WO2014076193A1 - Gebaute kurbelwelle sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer gebauten kurbelwelle - Google Patents
Gebaute kurbelwelle sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer gebauten kurbelwelle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014076193A1 WO2014076193A1 PCT/EP2013/073856 EP2013073856W WO2014076193A1 WO 2014076193 A1 WO2014076193 A1 WO 2014076193A1 EP 2013073856 W EP2013073856 W EP 2013073856W WO 2014076193 A1 WO2014076193 A1 WO 2014076193A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- crank
- receiving openings
- toothing
- crankshaft
- crank pin
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C3/00—Shafts; Axles; Cranks; Eccentrics
- F16C3/04—Crankshafts, eccentric-shafts; Cranks, eccentrics
- F16C3/06—Crankshafts
- F16C3/10—Crankshafts assembled of several parts, e.g. by welding by crimping
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P11/00—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P2700/00—Indexing scheme relating to the articles being treated, e.g. manufactured, repaired, assembled, connected or other operations covered in the subgroups
- B23P2700/07—Crankshafts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
- Y10T29/49288—Connecting rod making
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/21—Elements
- Y10T74/2173—Cranks and wrist pins
- Y10T74/2177—Sectional
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a built crankshaft for an internal combustion engine, wherein are provided as joining partners crank webs with receiving openings and crank pin with end fastening sections, wherein the receiving openings or the fastening sections with a running in a longitudinal direction of the crankshaft teeth are provided the cross-section of the attachment portions by the toothing region extends beyond the inner cross section of an associated receiving opening, so that when connecting the joining partners to the receiving openings of the crank webs or the attachment sections of the crank pin material displacement and contour deformation takes place and the joining partners are so positively connected, and wherein the fastening sections are pressed into the receiving opening such that the joining partners without further fastening means and without an additional connection be securely fixed in the longitudinal direction in a positive connection to each other.
- a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine allows by its cranked shape with an eccentric arrangement of the crank pin, the conversion of a stroke of the piston, which are connected via connecting rods to the crankshaft in a rotational movement. Since the crankshaft is a central element of power transmission in an internal combustion engine, very large torsional and bending moments as well as forces, which change greatly in time as well as locally. The crankshaft must therefore have sufficient stability and strength.
- crankshafts known from the prior art the choice of material and the method of manufacture depend on the load. Highly stressed crankshafts are usually forged, with smaller crankshafts also being used for smaller engines for reasons of cost and weight (Bosch, Kraftfahrisches Taschenbuch, 26th edition, 2007, page 477 ff.).
- crankshafts that have been built and are composed of crank webs and crankpins arranged between the crank webs are also proposed in the prior art. This first results in the advantage that not an entire contiguous crankshaft but smaller elements must be made, including correspondingly smaller forging or casting molds can be used. Due to the modular design of a flexible assembly is also possible.
- crankshaft A built crankshaft is known from DE 822 036.
- the crank pins have at their ends teeth, which are hammered into associated openings of the crank webs, wherein the teeth cut into the associated receiving opening.
- By cutting the teeth a positive connection is achieved, wherein the fixing of the crank pin on the crank webs is done by screws.
- the finished crankshaft can be taken apart at any desired location. When reassembling again later, it must be ensured that each tooth coincides with the notch previously created by it, in order to ensure smooth running.
- the structural design is relatively expensive in the known from DE 822 036 built crankshaft, as are within theharmo Matten the teeth of the mounting portions, an adjoining cylindrical portion of the crank pin and the locking screws with washer discs are assumed to have different dimensions.
- the receiving openings for this purpose have a step-shaped changing cross section, wherein the region in which a positive connection is achieved, is relatively short.
- the attachment of the locking screws is expensive.
- the mechanical load capacity of the known crankshaft is limited.
- crankshafts are known for internal combustion engines, which include receiving openings having crank webs and end-side mounting portions having crankpins.
- a positive and non-positive connection is achieved in that the receiving openings and the fastening portions have a complementary, deviating from a circle shape, wherein the crank webs are shrunk onto the crank pin.
- the crank pin have a central portion and eccentrically arranged for this purpose connecting portions, so that the lifting height can be varied by the arrangement of the crank pin in the connection with the crank webs.
- crankshaft which is made separable from at least two pieces. Due to the dismantling, the crankshaft can be easily assembled and disassembled again.
