Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/429—Thiazoles condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/43—Compounds containing 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula, e.g. penicillins, penems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/44—Oils, fats or waxes according to two or more groups of A61K47/02-A61K47/42; Natural or modified natural oils, fats or waxes, e.g. castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, montan wax, lignite, shellac, rosin, beeswax or lanolin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
  • A61P15/14—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for lactation disorders, e.g. galactorrhoea
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/14—Esters of carboxylic acids, e.g. fatty acid monoglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, parabens or PEG fatty acid esters

Definitions

• the present invention relates to injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use, and particularly, but not specifically to the treatment or prevention of mastitis in lactating animals.
• Microbial infections in animals are typically treated or prevented during the lactation period by, intramammary (IMM) infusion, intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection.
• IMM intramammary
• IM intramuscular
• SC subcutaneous
• antibiotics such as penicillins or prodrugs of benzylpenicillin (BP) such as penethemate (PNT) have been used as actives of choice to treat bovine mastitis.
• BP benzylpenicillin
• PNT is the diethylaminoethyl ester of benzylpenicillin.
• HI hydroiodide
• PNT HI is used in intramammary products during lactation (UBRO YELLOWTM, Boehringer Ingelheim) and during the dry-off period (UBRO REDTM, Boehringer Ingelheim), as well as an injectable suspension during lactation period (MamyzinTM, Boehringer Ingelheim and PenethajectTM, Bayer Animal Health) for treatment of mastitis in cows.
• PNT is a prodrug from which benzylpenicillin and diethylaminoethanol are released by hydrolysis. Antimicrobial activity of the compound is exclusively related to benzylpenicillin.
• the maximum residue limit (MRL) for milk in bovine in e.g. Europe and New Zealand is 4 ng/kg (EMEA, BP).
• penethamate hydroiodide As a prodrug of benzylpenicillin, penethamate hydroiodide is effective in treating mastitis as a result of its particular pharmacokinetics. After intramuscular administration, penethamate hydroiodide is absorbed from the site of injection and on entering the blood partially dissociates by hydrolysis into benzylpenicillin and diethylaminoethanol. At blood pH (7.2), an equilibrium is established wherein 91.8% of the active drug is present in its hydrolysed form (benzylpenicillin) with the remainder being penethamate. The equilibrium is maintained by re-association of benzylpenicillin and diethylaminoethanol. Peak serum levels (measured as dissociated penicillin G) are rapidly reached, 3.76 hours after injection (Friton 2003).
• the lipophilic nature of penethamate further facilitates its passage across the lipo-proteineic blood-milk barrier.
• Penethamate starts to dissociate as it passes over the blood-milk barrier and this continues during diffusion of the drug throughout the udder, releasing benzylpenicillin.
• PNT products available on the market for intramuscular (IM) or sub-cutaneous (SC) injection are in the form of a powder for reconstitution into solution or suspension with sterile water at the time of use (e.g. MamyzinTM Boehringer Ingelheim or PenethajectTM Bayer Animal Health).
• Typical dosages of these products include three daily doses of 5g of PNT, or one dose of 10g followed by a 5g dose the next day.
• aqueous vehicle allows for the PNT to dissolve quickly at the injection site and thus be rapidly absorbed.
• Especially desirable properties for treating mastitis during the lactation period include rapid absorption of the active, effective therapeutic action, and a short withhold period.
• the ability of penethamate to cross the blood/milk barrier and concentrate in the udder, provides effective therapeutic action and a sufficiently short withhold period.
• compositions as injections containing penicillin or PNT are their limited shelf-life (often only 2- 3 days) once reconstituted into an aqueous solution from a powder. This is inconvenient to the user, who must reconstitute the powder into a liquid form, such as by drawing out a sterile aqueous vehicle from one vial, dispense the liquid into a second vial containing the powder and mix until a solution or homogeneous suspension is formed. Once the product is reconstituted it must be used within the limited period of stability, or it must be discarded.
• composition including penethamate (PNT) or a pharmaceutical equivalent thereof; and at least one oily vehicle.
• PNT penethamate
• the viscosity of the composition is below 3000 mPas at a temperature of 20°C and shear rate of 1/s measured with a cup cylinder method.
• Oily vehicle here also includes non-aqueous vehicles which are only partially soluble with water - for example a preferred oily vehicle is triacetin.
• Triacetin has a viscosity of approximately 23 mPas at 20°C and a density of 1.16g/cm 3
• the penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof comprises 55% w/v or less of the composition.
• composition includes at least one anticaking agent.
• composition including penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof; at least one oily vehicle; and at least one non-thickening anticaking agent.
