NZ613138B2 - Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use - Google Patents
Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use Download PDFInfo
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- NZ613138B2 NZ613138B2 NZ613138A NZ61313813A NZ613138B2 NZ 613138 B2 NZ613138 B2 NZ 613138B2 NZ 613138 A NZ613138 A NZ 613138A NZ 61313813 A NZ61313813 A NZ 61313813A NZ 613138 B2 NZ613138 B2 NZ 613138B2
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- composition
- pnt
- penethamate
- oily vehicle
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 183
- 230000003115 biocidal Effects 0.000 title description 6
- AFKRZUUZFWTBCC-WSTZPKSXSA-N 2-(diethylamino)ethyl (2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@@H]2N(C1=O)[C@H](C(S2)(C)C)C(=O)OCCN(CC)CC)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 AFKRZUUZFWTBCC-WSTZPKSXSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000000813 microbial Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 201000009910 diseases by infectious agent Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl alcohol Chemical group OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 32
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- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 27
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- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 208000004396 Mastitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 15
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- 229940067606 Lecithin Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000010254 subcutaneous injection Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007929 subcutaneous injection Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 abstract description 47
- 229960000626 benzylpenicillin Drugs 0.000 abstract description 44
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- XWRCFDRXQPRCCO-FLQNVMKHSA-N 2-[(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carbonyl]oxyethyl-diethylazanium;iodide Chemical compound I.N([C@H]1[C@@H]2N(C1=O)[C@H](C(S2)(C)C)C(=O)OCCN(CC)CC)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 XWRCFDRXQPRCCO-FLQNVMKHSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- -1 Phenylacetyl Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 abstract 2
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- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 22
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- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N [(2R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] (Z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 16
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- 229940064005 Antibiotic throat preparations Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940083879 Antibiotics FOR TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS AND ANAL FISSURES FOR TOPICAL USE Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042052 Antibiotics for systemic use Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042786 Antitubercular Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940093922 Gynecological Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
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- QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylparaben Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010057190 Respiratory tract infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- WHRVRSCEWKLAHX-LQDWTQKMSA-N benzylpenicillin procaine Chemical compound [H+].CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1.N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C([O-])=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WHRVRSCEWKLAHX-LQDWTQKMSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PWEOPMBMTXREGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid;octanoic acid;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O PWEOPMBMTXREGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M thioglycolate(1-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Disclosed is a composition including penethamate (PNT) which is also known as penethacillin; (6?-[(Phenylacetyl)amino]penicillanic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl) ester; or (2S,5?)-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6?-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2?-carboxylic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester or a pharmaceutical equivalent thereof; and at least one oily vehicle. PNT is the diethylaminoethyl ester of benzylpenicillin. Also disclosed is the method of treating an animal suffering form a microbial infection by administering the composition. Further disclosed is the method for manufacturing the composition. r or a pharmaceutical equivalent thereof; and at least one oily vehicle. PNT is the diethylaminoethyl ester of benzylpenicillin. Also disclosed is the method of treating an animal suffering form a microbial infection by administering the composition. Further disclosed is the method for manufacturing the composition.
Description
James & Wells 133073COG/3
INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATIONS AND THEIR METHODS OF USE
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use,
and particularly, but not specifically to the treatment or prevention of mastitis in lactating
animals.
BACKGROUND ART
Microbial infections in animals, such as mastitis in dairy cows, are typically treated or
prevented during the lactation period by, intramammary (IMM) infusion, intramuscular (IM) or
subcutaneous (SC) injection.
Typically, antibiotics such as penicillins or prodrugs of benzylpenicillin (BP) such as
penethemate (PNT) have been used as actives of choice to treat bovine mastitis. PNT is the
diethylaminoethyl ester of benzylpenicillin. In formulations intended for veterinary use PNT is
incorporated as the hydroiodide (HI). PNT HI is used in intramammary products during
lactation (UBRO YELLOW , Boehringer Ingelheim) and during the dry-off period (UBRO
RED , Boehringer Ingelheim), as well as an injectable suspension during lactation period
TM TM
(Mamyzin , Boehringer Ingelheim and Penethaject , Bayer Animal Health) for treatment of
mastitis in cows.
PNT is a prodrug from which benzylpenicillin and diethylaminoethanol are released by
hydrolysis. Antimicrobial activity of the compound is exclusively related to benzylpenicillin.
The maximum residue limit (MRL) for milk in bovine in e.g. Europe and New Zealand is 4
µg/kg (EMEA, BP).
As a prodrug of benzylpenicillin, penethamate hydroiodide is effective in treating mastitis as
a result of its particular pharmacokinetics. After intramuscular administration, penethamate
hydroiodide is absorbed from the site of injection and on entering the blood partially
dissociates by hydrolysis into benzylpenicillin and diethylaminoethanol. At blood pH (7.2), an
James & Wells 133073COG/3
equilibrium is established wherein 91.8% of the active drug is present in its hydrolysed form
(benzylpenicillin) with the remainder being penethamate. The equilibrium is maintained by
re-association of benzylpenicillin and diethylaminoethanol. Peak serum levels (measured as
dissociated penicillin G) are rapidly reached, 3.76 hours after injection (Friton 2003).
The un-disassociated form of penethamate easily passes over the blood-milk barrier due to
the pH gradient present between milk (pH 6.6-6.8) and plasma (pH 7.2) and its weakly basic
state (pKa = 8.4). The lipophilic nature of penethamate further facilitates its passage across
the lipo-proteineic blood-milk barrier. Penethamate starts to dissociate as it passes over the
blood-milk barrier and this continues during diffusion of the drug throughout the udder,
releasing benzylpenicillin. The benzylpenicillin is rapidly ionised in the udder (pKa = 2.8), as
a result of the lower pH of milk, trapping the active within the udder in increasing
concentrations.
Current PNT products available on the market for intramuscular (IM) or sub-cutaneous (SC)
injection, are in the form of a powder for reconstitution into solution or suspension with sterile
TM TM
water at the time of use (e.g. Mamyzin Boehringer Ingelheim or Penethaject Bayer
Animal Health). Typical dosages of these products include three daily doses of 5g of PNT, or
one dose of 10g followed by a 5g dose the next day.
