image is subjected to image processing to be divided into at least a filler portion 27 and a polymer material portion 28.
- a threshold is set in advance for information such as brightness and luminance of an image.
- the slice image is automatically identified into the filler portion 27 and the polymer material portion 28.
- a three-dimensional structure 22 (shown in FIG. 8) in which the filler portion 27 and the polymer material portion 28 are respectively identified is constructed.
- the three-dimensional structure 22 is image data.
- the three-dimensional structure 22 is stored in the computer 1.
- the computer 1 selects a small area 31 divided in the three-dimensional structure 22 (small area selection step S32).
- the small area 31 has a predetermined size.
- the size of the small region 31 is the same as the size of the virtual space 32 (shown in FIG. 10) to be calculated in the molecular dynamics calculation described later. Thereby, in the simulation to be described later, the calculation target is limited to the range of the small region 31, so that the calculation time can be reduced.
- the small region 31 can be divided at an arbitrary position of the three-dimensional structure 22. Such a small area 31 is stored in the computer 1.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view conceptually showing the virtual space 32.
- the virtual space 32 of the present embodiment is defined as, for example, a cube having at least a pair of faces 33 and 33 facing each other, in the present embodiment.
- a plurality of filler models 35 and a coarse-grained model 36 described later are arranged inside the virtual space 32.
- the distance between the pair of surfaces 33 and 33 (that is, the length L1 of one side) is desirably set to, for example, 50 nm to 1000 nm (76 ⁇ to 1515 ⁇ in the unit of molecular dynamics calculation).
- Such a virtual space 32 is stored in the computer 1.
- FIG. 11 is a conceptual diagram of the filler model 35.
- FIG. 12 is a conceptual diagram showing the filler particle model 39 and the bond chain model 40.
- the filler model 35 includes a plurality of filler particle models 39 and a bond chain model 40 that connects adjacent filler particle models 39 and 39.
- the filler particle model 39 is handled as a mass point of the equation of motion in the molecular dynamics calculation. That is, the filler particle model 39 defines parameters such as mass, volume, diameter, charge, or initial coordinates.
- step S33 of the present embodiment first, as shown in FIG. 10, in the computer 1, image data (not shown) of the small area 31 (shown in FIG. 8) is superimposed on the virtual space 32. Next, a plurality of filler particle models 39 (shown in FIG. 11) are arranged in the region of the filler portion 27 (shown in FIG. 8) represented in the virtual space 32.
- the filler particle model 39 is desirably arranged in a face-centered cubic lattice.
- the movement of the filler particle model 39 can be firmly restrained, so that the rigidity of the filler model 35 (shown in FIG. 11) can be set high.
- Such a filler model 35 can approximate the physical properties of the filler 3 (shown in FIG. 2) in the molecular dynamics calculation described later.
- the filler particle model 39 may be arranged in a crystal lattice such as a body-centered cubic lattice or a simple lattice, for example.
- the bond chain model 40 is defined.
- the bond chain model 40 of this embodiment is defined based on a bond function. That is, the bond chain model 40 is defined by, for example, the potential defined by the following formula (1) (hereinafter, also referred to as “LJ potential U LJ (r ij )”) and the following formula (2). It is set by the potential P1 indicated by the sum with the coupling potential U FENE .
- the constants and variables are parameters of Lennard-Jones and FENE potentials, and are as follows.
- r ij distance between the particles
- r c cutoff distance
- k spring constant between grains
- epsilon the intensity of the LJ potential which is defined between the particles sigma: corresponds to the diameter of the particles
- R 0 Nobikiri length
- the distance r ij The cut-off distance r c and the extension length R 0 are defined as the distance between the centers 39 c of each filler particle model 39.
- the potential P1 defines a restoring force for returning the distance r ij to a position where the LJ potential U LJ (r ij ) and the coupling potential U FENE are balanced with each other.
- the LJ potential U LJ (r ij ) increases infinitely as the distance r ij between the filler particle models 39 and 39 decreases.
