WO2015008497A1 - 燃焼制御装置 - Google Patents
燃焼制御装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015008497A1 WO2015008497A1 PCT/JP2014/050411 JP2014050411W WO2015008497A1 WO 2015008497 A1 WO2015008497 A1 WO 2015008497A1 JP 2014050411 W JP2014050411 W JP 2014050411W WO 2015008497 A1 WO2015008497 A1 WO 2015008497A1
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- flow rate
- combustion
- air flow
- fuel flow
- ratio
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
- F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
- F23N2223/34—Signal processing; Details thereof with feedforward processing
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to a combustion control apparatus that applies dynamic feedforward compensation to adjust the ratio of air flow rate to fuel flow rate.
- a combustion furnace air and fuel are supplied to a burner of the combustion furnace at a certain ratio under the control of a combustion control device. As a result, the combustion furnace burns the fuel mixed with air to obtain heat.
- the ratio of air to fuel for example, the ratio of air (air flow rate) to fuel (fuel flow rate). If this ratio decreases and there is a lack of air, incomplete combustion will result. Incomplete combustion leads to the generation of black smoke and carbon monoxide (CO). On the other hand, if the ratio increases and air becomes excessive, generation of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur oxide (SOx) is caused. And if the said ratio is not in the optimal range, the energy conversion efficiency in a combustion furnace will fall and it will cause the increase in operating cost.
- air air flow rate
- fuel fuel flow rate
- the first is a method called ratio control.
- the second is a method called cross limit control in which the ratio control method is improved.
- the third is a method called double cross limit control in which cross limit control (more specifically, single cross limit control) is improved.
- the first to third control methods are common in that the air flow rate and the fuel flow rate are controlled while keeping the ratio of the air flow rate to the fuel flow rate at a set ratio so as to follow the master signal that requires combustion. To do.
- an air flow rate and a fuel flow rate (more specifically, measured values of the air flow rate and the fuel flow rate) are fed back.
- the master signal not only requires combustion, but also specifies the degree of combustion demand (combustion amount) (that is, the combustion demand level).
- the dead time is different between the air flow rate process and the fuel flow rate process. That is, when the air is a gas and the fuel is a liquid or the fuel is a powder such as pulverized coal, the above-described dead time is different. Also, the above-mentioned dead time is different when there are physical restrictions such as the piping length of the plant equipment and the piping system.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is that the ratio between the air flow rate and the fuel flow rate is the set ratio even in a transient state where the air flow rate process and the fuel flow rate process have different dead times and the combustion demand level changes suddenly.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a combustion control device capable of controlling both flow rates so as to be close to each other.
- a combustion control device for adjusting a ratio between an air flow rate and a fuel flow rate.
- the combustion control device includes a ratio setting device, a first control loop, a second control loop, a first dynamic feedforward compensator, and a second dynamic feedforward compensator.
- the ratio setter sets the ratio to be adjusted.
- the first control loop includes an air flow process and a first feedback controller.
- the air flow process supplies air to the combustion furnace.
- the first feedback controller is configured so that the air flow follows the first set value of first and second set values that are target values of the air flow rate and the fuel flow rate, respectively. Controlling the air flow process.
- the first and second set values change at the set ratio in accordance with a change in the required combustion level indicated by a master signal requesting combustion in the combustion furnace.
- the second control loop includes a fuel flow process and a second feedback controller.
- the fuel flow process supplies fuel to the combustion furnace.
- the second feedback controller controls the fuel flow rate process so that the fuel flow rate follows the second set value.
- the first dynamic feedforward compensator compensates for a first dead time of the air flow process associated with the responsiveness of the first control loop to changes in the demanded combustion level.
- the second dynamic feedforward compensator compensates for a second dead time of the fuel flow process associated with the responsiveness of the second control loop to changes in the combustion demand level.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a combustion control device according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a combustion control apparatus according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a combustion control apparatus according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a combustion control apparatus according to the first embodiment.
- This combustion control device controls the amount of air and fuel supplied to the combustion furnace.
- the combustion furnace for example, a boiler furnace, a hot air furnace, a reheating furnace, a heating furnace, an incinerator, and the like are known.
- the fuel for example, one or more of coal (powder), petroleum (liquid), and gas (gas) are used.
- the master signal M is an input of the combustion control device, and is a combustion request signal for requesting combustion in the combustion furnace. More specifically, the master signal M specifies the degree of combustion demand (ie, combustion demand level).
- the air flow rate PV 0 and the fuel flow rate PV 1 are outputs of the combustion control device, and are called an air flow rate process value and a fuel flow rate process value, respectively.
- the air flow rate PV 0 and the fuel flow rate PV 1 are expressed as percentage (%) values corresponding to the first adjustment range of the air flow rate and the second adjustment range of the fuel flow rate, respectively.
- Air flow rate (% value of air flow rate).
- PV 1 100 (%) indicates the upper limit fuel flow rate of the second adjustment range (%). (% Value of fuel flow rate).
- (% Value of fuel flow rate) The same applies to the second and third embodiments described later.
- combustion control apparatus 1 is provided with control loops 10 and 11 and a ratio setting device 12 in the same manner as the conventional combustion control apparatus to which the ratio control method is applied.