- pins are provided which are pressed against an associated crank arm or with the corresponding crank arm
- crankshaft described in GB 747,742 is particularly intended for small engines of models or the like.
- crankshaft From DE 1 270 893 a built crankshaft is known, which is made according to the method described above.
- the crank webs and the crank pins are pressed together.
- a particularly good, non-releasable press connection is obtained when grooves are provided in the longitudinal direction, which may have different groove heights.
- a built crankshaft is known in which separate crank webs and crank pins are connected by a press fit. The generation of the press fit is not described further. The receiving openings of the crank webs are initially tapered and then have a widening again.
- CH 567 194 A is a built crankshaft of a piston combustion engine known, which is composed of U-shaped crank parts, each containing a crank pin with two crank webs and are connected by bearing parts, wherein the bearing parts each have a bearing pin and a mounting pin which is press-fitted in a bore in the adjacent crank webs.
- the mounting pin of the bearing part is offset with its axis relative to the axis of the journal such that it is away in the associated crank arm within the crank plane away from the crank pin.
- DE 29 25 058 A1 generally describes a connection between two metal parts by means of a positive connection by a toothing and a material deformation.
- DE 559 779 A discloses a shrink connection between a bolt and a part having a bore, wherein longitudinal grooves are incorporated in a cylindrical seat surface of the bolt.
- the object of the invention is to specify a method for producing a built crankshaft with which a crankshaft can be provided in a simple manner which withstands high loads.
- the built crankshaft should be shaped so that the risk of material defects or material damage is reduced in their manufacture.
- the object is achieved by the characterizing features of claim 1.
- a non-positive and positive connection is achieved in a particularly simple manner, without the need for further fastening means, welding or the like.
- torques are reliably transmitted.
- a traction is generated, which alone is sufficient to keep the crank webs and the crank pin reliable, that is, even during operation of the crankshaft in the internal combustion engine safely.
- the modular design can reduce costs and increase design flexibility. In order, for example, to achieve a different lifting height, only correspondingly adapted crank webs are required.
- crank pin can remain unchanged. Also, different specifications can be met by providing different crankpins and crank webs. In the case of a built-on crankshaft, there is the additional advantage that the bearing can also be made more flexible, in which case closed rolling or plain bearings can also be used which are placed on the crank pins before the joining partners are pressed.
- the receiving openings starting from an insertion side facing the associated crank pin, taper in the direction of an opposite side, at least in sections, with a curvature.
- the attachment portions may taper towards their free ends.
- the receiving openings and the attachment portions of the crankpins have, at least in sections, optionally also a curved shape in order to achieve a particularly uniform application of force.
- the attachment portions may have a convex curvature, while the receiving openings are complementarily curved on its inner side.
- Particularly preferred is an embodiment in which the receiving openings and / or the fastening sections have a parabolic profile in a longitudinal section at least in sections. In combination with the toothing is achieved that the pressing takes place over a longer range with an increasing material deformation, whereby a load on the end face of the toothing is avoided. On the other hand, a very sudden, steep increase in force during pressing is prevented.
- cuts is achieved both compared to a cylindrical or conical shape, a significant improvement.
- a cylindrical shape the distribution of the forces occurring during joining is not optimal.
- a very heavy load is observed on the end face of the provided with the toothing, usually harder joining partner.
- the material displacement of the softer joining partner takes place substantially on the end face of the toothing, whereby the risk of overloading exists.
- the frictional connection is in need of improvement.
- the fastening sections can initially be loosely inserted into the associated receiving openings, in which case contact between the two joining partners takes place simultaneously over a relatively long area. Starting from such a first contact is then a pressing in a comparatively short stroke, so that very large forces can occur.
- the teeth formed on the one joining partner it is expedient if the joining partner provided with the toothing has a higher hardness in order to obtain a defined connection ,
- longitudinal grooves can be formed with a spacing which is constant along their course relative to a longitudinal axis of the receiving opening to form the toothing.
- the described taper results from the fact that between the longitudinal grooves teeth are generated, the height of which increases from the insertion side in the direction of the opposite side. If the flanks of the grooves are not perpendicular to a bottom of the groove, the width of the teeth at their tooth tip decreases accordingly.