- the coupling potential U FENE is set to ⁇ when the distance r ij is not less than the full length R 0 . Therefore, the potential P1 is not allowed to have a distance r ij that is not less than the full length R 0 .
- the intensity of the LJ potential U LJ (r ij) and the potential of FENE epsilon, Nobikiri length R 0, for a diameter ⁇ and cutoff distance r c of the particles can be appropriately set. These constants are described in, for example, paper 1 (Kurt Kremer & Gary S. Grest, “Dynamics of entangled linear polymer melts: A molecular-dynamics simulation”, J. Chem Phys. Vol. 92, No. 8, 15 April 1990). Based on the above, it is desirable to set as follows. Strength ⁇ : 1.0 Full length R 0 : 1.5 Distance ⁇ : 1.0 Cut-off distance r c : 2 1/6 ⁇
- the spring constant k is a parameter that determines the rigidity of the filler model 35 (shown in FIG. 11). Therefore, it is desirable that the spring constant k is set within a range of 10 to 5000 based on the rigidity of the filler 3. In addition, when the spring constant k is less than 10, the rigidity of the filler model 35 becomes excessively small, and the simulation accuracy may be reduced. On the other hand, even if the spring constant k exceeds 5000, the deformation of the filler model 35 is substantially not allowed, and the molecular dynamics calculation may become unstable. From such a viewpoint, the spring constant k is more preferably 20 or more, further preferably 25 or more, more preferably 3000 or less, and further preferably 2500 or less.
- the rigidity of the filler model 35 (shown in FIG. 11) is increased.
- the filler model 35 approximated to the filler 3 (shown in FIG. 2) can be set.
- the filler model 35 shown in FIG. 10 is set by sequentially modeling the filler particle model 39 and the bond chain model 40.
- the filler model 35 since the filler model 35 is set based on the filler portion 27 (shown in FIG. 8) identified from the actual polymer material 2, a highly accurate polymer material model 26 can be defined. .
- Such a filler model 35 is stored in the computer 1.
- the bond chain model 40 is defined based on the bond function, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the bond chain model 40 can be defined based on, for example, an interparticle distance constraint method.
- the inter-particle distance constraint method for example, the SHAKE method can be adopted.
- the SHAKE method the binding force of the filler particle models 39 and 39 is derived based on Lagrange's undetermined multiplier method. Therefore, in the bond chain model 40 defined by the SHAKE method, the interparticle distance is fixed to a constant value.
- the bond chain model 40 defined by the bond function the interparticle distance changes at high speed near the equilibrium length. For this reason, even if the unit time in the molecular dynamics calculation described later is set large, the bond chain model 40 defined by the SHAKE method is more stable than the bond chain model 40 defined by the bond function. Yes.
- FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing the coarse-grained model 36.
- Each coarse-grained model 36 includes a plurality of coarse-grained particle models 41 and a coupled chain model 42 that connects adjacent coarse-grained particle models 41, 41.
- the coarse-grained particle model 41 is obtained by replacing the monomer of the polymer material 2 (shown in FIG. 2) or a structural unit forming a part of the monomer as one particle. As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 13, when the polymer chain of the polymer material 2 is polybutadiene, for example, 1.55 monomers are used as the structural unit 37, and the coarse unit includes one structural unit 37. It is replaced with the particle model 41. As a result, a plurality (eg, 10 to 5000) of coarse-grained particle models 41 are set as the coarse-grained particle models 41.
- the structural unit 37 In addition, 1.55 monomers are used as the structural unit 37 because the above paper 1 and the above paper 2 (L, J. Fetters., DJ Lohse and RHColby, "Chain Dimension and Entanglement Spacings” PhysicalPhysProperties of Polymers Handbook Second Edition 448)). Even if the polymer chain is other than polybutadiene, the structural unit 37 can be defined based on, for example, the above papers 1 and 2.