- This combustion control device is different from the conventional combustion control device in that a configuration surrounded by a broken line F1 in FIG. 1, that is, dynamic feedforward compensators (hereinafter referred to as DFF compensators) 13 and 14 is provided. It is in preparation. That is, the combustion control apparatus shown in FIG. 1 applies a combustion control method (hereinafter referred to as a feedforward compensation ratio control method) that combines a feedforward compensation method and a ratio control method.
- a combustion control method hereinafter referred to as a feedforward compensation ratio control method
- the control loop 10 corresponds to the air flow rate process (supply process) 101 as a control target, and the process 101, the feedback controller 102, including. That is, the control loop 10 is an air system control loop (first control loop).
- the control loop 11 corresponds to a fuel flow rate process (supply process) 111 as a control target, and includes the process 111 and a feedback controller 112. That is, the control loop 11 is a fuel system control loop (second control loop).
- the processes 101 and 111 may be referred to as an air flow process 101 and a fuel flow process 111, respectively.
- the feedback controller (first feedback controller) 102 causes the air flow rate PV 0 (that is, the flow rate of air supplied from the process 101) to follow (match) the target value (first target value) SV 0.
- the process 101 is feedback-controlled. That feedback controller 102, an air flow rate PV 0 is the target value (i.e., air flow rate target value) so as to follow the SV 0, control the manipulated variable MV 0 to be applied to the process 101 based on the air flow rate PV 0 To do.
- the feedback controller (second feedback controller) 112 is configured so that the fuel flow rate PV 1 (that is, the flow rate of the fuel supplied from the process 111) follows the target value (second target value) SV 1. 111 is feedback-controlled. That feedback controller 112, the fuel flow rate PV 1 is the target value (i.e., the fuel flow rate target value) so as to follow the SV 1, controls the operation amount MV 1 to be applied to the process 111 based on the fuel flow rate PV 1 To do.
- Target value SV 0 and SV 1 corresponds to change in the combustion required level indicated by the master signal M, and to keep the ratio PV 0 / PV 1 of the air flow rate PV 0 to a predetermined ratio of fuel flow rate PV 1 Set to the required value. That is, the target values SV 0 and SV 1 change at the predetermined ratio according to the change in the combustion demand level.
- the target value SV 0 is referred to as a set value (first set value) SV 0
- the target value SV 1 is referred to as a set value (second set value) SV 1 .
- the ratio setter 12 sets the ratio of the air flow rate PV 0 to the fuel flow rate PV 1 (that is, the actual ratio) PV 0 / PV 1 to the predetermined ratio. More specifically, the ratio setting unit 12 determines that the air flow rate PV 0 and the fuel flow rate PV 1 are in a state where the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 is maintained at the predetermined ratio (that is, the set ratio).
- a command value corresponding to at least one of the set values SV 0 and SV 1 is generated so as to follow the master signal M.
- the master signal M is used as a second command value corresponding to the set value (fuel flow rate set value) SV 1 .
- the ratio setter 12 generates a first command value corresponding to the set value (air flow rate set value) SV 0 based on the master signal M. More specifically, the ratio setting unit 12 is configured by using a constant multiplier, and generates a first command value by multiplying the master signal M by a constant ⁇ .
- the constant ⁇ indicates a preset ratio of the air flow rate to the fuel flow rate.
- ⁇ is an air / fuel range conversion coefficient
- ⁇ is an air ratio.
- the air / fuel range conversion factor beta, set value SV 1 master signal M (that is, the set value SV 1 control loop 11 of the fuel system)
- This is a coefficient for normalizing the adjustment range of the air flow rate based on the adjustment range of the fuel flow rate.
- the adjustment range of the air flow rate is 0 to S 0 normal cubic meter / hour (Nm 3 / h).
- the adjustment range of the fuel flow rate when the fuel is gas is 0 to S 1 normal cubic meter / hour (Nm 3 / h).
- A is the theoretical air amount necessary for burning the unit fuel.
- the air ratio ⁇ is the air actually required to completely burn a certain amount of fuel relative to the theoretically necessary amount of air (that is, the theoretical amount of air) to completely burn a certain amount of fuel. Refers to the ratio of quantities.
- the master signal M is used as the second command value.
- the ratio setting device 12 outputs (generates) the master signal M as the second command value in addition to the function of generating the first command value by multiplying the master signal M by the constant (setting ratio) ⁇ . ).
- the master signal M may be used as the first command value.
- a ratio setting device that generates the second command value by multiplying the master signal M by the constant 1 / ⁇ may be used in place of the ratio setting device 12.
- the first and second command values may be used such that the set values SV 0 and SV 1 change at the set ratio in accordance with the change in the required combustion level indicated by the master signal M.
- the output of the ratio setter 12 (more specifically, the feedback controller 102 of the control loop 10) control loop 10 as the set value SV 0 given.
- the master signal M (more specifically, the feedback controller 112 of the control loop 11) control loop 11 as the set value SV 1 given.
- the output of the ratio setter 12 is given to the DFF compensator 13 as the first command value corresponding to the set value SV 0 .
- the master signal M is given to the DFF compensator 14 as a second command value corresponding to the set value SV 1 .
- the DFF compensators 13 and 14 operate by regarding the change in the required combustion level indicated by the master signal M (that is, the change in the first and second command values) as a kind of disturbance, and the change in the required combustion level is detected. To compensate. That is, the DFF compensators 13 and 14 compensate for the responsiveness of the control loops 10 and 11 with respect to changes in the combustion demand level.
