WO2015002093A1 - 光電気化学反応装置 - Google Patents
光電気化学反応装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015002093A1 WO2015002093A1 PCT/JP2014/067203 JP2014067203W WO2015002093A1 WO 2015002093 A1 WO2015002093 A1 WO 2015002093A1 JP 2014067203 W JP2014067203 W JP 2014067203W WO 2015002093 A1 WO2015002093 A1 WO 2015002093A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/50—Processes
- C25B1/55—Photoelectrolysis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/25—Reduction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to photoelectrochemical reactors.
- Patent Document 1 As a photoelectrochemical conversion technique which converts such sunlight into a chemical substance electrochemically, patent document 1 is mentioned, for example.
- a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction catalyst is provided on the surface of the photocatalyst. Then, the CO 2 reduction catalyst are connected via another photocatalyst and electric wire. Another photocatalyst obtains an electric potential by light energy.
- the CO 2 reduction catalyst reduces CO 2 to form formic acid by obtaining a reduction potential from another photocatalyst via a wire.
- Patent Document 1 in order to obtain the necessary potential to make the reduction of CO 2 in the photocatalyst with visible light, using a two-stage excitation.
- the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy is very low at 0.04%. This is due to the low energy efficiency of the photocatalyst excited by visible light.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a structure in which three photovoltaic layers are stacked is used to obtain a reaction potential. Then, by providing a catalyst on the electrode of the photovoltaic layer, the redox reaction of water (H 2 O) is carried out to obtain H 2 as a chemical substance.
- H 2 O water
- oxygen (O 2 ) generated by the oxidation reaction and H 2 generated by the reduction reaction are mixed, there is a problem that it is necessary to separate these products in a later step.
- Non-Patent Document 1 the conversion efficiency to the electric energy of the photovoltaic layer itself is 7.7%, while the conversion efficiency to H 2 , that is, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy is It is as small as 4.7%.
- One of the causes is that a light shielding metal mesh electrode is provided on the light irradiation side of the photovoltaic layer. The metal mesh reduces the amount of light irradiated to the photovoltaic layer.
- produce is also described by the catalyst provided in the opposite side to the light irradiation side of a photovoltaic layer.
- the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy is 2.5%, which is smaller than the form of the metal mesh. The cause of this is that the distance generated by the ions generated on the light irradiation side (ions used in the reaction of the catalyst on the opposite side) to the opposite side to the light irradiation side is long and the potential is lost.
- a photoelectrochemical reaction device having a function of separating products by oxidation-reduction reaction and having high conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction device includes a solution tank containing a first solution, a first electrode contained in the solution tank, and a second electrode formed under the first electrode, A photovoltaic layer formed between the first electrode and the second electrode and performing charge separation by light energy from above, and a first insulating layer formed on the exposed surface of the second electrode; A laminate, a pipe which is accommodated in the solution tank, is disposed opposite to the upper side of the first electrode, contains a second solution, and has pores penetrating from the outer surface to the inner surface, and the second electrode And a wire electrically connecting the pipe and the pipe.
- Sectional drawing which shows the structure of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 4th Embodiment The perspective view which shows the structure of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 5th Embodiment.
- the top view which shows an example of a structure of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 5th Embodiment.
- the top view which shows the other example of a structure of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 5th Embodiment.
- Sectional drawing which shows the operation principle of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 5th Embodiment.
- Sectional drawing which shows the structure of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 6th Embodiment.
- Sectional drawing which shows the structure of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 7th Embodiment.
- Sectional drawing which shows the structure of the photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus which concerns on 8th Embodiment.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is constituted by the pipe 61 electrically connected via the.
- the photoelectrochemical cell is accommodated in a solution tank 71 filled with a first solution 81 containing H 2 O, and a pipe 61 is filled with a second solution 82 containing CO 2 .
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a photoelectrochemical reaction device according to a first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the first embodiment, and is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA 'in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the laminate 41 according to the first embodiment, and
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the laminate 41 according to the first embodiment.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction device includes a photoelectrochemical reaction cell including a laminate 41, a wiring 51, and a pipe 61, and a photoelectrochemical reaction cell. And a solution tank 71 for containing the photoelectrochemical reaction cell.
- the solution tank 71 accommodates the photoelectrochemical reaction cell therein.
- the solution tank 71 accommodates the first solution 81 therein so as to immerse the photoelectrochemical reaction cell.
- the first solution 81 is, for example, a solution containing H 2 O.
- a solution one containing an optional electrolyte can be mentioned, but it is desirable that it accelerates the oxidation reaction of H 2 O.
- the upper surface of the solution tank 71 is provided with a window having high light transmittance, such as glass or acrylic.
- the irradiation light is irradiated from above the solution tank 71.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell to be described later performs an oxidation-reduction reaction by the irradiation light.
- the inlet 1 and the recovery port 2 are connected to the solution tank 71.
- the inlet 1 injects a liquid (first solution 81) used for the oxidation reaction in the solution tank 71.
- the recovery port 2 recovers the gas (for example, O 2 ) generated by the oxidation reaction in the solution tank 71.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is composed of a laminate 41, a wire 51, and a pipe 61, and generates chemical energy from light energy. Each element of the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is described in detail below.
- an example of the stacked body 41 includes the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, the second electrode 21, and the first insulating layer 22.
- the stacked body 41 has a flat plate shape extending in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction and the first direction, and is sequentially formed using the second electrode 21 as a base material.
- the light irradiation side is referred to as the front surface (upper surface)
- the opposite side to the light irradiation side is referred to as the back surface (lower surface).
- the second electrode 21 has conductivity.
- the second electrode 21 is provided to support the stacked body 41 and to increase its mechanical strength.
- the second electrode 21 is formed of, for example, a metal plate such as Cu, Al, Ti, Ni, Fe, or Ag, or an alloy plate such as SUS including at least one of them.
- the second electrode 21 may be made of conductive resin or the like.
- the second electrode 21 may be formed of a semiconductor substrate of Si or Ge or the like, or an ion exchange membrane.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 is formed on the second electrode 21 (on the surface (on the upper surface)).
- the photovoltaic layer 31 is composed of a reflective layer 32, a first photovoltaic layer 33, a second photovoltaic layer 34, and a third photovoltaic layer 35.
- the reflective layer 32 is formed on the second electrode 21 and includes a first reflective layer 32 a and a second reflective layer 32 b sequentially formed from the lower side.
- the first reflective layer 32a has light reflectivity and conductivity, and is made of, for example, a metal such as Ag, Au, Al, or Cu, or an alloy containing a metal containing at least one of them.
- the second reflective layer 32 b is provided to adjust the optical distance to enhance the light reflectivity.
- the second reflective layer 32 b is in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer (the n-type amorphous silicon layer 33 a described later) of the photovoltaic layer 31.
- the second reflective layer 32 b be made of a material that is light transmissive and can be in ohmic contact with the n-type semiconductor layer.
- the second reflective layer 32 b is, for example, a transparent conductive material such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) or zinc oxide (ZnO), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), or ATO (antimony-doped tin oxide). Composed of crystalline oxides.
- Each of the first photovoltaic layer 33, the second photovoltaic layer 34, and the third photovoltaic layer 35 is a solar cell using a pin junction semiconductor, and the absorption wavelengths of light are different. By laminating these layers in a planar manner, the photovoltaic layer 31 can absorb light of a wide wavelength of sunlight, and it becomes possible to use sunlight energy more efficiently. Moreover, since each photovoltaic layer is connected in series, a high open circuit voltage can be obtained.
- the first photovoltaic layer 33 is formed on the reflective layer 32, and an n-type amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer 33a formed from the lower side in order, intrinsic amorphous silicon A germanium (a-SiGe) layer 33 b and a p-type microcrystalline silicon ( ⁇ c-Si) layer 33 c are formed.
- the a-SiGe layer 33 b is a layer that absorbs light in a long wavelength region of about 700 nm. That is, in the first photovoltaic layer 33, charge separation occurs due to the light energy in the long wavelength region.