- the coarse-grained particle model 41 is handled as a mass point of the equation of motion in the molecular dynamics calculation. That is, parameters such as mass, volume, diameter, or electric charge are defined in the coarse-grained particle model 41, for example.
- FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram showing the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 in an enlarged manner.
- the bond chain model 42 is defined by a potential P2 in which a full length is set between the coarse-grained particle models 41 and 41.
- the potential P2 of the present embodiment is set by the sum of the LJ potential U LJ (r ij ) defined by the above formula (1) and the coupling potential U FENE defined by the above formula (2).
- the values of the constants and variables of the LJ potential U LJ (r ij ) and the coupling potential U FENE can be set as appropriate. In the present embodiment, the following values are set based on the paper 1.
- Spring constant k 30 Full length R 0 : 1.5 Strength ⁇ : 1.0 Distance ⁇ : 1.0 Cut-off distance r c : 2 1/6 ⁇
- the linear coarse-grained model 36 in which the adjacent coarse-grained particle models 41, 41 are constrained to be stretchable can be set by such a connected chain model 42.
- the coarse-grained model 36 is set by sequentially modeling the coarse-grained particle model 41 and the coupled chain model 42.
- step S34 of the present embodiment in the computer 1, in the virtual space 32 (shown in FIG. 10) in which the image data (not shown) of the small area 31 (shown in FIG. 8) is superimposed, the data is displayed in the virtual space 32.
- a plurality of (for example, 10 to 1,000,000) coarse-grained models 36 are arranged on the polymer material portion 28 (shown in FIG. 8). Thereby, since the coarse-grained model 36 is set based on the polymer material portion 28 identified from the actual polymer material 2, the highly accurate polymer material model 26 can be defined.
- These coarse-grained models 36 are stored in the computer 1.
- a potential P3 is defined between the coarse-grained particle models 41 and 41 of the adjacent coarse-grained models 36 and 36 (step S35).
- This potential P3 is defined by the LJ potential U LJ (r ij ) in the above equation (1).
- the strength ⁇ and the constant ⁇ of the potential P3 can be set as appropriate.
- the strength ⁇ and constant ⁇ of the potential P3 in the present embodiment are desirably set in the same range as the strength ⁇ and constant ⁇ of the potential P2 of the bond chain model 42.
- the potential P3 is stored in the computer 1.
- the potential P4 is defined between the filler particle models 39 and 39 of the adjacent filler model 35, and between the coarse-grained particle model 41 and the filler particle model 39 (step S36).
- the potential P4 is defined by the LJ potential U LJ (r ij ) in the above formula (1). Note that the values of the constants and the variables of the potential P4 can be set as appropriate. It is desirable that each constant and each variable of the potential P4 of the present embodiment is set based on the above paper 1.
- the potential P4 is stored in the computer 1.
- the computer 1 calculates structure relaxation based on molecular dynamics calculation using the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 shown in FIG. 10 (step S37).
- molecular dynamics calculation of the present embodiment for example, Newton's equation of motion is applied on the assumption that the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 follow classical mechanics for a predetermined time with respect to the virtual space 32. Then, the movements of the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 at each time are tracked every unit time.
- the pressure and temperature are constant or the volume and temperature are kept constant in the virtual space 32.
- step S37 the initial arrangement of the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 can be relaxed with high accuracy by approximating the molecular motion of the actual polymer material.
- COGNAC included in a soft material synthesis simulator (J-OCTA) manufactured by JSOL Corporation is used.
- step S38 determines whether or not the initial arrangement of the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 has been sufficiently relaxed.
- step S38 when it is determined that the initial arrangement of the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 has been sufficiently relaxed (“Y” in step S38), the next step S4 is performed.
- the unit time is advanced (step S39), and the steps S37 and S37 are performed.
- Step S38 is performed again.
- the computer 1 performs a deformation simulation based on the polymer material model 26 (step S4).
- the polymer material model 26 (shown in FIG. 10) is set in one direction (for example, based on a uniaxial tensile test generally performed on the polymer material 2 (shown in FIG. 2)).