- DFF compensators 13 and 14 are associated with control loops 10 and 11 (more specifically, processes 101 and 111 of control loops 10 and 11), respectively, associated with responsiveness to changes in combustion demand levels. Is wasted (first and second wasted time). Therefore, the DFF compensators 13 and 14 have transfer functions C 0 (s) and C 1 (s), respectively, which will be described later, and the control loops 10 and 11 are set according to the change in the required combustion level indicated by the master signal M.
- the values SV 0 and SV 1 are dynamically increased or decreased.
- a transfer function having the master signal M as input and the air flow rate PV 0 as output is expressed by Expression (1).
- C 0 (s) is a transfer function of the DFF compensator 13
- G 0 (s) is a transfer function of the control loop 10.
- a transfer function having the master signal M as an input and the fuel flow rate PV 1 as an output is expressed by Expression (2).
- C 1 (s) is a transfer function of the DFF compensator 14
- G 1 (s) is a transfer function of the control loop 11.
- G 0 (s) that is, the transfer function of the control loop 10 is a result of the feedback controller 102 performing feedback control such as P (proportional) I (integral) D (differential) control on the air flow rate process 101.
- this feedback control is performed as follows.
- the feedback controller 102 adjusts the parameters of the controller 102 such that the air flow rate (air flow rate process value) PV 0 follows the set value SV 0 of the controller 102 with a gain of 1. Therefore, G 0 (s) is approximately expressed by Expression (3).
- L 0 and T 0 indicate the dead time (first dead time) and the first-order lag time of the control loop 10 (more specifically, the air flow rate process 101 of the control loop 10), respectively.
- the dead time L 0 and the first-order delay time T 0 are eigenvalues related to the response of the control loop 10 and measurable during actual plant operation.
- G 1 (s) that is, the transfer function of the control loop 11 represents the result of the feedback controller 112 performing feedback control such as PID control on the fuel flow rate process 111. Specifically, this feedback control is performed as follows.
- the feedback controller 112 adjusts the parameter of the controller 112 so that the fuel flow rate (fuel flow rate process value) PV 1 follows with the gain 1 with respect to the set value SV 1 of the controller 112. Therefore, G 1 (s) is approximately expressed by Expression (4).
- L 1 and T 1 indicate a dead time (second dead time) and a primary delay time of the control loop 11 (more specifically, the fuel flow rate process 111 of the control loop 11), respectively.
- the dead time L 1 and the first order delay time T 1 are related to the response of the control loop 11 and are eigenvalues that can be measured during actual plant operation.
- the constants (transfer functions) of the DFF compensators 13 and 14 are the dead time L 0 and first-order lag time T 0 of the control loop 10, and the dead time L 1 and first-order lag time T 1 of the control loop 11, respectively. And is uniquely determined based on the above.
- exp ( ⁇ (max (L 0 , L 1 ) ⁇ L 0 ) s) in the equation (5) is a dead time element of C 0 (s), and “max (L 0 , L 1 ) ⁇ L 0 ′′ is included as a dead time. That is, the dead time element of C 0 (s) includes the difference between max (L 0 , L 1 ) and L 0 as the dead time.
- max (L 0 , L 1 ) indicates a large value (third dead time) of L 0 and L 1 .
- exp ( ⁇ (max (L 0 , L 1 ) ⁇ L 1 ) s) in the equation (6) is a dead time element of C 1 (s), and “max (L 0 , L 1 ) ⁇ L 1 ′′ is included as dead time. That is, the dead time element of C 1 (s) includes the difference between max (L 0 , L 1 ) and L 1 as the dead time.
- T x is a value that specifies the first-order lag time of the entire ratio control, and is a value that satisfies the condition expressed by the equation (7).
- min (T 0 , T 1 ) indicates a smaller value of T 0 and T 1 .
- max (T 0 , T 1 ) is the same as the aforementioned max (L 0 , L 1 ). Therefore, if T 0 is smaller than T 1 , T x is a value larger than T 0 and smaller than T 1 . If T 0 is larger than T 1 , T x is larger than T 1 and smaller than T 0 . That is, T x is a value between T 0 and T 1 .
- the combustion control apparatus is a feedforward compensation type even in a transient state in which the air flow rate process 101 and the fuel flow rate process 111 have different dead times and the combustion demand level changes suddenly.
- the air flow rate PV 0 and the fuel flow rate PV 1 can always be controlled in the vicinity of the set ratio ⁇ .
- C 0 (s) G 0 ( s) and C 1 (s) G 1 ( s) C 1 (s) other than G 1 (s)
- C 0 (s) G 0 (s) C 1 (s) other than G 1 (s)
- a condition that C 0 (s) G 0 (s) and C 1 (s) G 1 (s) are substantially equal C 0 (s) G 0 (s) ⁇ C 1 (s) G 1 (s )
- C 0 (s) and C 1 (s) is set It doesn't matter.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a combustion control apparatus according to the second embodiment. 2, elements equivalent to those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof is omitted.
- the combustion control device shown in FIG. 2 applies a combustion control method (hereinafter referred to as a feedforward compensation cross limit control method) that combines a feed forward compensation method and a cross limit control method.
- the combustion control apparatus shown in FIG. 2 to which the feedforward compensation type cross limit control method is applied is added to the control loops 10 and 11 and the ratio setting unit 12 in the same manner as the conventional combustion control apparatus to which the cross limit control method is applied.
- a constant multiplier 20, a high level selector (hereinafter referred to as H selector) 21, and a low level selector (hereinafter referred to as L selector) 22 are provided.