- the fastening sections are provided with the toothing and taper in the direction of their free ends. At the free ends then no or only low teeth are present, in which case starting from the free end, the height of the teeth increases.
- the grooves can be created by a longitudinally broaching tool. With an appropriate choice of the clearing diameter and the shape of the receiving opening or the attachment portion can be achieved that starting from the insertion side of the receiving opening a front area is not cleared, creating an insertion with centering effect. Because the teeth are practically stepless
- the specific configuration of the toothing is not limited. In order to achieve a form fit transmitting a torque, the formation of a groove or a tooth would in principle already be sufficient. Preferably, however, teeth extending in the longitudinal direction around the inner circumference of the receiving opening or the outer circumference of the fastening sections are distributed uniformly.
- grooves running in the longitudinal direction to form the toothing are formed with an arcuate profile in cross section in order to reduce the notch stresses.
- the width of the tooth approximately correspond to the radius of the arcuate course of the groove.
- the teeth are then substantially flat, that is, they run along the original, usually in cross-section circular outer surface of the mounting portions or inner surface of the receiving opening.
- the mutually associated support diameters have a radial extension with respect to the adjoining region of the receiving opening or the attachment section, wherein the mutually associated centering and support diameters may be cylindrical or almost cylindrical over at least part of their length.
- the centering and support diameters furthermore ensure that the two parts to be joined together are brought into a precisely defined position and arranged exactly at right angles to one another in order to complete the joining process.
- the division of the receiving openings in each case a front, untoothed area with the support diameter and a rear, provided with the toothing region can be selected according to the respective requirements.
- Receiving opening extends.
- the proportion can be between 25% and 35%.
- the invention also relates to a built crankshaft for an internal combustion engine, which can be produced by the method described above.
- the built crankshaft comprises crank webs with receiving openings and crank pin with end-side mounting portions, wherein the crank webs and crank pins are connected by a positive and frictional connection without further fastening means the screws and without a material connection by welding or the like.
- the crank webs and crank pins are pressed together as joining partners, the joining partners having a different hardness, wherein the harder joining partner has a prefabricated toothing and wherein the material of the softer joining partner is partially displaced and reshaped by the toothing.
- crank webs usually have two juxtaposed receiving openings. Then around the receiving openings around a sufficient material thickness is provided to provide sufficient stability. However, between the two receiving openings, the crank webs can have an indentation in order to reduce the rotating mass.
- crank webs may be formed in particular as forged parts, wherein 42CrMo4 is particularly suitable as a material.
- the receiving openings can be generated, for example, by drilling after the forged crank webs are blasted and tempered. If the receiving openings are to be provided with a toothing, the toothing is expediently generated by a clearances of the grooves in the longitudinal direction of the receiving openings.
- annular indentation On the side facing the crank pin, an annular indentation can be provided around the receiving opening in order to allow a certain expansion of material during the joining of the parts. Finally, it is expedient if, starting from the end face, a funnel-shaped radius is provided on the insertion side.
- the journals can be formed, for example, of the material 100Cr6.
- the attachment portions are then preferably provided with a tapered shape, in particular parabolically tapered shape. If a step is provided between the fastening sections and the subsequent sections of the crank pin, a radius is preferably provided there starting from the fastening sections in order to ensure a uniform force transmission.
- the fastening sections can also be provided with a roller.
- peripheral projections and recesses are formed on the attachment sections in the circumferential direction, so that a wavy shape results in the longitudinal section.
- a parabolic course in the context of the invention means a shape that corresponds to the shape of a parabola when the y-axis of the parabola runs along the longitudinal axis of the receiving opening.
- the broadest sense results in a kind of cup-shaped configuration, wherein the receiving opening, however, is open at both ends, so that the course corresponds only to a section of a parabolic rotating body.
- the course can also be referred to as parabolic stump.
- Fig. 1 is a crank arm with two receiving openings for receiving a mounting portion of a crank pin, wherein a crank pin is already pressed
- Fig. 2 is a partial view of a crank pin with an end-side
- FIG. 3 is a detail view of a receiving opening in a longitudinal section before the formation of a toothing
- Fig. 7 is a side view of a crank arm with two arranged thereon
- crank pin the arrangement of FIG. 7 in a longitudinal section, an alternative embodiment of a crankcase, an alternative embodiment of a crank pin,
- Fig. 1 shows a crank arm 1 and a crank pin 2, which is inserted with a mounting portion 3 in a receiving opening 4 of the crank arm 1.