- the physical quantity of the polymer material model 26 (for example, a stress-strain curve) is calculated.
- Such physical quantities of the polymer material model 26 are stored in the computer 1.
- the movement of the filler particle model 39 and the coarse-grained particle model 41 accompanying the deformation of the polymer material model 26 increases Large deformations can be simulated such that holes are created in the molecular material 2 (shown in FIG. 2).
- a finite element model generally used for a long time in material simulation adjacent elements share the same node, and therefore it is impossible in principle to express that holes are generated.
- the finite element model if the element is crushed during large deformation, the Courant condition is not satisfied and the calculation fails. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the behavior of the polymer material 2 during large deformation can be expressed with high accuracy.
- the filler model 35 and the coarse-grained model 36 are set based on the filler portion 27 and the polymer material portion 28 identified from the actual polymer material 2 (shown in FIG. 2). Therefore, a high-precision polymer material model 26 can be defined. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the behavior of the polymer material 2 during large deformation can be expressed with high accuracy.
- the method of deforming the polymer material model 26 is not limited to the above method.
- a method of deforming by applying a cyclic strain of ⁇ 1% or a method of compressing or shearing the polymer material model 26 may be used.
- the computer 1 determines whether or not the physical quantity of the polymer material model 26 is within a preset allowable range (step S5).
- step S5 when it is determined that the physical quantity of the polymer material model 26 is within the allowable range (“Y” in step S5), the polymer material 2 is manufactured based on the polymer material model 26 ( Step S6).
- step S7 when it is determined that the physical quantity of the polymer material model 26 is not within the allowable range (“N” in step S5), the blending of the filler 3 is changed (step S7), and steps S1 to S5 are performed. Will be implemented again. Thereby, in the simulation method of the present embodiment, the polymer material 2 having an allowable physical quantity can be manufactured.
- the small region 31 is illustrated as being partitioned at an arbitrary position of the three-dimensional structure 22, but the present invention is not limited to this. Absent.
- the small region 31 may be divided based on the volume fraction of the filler portion 27 in the three-dimensional structure 22.
- FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a processing procedure of the small region selection step S32 according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the volume fraction of the filler portion 27 (shown in FIG. 8) in the three-dimensional structure 22 is calculated (step S321).
- the volume fraction ⁇ b of the filler portion 27 in the three-dimensional structure 22 is obtained based on the following formula (3).
- ⁇ b Vb / Va (3) here, ⁇ b: Volume fraction of filler part in the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material Va: Volume of the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material (mm 3 )
- Vb Volume of the filler portion arranged in the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material (mm 3 )
- the volume Va of the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material is the entire volume of the three-dimensional structure 22 as shown in FIG.
- the volume Vb of the filler portion in the three-dimensional structure is the volume of all the filler portions 27 arranged in the three-dimensional structure 22.
- the volume Vb of the filler portion can be easily calculated by the computer 1 based on the filler portion 27 divided by image processing. Then, the volume Vb of the filler part in the three-dimensional structure is obtained by dividing the volume Vb of the filler part by the volume Va of the three-dimensional structure.
- Such a volume fraction ⁇ b is stored in the computer 1.
- FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an example of the processing procedure of the small region volume fraction calculation step S322.
- FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing a small region 31 in the three-dimensional structure 22. In FIG. 17, the filler portion 27 and the polymer material portion 28 shown in FIG. 8 are omitted.
- the volume fraction of the filler portion 27 (shown in FIG. 8) in the small region 31 is obtained. Is calculated (step S41).
- the initial position can be set as appropriate.
- a reference point 47 defined by one vertex 21a of the three-dimensional structure 22 and a reference point 48 defined by one vertex 31a of the small region 31 are coincident with each other. Is set.
- the volume fraction ⁇ d of the filler portion 27 in the small region 31 is obtained based on the following formula (4).