The use of an aqueous vehicle allows for the PNT to dissolve quickly at the injection site and
thus be rapidly absorbed. Especially desirable properties for treating mastitis during the
lactation period include rapid absorption of the active, effective therapeutic action, and a
short withhold period. The ability of penethamate to cross the blood/milk barrier and
concentrate in the udder, provides effective therapeutic action and a sufficiently short
withhold period.
Despite their effectiveness as therapeutic actives, a disadvantage of currently available
compositions as injections containing penicillin or PNT is their limited shelf-life (often only 2-
3 days) once reconstituted into an aqueous solution from a powder. This is inconvenient to
the user, who must reconstitute the powder into a liquid form, such as by drawing out a
James & Wells 133073COG/3
sterile aqueous vehicle from one vial, dispense the liquid into a second vial containing the
powder and mix until a solution or homogeneous suspension is formed. Once the product is
reconstituted it must be used within the limited period of stability, or it must be discarded.
Currently, there is no ready to use IM/SC injectable formulation of PNT to treat bovine
mastitis or other diseases available on the market. A significant problem in developing a
ready to use injectable formulation is the lack of storage stability of PNT in aqueous vehicles.
The use of non-aqueous vehicles has been avoided for PNT formulations, since oil vehicles
in particular typically provide a much slower release of the active after IM/SC injection. A
slow release of the active would extend the withhold period for lactating cows, which is
especially undesirable and would likely prevent commercialisation of the product.
The published patent document US 4,446,144 mentions that PNT can be used in
suspensions or solutions in suitable vehicle which can be made of an aqueous or oily base.
Non-aqueous vehicles are indicated as providing better stability. The formulations described
in US 4,446,144 are for parenteral use, e.g. injections given as an aqueous solution or
suspension. No mention is made of the desirability of obtaining fast-release of the active or
bioequivalence with aqueous formulations.
There has been limited research in formulating a PNT composition for a IM/SC injection
using a non-aqueous vehicle. Edwards, S.J. (1964), The Veterinary Record, Vol. 78, No. 17,
583-5, documents a study of penicillin levels in milk following intramuscular injection.
he prior art products requiring reconstitution of PNT into an aqueous vehicle provide a
compromise, with the advantage of the rapid absorption of the active when administered,
with the disadvantage of the limited storage stability of the reconstituted composition.
There has been a long felt need for a PNT composition that is ready to use, has good
storage stability, and rapid release of the active.
It is an object of the present invention to address the foregoing problems or at least to
provide the public with a useful choice.
James & Wells 133073COG/3
All references, including any patents or patent applications cited in this specification are
hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes
prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the
applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited
documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are
referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these
documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any
other country.
Throughout this specification, the word “comprise”, or variations thereof such as “comprises”
or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step,
or group of elements integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or
step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the
ensuing description which is given by way of example only.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition, including
penethamate (PNT) or a pharmaceutical equivalent thereof; and
at least one oily vehicle.
Preferably the viscosity of the composition is below 3000 mPas at a temperature of 20°C
and shear rate of 1/s measured with a cup cylinder method.
Oily vehicle here also includes non-aqueous vehicles which are only partially soluble with
water – for example a preferred oily vehicle is triacetin. Triacetin has a viscosity of
approximately 23 mPas at 20°C and a density of 1.16g/cm
Preferably the penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof comprises 55% w/v
James & Wells 133073COG/3
or less of the composition.
Preferably the composition includes at least one anticaking agent.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition,
including
penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof;
at least one oily vehicle; and
at least one non-thickening anticaking agent.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition, the
composition including:
penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof;
and a low viscosity oily vehicle.
Preferably the composition comprises a suspension of penethamate (PNT) or
pharmaceutical equivalent thereof.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition, the
composition including
penethamate (PNT) or pharmaceutical equivalent thereof;
and at least one oily vehicle having a viscosity range between 2.0 to 100.0 mPa at 25°C.
The inventors have formulated PNT compositions that overcome many of the disadvantages
of the prior art PNT composition.
The present invention presents a ready to use injectable composition of PNT that can
provide similar bioavailability or bioequivalence to aqueous based injectable.
James & Wells 133073COG/3
The compositions of the invention advantageously avoid hydrolysis of the active by using an
oily vehicle. Initial studies have shown substantially no degradation of the PNT active or
other stability issues even after storage over 180 days at 30°C.
This is a clear advantage over prior art formulations such as Penethaject™, which has a
shelf life of approximately only two days after reconstitution and storage at 25°C (or just one
week when stored at 2-8°C). Users may be able to store the composition of the present
invention in a ready-to-use liquid preparation, for example in a pre-prepared syringe. In
large dairy farms, and particularly during the milking season, this invention presents a
significant contribution to the art over other compositions currently used in the industry.
Various oil based compositions are previously known in the art for delivering antibiotics as an
injectable liquid. Oil is used to avoid hydrolysis (i.e. degradation and hence poor stability) of
the active, that may result from the use of an aqueous base. However, the use of oils have
been used to provide a sustained release profile of the active over a relatively long period of
time.
The present invention was surprisingly provides a fast release of the PNT and a short
withholding period (WHP). These advantageous features are both provided by the aqueous
based composition Penethaject™ for treatment/prevention of mastitis during the lactation
period. This is contrary to what was expected.
Previously available oily injectable formulations have a significantly longer sustained release
profiles.
Therefore, the present invention may have particular application to treatment or prevention
of conditions such as mastitis in lactating animals, where a fast release, short persistency
and short WHP is desired.
Additionally, the use of the present invention was also surprisingly found to have a
bioavailability profile similar and potentially better than the prior art aqueous based
formulations such as Penethaject . The prior art has focused on provision of PNT
James & Wells 133073COG/3
formulations in aqueous based systems because of the required bioavailability. While it has
also been expected that an oily formulation will result in slower release and longer withhold
times.
Therefore, the inventors have identified a solution to address the current problem of poor
stability and shelf life of PNT compositions suitable or SC/IM injection for treatment of
mastitis. The present invention also provides means for improving the WHP and
bioavailability characteristics compared with other veterinary compositions typically used for
treatment or prevention of mastitis during an animal’s lactation period.