- the difference between this combustion control device and the conventional combustion control device is that the configuration surrounded by a broken-line frame F2 in FIG. 2, that is, DFF (dynamic feedforward) compensators 13 and 14, and a switcher (hereinafter referred to as “switching device”). (Referred to as SW) 23 and 24, and a determiner 25.
- Constant multiplier 20 constant times the air flow rate PV 0. Specifically, the constant multiplier 20 generates a command value PV 0 / ⁇ corresponding to the set value SV 1 by multiplying the air flow rate PV 0 by a constant 1 / ⁇ .
- the H selector 21 and the L selector 22 function as first and second cross limit controllers, respectively. That is, the H selector 21 selects the higher one of the master signal M (combustion request level indicated by the master signal M) or the fuel flow rate PV 1 as the command value corresponding to the set value SV 0 . On the other hand, the L selector 22 selects the lower one of the master signal M (combustion request level indicated by the master signal M) or the command value PV 0 / ⁇ as the command value corresponding to the set value SV 1 .
- the H selector 21 prioritizes the increase in the air flow rate PV 0 in the control loop 10 by giving priority to the request for increase in combustion by the cross limit control with respect to the air flow rate.
- the L selector 22 causes the fuel flow rate PV 1 (control loop 11) to follow the increase in the air flow rate (actual air flow rate) PV 0 . That is, when an increase in combustion is required, the air flow rate PV 0 first increases by cross limit control, and the fuel flow rate PV 1 increases following the increase in the air flow rate PV 0 .
- the required combustion level indicated by the master signal M has decreased. That is, it is assumed that combustion reduction is requested by the master signal M.
- M ⁇ PV 1 and M ⁇ PV 0 / ⁇ are assumed.
- the L selector 22 selects the master signal M as a command value corresponding to the set value SV 1 .
- the H selector 21 selects the fuel flow rate PV 1 as a command value corresponding to the set value SV 1 because M ⁇ PV 1 .
- the L selector 22 prioritizes the reduction in fuel flow PV 1 in the control loop 11 by prioritizing the request for reduction in combustion by cross limit control with respect to the fuel flow.
- the H selector 21 causes the air flow rate PV 0 (control loop 10) to follow the decrease in the fuel flow rate (actual fuel flow rate) PV 1 . That is, when a reduction in combustion is required, the fuel flow rate PV 1 is first reduced by cross limit control, and the air flow rate PV 0 is reduced following the decrease in the fuel flow rate PV 1 .
- the “preceding-following” method is applied when a switching condition SC described later is not satisfied. In such a state, it is beneficial to operate the combustion control device shown in FIG. 2 on the safer side by applying the “preceding-following” method, even if process characteristics change or feedback control adjustment is insufficient. It is.
- SW23 switches the output of the DFF compensator 13 and the output of the H selector 21 according to the switching signal q. More specifically, the SW 23 switches either the output of the DFF compensator 13 or the output of the H selector 21 to the input side of the ratio setting unit 12 according to the switching signal q. That is, the SW 23 selects either the output of the DFF compensator 13 or the output of the H selector 21 according to the switching signal q.
- SW24 switches the output of the DFF compensator 14 and the output of the L selector 22 according to the switching signal q. More specifically, the SW 24 switches either the output of the DFF compensator 14 or the output of the L selector 22 to the input side of the control loop 11 (feedback controller 112) according to the switching signal q. That is, the SW 23 selects either the output of the DFF compensator 14 or the output of the L selector 22 according to the switching signal q.
- the SWs 23 and 24 select the outputs of the DFF compensators 13 and 14, respectively. Further, the SWs 23 and 24 select the outputs of the H selector 21 and the L selector 22 respectively when the switching signal q is the second level L.
- the switching signal q is generated by the determiner 25. Based on the output PV 0 / ⁇ of the constant multiplier 20 and the output PV 1 of the control loop 11, the determiner 25 determines whether the switching condition SC of the SWs 23 and 24 is satisfied. This switching condition SC is expressed by equation (10).
- K is an allowable error coefficient of the air flow rate.
- the allowable error coefficient K depends on the combustion operation policy for each process, but is about 0.1, for example.
- the switching condition SC is, PV 0 (% value of the air flow) Air flow is established when the below (1-K) greater than BetamyuPV 1, and (1 + K) ⁇ PV 1 . That is, the switching condition SC is satisfied when the air flow rate (% value of the fuel flow rate) PV 0 is within the allowable error range (that is, the allowable range) based on the fuel flow rate (% value of the fuel flow rate) PV 1. To do.
- the switching condition SC is satisfied is determined from the viewpoint of the ratio of the air flow rate PV 0 to the fuel flow rate PV 1 (that is, the actual ratio) PV 0 / PV 1 , the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 is This is equivalent to determining whether or not the set ratio ⁇ is within the allowable error range (allowable range).
- the determiner 25 generates the switching signal q of the first level H or the second level L depending on whether or not the switching condition SC is satisfied.
- the determination unit 25 If the switching condition SC is satisfied, the determination unit 25 generates the first level H switching signal q on the assumption that the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 is within the allowable range of the set ratio ⁇ . . On the other hand, if the switching condition SC is not satisfied, the determination unit 25 determines that the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 is out of the allowable range of the setting ratio ⁇ , and outputs the second level L switching signal q. Generate.