- the second photovoltaic layer 34 is formed on the first photovoltaic layer 33, and an n-type a-Si layer 34a and an intrinsic a-SiGe layer 34b are formed sequentially from the lower side, And a p-type ⁇ c-Si layer 34c.
- the a-SiGe layer 34 b is a layer that absorbs light in an intermediate wavelength region of about 600 nm. That is, charge separation occurs in the second photovoltaic layer 34 by light energy in the intermediate wavelength region.
- the third photovoltaic layer 35 is formed on the second photovoltaic layer 34, and an n-type a-Si layer 35a, an intrinsic a-Si layer 35b, which are formed sequentially from the lower side, And a p-type ⁇ c-Si layer 35c.
- the a-Si layer 35b is a layer that absorbs light in a short wavelength region of about 400 nm. That is, charge separation occurs in the third photovoltaic layer 35 by light energy in the short wavelength region.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 charge separation occurs by light in each wavelength region. That is, holes are separated on the anode side (front side) and electrons are separated on the cathode side (back side). Thereby, the photovoltaic layer 31 generates an electromotive force.
- the first electrode 11 is formed on the p-type semiconductor layer (p-type ⁇ c-Si layer 35 c) of the photovoltaic layer 31. Therefore, it is desirable that the first electrode 11 be made of a material that can make ohmic contact with the p-type semiconductor layer.
- the first electrode is made of, for example, a metal such as Ag, Au, Al, or Cu, or an alloy containing at least one of them.
- the first electrode 11 may be made of a transparent conductive oxide such as ITO, ZnO, FTO, AZO, or ATO.
- the first electrode 11 may have, for example, a structure in which a metal and a transparent conductive oxide are laminated, a structure in which a metal and another conductive material are composited, or a transparent conductive oxide and another conductive material are composited. It may be configured in the following structure.
- the irradiation light passes through the first electrode 11 and reaches the photovoltaic layer 31. Therefore, the first electrode 11 disposed on the light irradiation side (upper side in the drawing) has light transparency to the irradiation light. More specifically, the light transmittance of the first electrode 11 on the light irradiation side is preferably at least 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more of the irradiation amount of the irradiation light. Alternatively, the first electrode 11 has an opening portion capable of transmitting light. The aperture ratio is at least 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more.
- the first insulating layer 22 is formed below the second electrode 21 (on the back surface (on the bottom surface)).
- the first insulating layer 22 is provided to electrically insulate the second electrode 21 and the first solution 81.
- the first insulating layer 22 is made of a resin of a metal oxide such as TiO x or Al 2 O 3 having a low reactivity with the first solution 81, or an organic compound.
- the first insulating layer 22 is preferably formed not only on the back surface of the second electrode 21 but also on the side surface of the second electrode 21. That is, the first insulating layer 22 is formed on the exposed surface of the second electrode 21. In other words, the first insulating layer 22 is formed to cover the second electrode 21, and is formed between the second electrode 21 and the first solution 81.
- the film thickness of the second electrode 21 is extremely smaller than the planar dimensions (the dimension in the first direction and the dimension in the second direction) of the second electrode 21. Therefore, most of the exposed surface of the second electrode 21 is the lower surface of the second electrode 21. Therefore, the first insulating layer 22 may be formed on at least the lower surface of the second electrode 21.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 comprised by the laminated structure of three photovoltaic layers was demonstrated to the example, it does not restrict to this.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 may be composed of a laminated structure of two or four or more photovoltaic layers. Alternatively, one photovoltaic layer may be used instead of the laminated structure of photovoltaic layers.
- the solar cell using a pin junction semiconductor was demonstrated above, the solar cell using a pn junction type semiconductor may be sufficient.
- the semiconductor layer is made of Si and Ge, the semiconductor layer is not limited thereto, and may be made of a compound semiconductor such as GaAs, GaInP, AlGaInP, CdTe, or CuInGaSe.
- various forms of single crystal, polycrystal and amorphous can be applied.
- the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 21 may be provided on the entire surface of the photovoltaic layer 31 or may be provided partially.
- another example of the stacked body 41 includes the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, and the second electrode 21.
- the other example of the stacked body 41 mainly differs in the structure of the photovoltaic layer 31 from the above example.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 in another example is composed of a first photovoltaic layer 321, a buffer layer 322, a tunnel layer 323, a second photovoltaic layer 324, a tunnel layer 325, and a third photovoltaic layer 326. Ru.
- the first photovoltaic layer 321 is formed on the second electrode 21 and has a laminated structure of a p-type Ge layer 321 a and an n-type Ge layer 321 b sequentially formed from the lower side.
- a buffer layer 322 containing GaInAs and a tunnel layer 323 are formed for lattice matching and electrical connection with GaInAs used for the second photovoltaic layer 324. It is formed.
- the second photovoltaic layer 324 is formed on the tunnel layer 323, and has a laminated structure of a p-type GaInAs layer 324a and an n-type GaInAs layer 324b sequentially formed from the lower side.
- a tunnel layer 325 containing GaInP is formed on the second photovoltaic layer 324 (GaInAs layer 324b) for lattice matching and electrical connection with GaInP used for the third photovoltaic layer 326.
- the third photovoltaic layer 326 is formed on the tunnel layer 325, and has a stacked structure of a p-type GaInP layer 326a and an n-type GaInP layer 326b sequentially formed from the lower side.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 in the other example is different from the photovoltaic layer 31 in one example using the amorphous silicon material shown in FIG. Is different.
- the pipe 61 is disposed above the stacked body 41, that is, on the light irradiation side with respect to the stacked body 41. In other words, the pipe 61 is provided to face the first electrode 11.
- the pipe 61 accommodates the second solution 82 therein.
- the pipe 61 physically separates the outer first solution 81 and the inner second solution 82.
- the pipe 61 selectively allows ions to permeate from the first solution 81 to the second solution 82 through the pores 66 described later.
- the pipe 61 optionally extends or bends in the first direction and the second direction. Also, the pipe 61 may be branched.
- the second solution 82 is, for example, a solution containing CO 2 .
- the second solution 82 desirably has a high CO 2 absorption rate, and examples of the solution containing H 2 O include aqueous solutions of NaHCO 3 and KHCO 3 .
- the first solution 81 and the second solution 82 may be the same solution, it is preferable that the second solution 82 has a high absorption amount of CO 2 , and therefore a solution different from the first solution 81 and the second solution 82 You may use.
- the second solution 82 reduces the reduction potential of the CO 2, high ion conductivity, it is desirable to have CO 2 absorbent that absorbs CO 2.
- an electrolytic solution an ionic liquid or an aqueous solution comprising a salt of a cation such as imidazolium ion or pyridinium ion and an anion such as BF 4- or PF 6- and in a liquid state in a wide temperature range can be used. It can be mentioned.
- an amine solution such as ethanolamine, imidazole or pyridine or an aqueous solution thereof can be mentioned.
- the amine may be either a primary amine, a secondary amine or a tertiary amine.
- Examples of primary amines include methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine and the like.
- the hydrocarbon of amine may be substituted by alcohol, halogen or the like. Examples of those in which the amine hydrocarbon is substituted include methanolamine, ethanolamine, and chloromethylamine. In addition, unsaturated bonds may be present.
- These hydrocarbons are also similar to secondary amines and tertiary amines. Examples of secondary amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, dimethanolamine, diethanolamine, and dipropanolamine.
- the substituted hydrocarbons may be different. This is also true for tertiary amines.
- different hydrocarbons include methyl ethylamine, methyl propyl amine and the like.
- trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, trihexylamine, trimethanolamine, triethanolamine, triethanolamine, tripropanolamine, tributanolamine, tripropanolamine, triexanolamine, methyl diethylamine, or Methyl dipropyl amine etc. are mentioned.
- 2-position of the imidazolium ion may be substituted.
- imidazolium ion substituted at the 2-position examples include 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ion, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium ion, 1-butyl 2,3-dimethyl ion Examples thereof include imidazolium ion, 1,2-dimethyl-3-pentylimidazolium ion, and 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ion.