Further while oily vehicles have been used with benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G) and/or
procaine pencillin (see Chinese Patent No. 1517090) tests by the inventors have shown
these to be chemically unstable on storage. Thus the long term stability of PNT with triacetin
(or other oily vehicles) is highly unexpected.
In particular, the inventors trials have determined that when procaine penicillin is substituted
for the penethamate in the preferred formulation of the present invention, the resulting
composition is chemically unstable. After one month in accelerated stability the components
of the composition appeared to degrade rapidly with a resulting colour change from an off-
white to a dark yellow with dark brown sludge forming. The degradation components
appeared to include a gas, resulting in the container swelling from the resultant pressure.
Accordingly, the formulations described in CN 1517090 are not known to be storage stable.
The use of triacetin provided a storage stable formulation, both chemically and physically.
The triacetin alone advantageously prevented the caking issues of the other oily vehicle
formulations. The addition of the surface active agents further improved the re-
suspendability of the composition on storage.
The withhold time was found to be equivalent to that of a known but unstable product called
Mamyzin, and it was bio-equivalent.
Throughout this specification, the term penethamate (PNT) should be taken as meaning the
James & Wells 133073COG/3
diethylaminoethyl ester prodrug of benzyl penicillin (BP). It is BP that is the antibacterial
active agent relied on in the present invention, and as well known in the industry.
It has been found that an oily vehicle gives the desired results with regards to a WHP and
bioavailability profile comparable to currently available aqueous based penethamate
compositions.
The type and amount of oily vehicle may be selected from any appropriate oily vehicle and
amount thereof which provides the desired drug release and/or withhold period.
Preferably, the ratio of PNT to oily vehicle is between 1:1 to 1:4 w/v.
However, the composition of the present invention may also be used to treat other bacterial
infections similar to those treated with Penthaject™ such as metritis, respiratory infections
and footrot in cattle and horses.
Preferably the oily vehicle is ethyl oleate, medium chain triglycerides or triacetin.
During initial trials, ethyl oleate was exemplified to show the advantageous characteristics of
the present invention, namely increased stability, and maintained (if not improved) WHP and
bioavailability compared to Penethaject .
A prior art document CN 101822637 discloses the use of ethyl oleate as the carrier for β–
lactam antibiotics. The compositions include 2-5% of active, with suspending agents 2%,
thickeners 0.1-3% and preservatives such as benzyl alcohol. The suspending agents include
aluminium stearate, which would increase the viscosity, and the thickening agents are said
to include Tween 80.
The present invention is distinguished from this document in that it uses specifically
penethamate hydroiodide, which as an ester of a β–lactam may be expected to have
different properties and carrier requirements. The amount of antibiotic is significantly
different, since the minimum of 20% PNT in the current formulations poses different
problems to the 2-5% of the prior art document. When using ethyl oleate as the vehicle, the
James & Wells 133073COG/3
present invention does not use a thickener as a suspending agent, rather it relies on the
surface active agents to provide re-suspendability of the composition, rather than attempting
to prevent settling of the suspension. When using ethyl oleate the present invention was
found to have long-term stability of up to three months.
Yet, subsequent trials have shown that triacetin is a far better vehicle, being suitable for
injection and less likely to cause caking of the suspended PNT.
However, it should be appreciated that a number of different oily vehicles may be used, yet
still provide the requirements which lead to the beneficial results as described herein.
Clearly, a person skilled in the art would be able to recognise, without undue
experimentation, other oily vehicles may be used as a substitute for ethyl oleate medium
chain triglycerides, triacetin or a combination of at least two oily vehicles.
Other examples of vehicles considered appropriate to use include soybean oil, cotton seed
oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, and paraffin oil. Other oily vehicles are
considered within the scope of the invention.
Preferably, the concentration of PNT in the composition is between 15% - 55% w/v.
Most preferably, the concentration of PNT in the composition is between 20% to 35% w/v.
The inventors identified these preferred amounts of PNT in the composition may be
sufficient to provide about 5 g of active to the animal in a given dosage. In previous studies,
this amount of PNT which was identified to provide a therapeutic effect similar to
Penethaject™.
Preferably, the particle diameter d of the PNT is between 1 – 100 microns.
Most preferably, the particle diameter d of the PNT is between 8 - 30 microns.with 95% <
50 microns
This is the approximate particle size of the PNT in the currently available Penthaject™
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formulation. This feature may be important to help provide or improve bioavailability profiles
of the composition.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the composition includes at least one excipient which
prevents caking.
Surprisingly, the inclusion of an additional excipient such as certain surfactants can
dramatically improve the physical stability of PNT non-aqueous suspensions. For example,
polysorbate 80 works particularly well in a preferred embodiment.
Typically, suspensions are physically stabilized by adding a standard anti-caking agent or
thickener such as colloidal silicon dioxide or aluminium stearate. While colloidal silicon
dioxide should not be administered parenterally (Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients),
aluminium stearate thickens the suspension which slows down the drug release from the
vehicle. These agents do not deliver a practical solution to physically stabilise PNT
suspensions.
It was found that triacetin is a vehicle that dramatically improves physical stability of PNT
suspension but at the same time delivers satisfying chemical stability. This is surprising
given that triacetin is partially soluble with water, (while still being considered an oily vehicle)
which would be expected to lead to hydrolysis of the active.
On the other hand non-oily vehicles such as water and propylene glycol deliver good
physical stability of PNT suspensions, but such PNT suspensions are only chemically stable
for a few days (eg water based Mamyzin) or less than 2 months during storage for propylene
glycol. Again, this does not deliver a practical solution for a ready to use PNT composition
with acceptable shelf life.
Surprisingly, it was also found that oily vehicles such as ethyl oleate or medium chain
triglycerides in combination with specific excipients improves the physical stability of PNT
suspension without compromising on chemical stability.
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The hydrophobic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value is an indication of the solubility of the
surfactant. The lower the HLB value the more lipophilic or oil soluble the surfactant is. The
higher the HLB value the more water soluble or hydrophilic the surfactant is. The HLB values
are used for nonionic surfactants only.
In formulations that do not use triacetin as an oily vehicle (e.g ethyl oleate instead) then
surface active agents such as emulsifiers and surfactants are essential to prevent caking
(mass agglomeration of particles).