• PNT penethamate
• composition including: penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof; and a low viscosity oily vehicle.
• PNT penethamate
• composition comprises a suspension of penethamate (PNT) or
• composition including penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof; and at least one oily vehicle having a viscosity range between 2.0 to 100.0 mPa at 25°C.
• PNT penethamate
• oily vehicle having a viscosity range between 2.0 to 100.0 mPa at 25°C.
• the inventors have formulated PNT compositions that overcome many of the disadvantages of the prior art PNT composition.
• the present invention presents a ready to use injectable composition of PNT that can provide similar bioavailability or bioequivalence to aqueous based injectable.
• the compositions of the invention advantageously avoid hydrolysis of the active by using an oily vehicle.
• Oil based compositions are previously known in the art for delivering antibiotics as an injectable liquid. Oil is used to avoid hydrolysis (i.e. degradation and hence poor stability) of the active, that may result from the use of an aqueous base. However, the use of oils have been used to provide a sustained release profile of the active over a relatively long period of time.
• the present invention was surprisingly provides a fast release of the PNT and a short withholding period (WHP). These advantageous features are both provided by the aqueous based composition PenethajectTM for treatment/prevention of mastitis during the lactation period. This is contrary to what was expected.
• the present invention may have particular application to treatment or prevention of conditions such as mastitis in lactating animals, where a fast release, short persistency and short WHP is desired.
• the use of the present invention was also surprisingly found to have a bioavailability profile similar and potentially better than the prior art aqueous based formulations such as PenethajectTM.
• the prior art has focused on provision of PNT formulations in aqueous based systems because of the required bioavailability. While it has also been expected that an oily formulation will result in slower release and longer withhold times.
• the present invention also provides means for improving the WHP and
• bioavailability characteristics compared with other veterinary compositions typically used for treatment or prevention of mastitis during an animal's lactation period.
• the inventors trials have determined that when procaine penicillin is substituted for the penethamate in the preferred formulation of the present invention, the resulting composition is chemically unstable. After one month in accelerated stability the components of the composition appeared to degrade rapidly with a resulting colour change from an off- white to a dark yellow with dark brown sludge forming. The degradation components appeared to include a gas, resulting in the container swelling from the resultant pressure. Accordingly, the formulations described in CN 1517090 are not known to be storage stable.
• triacetin provided a storage stable formulation, both chemically and physically.
• the triacetin alone advantageously prevented the caking issues of the other oily vehicle formulations.
• the addition of the surface active agents further improved the re- suspendability of the composition on storage.
• the withhold time was found to be equivalent to that of a known but unstable product called Mamyzin, and it was bio-equivalent.
• PNT penethamate
• BP diethylaminoethyl ester prodrug of benzyl penicillin
• the type and amount of oily vehicle may be selected from any appropriate oily vehicle and amount thereof which provides the desired drug release and/or withhold period.
• the ratio of PNT to oily vehicle is between 1 :1 to 1 :4 w/v.
• composition of the present invention may also be used to treat other bacterial infections similar to those treated with PenthajectTM such as metritis, respiratory infections and footrot in cattle and horses.
• the oily vehicle is ethyl oleate, medium chain triglycerides or triacetin.
• a prior art document CN 101822637 discloses the use of ethyl oleate as the carrier for ⁇ - lactam antibiotics.
• the compositions include 2-5% of active, with suspending agents 2%, thickeners 0.1-3% and preservatives such as benzyl alcohol.
• the suspending agents include aluminium stearate, which would increase the viscosity, and the thickening agents are said to include Tween 80.
• the present invention is distinguished from this document in that it uses specifically penethamate hydroiodide, which as an ester of a ⁇ -lactam may be expected to have different properties and carrier requirements.
• the amount of antibiotic is significantly different, since the minimum of 20% PNT in the current formulations poses different problems to the 2-5% of the prior art document.
• the present invention does not use a thickener as a suspending agent, rather it relies on the surface active agents to provide re-suspendability of the composition, rather than attempting to prevent settling of the suspension.
• the present invention was found to have long-term stability of up to three months.
• triacetin is a far better vehicle, being suitable for injection and less likely to cause caking of the suspended PNT.
• oily vehicles may be used as a substitute for ethyl oleate medium chain triglycerides, triacetin or a combination of at least two oily vehicles.
• vehicles considered appropriate to use include soybean oil, cotton seed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, and paraffin oil. Other oily vehicles are considered within the scope of the invention.
• the concentration of PNT in the composition is between 15% - 55% w/v.
• the concentration of PNT in the composition is between 20% to 35% w/v.