- the crank web 1 comprises a further receiving opening 4, which is provided for receiving a further crank pin 2 from the opposite side.
- On the crank pin 2 is optionally carried out the storage of connecting rods, not shown, or the storage of the crankshaft formed from a plurality of crank pin 2 and crank webs 1.
- the configuration of both receiving openings 4 on a crank arm 1 in the illustrated embodiment is the same. As shown in FIG. 1, show
- both receiving openings 4 a running in a longitudinal direction x of the crankshaft teeth with teeth 6 and extending therebetween grooves 7. It can already be seen from FIG. 1 that starting from the insertion side 5, the teeth 6 initially begin at a distance from the edge of the receiving opening 4, the height difference between the tips of the teeth 6 and the bottom of the grooves 7 starting from the insertion side 5 in the receiving opening 6 increases in. At the same time, the width of the teeth 6 at their tooth tip becomes smaller.
- 3 shows a receiving opening 4 of the crank webs 1 before the generation of the toothing. It can be seen that the receiving openings 4 initially by a radius have a funnel-shaped extension 8, which causes a centering on the one hand during the pressing of an associated mounting portion 3 of a crank pin 2. In addition, material tension can be avoided directly at the edge of the receiving opening 4 by the funnel-shaped extension 8.
- the receiving opening 4 tapers starting from the insertion side 5.
- the region proceeding from the insertion side 5 to the funnel-shaped extension 8 extends parabolically.
- the grooves 7 of the toothing are produced by a broaching tool guided in the longitudinal direction x.
- the grooves 7 of the teeth then have along their course a constant distance a to a longitudinal axis of the receiving openings.
- crank pin 2 shown in Fig. 2 which is also formed parabolic at its attachment portion 3, is uniformly formed at the press-fitting into the receiving opening 4 on its outer surface, whereby a distributed force instructions and a particularly strong adhesion be generated.
- FIG. 4 it is additionally indicated that a circumferential relief notch 9 can be provided on the insertion side 5 around the receiving opening 4, in order to reduce the stresses in the crank web 1.
- crankpin 2 is hollow in order to reduce both the weight and the rotating mass. Also, the crank webs 1 for the same purpose between the receiving openings 4 indentations 10.
- the fastening sections 3 can optionally also be provided with a roller 1 1, wherein waves running around the circumference are formed.
- FIG. 5 shows a complete crank web which is provided with a toothing at its two receiving openings 4 with opposite insertion sides 5. It can be seen immediately that except for the opposite arrangement of the insertion side 5 is a matching configuration.
- FIG. 6 shows a preferred embodiment of the toothing, wherein the grooves 7 extending in the longitudinal direction have a profile which is circular in cross-section and has a radius r.
- FIG. 6 shows the toothing in a region remote from the insertion side 5, where the width of the teeth 6 corresponds approximately to the radius r of the grooves 7.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show a crank arm 1 with two crankpins 2 press-fitted from opposite sides.
- the crankpins 2 are held by the toothing and the press-fit, on the one hand, in positive engagement and, on the other hand, in a frictional connection.
- An additional fixation of the crank pin 2 to the crank webs 1 is neither necessary nor provided for the operation of the crankshaft. Apart from the fact that further fastening measures are complicated, unwanted imbalances could also be generated thereby.
- crankshaft is composed of a multiplicity of crank webs 1 and crank pin 2 joined to one another, wherein there are free variation possibilities due to the modular construction.
- FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment of a crankcase 1, which initially has the above-described funnel-shaped enlargement 8 and an adjoining centering and support diameter 12 on its insertion side 5.
- the funnel-shaped extension 8 and the centering and support diameter 12 are arranged on a non-toothed portion of the receiving opening 4, which extends over about 30% of the total length of the receiving opening 4.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show that the crank pin 2 is provided with an associated centering and support diameter 12 '.