Span 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) with a relatively low HLB value of 4.3, is soluble in the oily
vehicle, but provided little improvement of the physical stability of the PNT suspension.
Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) with a relatively high HLB value of 15.0, is practically insoluble in
the oily vehicle, and significantly improved the physical stability of the PNT suspension. The
insoluble surfactant PEG12Oleate (HLB of 13.7) in oily vehicle also significantly improved
the physical stability.
Surprisingly, it was found that certain types of lecithin can dramatically improve the physical
stability of PNT suspensions while other types of lecithin do not. For instance a practically
insoluble (at room temperature) hydrogenated soybean lecithin in oily vehicle has a positive
impact on the physical stability of PNT suspensions but a solubilized soybean lecithin in an
oily vehicle does not.
It was also found that adding Span 80 to an oily vehicle consisting of a medium chain
triglyceride and a hydrogenated soybean lecithin does not negatively impact on the physical
stability of PNT suspensions, but can increase the bioavailability of the PNT.
However, it should be appreciated that a number of different surfactants may be substituted
for the above ones, yet still provide a physically stable PNT suspension, without
compromising on chemical stability which lead to the beneficial results as described herein.
A person skilled in the art would be able to readily ascertain the ability of any particular
surfactant to stabilise a suspension of PNT.
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Further, the inclusion of a surfactant did not deleteriously affect the beneficial stability nor
the short WHP of the composition.
Contrary to expectations and the typical properties of drug release from an oily vehicle, it
was found that the PNT release from an oily vehicle according to the present invention could
be as quick, or even quicker as the control aqueous based formulations.
This fast release profile from an oily vehicle may be important as it allows quick absorption of
PNT, and hence provides a fast therapeutic effect.
Preferably, with non-triacetin based formulations the surfactant is selected from a compound
with a hydrophobic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of approximately 7-16.
More preferably, the surfactant has an HLB of above 12.
In preferred embodiments with triacetin as the oily vehicle, the surfactant is hydrogenated
soybean lecithin. It should be noted that as lecithin contains ionic components, the HLB
system cannot be properly applied.
This surfactant was shown to substantially improve the release of PNT from the oily base
after administration (see Example 3 in the Best Modes section). Given the results
exemplified herein, one skilled in the art would expect that a similar surfactant or surfactants
to hydrogenated soybean lecithin for instance falling within the HLB range of 7-16, would
also provide a similar beneficial effect to the current composition.
However Tween 80 has shown significantly better results when with triacetin as the vehicle.
It works well as an anti-caking compound plus does not have thickening properties.
In preferred embodiments at least one preservative is included. For example, methyl
paraben and propyl paraben or benzyl alcohol may be used as preservatives.
Benzyl alcohol is preferred with triacetin based formulations as it mixes well with triacetin,
maintains its activity in oily vehicles, as well as being suitable for injections.
James & Wells 133073COG/3
For the usefulness of the product, the preservative is important since it allows the ready-to-
use composition to be used on multiple occasions. A study was performed to test the
stability and sterility of the present invention product after removal of a dose from the
container:
In this study the penethamate suspension (in accordance with the preferred formulation),
packed in 100 mL clear PET vials stored at room temperature were broached, using 10 mL
sterile disposable syringe with 16G hypodermic needle, each week for four weeks. On each
occasion an appropriate amount of sample was removed and after day 28, the left over
sample was analysed for physical, chemical and microbial characteristics. The results show
that the penethamate suspension, remains physically and chemically stable after repeated
broaching over a period of 28 days at room temperature.
Further the sterility of the samples was not compromised by repeated broaching after in-use
stability trial period of 28 days.
Method of treatment
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treating
an animal with a composition substantially as described herein for the treatment or
prevention of a microbial infection, wherein the method includes intramuscular or
subcutaneous injection of the composition to the animal in need thereof.
Preferably, the microbial infection is pre-clinical or clinical mastitis.
Preferably, the method of treatment includes a dosage regime of 5 g PNT per day repeated
for approximately three days.
An alternative dosage regime may include delivery of 10 g PNT as a first dose on a first day,
followed by a further dose of 5 g PNT on the second day. Such dosages are similar to that
currently advised for Penthaject™.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a use, in the
manufacture of a composition as substantially described herein, for treating or prevent a
James & Wells 133073COG/3
microbial infection in an animal.
Method of Manufacture
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of
manufacturing the composition as substantially described above including the steps of:
a) Preparing an oily vehicle by either (i) providing an oil, or (ii) mixing an oil and
surfactant(s) in a container to form a homogenous oil mixture;
b) dispersing the active agent in the oily vehicle
Optionally, at least one preservative is added to the oily vehicle in step a). Preferably, the
oily vehicle of step a) is sterilized by filtration.
Preferably, step b) utilises high shear dispersion equipment.
An additional advantage of the composition’s preferred low viscosity is beneficial to the
manufacturing process.
Likewise, the lower viscosity allows for easier filling of containers, such as vials or syringes,
following manufacturing of the composition.
Preferred the active agents are micronised. The use of micronized active agents can help
prevent quick settling of the solids within the composition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description
which is given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in
which:
Figure 1 Mean benzylpenicillin plasma and milk concentrations following intramuscular
administration of Mamyzin;
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Figure 2 Benzylpenicillin milk concentrations following intramuscular administration of
PNT from Edwards 1965;
Figure 3 Benzylpenicillin milk concentrations following intramuscular administration of
different PNT compositions;
Figure 4 Benzylpenicillin plasma concentrations following intramuscular administration
of different PNT compositions;
Figure 5 Benzylpenicillin milk concentrations following intramuscular administration of
Mamyzin and composition OT11PNTRTU-d;
Figure 6 Inhibitory substance concentration in milk following intramuscular
administration of compositions OT11PNTRTU-e, -f, and –g;
Figure 7 Inhibitory substance concentration in milk following intramuscular
administration of compositions OT11PNTRTU-f, and –h;
Figure 8 Inhibitory substance concentration in milk following intramuscular
administration of compositions OT11PNTRTU-i, and –j;
Figure 9 Benzylpenicillin milk concentration following intramuscular administration of
Penethaject and compositions OT11PNTRTU-e, and -k;
Figure 10 Benzylpenicillin milk concentration following intramuscular administration of
different dosage regimes of composition OT11PNTRTU-e;
Figure 11 Benzylpenicillin milk concentration in plasma following intramuscular
administration of Penethaject and compositions OT11PNTRTU-e, and -k;
Figure 12 Relative bioavailability of benzylpenicillin following intramuscular
administration of compositions OT11PNTRTU-e, and –k in relation to
Penethaject;
James & Wells 133073COG/3
Figure 13 Relative bioavailability of benzylpenicillin following intramuscular
administration of compositions OT11PNTRTU-l, -d, -a and –b in relation to
Penethaject;
Figure 14 Recovery percentage of PNT from compositions OT11PNTRTU-l, -d and –n
during stability trials;
Figure 15 Recovery percentage of PNT from compositions OT11PNTRTU-o, and –p
during stability trials.