• the inventors identified these preferred amounts of PNT in the composition may be sufficient to provide about 5 g of active to the animal in a given dosage. In previous studies, this amount of PNT which was identified to provide a therapeutic effect similar to
• the particle diameter d 50 of the PNT is between 1 - 100 microns.
• the particle diameter d 50 of the PNT is between 8 - 30 microns. with 95% ⁇ 50 microns
• the composition includes at least one excipient which prevents caking.
• polysorbate 80 works particularly well in a preferred embodiment.
• suspensions are physically stabilized by adding a standard anti-caking agent or thickener such as colloidal silicon dioxide or aluminium stearate. While colloidal silicon dioxide should not be administered parenterally (Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients), aluminium stearate thickens the suspension which slows down the drug release from the vehicle. These agents do not deliver a practical solution to physically stabilise PNT suspensions.
• a standard anti-caking agent or thickener such as colloidal silicon dioxide or aluminium stearate.
• colloidal silicon dioxide should not be administered parenterally (Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients)
• aluminium stearate thickens the suspension which slows down the drug release from the vehicle.
• triacetin is a vehicle that dramatically improves physical stability of PNT suspension but at the same time delivers satisfying chemical stability. This is surprising given that triacetin is partially soluble with water, (while still being considered an oily vehicle) which would be expected to lead to hydrolysis of the active.
• non-oily vehicles such as water and propylene glycol deliver good physical stability of PNT suspensions, but such PNT suspensions are only chemically stable for a few days (eg water based Mamyzin) or less than 2 months during storage for propylene glycol. Again, this does not deliver a practical solution for a ready to use PNT composition with acceptable shelf life.
• hydrophobic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value is an indication of the solubility of the surfactant. The lower the HLB value the more lipophilic or oil soluble the surfactant is. The higher the HLB value the more water soluble or hydrophilic the surfactant is. The HLB values are used for nonionic surfactants only.
• Span 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) with a relatively low HLB value of 4.3, is soluble in the oily vehicle, but provided little improvement of the physical stability of the PNT suspension.
• Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) with a relatively high HLB value of 15.0, is practically insoluble in the oily vehicle, and significantly improved the physical stability of the PNT suspension.
• the insoluble surfactant PEG120leate (HLB of 13.7) in oily vehicle also significantly improved the physical stability.
• Span 80 to an oily vehicle consisting of a medium chain triglyceride and a hydrogenated soybean lecithin does not negatively impact on the physical stability of PNT suspensions, but can increase the bioavailability of the PNT.
• This fast release profile from an oily vehicle may be important as it allows quick absorption of PNT, and hence provides a fast therapeutic effect.
• the surfactant is selected from a compound with a hydrophobic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of approximately 7-16.
• HLB hydrophobic-lipophilic balance
• the surfactant has an HLB of above 12.
• the surfactant is hydrogenated soybean lecithin. It should be noted that as lecithin contains ionic components, the HLB system cannot be properly applied.
• Tween 80 has shown significantly better results when with triacetin as the vehicle. It works well as an anti-caking compound plus does not have thickening properties.
• At least one preservative is included.
• methyl paraben and propyl paraben or benzyl alcohol may be used as preservatives.
• Benzyl alcohol is preferred with triacetin based formulations as it mixes well with triacetin, maintains its activity in oily vehicles, as well as being suitable for injections.
• the preservative is important since it allows the ready-to- use composition to be used on multiple occasions. A study was performed to test the stability and sterility of the present invention product after removal of a dose from the container:
• the penethamate suspension (in accordance with the preferred formulation), packed in 100 ml_ clear PET vials stored at room temperature were broached, using 10 mL sterile disposable syringe with 16G hypodermic needle, each week for four weeks. On each occasion an appropriate amount of sample was removed and after day 28, the left over sample was analysed for physical, chemical and microbial characteristics. The results show that the penethamate suspension, remains physically and chemically stable after repeated broaching over a period of 28 days at room temperature.
• a method of treating an animal with a composition substantially as described herein for the treatment or prevention of a microbial infection wherein the method includes intramuscular or
• the microbial infection is pre-clinical or clinical mastitis.
• the method of treatment includes a dosage regime of 5 g PNT per day repeated for approximately three days.
• An alternative dosage regime may include delivery of 10 g PNT as a first dose on a first day, followed by a further dose of 5 g PNT on the second day. Such dosages are similar to that currently advised for PenthajectTM.
• a method of manufacturing the composition as substantially described above including the steps of: a) Preparing an oily vehicle by either (i) providing an oil, or (ii) mixing an oil and
• surfactant(s) in a container to form a homogenous oil mixture; b) dispersing the active agent in the oily vehicle
• At least one preservative is added to the oily vehicle in step a).