- pyridinium ions include methyl pyridinium, ethyl pyridinium, propyl pyridinium, butyl pyridinium, pentyl pyridinium, and hexyl pyridinium. Both the imidazolium ion and the pyridinium ion may be substituted with an alkyl group, or an unsaturated bond may be present.
- anion fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , CF 3 COO ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , NO 3 ⁇ , SCN ⁇ , (CF 3 SO 2 3 C ⁇ , bis (trifluoromethoxysulfonyl) imide, bis (trifluoromethoxysulfonyl) imide, or bis (perfluoroethylsulfonyl) imide and the like.
- it may be a zwitterion in which the cation and the anion of the ionic liquid are linked by a hydrocarbon.
- the inlet 3 and the recovery port 4 are connected to the pipe 61.
- the inlet 3 injects a liquid (second solution 82) used for the reduction reaction in the pipe 61.
- the recovery port 4 recovers the gas (for example, CO) generated by the reduction reaction in the pipe 61.
- the pipe 61 has, for example, a layout including a first portion, a plurality of second portions, and a third portion.
- the first portion extends in the first direction and is connected to the inlet 3.
- the plurality of second portions extend in parallel in the second direction, and one end thereof is connected to the first portion.
- the third portion extends in the first direction and is connected to the other end of the plurality of second portions.
- the third portion is connected to the recovery port 4.
- the pipe 61 is composed of a tubular base 62 and a second insulating layer 63.
- the base 62 is formed inside the pipe 61 and has a cavity in which the second solution 82 is stored.
- the substrate 62 is made of a material having high conductivity and high processability.
- a material for example, a metal such as Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, or Al, or an alloy containing at least one of them is used.
- the second insulating layer 63 is formed on the outside of the pipe 61 and is formed on the outer surface of the base 62.
- the second insulating layer 63 is provided to electrically insulate the first solution 81 and the base 62.
- the second insulating layer 63 is made of a resin of a metal oxide such as TiO x or Al 2 O 3 having a low reactivity with the first solution 81, or an organic compound.
- the pipe 61 (the base 62 and the second insulating layer 63) has a plurality of pores 66 penetrating from the outer surface to the inner surface.
- the pores 66 allow only ions (for example, H ions (H + )) generated by the oxidation reaction at the first electrode 11 to selectively pass through the inside of the pipe 61. Since the base 62 of the pipe 61 is electrically connected to the second electrode 21, the ions that have passed through the pores 66 are O 2 , H 2 , or organic due to a reduction reaction inside the base 62 of the pipe 61. It is converted to a compound etc.
- the pore 66 may have a size through which ions pass.
- the lower limit of the diameter (equivalent circle diameter) of the pores 66 is preferably 0.3 nm or more.
- the equivalent circle diameter is defined by ((4 ⁇ area) / ⁇ ) 0.5 .
- the shape of the pores 66 is not limited to a circular shape, and may be an elliptical shape, a triangular shape, or a rectangular shape.
- the arrangement configuration of the pores 66 is not limited to the square lattice shape, and may be a triangular lattice shape or random.
- the pores 66 may be filled with the ion exchange membrane 68.
- the ion exchange membrane 68 includes, for example, a cation exchange membrane such as Nafion or Flemion, or an anion exchange membrane such as Neoceptor or a cermion. Also, the pores 66 may be filled with a glass filter or agar.
- the wiring 51 electrically connects the second electrode 21 of the stacked body 41 and the base 62 of the pipe 61. More specifically, one end of the wiring 51 is formed, for example, in contact with the lower surface (rear surface) of the second electrode 21. Further, the other end of the wiring 51 penetrates, for example, the second insulating layer 63 and is formed in contact with the outer surface of the base 62.
- the interconnection 51 is made of a material having conductivity and low reactivity with the first solution 81.
- the wiring 51 is formed of, for example, a cable of a metal material such as Cu, Al, or Ag covered with an insulating material.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the operation principle of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the first embodiment.
- the operation will be described by taking the polarity in the case of using the photovoltaic layer 31 made of the amorphous silicon material shown in FIG. 3 as an example. Further, the case where an absorbing solution in which CO 2 is absorbed is used as the second solution 82 will be described.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 absorbs light, it generates electrons and holes paired therewith and separates them. That is, the n-type semiconductor layer side (the second electrode 21 side) is determined by the built-in potential in each of the photovoltaic layers (the first photovoltaic layer 33, the second photovoltaic layer 34, and the third photovoltaic layer 35). ) Move to the p-type semiconductor layer side (the first electrode 11 side), and the holes generated as electron pairs move to the charge separation side. Thereby, an electromotive force is generated in the photovoltaic layer 31.
- the electrons generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 and moved to the second electrode 21 as the cathode electrode move to the pipe 61 (base material 62) via the wiring 51. And it is used for the reduction reaction near the inside of substrate 62 of piping.
- the holes generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 and moved to the first electrode 11 which is the anode electrode are used for the oxidation reaction in the vicinity of the first electrode 11. More specifically, the reaction of the formula (1) occurs near the first electrode 11 in contact with the first solution 81 and the reaction of the formula (2) occurs near the inside of the base 62 in contact with the second solution 82.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 needs to have an open circuit voltage equal to or higher than the potential difference between the standard oxidation reduction potential of the oxidation reaction generated at the first electrode 11 and the standard oxidation reduction potential of the reduction reaction generated inside the substrate 62.
- the standard redox potential of the oxidation reaction in the formula (1) is 1.23 [V]
- the standard redox potential of the reduction reaction in the formula (2) is -0.1 [V].
- the open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic layer 31 needs to be 1.33 [V] or more. More preferably, the open circuit voltage needs to be equal to or higher than the potential difference including the overvoltage. More specifically, for example, when the overvoltage of the oxidation reaction in the formula (1) and the reduction reaction in the formula (2) are each 0.2 [V], the open circuit voltage is 1.73 [V] or more desirable.
- the pipe 61 provided with the pores 66 is disposed to face the first electrode 11 that causes the oxidation reaction, and the reduction reaction is caused inside the base 62 of the pipe 61.
- the pipe 61 since the pipe 61 is installed to face the first electrode 11, the distance (the distance from the first electrode 11 to the base material 62) to which the H + generated in the vicinity of the first electrode 11 moves becomes short. It is possible to reduce the potential loss due to
- reaction becomes opposite. That is, a reduction reaction occurs in the vicinity of the first electrode 11, and an oxidation reaction occurs in the vicinity of the inside of the base 62 of the pipe 61.
- a photoelectrochemical reaction cell is constituted by 41 and a pipe 61 electrically connected to the second electrode 21 through the wiring 51.
- the photoelectrochemical cell is accommodated in a solution tank 71 filled with a first solution 81 containing H 2 O, and a pipe 61 is filled with a second solution 82 containing CO 2 .
- the pipe 61 provided with the pore 66 is disposed to face the upper side of the first electrode 11. For this reason, the movement distance of H + which is generated by the oxidation reaction in the vicinity of the first electrode 11 and used for the reduction reaction in the vicinity of the inner side of the base 62 becomes short, and the loss of potential due to ion transport can be reduced. Therefore, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be increased.
- the oxidation reaction is performed outside the pipe 61, and the reduction reaction is performed inside.
- the product of the oxidation reaction eg, O 2
- the product of the reduction reaction eg, CO
- the second embodiment is a modification of the first embodiment, in which the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the first electrode 11 of the laminated body 41, and the second catalyst is formed on the inner surface of the base 62 of the pipe 61. It is an example in which the layer 64 is formed.
- the second embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the second embodiment.
- the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the first electrode 11, and the second catalyst layer is formed on the inner surface of the base 62. 64 are formed.
- the stacked body 41 includes the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, the second electrode 21, the first insulating layer 22, and the first catalyst layer 12.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the first electrode 11.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is provided to enhance the chemical reactivity near the first electrode 11.
- the pipe 61 is formed of the base 62, the second insulating layer 63, and the second catalyst layer 64.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is formed on the inner surface of the substrate 62.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is provided to enhance the chemical reactivity near the inside of the substrate 62.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the anode side to promote the oxidation reaction.