- the SWs 23 and 24 select the DFF compensators 13 and 14, respectively, when the switching signal q is the first level H. Then, the combustion control apparatus shown in FIG. 2 executes combustion control by feedforward type compensation similar to that of the first embodiment.
- the combustion control device executes combustion control (ratio control) based on feedforward type compensation. That is, if the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 (or the air flow rate PV 0 ) is within the allowable range of the set ratio ⁇ (or the allowable range based on the fuel flow rate PV 1 ), the combustion control device is a feedforward type. Combustion control based on compensation is executed.
- the feedforward compensation type ratio control is performed.
- the air flow rate PV 0 and the fuel flow rate PV 1 can always be controlled in the vicinity of the set ratio ⁇ .
- the combustion control device shown in FIG. 2 executes the combustion control similar to the conventional cross limit control.
- the combustion control device executes the combustion control based on the cross limit control. Therefore, according to the second embodiment, safety regarding combustion can be ensured by applying the cross limit control even in a situation where the actual ratio is out of the allowable range.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of a combustion control apparatus according to the third embodiment. 3, elements equivalent to those in FIG. 2 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof is omitted.
- the combustion control apparatus shown in FIG. 3 applies a combustion control method (hereinafter referred to as a feedforward compensation type double cross limit control method) that combines a feed forward type compensation method and a double cross limit control method.
- the combustion control apparatus shown in FIG. 3 to which the feedforward compensation type double cross limit control method is applied is similar to the conventional combustion control apparatus to which the double cross limit control method is applied, and the control loops 10 and 11, the ratio setting device 12, In addition, a constant multiplier 20, constant multipliers 201 to 204, and intermediate level selectors (hereinafter referred to as MED selectors) 210 and 220 are provided.
- This combustion control device is different from the conventional combustion control device in that the configuration surrounded by a broken-line frame F3 in FIG. 3, that is, DFF (dynamic feedforward) compensators 13 and 14, and a switcher (hereinafter, referred to as a “switching device”) (Referred to as SW) 230 and 240, and a determination device 250.
- the constant multiplier 201 multiplies the output (PV 0 / ⁇ ) of the constant multiplier 20 by a constant. Specifically, the constant multiplier 201 multiplies the output (PV 0 / ⁇ ) of the constant multiplier 20 by a constant 1 + K 1 to obtain a command value (1 + K 1 ) PV 0 / ⁇ corresponding to the set value SV 1.
- K 1 is a set value indicating the smoke generation limit when the required combustion level increases.
- the smoke emission limit refers to the limit of the shortage of air that leads to the generation of black smoke and carbon monoxide.
- the constant multiplier 202 multiplies the fuel flow rate (% value of the fuel flow rate) PV 1 by a constant. Specifically, the constant multiplier 202 generates a command value (1-K 2 ) PV 1 corresponding to the set value SV 0 by multiplying the fuel flow rate PV 1 by a constant 1-K 2 .
- K 2 is a set value indicating the smoke generation limit when the required combustion level is lowered.
- the constant multiplier 203 multiplies the output (PV 0 / ⁇ ) of the constant multiplier 20 by a constant. Specifically, the constant multiplier 203 multiplies the output (PV 0 / ⁇ ) of the constant multiplier 20 by a constant 1-K 3, thereby giving a command value (1-K 3 ) PV corresponding to the set value SV 1.
- Generate 0 / ⁇ . K 3 is a set value indicating the excess air limit when the required combustion level is lowered. The excess air limit refers to the limit of excess air amount that causes generation of nitric oxide and sulfur oxide.
- the constant multiplier 204 multiplies the fuel flow rate PV 1 by a constant. Specifically, the constant multiplier 204 generates a command value (1 + K 4 ) PV 1 corresponding to the set value SV 0 by multiplying the fuel flow rate PV 1 by a constant 1 + K 4 .
- K 4 is a set value indicating the excess air limit when the required combustion level increases.
- the MED selector 210 functions as a first double cross limit controller. That is, even if the master signal M changes, the MED selector 210 changes the set value (air flow rate set value) SV 0 (more specifically, the command value corresponding to the set value SV 0 ) to the fuel flow rate (actual fuel flow rate) PV. Operates to limit the allowable range for 1 . Therefore, the MED selector 210 includes a master signal M (combustion request level indicated by the master signal M), an output (1-K 2 ) PV 1 of the constant multiplier 202, and an output (1 + K 4 ) PV 1 of the constant multiplier 204. The one with the second highest level (that is, the one that is not the highest and the lowest) is selected as the command value (actual command value) corresponding to the set value SV 0 .
- the MED selector 220 functions as a second double cross limit controller. That is, even if the master signal M changes, the MED selector 220 operates so as to limit the set value (fuel flow rate set value) SV 1 to an allowable range for the air flow rate (actual air flow rate) PV 0 . Therefore, the MED selector 220 outputs the master signal M (combustion request level indicated by the master signal M), the output (1 + K 1 ) PV 0 / ⁇ of the constant multiplier 201, and the output (1-K 3 ) PV 0 of the constant multiplier 203. / ⁇ is selected as the command value (actual command value) corresponding to the set value SV 1 with the second highest level (that is, the lowest and lowest).