Figure 16 Depletion of benzyl/penicillin in milk from Example 6
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BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
A number of formulations exemplifying the present invention are given below.
Example 1: Exemplification formulations according to the present invention, all percentages
in example 1 are % w/w.
OT11PNTRTU-a
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 31.3
Span 80 0.080 0.50
Propyl parabens 0.003 0.02
Methyl parabens 0.013 0.08
Ethyl Oleate 3.271 20.45
Sesame oil 7.63 47.71
total 16.00 100.0%
OT11PNTRTU-b
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 31.3
Span 80 0.080 0.50
Propyl parabens 0.003 0.02
Methyl parabens 0.013 0.08
Sesame Oil 10.90 68.15
total 16.00 100.0%
OT11PNTRTU-c
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 31.3
PEG12Oleate 0.048 0.30
Propyl parabens 0.003 0.02
Methyl parabens 0.013 0.08
Aerosil R972 0.160 1.00
Miglyol 812 10.78 67.35
total 16.00 100.0%
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OT11PNTRTU-d
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 33.3
PEG12Oleate 0.075 0.50
Propyl parabens 0.003 0.02
Methyl parabens 0.012 0.08
Ethyl Oleate 9.91 66.07
total 15.00 100.0%
OTPNTRTU-e
Penethamate Hydriodide 5.0 35.0
Tween 80 0.022 0.15
Ethyloleate 9.28 64.89
total 14.30 100.0%
OTPNTRTU-f
Penethamate Hydriodide 5.0 34.96
Span 80 0.022 0.15
Ethyloleate 9.28 64.89
total 14.30 100.0%
OTPNTRTU-g
Penethamate Hydriodide 5.0 35.0
Tween 80 0.022 0.15
Span 80 0.022 0.15
Ethyloleate 9.26 64.74
total 14.30 100.0%
OTPNTRTU-h
Penethamate Hydriodide 5.0 35.0
Span 80 1.430 10.00
Ethyloleate 7.87 55.03
total 14.30 100.0%
James & Wells 133073COG/3
OTPNTRTU-i
Penethamate Hydriodide 5.0 35.0
Tween 80 0.143 1.00
Ethyloleate 9.16 64.0
total 14.30 100.0%
OTPNTRTU-j
Penethamate Hydriodide 5.0 35.0
Tween 80 1.430 10.0
Ethyloleate 7.87 55.0
total 14.30 100.0%
OTPNTRTU-k
Penethamate Hydriodide 5.0 35.0
Ethyloleate 9.30 65.0
total 14.30 100.0%
OT11PNTRTU-l
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 22.7
Tween 80 0.110 0.50
Propyl parabens 0.004 0.02
Methyl parabens 0.018 0.08
Propylene Glycol 16.87 76.67
total 22.00 100.0%
OT11PNTRTU-m
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 31.3
Span 80 0.080 0.50
Propyl parabens 0.003 0.02
Methyl parabens 0.013 0.08
Miglyol 840 10.90 68.15
total 16.00 100.0%
James & Wells 133073COG/3
OT11PNTRTU-n
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 22.7
Tween 80 0.077 0.35
Span 80 0.033 0.15
Propyl parabens 0.004 0.02
Methyl parabens 0.018 0.08
Ethyl Oleate 16.87 76.67
total 22.00 100.0%
OT12PNTRTU-q
Penthemate Hydriodide 5 20.5
Benzyl Alcohol 0.2443 1
Tween 80 1.222 5.00
Span 80 0.024 0.10
Triacetin 17.94 73.43
total 24.43 100%
OT12PNTRTU-r
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 23.9
Benzyl alcohol 0.20 1.0
Tween 80 0.073 0.35
Span 80 0.031 0.15
Lipoid 90H 0.076 0.36
Miglyol 812 15.50 74.23
total 20.88 100%
OT12PNTRTU-s
Penthemate Hydriodide 5.0 24.4
Benzyl alcohol 0.2 1.0
Tween 80 0.072 0.35
Span 80 0.031 0.15
Ethyl Oleate 12.1 59.0
Triacetin 3.1 15.1
total 20.503 100.0%
James & Wells 133073COG/3
OT12PNTRTU-t
Penthemate Hydriodide 3.4 34.00
Benzyl alcohol 0.1 1.00
Polysorbate 80 0.01 0.10
Lecithin (phospolipon 90 H) 0.036 0.36
Triacetin 6.454 64.54
total 10.0 100.0%
Example 2: Exemplification of short withhold period
Surprisingly it was found that by controlling the viscosity of the compositions OT11PNTRTU-
a and –b, the drug release from the compositions at the site of injection is fast enough in
order to achieve a WHP in milk of equal or smaller than 60 hours, or considering confidence
intervals as requested from regulatory authorities up to 72 hours, as shown in Figure 3.
Both compositions were given as a 10g PNT dose. WHP (withhold period) is here defined as
when the concentration curve cuts the MRL line followed by the next multiple of 12. For
instance a calculated WHP of 52 hours would provide a registered WHP of 60 hours. This
also includes that some registration authorities around the world require a consideration of a
confidence interval for determination of WHP. These results are especially surprising if one
compares the results shown in Figure 3 with the data from Edwards, S.J. (1964), The
Veterinary Record, Vol. 78, No. 17, 583-5, as shown in Figure 2 for 5 MioIU (equivalent to
5g PNT) oil based formulation.