- an aqueous solution ie, H 2 O
- the first electrode 11 oxidizes H 2 O to generate O 2 and H + .
- the first catalyst layer 12 is made of a material that reduces the activation energy for oxidizing H 2 O. In other words, it is made of a material that reduces the overvoltage in oxidizing H 2 O to generate O 2 and H + .
- the shape of the first catalyst layer 12 is not limited to a thin film, and may be a lattice, a particle, or a wire.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is formed on the cathode side to promote the reduction reaction.
- CO 2 is reduced to reduce the carbon compound (eg, CO, HCOOH, CH 4 , CH 3 OH, C 2 H 5 OH, C 2 H 4 ) Etc.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is made of a material that reduces the activation energy for reducing CO 2 . In other words, it is made of a material that reduces the overpotential in reducing CO 2 to form a carbon compound.
- Such materials include Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, C, Ni, Zn, C, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, ketjen black or metals such as Pd, or at least one of them. Alloys or metal complexes such as Ru complexes or Re complexes may be mentioned.
- an aqueous solution ie, H 2 O
- H 2 O is reduced to generate H 2 . Therefore, the second catalyst layer 64 is made of a material that reduces the activation energy for reducing H 2 O. In other words, it is made of a material that reduces the overvoltage in reducing H 2 O to generate H 2 .
- the shape of the second catalyst layer 64 is not limited to a thin film, and may be a lattice, a particle, or a wire.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is made of a material that promotes a reduction reaction
- the second catalyst layer 64 is a material that promotes an oxidation reaction. That is, the material of the first catalyst layer 12 and the material of the second catalyst layer 64 are switched with respect to the case of FIG.
- the polarity of the photovoltaic layer 31 and the materials of the first catalyst layer 12 and the second catalyst layer 64 are optional.
- the redox reaction of the first catalyst layer 12 and the second catalyst layer 64 is determined according to the polarity of the photovoltaic layer 31, and each material is selected by the redox reaction.
- the irradiation light passes through the first catalyst layer 12 and reaches the photovoltaic layer 31 as in the case of the first electrode 11.
- the first catalyst layer 12 disposed on the light irradiation side with respect to the photovoltaic layer 31 has light transparency to the irradiation light. More specifically, the light transmittance of the first catalyst layer 12 on the irradiation surface side is at least 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more of the irradiation amount of the irradiation light.
- a protective layer may be disposed on the surface of the photovoltaic layer 31 or between the first electrode layer 11 and the first catalyst layer 12.
- the protective layer has conductivity and prevents corrosion of the photovoltaic layer 31 in the redox reaction. As a result, the life of the photovoltaic layer 31 can be extended.
- the protective layer has light transparency as needed. Examples of the protective layer include dielectric thin films such as TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , or HfO 2 .
- the film thickness is preferably 10 nm or less, more preferably 5 nm or less, in order to obtain conductivity by a tunnel effect.
- a thin film producing method such as a sputtering method or a vapor deposition method, or a coating method or an electrodeposition method using a solution in which a catalyst material is dispersed Can.
- Only one of the first catalyst layer 12 and the second catalyst layer 64 may be formed.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the first electrode 11 of the stacked body 41, and the second catalyst layer is formed on the inner surface of the base 62 of the pipe 61. 64 are formed.
- the overvoltage of the redox reaction can be reduced by the promoting effect of the redox reaction of the catalyst, and the electromotive force generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 can be more effectively used. Therefore, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be made higher than in the first embodiment.
- the third embodiment is a modification of the first embodiment, and is an example in which the reflecting member 91 is provided on the pipe 61.
- the third embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIGS. 7 to 9 are cross-sectional views showing configurations 1 to 3 of a photoelectrochemical reaction device according to a third embodiment.
- the third embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that a reflection member 91 is provided on the pipe 61.
- the reflective member 91 is formed on the pipe 61. That is, the reflecting member 91 is provided on the light irradiation side with respect to the pipe 61.
- the reflective member 91 is desirably formed along the entire surface of the pipe 61, but may be partially formed.
- the reflective member 91 is made of a light transmissive material.
- the reflection member 91 has a hollow structure, that is, a structure in which air can be introduced into the inside. In order to widen the angle range of total reflection, it is preferable that the material of the reflecting member 91 has a large difference in refractive index with air. More specifically, the refractive index of the reflective member 91 is preferably 1.2 or more, preferably 1.3 or more.
- a resin such as acrylic or polycarbonate, or glass
- the inside of the hollow structure may be coated with a metal having high reflectance such as Al or Ag.
- the cross-sectional shape of the reflecting member 91 is a shape that causes reflection or refraction, and is, for example, triangular.
- light irradiated from above can be totally reflected at the interface between the reflecting member 91 and the air inside the reflecting member 91, and can be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 through the first electrode 11.
- the cross-sectional shape of the reflection member 91 may be circular.
- the light irradiated from above is totally reflected at the interface between the reflecting member 91 and the air inside the reflecting member 91, and enters the photovoltaic layer 31 through the first electrode 11. be able to.
- the cross-sectional shape of the reflecting member 91 may be an inverted triangle.
- the light emitted from above is incident on the inside (air inside) of the reflecting member 91.
- the light incident on the inside is refracted at the interface between the air inside the reflective member 91 and the reflective member 91 and the interface between the reflective member 91 and the air outside the reflective member 91, and light is transmitted through the first electrode 11. It can be incident on the power layer 31.
- the ratio h of the bottom side w to the height h to increase light incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 It is preferable that / w is large. More specifically, h / w is 0.5 or more, preferably h / w is 1 or more.
- the reflecting member 91 is provided on the pipe 61, that is, on the light irradiation side with respect to the pipe 61.
- the light incident on the pipe 61 that is, the light blocked by the pipe 61 and not incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 is reflected (or refracted) by the reflective member 91.
- the light reflected (or refracted) by the reflection member 91 can be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31.
- the utilization efficiency of light can be improved and the photovoltaic power generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 can be improved as compared with the first embodiment. Therefore, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be made higher than in the first embodiment.
- the fourth embodiment is a modification of the first embodiment, and is an example in which the reflection layer 65 is formed on the outer surface of the second insulating layer 63 in the pipe 61.
- the fourth embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a photoelectrochemical reaction device according to a fourth embodiment.
- the fourth embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that a reflective layer 65 is formed on the outer surface of the second insulating layer 63.
- the pipe 61 is configured of a base 62, a second insulating layer 63, and a reflective layer 65.
- the reflective layer 65 is formed on the outer surface of the second insulating layer 63.
- the reflective layer 65 is provided to prevent the light irradiated by the pipe 61 from being blocked.
- the light reflectance of the reflective layer 65 is at least 10% or more, preferably 30% or more, and more preferably 50% or more.
- a metal such as Al, Ag, Fe, Ni, or Co, or an alloy such as SUS containing one or more of these elements can be mentioned.
- the reflective layer 65 may have a structure in which a plurality of oxide layers such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or magnesium oxide are stacked.
- the light irradiated from above can be reflected at the interface between the reflective layer 65 and the liquid, and can be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 through the first electrode 11.
- the reflection layer 65 is formed on the outer surface of the second insulating layer 63 in the pipe 61.
- the light incident on the pipe 61 that is, the light blocked by the pipe 61 and unable to be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 is reflected by the reflective layer 65.
- the light reflected by the reflective layer 65 can be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31.
- the utilization efficiency of light can be improved and the photovoltaic power generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 can be improved as compared with the first embodiment. Therefore, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be made higher than in the first embodiment.
- a photoelectrochemical reaction cell is constituted by 21a.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell separates a first solution tank 72 filled with a first solution 81 containing H 2 O and a second solution tank 73 filled with a second solution 82 containing CO 2 .
- the reflecting member 101 is disposed on the light incident side with respect to the ion transmitting member 21a. Thereby, the product by oxidation-reduction reaction can be separated, and the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be increased.