- the combustion control device shown in FIG. 3 applies double cross limit control. As a result, even if the master signal M changes, the combustion control device limits the set value SV 0 to an allowable range for the fuel flow rate PV 1 and allows the set value SV 1 to be allowed for the air flow rate PV 0 . Limit to the range
- the double cross limit control is applied when switching conditions SC1 and SC2 described later are not satisfied. In such a state, it is beneficial to operate the combustion control device shown in FIG. 3 on the safer side by applying double cross limit control even if a change in process characteristics, insufficient feedback control adjustment, or the like occurs.
- SW 230 switches either the output of the DFF compensator 13 or the output of the MED selector 210 to the input side of the ratio setting unit 12 according to the switching signal q0. That is, the SW 230 selects either the output of the DFF compensator 13 or the output of the MED selector 210 according to the switching signal q0.
- SW 240 switches either the output of DFF compensator 14 or the output of MED selector 220 to the input side of control loop 11 (feedback controller 112) according to switching signal q1. That is, the SW 240 selects either the output of the DFF compensator 14 or the output of the MED selector 220 according to the switching signal q1.
- the SWs 230 and 240 select the outputs of the DFF compensators 13 and 14, respectively.
- the SWs 230 and 240 select the outputs of the MED selectors 210 and 220, respectively, when the switching signals q0 and q1 are at the second level L.
- the switching signals q0 and q1 are generated by the determiner 250. Based on the output PV 0 / ⁇ of the constant multiplier 20 and the output PV 1 of the control loop 11, the determiner 250 determines whether or not the switching condition SC1 of the SW 230 and the switching condition SC2 of the SW 240 are satisfied.
- the switching conditions SC1 and SC2 are expressed by equations (11) and (12), respectively.
- the switching condition SC1 when the air flow rate (percentage of the air flow) PV 0, the (1-K 2) greater than BetamyuPV 1, and (1 + K 4) below BetamyuPV 1 To establish. That is, the switching condition SC1 is satisfied when the air flow rate (% value of the air flow rate) PV 0 is within an allowable range based on the fuel flow rate (% value of the fuel flow rate) PV 1 .
- (1-K 2) ⁇ PV 1 is set value K 2 (that is, the set value K 2 of the smoke limit during combustion required level reduction) determined by the preset ratio ⁇ and the fuel flow rate PV 1.
- This (1-K 2 ) ⁇ PV 1 maintains the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 within an allowable range when the air flow rate PV 0 is relatively smaller than the fuel flow rate PV 1 when the required combustion level is lowered.
- the lower limit of the air flow rate capable of avoiding smoke generation is shown. That is, (1 ⁇ K 2 ) ⁇ PV 1 indicates the lower limit value of the allowable range (hereinafter referred to as the first allowable range) of the air flow rate PV 0 when the fuel flow rate PV 1 is used as a reference.
- the lower limit value of the first allowable range corresponds to the smoke generation limit when the required combustion level is lowered.
- This permissible range corresponds to the first permissible range, and the lower limit value of the permissible range corresponds to the smoke generation limit when the required combustion level is lowered.
- (1 + K 4) ⁇ PV 1 the set value K 4 (i.e., combustion requirements set value K 4 excess air limits at elevated levels) determined by the preset ratio ⁇ and the fuel flow rate PV 1.
- This (1 + K 4 ) ⁇ PV 1 is oxidized while maintaining the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 within an allowable range when the air flow rate PV 0 is relatively large compared to the fuel flow rate PV 1 at the time when the required combustion level increases.
- the upper limit of the air flow rate that can avoid the generation of nitrogen and sulfur oxide is shown. That is, (1 + K 4 ) ⁇ PV 1 indicates the upper limit value of the first allowable range.
- the upper limit value of the first allowable range corresponds to the excess air limit when the required combustion level increases.
- the (1 + K 4 ) ⁇ indicates the upper limit value of the allowable range of the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 when the fuel flow rate PV 1 is used as a reference.
- This permissible range corresponds to the first permissible range
- the upper limit value of the permissible range corresponds to the excess air limit when the required combustion level increases.
- the allowable range of the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 when the fuel flow rate PV 1 is used as a reference is also referred to as a first allowable range.
- the switching condition SC1 is satisfied is determined from the viewpoint of the air flow rate PV 0 (or the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 ) based on the fuel flow rate PV 1. Is equivalent to determining whether or not the air flow rate PV 0 (actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 ) is within the first allowable range.
- the switching condition SC1 is satisfied when the air flow rate PV 0 (actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 ) based on the fuel flow rate PV 1 is within the first allowable range.
- the switching condition SC2 is that the value ⁇ PV 1 ⁇ times the fuel flow rate (% value of the fuel flow rate) PV 1 exceeds (1 ⁇ K 3 ) PV 0 and (1 + K 1 ) is established in the case below the PV 0. That, switching condition SC2, the fuel flow rate (percentage of the fuel flow rate) PV 1 is satisfied when that contains the air flow rate (percentage of the air flow) PV 0 the allowable range with reference.
- (1-K 3) PV 0 is determined by the set value K 3 (i.e., the set value K 3 excess air limits the time of combustion required level reduction) and the air flow rate PV 0.
- This (1-K 3 ) PV 0 maintains the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 within an allowable range when the fuel flow rate PV 1 is relatively smaller than the air flow rate PV 0 when the required combustion level is reduced.
- the lower limit value of the fuel flow rate that can avoid the generation of nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide is shown.
- (1-K 3 ) PV 0 indicates the lower limit value of the allowable range (hereinafter referred to as the second allowable range) of the fuel flow rate PV 1 when the air flow rate PV 0 is used as a reference.