- ⁇ d Vd / Vc (4) here, ⁇ d: Volume fraction of the filler in the small area
- Vc Volume of the small area (nm 3 )
- Vd Volume of the filler portion arranged in the small region (nm 3 )
- the small area volume Vc is the volume of the entire small area 31.
- the volume Vd of the filler portion disposed in the small region is the volume of all the filler portions 27 (shown in FIG. 8) disposed in the small region 31.
- the volume Vd of the filler portion can be calculated by the computer 1 based on the filler portion 27 arranged in the small region 31 of the filler portion 27 of the three-dimensional structure 22. Then, the volume fraction ⁇ d of the filler in the small region is obtained by dividing the volume Vd of the filler portion in the small region by the volume Vc of the small region. Such a volume fraction ⁇ d is stored in the computer 1.
- a new small region 31 is divided (step S42), and the volume fraction ⁇ d of the filler portion 27 in the new small region 31 is calculated (step S43).
- the volume fraction ⁇ d of the filler portion in this new small area 31 is stored in the computer 1.
- step S42 a new small region 31 is divided at a position different from the small region 31 divided up to the previous time.
- the previously selected small region 31 is moved along the x-axis direction, the y-axis direction, or the z-axis direction, whereby a new small region 31 is formed. It is divided. Further, an interval (not shown) for moving the small region 31 can be set as appropriate. The interval in this embodiment is preferably set to 1 nm to 100 nm. As a result, the small regions 31 can be uniformly divided in the three-dimensional structure 22.
- step S44 it is determined whether or not the small area 31 is divided in the entire area of the three-dimensional structure 22 (step S44).
- step S44 when it is determined that the small region 31 is divided in the entire area of the three-dimensional structure 22 (“Y” in step S44), the next step S323 is performed.
- step S42 and step S43 are performed again.
- the volume fraction ⁇ d of the filler portion in the small region 31 can be calculated over the entire area in the three-dimensional structure 22.
- one small region 31 is selected from the plurality of small regions 31 (step S323).
- the volume fraction ⁇ d of the filler portion 27 in each of the small regions 31 among the plurality of small regions 31 is the smallest that most closely approximates the volume fraction ⁇ b of the filler portion 27 in the three-dimensional structure 22.
- Region 31 is selected.
- the selected small area 31 is stored in the computer 1.
- the polymer material model 26 is defined in the steps after step S33 shown in FIG.
- the polymer material model 26 is defined based on the small region 31 having a volume fraction ⁇ d that is significantly different from the volume fraction ⁇ b of the filler portion 27 of the three-dimensional structure 22. Therefore, the accuracy of the simulation can be improved.
- the volume fraction ⁇ d of the filler portion 27 is calculated in the plurality of small regions 31 in step S322
- the volume fraction ⁇ d of each small region 31 and the filling in the three-dimensional structure 22 are performed.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the volume fraction ⁇ d of the small region 31 and the volume fraction ⁇ b of the three-dimensional structure 22 are sequentially compared, and the volume fraction ⁇ b of the three-dimensional structure 22 is the closest.
- the small area 31 to be selected may be sequentially selected. According to such a method, it is not necessary to store the volume fraction ⁇ d of all the small regions 31, so that the data amount can be reduced.
- a polymer material containing the following composition was manufactured.
- the following microtome was used, and a sample having a thickness of 500 nm was prepared from a polymer material (experimental example). Based on the specifications shown below, a uniaxial tensile test was performed on the sample, and the average absolute deviation of the stress-strain curve was determined. Furthermore, the coefficient obtained by fitting the autocorrelation function of the filler's three-dimensional density distribution to the power function by the least square method is used, and the fractal indicates how the aggregate structure of the filler contained in the polymer material spreads. A dimension was sought.
- a three-dimensional structure of the polymer material was constructed based on the electron beam transmission image obtained by imaging the polymer material with a scanning transmission electron microscope.
- a polymer material model was set based on the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material (Example 1, Example 2).
- the filler portion in the three-dimensional structure is divided into a plurality of small regions divided at different positions in the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material according to the procedure shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. The small region that best approximated the volume fraction of was selected.