The Edwards data would should suggest a much longer WHP than 84 hours with only half
the dose (5g PNT). The composition of the oily vehicle used by Edwards was not disclosed
in the published document, however the findings of Edwards is consistent with the general
knowledge of oil based vehicles, that the release of active is expected to be slower.
The absorption rate of PNT is a crucial component for a treatment of mastitis in lactating
cows. Oil based compositions as injectables are generally regarded as slow release dosage
forms. In general, the absorption rate of injectable compositions is fast for aqueous solutions
James & Wells 133073COG/3
containing a drug with hydrophilic properties and slow for oily solutions containing a drug
with lipophilic properties. A prediction of the absorption rate of a drug from an oily
suspension is usually based on the properties of the drug.
The composition of OT11PNTRTU-c with a much higher viscosity compared to
OT11PNTRTU-a and –b, has a WHP longer than 96 hours. Table 1 lists the viscosities of
the compositions tested. Figure 4 shows that OT11PNTRTU-c is more slowly absorbed into
blood after a 10 g PNT dose compared to all other compositions in Figure 4 and has still
elevated concentrations at 36 hours and 48 hours of BP in plasma after the last treatment,
leading to a longer WHP compared to the other compositions.
Table 1: Viscosity of test compositions –a, -b, -c, and Penethaject
Viscosity mPas
Composition
at 20°C, Shear rate 1/s
Penethaject 280
OT11PNTRTU-a 380
OT11PNTRTU-b 770
OT11PNTRTU-c 3270
It is expected that the PNT compositions disclosed in US 4,446,144 as examples 51 to 53
would also have a similarly slow release and long withhold period, due to the substantial
amount of thickener, in the form of 12-hydroxystearin and aluminium monostearate.
Further it was found for a 10g PNT dose that the WHP in milk of the oil based composition
OT11PNTRTU-d is almost identical to the aqueous based Mamyzin™ composition (after
reconstitution), as shown in Figure 5. This is surprising considering that oil based
formulations are generally regarded as slow release formulations, and particularly with
regard to the lipophilic nature of PNT.
It was also found that with increasing surfactant concentration the WHP can be further
decreased. As shown in Figure 7 a comparison is made between OT11PNTRTU-f that
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contains 0.15% Span 80, and OT11PNTRTU-h that contains 10% Span 80. Similarly Figure
8 compares OT11PNTRTU-I that contains 1.00% Tween 80 with OT11PNTRTU-j that
contains 10% Tween 80. It is clear that the increase in surfactant corresponds to a decrease
in the withhold period.
Figure 9 shows the BP concentration in milk for compositions of the present invention over
time after three injections (according to a proposed dosage regime), with a comparison
between OT11PNTRTU-e, OT11PNTRTU-k and Penethaject™. As can be seen, the
calculated WHP following ACVM guidelines of the tested compositions is similar
(approximately 42-46 hours) to Penethaject™ as currently available on the market.
Surprisingly it was found that this short withhold period is possible for ethyl oleate based
composition without any surfactant (OT11PNTRTU-k).
Further it was surprisingly found that the calculated WHP for the dosage regimes of 10g
followed by 5g PNT the next day, and 3x5g PNT daily doses are both below 48 hours and
therefore would have 48 hour WHP following the calculations of New Zealand ACVM
guidelines, as shown in Figure 10. This is surprisingly advantageous to the aqueous
suspension Mamyzin™, which following a 10g + 5g PNT dosage regime has a 60 hour
WHP.
Example 3: Exemplification of bioavailability
Figure 3 shows the BP concentration in milk for various test compositions, Mamyzin™ and
Penethaject™ following a 10g dose of PNT. Again, it can be seen that the compositions
OT11PNTRTU-a and –b substantially align with the release profile of Mamyzin™.
Bioequivalence is here defined as when the difference of the area under the curve between
the reference product (aqueous based PNT composition) and test product (oil based PNT
composition) both given as the same dose (relative bioavailability) is not more than 20%
(bioequivalent =1; limits from 0.9 to 1.1) (ACVM REGISTRATION STANDARD AND
GUIDELINE FOR THERAPEUTIC EQUIVALENCE OF TRADE NAME PRODUCTS).
James & Wells 133073COG/3
Figure 4 shows the BP concentration in plasma for the compositions OT11PNTRTU-a, -b
and -c, as compared to Penethaject™ following a 10g dose of PNT. Again, it can be seen
that the compositions OT11PNTRTU-a and –b substantially align with the release profile of
Penethaject™.
The relative bioavailability for the BP plasma results are shown in in Table 2. The
compositions OT11PNTRTU-a and b meet the requirements of are bioequivalence or even
higher bioavailability as defined above, whereas the high viscosity formulation
OT11PNTRTU-c shows no bioequivalency.
Table 2: Relative bioavailability of test compositions –a, -b, and –c
Relative bioavailability
Composition
AUC /AUC
24h, oil 24h,aq
OT11PNTRTU-a 0.93
OT11PNTRTU-b 1.11
OT11PNTRTU-c 0.78
The AUC of the oil based PNT compositions investigated by Edwards was significantly
lower than the aqueous based PNT compositions at equivalent doses, as shown in Table 3.
The viscous formulation OT11PNTRTU-c is comparable with the relative bioavailability
results of the 5 MioIU oil formulation in Edwards. Although the Edwards data is in milk and
Figure 4 shows data in plasma, it is still appropriate to compare the relative bioavailabilities
since there is a direct correlation between plasma and milk BP concentrations in respect to
the area under the curve, as shown in Figure 1.
Table 3: Relative bioavailability of Edwards compositions
PNT dose AUC Relative bioavailability
Composition
Mio IU IU/mL*h AUC /AUC
24h, oil 24h,aq
1 4.0
Oil base 0.68
1 5.9
Aqueous base
James & Wells 133073COG/3
2 5.9
Oil base 0.86
2 6.9
Aqueous base
18.2
Oil base 0.77
23.7
Aqueous base
Furthermore it was found that different surfactants with different HLB values (Span 80 and
Tween 80) or combinations thereof lead to similar BP concentrations in milk (figure 6).