• the oily vehicle of step a) is sterilized by filtration.
• step b) utilises high shear dispersion equipment.
• composition's preferred low viscosity is beneficial to the manufacturing process.
• the lower viscosity allows for easier filling of containers, such as vials or syringes, following manufacturing of the composition.
• the active agents are micronised.
• the use of micronized active agents can help prevent quick settling of the solids within the composition.
• compositions OT11 PNTRTU-e, -f, and -g Inhibitory substance concentration in milk following intramuscular administration of compositions OT11 PNTRTU-e, -f, and -g;
• compositions OT11 PNTRTU-f, and -h Inhibitory substance concentration in milk following intramuscular administration of compositions OT11 PNTRTU-f, and -h;
• compositions OT11 PNTRTU-i, and -j Inhibitory substance concentration in milk following intramuscular administration of compositions OT11 PNTRTU-i, and -j;
• Figure 10 Benzylpenicillin milk concentration following intramuscular administration of different dosage regimes of composition OT11 PNTRTU-e;
• compositions OT11 PNTRTU-e, and -k in relation to Penethaject
• Figure 13 Relative bioavailability of benzylpenicillin following intramuscular administration of compositions OT11 PNTRTU-I, -d, -a and -b in relation to Penethaject;
• Example 1 Exemplification formulations according to the present invention, all percentages in example 1 are % w/w.
• WHP (withhold period) is here defined as when the concentration curve cuts the MRL line followed by the next multiple of 12. For instance a calculated WHP of 52 hours would provide a registered WHP of 60 hours. This also includes that some registration authorities around the world require a consideration of a confidence interval for determination of WHP.
• the Edwards data would should suggest a much longer WHP than 84 hours with only half the dose (5g PNT).
• the composition of the oily vehicle used by Edwards was not disclosed in the published document, however the findings of Edwards is consistent with the general knowledge of oil based vehicles, that the release of active is expected to be slower.
• the absorption rate of PNT is a crucial component for a treatment of mastitis in lactating cows.
• Oil based compositions as injectables are generally regarded as slow release dosage forms.
• the absorption rate of injectable compositions is fast for aqueous solutions containing a drug with hydrophilic properties and slow for oily solutions containing a drug with lipophilic properties.
• a prediction of the absorption rate of a drug from an oily suspension is usually based on the properties of the drug.
• OT11 PNTRTU-a and -b has a WHP longer than 96 hours.
• Table 1 lists the viscosities of the compositions tested.
• Figure 4 shows that OT11 PNTRTU-c is more slowly absorbed into blood after a 10 g PNT dose compared to all other compositions in Figure 4 and has still elevated concentrations at 36 hours and 48 hours of BP in plasma after the last treatment, leading to a longer WHP compared to the other compositions.
• Table 1 Viscosit of test com ositions -a, -b, -c, and Penetha ect
• Figure 9 shows the BP concentration in milk for compositions of the present invention over time after three injections (according to a proposed dosage regime), with a comparison between OT11PNTRTU-e, OT11PNTRTU-k and PenethajectTM. As can be seen, the calculated WHP following ACVM guidelines of the tested compositions is similar
• Figure 3 shows the BP concentration in milk for various test compositions, MamyzinTM and PenethajectTM following a 10g dose of PNT. Again, it can be seen that the compositions OT11 PNTRTU-a and -b substantially align with the release profile of MamyzinTM.
• Figure 4 shows the BP concentration in plasma for the compositions OT11 PNTRTU-a, -b and -c, as compared to PenethajectTM following a 10g dose of PNT. Again, it can be seen that the compositions OT11 PNTRTU-a and -b substantially align with the release profile of PenethajectTM.
• OT11PNTRTU-C shows no bioequivalency.
• the AUC 24h of the oil based PNT compositions investigated by Edwards was significantly lower than the aqueous based PNT compositions at equivalent doses, as shown in Table 3.
• the viscous formulation OT11 PNTRTU-c is comparable with the relative bioavailability results of the 5 MiolU oil formulation in Edwards.
• the Edwards data is in milk and Figure 4 shows data in plasma, it is still appropriate to compare the relative bioavailabilities since there is a direct correlation between plasma and milk BP concentrations in respect to the area under the curve, as shown in Figure 1.
• Oil base 1 4.0 0.68
• compositions have a higher bioavailability over 24 hours and overall than PenethajectTM, as shown in Figure 12.
• OT11 PNTRTU-d and -n are chemically stable for at least three months at 40°C and 75 %rH even though PNT can hydrolyse in presence of water/moisture.