- the centering and supporting diameters 12, 12 'initially ensure precise centering and alignment of the crank pin 2 with respect to the crankcase 1 during the pressing in. Furthermore, there are also advantages in the entire assembled crankshaft after assembly because forces acting on the crankpins 2 can be transmitted to the adjoining crank webs 1 via the mutually associated centering and support diameters 12, 12 ', without the force acting on the grooves 7 and teeth 6 formed toothing is excessively loaded.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
- Milling, Broaching, Filing, Reaming, And Others (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR112015011236A BR112015011236A2 (pt) | 2012-11-19 | 2013-11-14 | processo para a fabricação de um virabrequim montado para um motor de combustão interna; e virabrequim montado para um motor de combustão interna |
CN201380070754.8A CN104919195B (zh) | 2012-11-19 | 2013-11-14 | 组合式曲轴以及生产组合式曲轴的方法 |
EP13792348.8A EP2920477B1 (de) | 2012-11-19 | 2013-11-14 | Gebaute kurbelwelle sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer gebauten kurbelwelle |
JP2015542263A JP6416105B2 (ja) | 2012-11-19 | 2013-11-14 | 組立クランクシャフトおよび組立クランクシャフトの製造方法 |
US14/443,879 US20150316092A1 (en) | 2012-11-19 | 2013-11-14 | Assembled crankshaft and method for producing an assembled crankshaft |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102012111124A DE102012111124B3 (de) | 2012-11-19 | 2012-11-19 | Gebaute Kurbelwelle sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung einer gebauten Kurbelwelle |
DE102012111124.3 | 2012-11-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2014076193A1 true WO2014076193A1 (de) | 2014-05-22 |
Family
ID=49579775
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2013/073856 WO2014076193A1 (de) | 2012-11-19 | 2013-11-14 | Gebaute kurbelwelle sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer gebauten kurbelwelle |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150316092A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2920477B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP6416105B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20150085074A (de) |
CN (1) | CN104919195B (de) |
BR (1) | BR112015011236A2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102012111124B3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2014076193A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
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CN103982530A (zh) * | 2014-06-11 | 2014-08-13 | 北京汽车研究总院有限公司 | 一种发动机曲轴 |
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CN103753113B (zh) * | 2014-01-21 | 2016-04-13 | 中国重汽集团济南动力有限公司 | 一种重型汽车转向装置过渡摆臂的加工工艺 |
DE102014109818A1 (de) | 2014-07-14 | 2016-01-14 | Thyssenkrupp Presta Teccenter Ag | Gebaute Kurbelwelle mit in Kurbelwangen eingepressten Lagerzapfen |
DE102017010844A1 (de) | 2017-11-23 | 2019-05-23 | Grammer Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung mit drehfester Verbindung |
EP3925434B1 (de) | 2020-06-15 | 2024-02-21 | CNH Industrial Belgium N.V. | Kurbelbetätigter packermechanismus für eine landwirtschaftliche ballenpresse |
CN112648075A (zh) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-04-13 | 重庆隆鑫通航发动机制造有限公司 | 集成式转速齿盘及发动机 |
CN117620646B (zh) * | 2024-01-26 | 2024-04-05 | 江苏联星机械科技有限公司 | 一种柴油机曲轴压装工装 |
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- 2012-11-19 DE DE102012111124A patent/DE102012111124B3/de active Active
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2013
- 2013-11-14 US US14/443,879 patent/US20150316092A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-11-14 WO PCT/EP2013/073856 patent/WO2014076193A1/de active Application Filing
- 2013-11-14 EP EP13792348.8A patent/EP2920477B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2013-11-14 JP JP2015542263A patent/JP6416105B2/ja active Active
- 2013-11-14 KR KR1020157016237A patent/KR20150085074A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2013-11-14 BR BR112015011236A patent/BR112015011236A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2013-11-14 CN CN201380070754.8A patent/CN104919195B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN103982530A (zh) * | 2014-06-11 | 2014-08-13 | 北京汽车研究总院有限公司 | 一种发动机曲轴 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2920477B1 (de) | 2019-02-06 |
US20150316092A1 (en) | 2015-11-05 |
DE102012111124B3 (de) | 2013-12-05 |
CN104919195B (zh) | 2019-01-18 |
JP6416105B2 (ja) | 2018-10-31 |
EP2920477A1 (de) | 2015-09-23 |
CN104919195A (zh) | 2015-09-16 |
JP2016500143A (ja) | 2016-01-07 |
BR112015011236A2 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
KR20150085074A (ko) | 2015-07-22 |
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