- the fifth embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a photoelectrochemical reaction device according to a fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the fifth embodiment, and is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB ′ in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a plan view showing an example of the configuration of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the fifth embodiment
- FIG. 14 is a plane showing another example of the configuration of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the fifth embodiment.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction device includes a photoelectrochemical reaction cell constituted of a laminate 41 and an ion transmitting member 21a, a reflecting member 101, and photoelectricity. And a solution tank 71 accommodating the chemical reaction cell and the reflection member 101.
- the solution tank 71 accommodates the photoelectrochemical reaction cell and the reflecting member 101 therein.
- the solution tank 71 has a first solution tank 72 and a second solution tank 73 separated by the photoelectrochemical reaction cell.
- the first solution tank 72 contains the first solution 81 therein so as to immerse the first electrode 11 and the reflecting member 101 of the photoelectrochemical reaction cell.
- the first solution 81 is, for example, a solution containing H 2 O.
- a solution one containing an optional electrolyte can be mentioned, but it is desirable that it accelerates the oxidation reaction of H 2 O.
- the upper surface of the first solution tank 72 is provided with a window having high light transmittance, for example, glass or acrylic.
- the irradiation light is irradiated from above the first solution tank 72.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell to be described later performs an oxidation-reduction reaction by the irradiation light.
- an inlet and a recovery port are connected to the first solution tank 72.
- the inlet injects a liquid (first solution 81) used for the oxidation reaction in the first solution tank 72.
- the recovery port recovers the gas (for example, O 2 ) generated by the oxidation reaction in the first solution tank 72.
- the second solution tank 73 contains the second solution 82 therein so as to immerse the second electrode 21 of the photoelectrochemical reaction cell.
- the second solution 82 is, for example, a solution containing CO 2 .
- the second solution 10 desirably has a high absorption rate of CO 2 , and examples of the solution containing H 2 O include an aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 and KHCO 3 .
- the first solution 81 and the second solution 82 may be the same solution, it is preferable that the second solution 82 has a high absorption amount of CO 2 , and therefore a solution different from the first solution 81 and the second solution 82 You may use.
- the second solution is to lower the reduction potential of the CO 2, high ion conductivity, it is desirable to have CO 2 absorbent that absorbs CO 2.
- an electrolytic solution an ionic liquid or an aqueous solution comprising a salt of a cation such as imidazolium ion or pyridinium ion and an anion such as BF 4- or PF 6- and in a liquid state in a wide temperature range can be used. It can be mentioned.
- an amine solution such as ethanolamine, imidazole or pyridine or an aqueous solution thereof can be mentioned.
- the amine may be either a primary amine, a secondary amine or a tertiary amine.
- Examples of primary amines include methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine and the like.
- the hydrocarbon of amine may be substituted by alcohol, halogen or the like. Examples of those in which the amine hydrocarbon is substituted include methanolamine, ethanolamine, and chloromethylamine. In addition, unsaturated bonds may be present.
- These hydrocarbons are also similar to secondary amines and tertiary amines. Examples of secondary amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, dimethanolamine, diethanolamine, and dipropanolamine.
- the substituted hydrocarbons may be different. This is also true for tertiary amines.
- different hydrocarbons include methyl ethylamine, methyl propyl amine and the like.
- trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, trihexylamine, trimethanolamine, triethanolamine, triethanolamine, tripropanolamine, tributanolamine, tripropanolamine, triexanolamine, methyl diethylamine, or Methyl dipropyl amine etc. are mentioned.
- 2-position of the imidazolium ion may be substituted.
- imidazolium ion substituted at the 2-position examples include 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ion, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium ion, 1-butyl 2,3-dimethyl ion Examples thereof include imidazolium ion, 1,2-dimethyl-3-pentylimidazolium ion, and 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ion.
- pyridinium ions include methyl pyridinium, ethyl pyridinium, propyl pyridinium, butyl pyridinium, pentyl pyridinium, and hexyl pyridinium. Both the imidazolium ion and the pyridinium ion may be substituted with an alkyl group, or an unsaturated bond may be present.
- anion fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , CF 3 COO ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , NO 3 ⁇ , SCN ⁇ , (CF 3 SO 2 3 C ⁇ , bis (trifluoromethoxysulfonyl) imide, bis (trifluoromethoxysulfonyl) imide, or bis (perfluoroethylsulfonyl) imide and the like.
- it may be a zwitterion in which the cation and the anion of the ionic liquid are linked by a hydrocarbon.
- an inlet and a recovery port are connected to the second solution tank 73.
- the inlet injects a liquid (second solution 82) used for the reduction reaction in the second solution tank 73.
- the recovery port recovers the gas (for example, CO) generated by the reduction reaction in the second solution tank 73.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is composed of a laminate 41 and an ion transmitting member 21a, and generates chemical energy from light energy. Each element of the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is described in detail below.
- the stacked body 41 includes the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, and the second electrode 21.
- the plurality of stacks 41 extend in parallel to the second direction.
- the stacked body 41 is sequentially formed using the second electrode 21 as a base material.
- the second electrode 21 is disposed on the second solution tank 73 side, and is accommodated in the second solution tank 73.
- the second electrode 21 has conductivity.
- the second electrode 21 is provided to support the stacked body 41 and to increase its mechanical strength.
- the second electrode 21 is formed of, for example, a metal plate such as Cu, Al, Ti, Ni, Fe, or Ag, or an alloy plate such as SUS including at least one of them.
- the second electrode 21 may be made of conductive resin or the like.
- the second electrode 21 may be formed of a semiconductor substrate of Si or Ge or the like, or an ion exchange membrane.
- the second electrode 21 is adjacent to an ion permeable member 21 a described later in the first direction, and is integral with the ion permeable member 21 a.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 is formed on the second electrode 21.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 causes charge separation by light in each wavelength region. That is, holes are separated on the anode side (front side) and electrons are separated on the cathode side (back side). Thereby, the photovoltaic layer 31 generates an electromotive force.
- the first electrode 11 is disposed on the side of the first solution tank 72, and is accommodated in the first solution tank 72.
- the first electrode 11 is formed on the photovoltaic layer 31.
- the first electrode 11 is made of, for example, a metal such as Ag, Au, Al, or Cu, or an alloy containing at least one of them.
- the first electrode 11 may be made of a transparent conductive oxide such as ITO, ZnO, FTO, AZO, or ATO.
- the first electrode 11 may have, for example, a structure in which a metal and a transparent conductive oxide are laminated, a structure in which a metal and another conductive material are composited, or a transparent conductive oxide and another conductive material are composited. It may be configured in the following structure.
- the irradiation light passes through the first electrode 11 and reaches the photovoltaic layer 31. Therefore, the first electrode 11 disposed on the light irradiation side (upper side in the drawing) has light transparency to the irradiation light. More specifically, the light transmittance of the first electrode 11 on the light irradiation side is preferably at least 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more of the irradiation amount of the irradiation light. Alternatively, the first electrode 11 has an opening portion capable of transmitting light. The aperture ratio is at least 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more.
- the ion permeable member 21 a is adjacent to the second electrode 21 of the laminated body 41 in the first direction, and is integral with the second electrode 21. In other words, the ion permeable member 21 a is formed continuously to the second electrode 21. That is, the ion permeable member 21 a is obtained by exposing the second electrode 21 by patterning the first electrode 11 and the photovoltaic layer 31 in the laminate 41.
- the ion permeable member 21 a is formed between two stacks 41 adjacent in the first direction. That is, the ion permeable members 21a and the laminate 41 are alternately formed along the first direction.
- the first solution tank 72 and the second solution tank 73 are physically separated by the ion permeable member 21a and the laminate 41 (second electrode 21).
- the ion permeable member 21 a selectively transmits ions from the first solution 81 to the second solution 82 through the pores 22 or the slits 23 described later.
- the third insulating layer 111 is formed on the surface of the ion permeable member 21 a on the side of the first solution tank 72.
- the third insulating layer 111 is provided to electrically insulate the first solution 81 and the ion permeable member 21a.
- the third insulating layer 111 is made of a resin of a metal oxide such as TiO x or Al 2 O 3 having a low reactivity with the first solution 81, or an organic compound.
- the ion permeable member 21a and the third insulating layer 111 have a plurality of pores 22 penetrating from the front surface to the back surface.