It was surprisingly found that when used for a dosage regime of three daily doses of 5g PNT,
the oil based compositions OT11PNTRTU-e and -k have almost the same BP concentrations
in milk as the aqueous solution based (when reconstituted) Penethaject™, as shown in
Figure 9.
A further surprising result is that the mean maximum concentration c of BP in plasma after
the last treatment of three daily doses of 5g PNT for the oil based compositions
OT11PNTRTU-e and –k were larger compared to Penethaject, as shown in Figure 11.
Further it was found that the relative bioavailability of the oil based compositions
OT11PNTRTU-e and –k were larger than 1.0, which means that these oil based
compositions have a higher bioavailability over 24 hours and overall than Penethaject™, as
shown in Figure 12.
The relative bioavailabilities in plasma of the oil based compositions OT11PNTRTU-l, -d, -a,
and –b following a 10g dose of PNT are shown in figure 13. The results demonstrate that
the compositions are at least bioequivalent, or have or even higher bioavailability of
Penethaject™.
It was very surprisingly to discover that that the bioavailabilities of the oily compositions are
higher, or at least meet the lower limit of bioavailability to achieve bioequivalence, compared
to an aqueous based PNT composition. Consequently, this also will have a positive impact
on BP milk concentrations due to the direct correlation between blood and milk as shown in
James & Wells 133073COG/3
Figure 1. This may allow a reduction in the PNT dose whilst still achieving the same
bioavailability and efficacy. A reduction in the PNT dose may also lead to a shorter withhold
period. Example 4: Exemplification of storage stability characteristics
It was found that PNT is not chemically stable in all non-aqueous formulations despite the
assertion made in the patent document US 4,446,144. Figure 14 shows that PNT in
propylene glycol (OT11PNTRTU-l) degrades about 30% w/w after around two months,
whereas PNT is chemically stable for about six months in the formulations OT11PNTRTU-d
and -m, at a temperature of 40°C and uncontrolled humidity conditions.
It was further surprisingly found that OT11PNTRTU-d and -n are chemically stable for at
least three months at 40°C and 75 %rH even though PNT can hydrolyse in presence of
water/moisture. The PNT recovery after two months is shown in Table 4
Table 4: Stability of PNT in compositions OT11PNTRTU-d and -n
Composition PNT recovery %
OT11PNTRTU-d 100.5
OT11PNTRTU-n 100.2
Glass containers typically deliver the best moisture protection. While PNT powder is stable in
PET vials, it is surprising that PNT non-aqueous suspensions are also stable since the
diffusion coefficient in liquids are significantly higher compared to powders.
It is evident that the present invention shows very good storage chemical stability of PNT
over an extended period of time.
Example 5: Exemplification of physical stable non-aqueous PNT suspensions
For the treatment of bovine mastitis the PNT concentration in an injectable composition
could be 20% w/v or more. While such suspensions of PNT and oil without any further
excipients may appear physically stable in controlled laboratory conditions or during storage,
under typical transporting and handling the suspensions can show caking behaviour.
James & Wells 133073COG/3
Initial testing of the sedimentation and/or caking characteristics was performed by subjecting
samples to real-world transportation conditions. More controlled and convenient testing was
performed using purpose built mechanical agitation apparatus. The controlled laboratory
experiments were found to be consistent with the results from the real-world conditions.
It has been found that for some compositions the suspended PNT particles settle on the
bottom of the vial or other container, forming a sediment. While it is commonplace for
suspensions to settle and form a sediment, to be useful in a practical product such a
sediment should be relatively easily re-suspendable, and caking should be avoided. The
prior art document US 4,446,144 suggests that vegetable oils should deliver the highest
degree of stability. However PNT suspensions in oil vehicles such as sesame oil, such as
OT11PNTRTU-b are not re-suspendable by shaking within a practical timeframe.
The time taken to re-suspend caked compositions was over 30 minutes in some cases.
Preferably the time taken to re-suspend the settled particles of a composition is in the order
of a few minutes at the most. Most preferably if re-suspension is necessary, it should take
less than 1 minute.
Accordingly, it is desirable to include an anti-caking agent in the composition of the
invention.
To avoid long withhold periods and poor bioavailability, the formulations of the invention use
anti-caking agents that do not substantially increase the viscosity of the composition.
Without limitation, such non-thickening anti-caking agents include solvents, surfactants and
emulsifiers. These agents may have a minor effect on the viscosity of the composition, but it
is not significant compared the anti-caking agents colloidal silica and aluminium stearate
which are known to be thickeners.
Surfactants such as Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) and PEG12Oleate have been found to
provide a more stable suspension, that is more easily re-dispersed.
Surprisingly, it was found that by using a vehicle which has low water solubility such as
James & Wells 133073COG/3
triacetin, the physical stability of the PNT suspension is dramatically improved during storage
and transport. In one trial the composition 100 mL of the PNT suspension OT12PNTRTU-q
was contained in a 100 mL PET vial.
A second surprising example is given with OT12PNTRTU-r which is based on a medium
chain triglyceride vehicle. The addition of a hydrogenated soybean lecithin to the PNT
suspension significantly improved the physical stability.
A preferred composition is OT12PNTRTU-s, which includes triacetin as a vehicle and anti-
caking agent, and Tween 80 as an anti-caking agent, along with benzyl alcohol which has
also been found to be beneficial to the stability and re-suspendability.
Example 6:
The preferred formulation is given below:
Ingredient Quantity Function
(g/L)
Penethamate Hydriodide 333.3 g Active Ingredient
(micronized)
Benzyl Alcohol 10.0 g Preservative
Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) 1.0 g Surfactant
Phospholipon H90 (lecithin) 3.6 g Emulsifier/Dispersing
Agent
Triacetin q.s to 1L Vehicle
In the final formulation, the amount of penethamate (33.33%) is selected to match the
concentration of penethamate in the aqueous based pioneer product Mamyzin™ (when
reconstituted). The concentration is high relative to other injectables, since penethamate
requires a reasonably high dose, while there is a practical minimum to the volume of liquid
that can be injected into an animal at one site. This high proportion of suspended solid
exacerbates the caking problem, since a large lump of solid cake is more difficult to
resuspend than a small amount.
The amount of benzyl alcohol is a standard amount when used as preservative.