- a plurality of filler models are arranged at regular intervals in the virtual space without using a three-dimensional structure of the polymer material, and a plurality of coarse-grained models are arranged around the filler model.
- a polymer material model was defined from the three-dimensional structure of the polymer material (Comparative Example 2).
- each average absolute deviation of Example 1 to Comparative Example 2 is displayed as an index with the experimental example being 1.0. It shows that the behavior at the time of large deformation of the polymer material can be expressed with higher accuracy as each average absolute deviation is closer to 1.0.
- the fractal dimension of Example 1 to Comparative Example 2 indicates that the closer to the numerical value of the fractal dimension of the experimental example, the more accurately the filler compounded in the polymer material can be expressed.
- each numerical value such as potential is as described in the specification, and other common specifications are as follows. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Styrene butadiene rubber 100 parts by mass Silica: 50 parts by mass Sulfur: 1.5 parts by mass
- Vulcanization accelerator CZ 1 part by mass Vulcanization accelerator DPG: 1 part by mass Details of each formulation: Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR): E15 manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation Silica: Ultrasil VN3 manufactured by Degussa Sulfur: Powder sulfur manufactured by Karuizawa Sulfur Co., Ltd.
- Vulcanization accelerator CZ Noxeller CZ manufactured by Ouchi Shinsei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Vulcanization accelerator DPG NOCELLER D manufactured by Ouchi Shinsei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Example 1 and Example 2 can be approximated to the average absolute deviation and fractal dimension of the experimental example as compared with the polymer material model of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. did it. Therefore, it was confirmed that the simulation method of Example 1 and Example 2 can express the behavior of the polymer material at the time of large deformation with high accuracy. Further, it was confirmed that the polymer material model of Example 2 can be approximated to the average absolute deviation of the experimental example as compared with the polymer material model of Example 1.
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Abstract
Description
26 高分子材料モデル
27 充填剤部分
28 高分子材料部分
35 フィラーモデル
36 粗視化モデル
本実施形態の高分子材料のシミュレーション方法(以下、単に「シミュレーション方法」ということがある)では、コンピュータを用いて、充填剤を含有する高分子材料の変形が計算される。
ここで、各定数及び変数は、Lennard-Jones及びFENEの各ポテンシャルのパラメータであり、次のとおりである。