- the pores 22 allow only ions (for example, H ions (H + )) generated by the oxidation reaction of the first electrode 11 in the first solution tank 72 to selectively pass through the second solution tank 73.
- the ions having passed through the pores 22 are converted to O 2 , H 2 , or an organic compound or the like by a reduction reaction at the second electrode 21 of the second solution tank 73.
- the pore 22 may have a size through which ions pass.
- the lower limit of the diameter (equivalent circle diameter) of the pores 22 is preferably 0.3 nm or more.
- the area ratio S1 / S2 of the total area S1 of the plurality of pores 22 and the area S2 of the ion permeable member 21a is 0.9 or less, preferably 0.6 or less, so as not to impair the mechanical strength.
- the shape of the pores 22 is not limited to a circular shape, and may be an elliptical shape, a triangular shape, or a rectangular shape.
- the arrangement configuration of the pores 22 is not limited to the square lattice shape, and may be a triangular lattice shape or random.
- the pores 22 may be filled with an ion exchange membrane.
- Ion exchange membranes include, for example, cation exchange membranes, such as Nafion or Flemion, anion exchange membranes, such as Neosepter or cermion.
- the pores 22 may be filled with a glass filter or agar.
- the ion permeable member 21a and the third insulating layer 111 may have a plurality of slits 23 penetrating from the front surface to the back surface and filled with the ion exchange membrane.
- the slits 23 allow only the ions (for example, H ions (H + )) generated by the oxidation reaction of the first electrode 11 in the first solution tank 72 to selectively pass through the second solution tank 73.
- the reflecting member 101 is formed above and directly above the ion transmitting member 21 a. That is, the reflecting member 101 is formed so as to overlap the ion transmitting member 21 a on the light irradiation side of the ion transmitting member 21 a. For this reason, the dimension of the reflecting member 101 in the first direction is approximately the same as the dimension of the ion transmitting member 21a.
- the reflecting member 101 is desirably formed along the entire surface of the ion transmitting member 21a, but may be partially formed.
- the reflective member 101 is made of a light transmissive material.
- the reflecting member 101 has a hollow structure, that is, a structure in which air can be introduced into the inside.
- the material of the reflecting member 101 has a large difference in refractive index with air.
- the refractive index of the reflecting member 101 is preferably 1.2 or more, preferably 1.3 or more.
- a resin such as acrylic or polycarbonate, or glass can be mentioned.
- the inside of the hollow structure may be coated with a metal having high reflectance such as Al or Ag.
- the cross-sectional shape of the reflecting member 101 is a shape that causes reflection or refraction, and is, for example, triangular.
- the cross-sectional shape of the reflecting member 101 is not limited to this, and may be circular or inverted triangular.
- the light irradiated from above can be reflected or refracted by the reflecting member 101, and can be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 through the first electrode 11.
- the ratio h / w of the base w to the height h is preferably large in order to increase the light incident on the photovoltaic layer 31. More specifically, h / w is 0.5 or more, preferably h / w is 1 or more.
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing the operation principle of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the fifth embodiment.
- the operation will be described by taking the polarity in the case of using the photovoltaic layer 31 made of the amorphous silicon material shown in FIG. 3 as an example. Further, the case where an absorbing solution in which CO 2 is absorbed is used as the second solution 82 will be described.
- the photovoltaic layer 31 absorbs light, it generates electrons and holes paired therewith and separates them. That is, electrons are moved to the second electrode 21 side in the photovoltaic layer 31 by the built-in potential, and holes generated as a pair of electrons are moved to the first electrode 11 side to cause charge separation. Thereby, an electromotive force is generated in the photovoltaic layer 31.
- the electrons generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 and transferred to the second electrode 21 which is a cathode electrode are used for the reduction reaction near the second electrode 21.
- the holes generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 and moved to the first electrode 11 which is the anode electrode are used for the oxidation reaction in the vicinity of the first electrode 11. More specifically, the reaction of the formula (1) occurs near the first electrode 11 in contact with the first solution 81, and the reaction of the formula (2) occurs near the second electrode 21 in contact with the second solution 82.
- H 2 O contained in the first solution 81 is oxidized (los electrons) to generate O 2 and H + .
- H + generated on the first electrode 11 side moves in the first solution 81, and the second solution tank via the ion transmission member 21 a and the pores 22 (or slits 23) of the third insulating layer 111. Move to 73.
- CO 2 contained in the second solution 82 is reduced (electrons are obtained). More specifically, CO 2 contained in the second solution 82, H + transferred through the pores 22 (or the slits 23), and electrons transferred to the second electrode 21 react with each other, thereby causing CO and H 2 O to react. And are generated.
- reaction becomes opposite. That is, a reduction reaction occurs in the vicinity of the first electrode 11, and an oxidation reaction occurs in the vicinity of the inside of the base 62 of the pipe 61.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is constituted by the ion permeable member 21a formed adjacent to the above.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell separates a first solution tank 72 filled with a first solution 81 containing H 2 O and a second solution tank 73 filled with a second solution 82 containing CO 2 .
- the reflecting member 101 is disposed on the light incident side with respect to the ion transmitting member 21a.
- the H 2 + used for the reduction reaction can be moved to the second electrode 21 through the pores 22 (or the slits 23) of the ion permeable member 21a. Thereby, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be increased.
- the oxidation reaction is performed in the first solution tank 72, and the reduction reaction is performed in the second solution tank 73.
- the product (for example, O 2 ) by the oxidation reaction can be collected in the first solution tank 72, and the product (for example, CO) by the reduction reaction can be collected in the second solution tank 73. That is, the product of the oxidation reaction and the product of the reduction reaction can be separated and recovered.
- the reflecting member 101 is provided above the ion transmitting member 21a, that is, facing the light transmitting side with respect to the ion transmitting member 21a.
- the ion transmission member 21 a that is, light which can not be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 is reflected (or refracted) by the reflection member 101.
- the light reflected (or refracted) by the reflective member 101 can be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31.
- the utilization efficiency of light can be improved, and the photovoltaic power generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 can be improved. Therefore, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be increased.
- the sixth embodiment is a modification of the fifth embodiment, in which the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the surface (upper surface) of the first electrode 11, and on the back surface (upper surface) of the second electrode 21. Is an example in which the second catalyst layer 64 is formed. The sixth embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the photoelectrochemical reaction device according to the sixth embodiment.
- the sixth embodiment differs from the fifth embodiment in that the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the first electrode 11, and the second catalyst layer is formed on the inner surface of the base 62. 64 are formed.
- the stacked body 41 includes the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, the second electrode 21, the first catalyst layer 12, and the second catalyst layer 64.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the surface of the first electrode 11.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is provided to enhance the chemical reactivity near the first electrode 11.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is formed on the back surface of the second electrode 21.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is provided to enhance the chemical reactivity near the second electrode 21.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the anode side to promote the oxidation reaction.
- an aqueous solution ie, H 2 O
- the first electrode 11 oxidizes H 2 O to generate O 2 and H + .
- the first catalyst layer 12 is made of a material that reduces the activation energy for oxidizing H 2 O. In other words, it is made of a material that reduces the overvoltage in oxidizing H 2 O to generate O 2 and H + .
- the shape of the first catalyst layer 12 is not limited to a thin film, and may be a lattice, a particle, or a wire.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is formed on the cathode side to promote the reduction reaction.
- CO 2 is reduced to reduce the carbon compound (eg, CO, HCOOH, CH 4 , CH 3 OH, C 2 H 5 OH, C 2 H 4 ) Etc.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is made of a material that reduces the activation energy for reducing CO 2 . In other words, it is made of a material that reduces the overpotential in reducing CO 2 to form a carbon compound.
- the second catalyst layer 64 is made of a material that reduces the activation energy for reducing H 2 O. In other words, it is made of a material that reduces the overvoltage in reducing H 2 O to generate H 2 .