- the lower limit value of the second allowable range corresponds to the excess air limit when the required combustion level is lowered.
- the ⁇ / (1-K 3 ) is the upper limit of the allowable range of the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 when the air flow rate PV 0 is used as a reference. Indicates the value.
- This permissible range corresponds to the second permissible range, and the upper limit value of the permissible range corresponds to the excess air limit when the required combustion level is reduced.
- (1 + K 1) PV 0 the setting values K 1 (i.e., the set value K 1 of the smoke limit during combustion requested level increase) and determined by the air flow rate PV 0.
- This (1 + K 1 ) PV 0 is a smoke emission while maintaining the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 within an allowable range when the fuel flow rate PV 1 is relatively large compared to the air flow rate PV 0 when the required combustion level increases.
- the upper limit value of the fuel flow rate (more specifically, a value that is ⁇ times the upper limit value of the fuel flow rate) is shown. That is, (1 + K 1 ) PV 0 indicates the upper limit value of the second allowable range.
- the upper limit value of the second allowable range corresponds to the smoke generation limit when the required combustion level increases.
- the ⁇ / (1 + K 1 ) indicates the lower limit value of the allowable range of the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 when the air flow rate PV 0 is used as a reference.
- This permissible range corresponds to the second permissible range
- the lower limit value of the permissible range corresponds to the smoke generation limit when the required combustion level increases.
- the allowable range of the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 when the fuel flow rate PV 0 is used as a reference is also referred to as a second allowable range.
- switching condition SC2 is satisfied is determined from the viewpoint of the fuel flow rate PV 1 (or the actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 ) based on the air flow rate PV 0. Is equivalent to determining whether or not the fuel flow rate PV 1 (actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 ) is within the second allowable range.
- Switching condition SC2 is established when the fuel flow rate PV 1 relative to the air flow rate PV 0 (actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1) is in the second allowable range.
- the determiner 250 generates the switching signal q0 of the first level H or the second level L depending on whether or not the switching condition SC1 is satisfied.
- the determiner 250 also generates the switching signal q1 of the first level H or the second level L depending on whether or not the switching condition SC2 is satisfied.
- the SWs 230 and 240 select the DFF compensators 13 and 14 when the switching signals q0 and q1 are at the first level H, respectively. Then, the combustion control device shown in FIG. 3 executes combustion control (ratio control) by feedforward type compensation similar to that of the first embodiment. As described above, when both the switching conditions SC1 and SC2 are satisfied, the combustion control device executes the combustion control based on the feedforward type compensation in both the air system and the fuel system. Therefore, according to the third embodiment, if the air flow rate PV 0 and the fuel flow rate PV 1 (actual ratio PV 0 / PV 1 ) are within the first and second allowable ranges, the required combustion level changes suddenly. Even in such a transient state, the air flow rate PV 0 and the fuel flow rate PV 1 can be controlled by the ratio ⁇ .
- the combustion control device shown in FIG. 3 controls the air system using double cross limit control.
- the switching signal q1 is at the second level L
- the SW 240 selects the MED selector 220.
- the combustion control device controls the fuel system using double cross limit control.
- the combustion control device executes the combustion control based on the double cross limit control in both the air system and the fuel system when the switching conditions SC1 and SC2 are not satisfied.
- the double cross limit control is applied. Therefore, safety regarding combustion can be ensured.
- the DFF compensators 13 and 14 are commonly used for feedforward type compensation.
- the constants (transfer functions) of the DFF compensators 13 and 14 are a pair of a dead time L 0 and a primary delay time T 0 that can be measured during actual operation of the plant, and a pair of a dead time L 1 and a primary delay time T 1 , respectively. Is uniquely determined based on Thus, the combustion control apparatus according to the first to third embodiments has a clear optimum adjustment rule. Therefore, according to the first to third embodiments, it is possible to provide a combustion control device that can be easily introduced into the operation of an actual process.
- the ratio between the air flow rate and the fuel flow rate is set even in a transient state where the air flow rate process and the fuel flow rate process have different dead times and the combustion demand level suddenly changes. Both flow rates can be controlled to be close to the ratio.