• the PNT recovery after two months is shown in Table 4
• PNT powder is stable in PET vials, it is surprising that PNT non-aqueous suspensions are also stable since the diffusion coefficient in liquids are significantly higher compared to powders.
• the PNT concentration in an injectable composition could be 20% w/v or more. While such suspensions of PNT and oil without any further excipients may appear physically stable in controlled laboratory conditions or during storage, under typical transporting and handling the suspensions can show caking behaviour.
• Initial testing of the sedimentation and/or caking characteristics was performed by subjecting samples to real-world transportation conditions. More controlled and convenient testing was performed using purpose built mechanical agitation apparatus. The controlled laboratory experiments were found to be consistent with the results from the real-world conditions.
• the time taken to re-suspend caked compositions was over 30 minutes in some cases.
• the time taken to re-suspend the settled particles of a composition is in the order of a few minutes at the most. Most preferably if re-suspension is necessary, it should take less than 1 minute.
• an anti-caking agent in the composition of the invention.
• the formulations of the invention use anti-caking agents that do not substantially increase the viscosity of the composition.
• non-thickening anti-caking agents include solvents, surfactants and emulsifiers. These agents may have a minor effect on the viscosity of the composition, but it is not significant compared the anti-caking agents colloidal silica and aluminium stearate which are known to be thickeners.
• Surfactants such as Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) and PEG120leate have been found to provide a more stable suspension, that is more easily re-dispersed.
• the physical stability of the PNT suspension is dramatically improved during storage and transport.
• the composition 100 mL of the PNT suspension OT12PNTRTU-q was contained in a 100 mL PET vial.
• OT12PNTRTU-r which is based on a medium chain triglyceride vehicle.
• the addition of a hydrogenated soybean lecithin to the PNT suspension significantly improved the physical stability.
• a preferred composition is OT12PNTRTU-S, which includes triacetin as a vehicle and anti- caking agent, and Tween 80 as an anti-caking agent, along with benzyl alcohol which has also been found to be beneficial to the stability and re-suspendability.
• the amount of penethamate (33.33%) is selected to match the concentration of penethamate in the aqueous based pioneer product MamyzinTM (when reconstituted).
• the concentration is high relative to other injectables, since penethamate requires a reasonably high dose, while there is a practical minimum to the volume of liquid that can be injected into an animal at one site.
• This high proportion of suspended solid exacerbates the caking problem, since a large lump of solid cake is more difficult to resuspend than a small amount.
• the amount of benzyl alcohol is a standard amount when used as preservative.
• the quantities of polysorbate 80 and phospholion H90 are standard amounts, and function to assist with the re-suspension of the active after storage.
• the triacetin alone overcomes much of the caking problem, but the dispersion and re-suspension is still improved (i.e. faster to re-suspend) with the addition of these agents.
• the surfactant also improves the manufacturing process, since it helps the triacetin carrier 'wet' the active much faster, allowing for more rapid dispersion. Without surfactant the active initially tends to float on top of the liquid carrier, and requires a lot of mixing to disperse it through as a suspension. In a bulk manufacturing process this would be a significant inconvenience.
• Example 6 A study was performed to determine the withhold time of the preferred embodiment, namely Example 6.
• the study used 22 cows in which 5 g (15 mL) of penethamate was injected intramuscularly on three consecutive days. Milk samples were collected from all cows, twice daily, up to 120 hours after the final injection. Milk from the milkings at 12, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours were analysed for penicillin residues. The results shown in Figure 16 show that the benzylpenicillin residue in the milk drops below the MRL (maximum reside limit) of 0.004 mg/kg at around 41 hours after the final injection. This would provide a withhold time, based on twice daily milkings, of 48 hours.
• a 2X2 crossover study using 20 dairy heifers was performed. All heifers received a 15 mg/kg intramuscular dose of penethamate hydroiodide on Day 0 and on Day 14, as the formulation in Example 6 or 'Mamyzin'. After a 14 day wash-out period, treatments were reversed. Blood was collected pretreatment, then 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 & 36 hrs after each treatment. Blood was centrifuged and plasma samples were frozen, then dispatched to the laboratory for benzylpenicillin analysis (LC/MS/MS assay). Assay results were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, to investigate bioequivalence. According to the 'area under the curve' (AUC) of the drug concentrations in blood over time, the preferred treatment is bioequivalent to MamyzinTM.
• AUC area under the curve'
• the preferred manufacturing process is as follows:
• This formulation and process has produced a stable non-caking injectable product that works at least as well as conventional PNT treatments.

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