- the shape of the second catalyst layer 64 is not limited to a thin film, and may be a lattice, a particle, or a wire.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is made of a material that promotes a reduction reaction
- the second catalyst layer 64 is a material that promotes an oxidation reaction. That is, the material of the first catalyst layer 12 and the material of the second catalyst layer 64 are switched with respect to the case of FIG.
- the polarity of the photovoltaic layer 31 and the materials of the first catalyst layer 12 and the second catalyst layer 64 are optional.
- the redox reaction of the first catalyst layer 12 and the second catalyst layer 64 is determined according to the polarity of the photovoltaic layer 31, and each material is selected by the redox reaction.
- the irradiation light passes through the first catalyst layer 12 and reaches the photovoltaic layer 31 as in the case of the first electrode 11.
- the first catalyst layer 12 disposed on the light irradiation side with respect to the photovoltaic layer 31 has light transparency to the irradiation light. More specifically, the light transmittance of the first catalyst layer 12 on the irradiation surface side is at least 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more of the irradiation amount of the irradiation light.
- a protective layer may be disposed on the surface of the photovoltaic layer 31 or between the first electrode layer 11 and the first catalyst layer 12.
- the protective layer has conductivity and prevents corrosion of the photovoltaic layer 31 in the redox reaction. As a result, the life of the photovoltaic layer 31 can be extended.
- the protective layer has light transparency as needed. Examples of the protective layer include dielectric thin films such as TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , or HfO 2 .
- the film thickness is preferably 10 nm or less, more preferably 5 nm or less, in order to obtain conductivity by a tunnel effect.
- a thin film producing method such as a sputtering method or a vapor deposition method, or a coating method or an electrodeposition method using a solution in which a catalyst material is dispersed Can.
- Only one of the first catalyst layer 12 and the second catalyst layer 64 may be formed.
- the first catalyst layer 12 is formed on the surface of the first electrode 11, and the second catalyst layer 64 is formed on the back surface of the second electrode 21. Ru.
- the overvoltage of the redox reaction can be reduced by the promoting effect of the redox reaction of the catalyst, and the electromotive force generated in the photovoltaic layer 31 can be more effectively used. Therefore, the conversion efficiency from sunlight to chemical energy can be made higher than that of the fifth embodiment.
- the seventh embodiment is a modification of the fifth embodiment, and includes a laminate 41 including the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, and the second electrode 21, and the support substrate 121 having the slits 122.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is an example configured. The seventh embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a photoelectrochemical reaction device according to a seventh embodiment.
- the seventh embodiment is different from the fifth embodiment in that a laminate 41 including the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, and the second electrode 21, and a slit 122 are used.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is constituted by the supporting substrate 121 and the laminate 41 is formed so as to cover the slit 122.
- the photoelectrochemical reaction cell is composed of a laminate 41 and a support substrate 121.
- the support substrate 121 is formed between the first solution tank 72 and the second solution tank 73.
- the support substrate 121 has a plurality of slits 122 penetrating from the front surface to the back surface to transmit ions.
- the supporting substrate 121 has high mechanical strength, and is formed of a metal plate such as Cu, Al, Ti, Ni, Fe, or Ag, or an alloy plate such as SUS including at least one of them.
- the support substrate 121 and the second electrode are electrically insulated. Therefore, an insulating layer (not shown) is provided between the support substrate 121 and the second electrode.
- the surface of the support substrate 121 may be covered with an insulating layer.
- the support substrate 121 may be made of resin or the like.
- the support substrate 121 may be configured by an ion exchange membrane.
- the stacked body 41 includes the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, and the second electrode 21.
- the laminate 41 is formed on the surface of the support substrate 121 and is formed to cover the slits 122.
- the first solution tank 72 and the second solution tank 73 can be physically separated by the stacked body 41 and the support substrate 121.
- the second electrode 21 be electrically insulated from the first solution 81. Therefore, an insulating layer (not shown) is provided in a region (for example, on the side surface of the second electrode) where the second electrode 21 and the first solution 81 are in contact with each other.
- the first electrode 11 is in contact with the first solution 81
- the second electrode 21 is in contact with the second solution 82 through the slit 122.
- an oxidation reaction of, for example, H 2 O contained in the first solution 81 is performed in the vicinity of the first electrode 11
- a reduction reaction of, for example, CO 2 contained in the second solution 82 is performed in the vicinity of the second electrode 21.
- a plurality of unshown fine pores penetrating from the front surface to the back surface are formed.
- the pores selectively allow only ions (for example, H ions (H + )) generated by the oxidation reaction of the first electrode 11 in the first solution tank 72 to pass through the second solution tank 73.
- the ions that have passed through the pores are converted to O 2 , H 2 , or an organic compound by a reduction reaction at the second electrode 21 of the second solution tank 73.
- the pore may have a size through which ions pass.
- the lower limit of the diameter (equivalent circle diameter) of the pores is preferably 0.3 nm or more.
- the area ratio S1 / S2 of the total area S1 of the plurality of pores 22 and the area S2 of the ion permeable member 21a is 0.9 or less, preferably 0.6 or less, so as not to impair the mechanical strength.
- the shape of the pores is not limited to a circular shape, and may be an elliptical shape, a triangular shape, or a rectangular shape.
- the arrangement configuration of the pores is not limited to the square lattice shape, and may be a triangular lattice shape or random.
- the pores may be filled with an ion exchange membrane.
- Ion exchange membranes include, for example, cation exchange membranes, such as Nafion or Flemion, anion exchange membranes, such as Neosepter or cermion.
- the pores may be filled with a glass filter or agar.
- a plurality of slits may be formed in the exposed region of the support substrate 121 so as to penetrate from the front surface to the back surface and be filled with the ion exchange membrane.
- the slits allow only ions (for example, H ions (H + )) generated by the oxidation reaction of the first electrode 11 in the first solution tank 72 to selectively pass through the second solution tank 73.
- the support substrate 121 itself is formed of an ion exchange membrane, the pores and slits in the exposed region are unnecessary.
- the laminate 41 including the first electrode 11, the photovoltaic layer 31, and the second electrode 21 and the support substrate 121 having the slits 122 include: A photoelectrochemical reaction cell is configured, and a laminate 41 is formed to cover the slit 122.
- the first solution tank 72 and the second solution tank 73 are separated by the laminated body 41 and the support substrate 121. Thereby, the same effect as that of the fifth embodiment can be obtained.
- the eighth embodiment is a modification of the fifth embodiment, and is an example in which a wedge-shaped recess is formed inside the upper surface portion of the first solution tank 72 instead of the reflection member 101.
- the eighth embodiment will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a photoelectrochemical reaction apparatus according to an eighth embodiment.
- the eighth embodiment differs from the fifth embodiment in that a wedge-shaped recess 131 is formed inside the upper surface portion of the first solution tank 72 instead of the reflection member 101. It is a point.
- the recess 131 is formed corresponding to the upper side and the upper side of the ion permeable member 21a. That is, the concave portion 131 is formed on the light irradiation side of the ion permeable member 21a so as to overlap the ion permeable member 21a. For this reason, the dimension of the recess 131 in the first direction is approximately the same as the dimension of the ion permeable member 21a.
- the recess 131 is desirably formed along the entire surface of the ion permeable member 21a, but may be partially formed. The light emitted from above can be reflected or refracted by the recess 131 formed inside the upper surface portion of the first solution tank 72, and can be made incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 through the first electrode 11. .
- a wedge-shaped recess 131 is formed inside the upper surface portion of the first solution tank 72 instead of the reflection member 101.
- light can be reflected or refracted without forming the reflecting member 101, and can be incident on the photovoltaic layer 31 through the first electrode 11.
- the recess 131 it is possible to collect the gas generated in the first solution tank 72 in the recess 131 and recover it to the outside.