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Abstract
Description
[第1の実施形態]
図1は第1の実施形態に係る燃焼制御装置の一例を示すブロック図である。この燃焼制御装置は、燃焼炉に供給される空気及び燃料の量を制御する。燃焼炉としては、例えば、ボイラー炉、熱風炉、再熱炉、加熱炉、焼却炉等が知られている。また、燃料としては、例えば、石炭(粉体)、石油(液体)、ガス(気体)の1種以上が用いられる。
ここで、C0(s)はDFF補償器13の伝達関数、G0(s)は制御ループ10の伝達関数である。
ここで、C1(s)はDFF補償器14の伝達関数、G1(s)は制御ループ11の伝達関数である。
ここでmin(T0,T1)は、T0及びT1のうち小さい値を指す。max(T0,T1)は、上述のmax(L0,L1)と同様である。したがって、T0がT1よりも小さいならば、TxはT0よりも大きくT1よりも小さい値である。また、T0がT1よりも大きいならば、TxはT1よりも大きくT0よりも小さい値である。つまりTxはT0とT1との間の値である。
図2は第2の実施形態に係る燃焼制御装置の一例を示すブロック図である。図2において、図1と等価な要素には同一参照番号を付して、詳細な説明を省略する。図2に示す燃焼制御装置は、フィードフォワード型補償法及びクロスリミット制御法を組み合わせた燃焼制御方法(以下、フィードフォワード補償型クロスリミット制御法と称する)を適用する。
ここで、Kは空気流量の許容誤差係数である。許容誤差係数Kは、プロセス毎の燃焼運転方針に依存するが、例えば0.1程度である。
図3は第3の実施形態に係る燃焼制御装置の一例を示すブロック図である。図3において、図2と等価な要素には同一参照番号を付して、詳細な説明を省略する。図3に示す燃焼制御装置は、フィードフォワード型補償法及びダブルクロスリミット制御法を組み合わせた燃焼制御方法(以下、フィードフォワード補償型ダブルクロスリミット制御法と称する)を適用する。
(1-K3)PV0<βμPV1<(1+K1)PV0 ----(12)
式(11)から明らかなように、切り替え条件SC1は、空気流量(空気流量の%値)PV0が、(1-K2)βμPV1を上回り、かつ(1+K4)βμPV1を下回る場合に成立する。つまり、切り替え条件SC1は、空気流量(空気流量の%値)PV0が、燃料流量(燃料流量の%値)PV1を基準とする許容範囲に入っている場合に成立する。
Claims (5)
- 空気流量と燃料流量との比率を調整するための燃焼制御装置において、
前記調整されるべき比率を設定する比率設定器と、
燃焼炉に空気を供給する空気流量プロセスと、前記空気流量プロセスを制御する第1のフィードバック制御器とを含む第1の制御ループと、
前記燃焼炉に燃料を供給する燃料流量プロセスと、前記燃料流量プロセスを制御する第2のフィードバック制御器とを含む第2の制御ループと、
前記燃焼要求レベルの変化に対する前記第1の制御ループの応答性に関連する前記空気流量プロセスの第1の無駄時間を補償する第1の動的フィードフォワード補償器と、
前記燃焼要求レベルの変化に対する前記第2の制御ループの応答性に関連する前記燃料流量プロセスの第2の無駄時間を補償する第2の動的フィードフォワード補償器とを具備し、
前記第1のフィードバック制御器は、
前記燃焼炉における燃焼を要求するマスター信号の示す燃焼要求レベルの変化に応じて前記比率設定器により設定された比率で変化する前記空気流量及び前記燃料流量それぞれの目標値である第1及び第2の設定値のうちの前記第1の設定値に対して前記空気流量が追従するように、前記空気流量プロセスを制御し、
前記第2のフィードバック制御器は、
前記第2の設定値に対して前記燃料流量が追従するように、前記燃料流量プロセスを制御することを特徴とする、燃焼制御装置。 - 前記第1の動的フィードフォワード補償器の伝達関数C0(s)と前記第1の制御ループの伝達関数G0(s)との積C0(s)G0(s)と、前記第2の動的フィードフォワード補償器の伝達関数C1(s)と前記第2の制御ループの伝達関数G1(s)との積C1(s)G1(s)とが、ほぼ等しくなるように、前記伝達関数C0(s)及びC1(s)が設定される請求項1に記載の燃焼制御装置。
- 前記伝達関数C0(s)は、前記第1の無駄時間及び前記第2の無駄時間のうちの大きい値である第3の無駄時間と前記第1の無駄時間との差分を無駄時間として含む無駄時間要素を有し、
前記伝達関数C1(s)は、前記第3の無駄時間と前記第2の無駄時間との差分を無駄時間として含む無駄時間要素を有する、請求項2に記載の燃焼制御装置。 - さらに、前記マスター信号によって燃焼増が要求された場合、前記空気流量に関して前記燃焼増の要求を優先することで、前記空気流量の増加を先行させ、前記マスター信号によって燃焼減が要求された場合、前記燃料流量の減少に前記第1の制御ループを追従させる第1のクロスリミット制御器と、
前記マスター信号によって前記燃焼減が要求された場合、前記燃料流量に関して前記燃焼減の要求を優先することで、前記燃料流量の減少を先行させ、前記マスター信号によって前記燃焼増が要求された場合、前記空気流量の増加に前記第2の制御ループを追従させる第2のクロスリミット制御器と、
前記空気流量と前記燃料流量との比率である実比率が許容範囲に入っているかに応じて、前記第1の動的フィードフォワード補償器の出力または前記第1のクロスリミット制御器の出力のいずれか一方を選択する第1の切り替え器と、
前記実比率が前記許容範囲に入っているかに応じて、前記第2の動的フィードフォワード補償器の出力または前記第2のクロスリミット制御器の出力のいずれか一方を選択する第2の切り替え器とを具備することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の燃焼制御装置。 - さらに、前記第1の設定値を前記燃料流量に対して許容される範囲に制限する第1のダブルクロスリミット制御器と、
前記第2の設定値を前記空気流量に対して許容される範囲に制限する第2のダブルクロスリミット制御器と、
前記空気流量が前記燃料流量を基準とする第1の許容範囲に入っているかに応じて、前記第1の動的フィードフォワード補償器の出力または前記第1のダブルクロスリミット制御器の出力のいずれか一方を選択する第1の切り替え器と、
前記燃料流量が前記空気流量を基準とする第2の許容範囲に入っているかに応じて、前記第2の動的フィードフォワード補償器の出力または前記第2のダブルクロスリミット制御器の出力のいずれか一方を選択する第2の切り替え器と具備することを特徴とする、請求項1記載の燃焼制御装置。
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