rij:粒子間の距離
rc:カットオフ距離
k:粒子間のばね定数
ε:粒子間に定義されるLJポテンシャルの強度
σ:粒子の直径に相当
R0:伸びきり長
なお、距離rij、カットオフ距離rc、及び、伸びきり長R0は、各フィラー粒子モデル39の中心39c間の距離として定義される。
強度ε:1.0
伸びきり長R0:1.5
距離σ:1.0
カットオフ距離rc:21/6σ
ばね定数k:30
伸びきり長R0:1.5
強度ε:1.0
距離σ:1.0
カットオフ距離rc:21/6σ
φb=Vb/Va … (3)
ここで、
φb:高分子材料の3次元構造での充填剤部分の体積分率
Va:高分子材料の3次元構造の体積(mm3)
Vb:高分子材料の3次元構造内に配置される充填剤部分の体積(mm3)
φd=Vd/Vc … (4)
ここで、
φd:小領域での充填剤部分の体積分率
Vc:小領域の体積(nm3)
Vd:小領域内に配置される充填剤部分の体積(nm3)
高分子材料の配合:
スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR):100質量部
シリカ:50質量部
硫黄:1.5質量部
加硫促進剤CZ:1質量部
加硫促進剤DPG:1質量部
各配合の詳細:
スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR):旭化成ケミカルズ(株)製のE15
シリカ:デグサ(株)製のUltrasil VN3
硫黄:軽井沢硫黄(株)製の粉末硫黄
加硫促進剤CZ:大内新興化学工業(株)製のノクセラーCZ
加硫促進剤DPG:大内新興化学工業(株)製のノクセラーD
走査型透過電子顕微鏡:JEM2100F(加速電圧200kV)
ミクロトーム:LEICA社製のウルトラミクロトームEM VC6
仮想空間(立方体):
一辺の長さL1:158nm(240σ)
フィラーモデル:
仮想空間に配置される個数:420個
フィラー粒子モデルの合計個数:252万個
粗視化モデル:
仮想空間に配置される個数:11500個
1個の粗視化モデルを構成する粗視化粒子モデルの個数:1000個
高分子材料モデルの単軸引張り試験:
変形量:y軸方向に500%
Claims (5)
- コンピュータを用いて、充填剤を含有する高分子材料の変形を計算するシミュレーション方法であって、
走査型透過電子顕微鏡を用いて前記高分子材料の電子線透過画像を取得する撮像工程と、
前記コンピュータが、トモグラフィー法により、前記電子線透過画像に基づいて、高分子材料の3次元画像を構築する工程と、
前記コンピュータが、前記高分子材料の3次元画像に基づいて、高分子材料モデルを設定するモデル設定工程と、
前記コンピュータが、前記高分子材料モデルに基づいて変形シミュレーションを行う工程とを含み、
前記モデル設定工程は、前記高分子材料の3次元画像に基づいて、前記充填剤が配された充填剤部分と、前記充填剤部分の周囲の高分子材料部分とが識別された高分子材料の3次元構造を構築する工程、
複数のフィラー粒子モデルと、隣接するフィラー粒子モデル間を結合する結合鎖モデルとを用いて、前記充填剤をモデル化した少なくとも一つのフィラーモデルを、前記充填剤部分に配置するフィラーモデル配置工程、
複数の粗視化粒子モデルと、隣接する前記粗視化粒子モデル間を結合する結合鎖モデルとを用いて、前記高分子材料の高分子鎖をモデル化した少なくとも一つの粗視化モデルを、前記高分子材料部分に配置する粗視化モデル配置工程、及び
前記コンピュータが、前記フィラーモデルと、前記粗視化モデルとを用いて、分子動力学計算に基づく構造緩和を計算する工程を含むことを特徴とする高分子材料のシミュレーション方法。 - 前記コンピュータが、前記高分子材料の3次元構造内で区分され、かつ、予め定められた大きさを有する小領域を選択する小領域選択工程をさらに含み、
前記フィラーモデル配置工程は、前記小領域の前記充填剤部分に、前記フィラーモデルを配置し、
前記粗視化モデル配置工程は、前記小領域の前記高分子材料部分に、前記粗視化モデルを配置する請求項1に記載の高分子材料のシミュレーション方法。 - 前記小領域選択工程は、前記高分子材料の3次元構造での前記充填剤部分の体積分率を計算する工程と、
前記高分子材料の3次元構造内の異なる位置で区分された複数の小領域において、前記各小領域での前記充填剤部分の体積分率を計算する工程と、
複数の前記小領域のうち、前記小領域での前記充填剤部分の体積分率が、前記高分子材料の3次元構造での前記充填剤部分の体積分率と最も近似する前記小領域を選択する工程とを含む請求項2に記載の高分子材料のシミュレーション方法。 - 前記フィラーモデルは、前記フィラー粒子モデルが面心立方格子状に配置される請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の高分子材料のシミュレーション方法。
- 前記フィラーモデルの前記結合鎖モデルは、ボンド関数又は粒子間距離拘束法に基づいて定義される請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の高分子材料のシミュレーション方法。
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CN105683740B (zh) | 2019-06-18 |
EP3062092A4 (en) | 2017-08-30 |
EP3062092A1 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
US20160283624A1 (en) | 2016-09-29 |
JP2015094750A (ja) | 2015-05-18 |
KR20160086850A (ko) | 2016-07-20 |
JP5913260B2 (ja) | 2016-04-27 |
CN105683740A (zh) | 2016-06-15 |
KR102251914B1 (ko) | 2021-05-13 |
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