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Abstract
Description
以下に図1乃至図5を用いて、第1の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図1は、第1の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す斜視図である。図2は、第1の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す断面図であり、図1におけるA-A´線に沿った断面図である。図3は第1の実施形態に係る積層体41の一例を示す断面図であり、図4は第1の実施形態に係る積層体41の他の例を示す断面図である。
図5は、第1の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の動作原理を示す断面図である。ここでは、図3に示すアモルファスシリコン系材料で構成された光起電力層31を用いた場合の極性を例にして動作を説明する。また、第2溶液82としてCO2が吸収された吸収液を用いた場合について説明する。
2CO2+4H++4e- → 2CO+2H2O ・・・(2)
(1)式に示すように、第1電極11付近において、第1溶液81に含まれるH2Oが酸化されて(電子を失い)O2とH+が生成される。そして、第1電極11側で生成されたH+は、第1溶液81内を移動し、配管61に設けられた細孔66を介して配管61の基材62の内側(第2溶液82内)に移動する。
上記第1の実施形態によれば、光電気化学反応装置において、第1電極11、光起電力層31、第2電極21、および第1絶縁層22を含む積層体41と、第2電極21に配線51を介して電気的に接続される配管61とで、光電気化学反応セルが構成される。この光電気化学セルがH2Oを含む第1溶液81が充填された溶液槽71内に収容され、配管内61にはCO2を含む第2溶液82が充填される。
以下に図6を用いて、第2の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図6は、第2の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す断面図である。
上記第2の実施形態によれば、積層体41の第1電極11上に第1触媒層12が形成され、配管61の基材62の内面上に第2触媒層64が形成される。これにより、第1の実施形態に比べて、触媒の酸化還元反応の促進効果により酸化還元反応の過電圧を低減させることができ、光起電力層31で発生した起電力をより有効利用できる。したがって、太陽光から化学エネルギーへの変換効率を第1の実施形態よりも高くすることができる。
以下に図7乃至図9を用いて、第3の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図7乃至図9は、第3の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成1乃至3を示す断面図である。
上記第3の実施形態によれば、配管61上、すなわち、配管61に対して光照射側に反射部材91が設けられる。これにより、配管61に入射する光、すなわち、配管61によって遮られて光起電力層31に入射できない光が、反射部材91で反射(または屈折)する。そして、反射部材91で反射(または屈折)した光が、光起電力層31に入射することができる。これにより、第1の実施形態に比べて、光の利用効率が向上し、光起電力層31で発生する光起電力を向上させることができる。したがって、太陽光から化学エネルギーへの変換効率を第1の実施形態よりも高くすることができる。
以下に図10を用いて、第4の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図10は、第4の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す断面図である。
上記第4の実施形態によれば、配管61において第2絶縁層63の外面上に反射層65が形成される。これにより、配管61に入射する光、すなわち、配管61によって遮られて光起電力層31に入射できない光が、反射層65で反射する。そして、反射層65で反射した光が、光起電力層31に入射することができる。これにより、第1の実施形態に比べて、光の利用効率が向上し、光起電力層31で発生する光起電力を向上させることができる。したがって、太陽光から化学エネルギーへの変換効率を第1の実施形態よりも高くすることができる。
以下に図11乃至図15を用いて、第5の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図11は、第5の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す斜視図である。図12は、第5の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す断面図であり、図11におけるB-B´線に沿った断面図である。図13は第5の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成の一例を示す平面図であり、図14は第5の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成の他の例を示す平面図である。
図15は、第5の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の動作原理を示す断面図である。ここでは、図3に示すアモルファスシリコン系材料で構成された光起電力層31を用いた場合の極性を例にして動作を説明する。また、第2溶液82としてCO2が吸収された吸収液を用いた場合について説明する。
上記第5の実施形態によれば、光電気化学反応装置において、第1電極11、光起電力層31、および第2電極21を含む積層体41と、積層体41に隣接して形成されるイオン透過部材21aとで、光電気化学反応セルが構成される。この光電気化学反応セルがH2Oを含む第1溶液81が充填された第1溶液槽72と、CO2を含む第2溶液82が充填された第2溶液槽73とを分離する。そして、イオン透過部材21aに対して光入射側に反射部材101が配置される。
以下に図16を用いて、第6の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図16は、第6の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す断面図である。
上記第6の実施形態によれば、第1電極11の表面上に第1触媒層12が形成され、第2電極21の裏面上に第2触媒層64が形成される。これにより、第5の実施形態に比べて、触媒の酸化還元反応の促進効果により酸化還元反応の過電圧を低減させることができ、光起電力層31で発生した起電力をより有効利用できる。したがって、太陽光から化学エネルギーへの変換効率を第5の実施形態よりも高くすることができる。
以下に図17を用いて、第7の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図17は、第7の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す断面図である。
7-2.第7の実施形態の効果
上記第7の実施形態によれば、第1電極11、光起電力層31、および第2電極21を含む積層体41と、スリット122を有する支持基板121とで、光電気化学反応セルが構成され、スリット122を覆うように積層体41が形成される。これら積層体41および支持基板121によって、第1溶液槽72と第2溶液槽73とを分離する。これにより、第5の実施形態と同様の効果を得ることができる。
以下に図18を用いて、第8の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置について説明する。
図18は、第8の実施形態に係る光電気化学反応装置の構成を示す断面図である。
上記第8の実施形態によれば、反射部材101の代わりに、第1溶液槽72の上面部分の内側に楔形の凹部131が形成される。これにより、反射部材101を形成することなく、光を反射または屈折させることができ、第1電極11を介して光起電力層31に入射させることができる。
Claims (8)
- 第1溶液を収容する溶液槽と、
前記溶液槽内に収容され、第1電極と、前記第1電極の下方に形成された第2電極と、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間に形成され、上方からの光エネルギーにより電荷分離を行う光起電力層と、前記第2電極の露出面上に形成された第1絶縁層と、を備える積層体と、
前記溶液槽内に収容され、前記第1電極の上方に対向して配置され、第2溶液を収容し、外面から内面まで貫通する細孔を有する配管と、
前記第2電極と前記配管とを電気的に接続する配線と、
を具備することを特徴とする光電気化学反応装置。 - 前記配管は、導電性を有する管状の基材と、前記基材の外面上に形成された第2絶縁層とを備えることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電気化学反応装置。
- 前記配管は、前記第2絶縁層の外面上に形成された反射層をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の光電気化学反応装置。
- 前記配管は、前記基材の内面上に形成された第2触媒層をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の光電気化学反応装置。
- 前記積層体は、前記第1電極の表面上に形成された第1触媒層をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電気化学反応装置。
- 前記配管上に形成された反射部材をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電気化学反応装置。
- 前記細孔内にイオン交換膜が充填されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電気化学反応装置。
- 第1溶液を収容する第1溶液槽と、第2溶液を収容する第2溶液槽と、で構成される溶液槽と、
前記第1溶液槽内に収容される第1電極と、前記第2溶液槽内に収容され、前記第1電極の下方に形成された第2電極と、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間に形成され、上方からの光エネルギーにより電荷分離を行う光起電力層と、を備え、前記第1溶液槽と前記第2溶液槽とを分離する積層体と、
前記積層体に隣接して形成され、前記積層体とともに前記第1溶液槽と前記第2溶液槽とを分離するイオン透過部材と、
前記第1溶液槽内に収容され、前記イオン透過部材の直上に対応して配置される反射部材と、
を具備することを特徴とする光電気化学反応装置。
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CN201480011494.1A CN105026617A (zh) | 2013-07-03 | 2014-06-27 | 光电化学反应装置 |
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WO2018068953A1 (de) | 2016-10-14 | 2018-04-19 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Photoelektrochemische zelle zur lichtinduzierten wasserspaltung |
DE102016119634A1 (de) | 2016-10-14 | 2018-04-19 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Photoelektrochemische Zelle zur lichtinduzierten Wasserspaltung |
US11293108B2 (en) | 2016-10-14 | 2022-04-05 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Photoelectrochemical cell for light-induced splitting of water |
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CN105026617A (zh) | 2015-11-04 |
JP6104739B2 (ja) | 2017-03-29 |
TWI507566B (zh) | 2015-11-11 |
KR20150108931A (ko) | 2015-09-30 |
TW201512458A (zh) | 2015-04-01 |
JP2015014016A (ja) | 2015-01-22 |
AU2014285249B2 (en) | 2016-09-22 |
US20160108527A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
EP3018235A1 (en) | 2016-05-11 |
AU2014285249A1 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
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