James & Wells 133073COG/3
The quantities of polysorbate 80 and phospholion H90 are standard amounts, and function
to assist with the re-suspension of the active after storage. The triacetin alone overcomes
much of the caking problem, but the dispersion and re-suspension is still improved (i.e.
faster to re-suspend) with the addition of these agents.
The surfactant (polysorbate 80) also improves the manufacturing process, since it helps the
triacetin carrier ‘wet’ the active much faster, allowing for more rapid dispersion. Without
surfactant the active initially tends to float on top of the liquid carrier, and requires a lot of
mixing to disperse it through as a suspension. In a bulk manufacturing process this would be
a significant inconvenience.
Further Data
The stability of the final formulation has not yet been completed, but it appears that the shelf-
life at room temperature will be at least 12 months.
Stability Trial:
Stability Parameters
Inspection Acceptance criteria
Description An off-white homogenous suspension.
May separate on standing. Resuspends on shaking.
Relative Density 1.000 - 1.500 g/mL @ 20°C
Penethamate Hydriodide 29.99 – 36.66 % w/v
Sterility By Direct Inoculation Method (BP)
No growth in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium after 14 days
(minimum) incubation at 30 - 35 C
No growth in Soybean Casein Digest Medium after 14 days
(minimum) incubation at 20 - 25 C.
James & Wells 133073COG/3
Stability data:
Batch No.: T1958 Packaging: 100mL clear PET vials
Test Storage Months
conditions
0 1 3 6
Description 25°C/ 60 % RH Complies - Complies Complies
°C/ 65 % RH Complies - Complies Complies
An off-white
homogenous
40°C/ 75 % RH
Complies Complies Complies Complies
suspension
Relative Density 25°C/ 60 % RH 1.224 - 1.223 1.224
°C/ 65 % RH 1.224 - 1.227 1.223
1.000 - 1.500 g/mL
@ 20°C
40°C/ 75 % RH 1.224 1.224 1.224 1.221
Penethamate 25°C/ 60 % RH 33.44 - 33.6 33.8
Hydriodide
°C/ 65 % RH 33.44 - 34.8 33.5
29.99 – 36.66 % w/v
40°C/ 75 % RH 33.44 33.57 34.0 32.4
Sterility 25°C/ 60 % RH pass - pass pass
°C/ 65 % RH pass - pass pass
Direct Inoculation
Method
40°C/ 75 % RH pass * pass pass
*test was not performed; - test not required
Withhold time
A study was performed to determine the withhold time of the preferred embodiment, namely
Example 6. The study used 22 cows in which 5 g (15 mL) of penethamate was injected
intramuscularly on three consecutive days. Milk samples were collected from all cows, twice
daily, up to 120 hours after the final injection. Milk from the milkings at 12, 36, 48, 60 and 72
hours were analysed for penicillin residues. The results shown in Figure 16 show that the
benzylpenicillin residue in the milk drops below the MRL (maximum reside limit) of 0.004
mg/kg at around 41 hours after the final injection. This would provide a withhold time, based
on twice daily milkings, of 48 hours.
This is equivalent to the 48 hour withhold time of the product Mamyzin™, which is an
aqueous reconstituted suspension.
Bioequivalence
James & Wells 133073COG/3
A study was performed to determine the bioequivalence of Example 6 with Mamyzin™.
A 2X2 crossover study using 20 dairy heifers was performed. All heifers received a 15 mg/kg
intramuscular dose of penethamate hydroiodide on Day 0 and on Day 14, as the formulation
in Example 6 or ‘Mamyzin’. After a 14 day wash-out period, treatments were reversed. Blood
was collected pretreatment, then 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 & 36 hrs after each treatment.
Blood was centrifuged and plasma samples were frozen, then dispatched to the laboratory
for benzylpenicillin analysis (LC/MS/MS assay). Assay results were used to calculate
pharmacokinetic parameters, to investigate bioequivalence. According to the ‘area under the
curve’ (AUC) of the drug concentrations in blood over time, the preferred treatment is
bioequivalent to Mamyzin™.
The preferred manufacturing process is as follows:
Formulation Process
Add 56% of Triacetin to a suitably sized manufacturing vessel
Add Benzyl Alcohol and Polysorbate 80 with mixing
Filter the mixture through a sterile 0.2µm filter into sterile tank
Heat to approximately 55°C, check temperature and maintain the temperature
Add Phosholipon H90, suspend and homogenise well. Check homogeneity
Add penethamate hydriodide (micronised, sterile), suspend and homogenise well.
Check homogeneity
Cool suspension to approximately 25°C. Check temperature
Make up to volume with Tracetin.
Homogenise to homogeneous suspension, check homogeneity
This formulation and process has produced a stable non-caking injectable product that
works at least as well as conventional PNT treatments.
It has a viscosity of 77cps @ 20°C on Brookfield viscometer with a LV1 spindle at 30rpm.
The density is 1.224g/cm
James & Wells 133073COG/3
Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should
be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto without departing from
the scope of the appended claims.
James & Wells: 133073COG/3
Claims (25)
1. A ready-to-use (RTU) composition for intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, including penethamate (PNT); at least one oily vehicle; and a non-thickening anti-caking agent wherein the at least one oily vehicle is not triacetin.
2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the anti-caking agent includes an emulsifier or dispersing agent.
3. A composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the anti-caking agent includes a surfactant.
4. A composition as claimed in claim 3 wherein the surfactant is selected from a compound with a hydrophobic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of between 7 to 16.
5. A composition as claimed in claim 4 wherein the surfactant is polysorbate 80.
6. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 5 wherein an emulsifier or dispersing agent is a lipid-insoluble lecithin.
7. A composition as claimed in claim 6 wherein the lipid-insoluble lecithin is phospholipon H90.
8. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the anti-caking agent is non-thickening.
9. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the viscosity of the composition is below 3000 mPas at a temperature of 20°C and shear rate of 1/s measured with a cup cylinder method. James & Wells: 133073COG/3
10. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the penethamate (PNT) comprises 55% w/v or less of the composition.
11. A composition as claimed in claim 10 wherein the concentration of penethamate (PNT) is between 15-55% w/v.
12. A composition as claimed in claim 11 wherein the concentration of penethamate (PNT) in the composition is between 20-35% w/v.
13. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein the vehicle oil is of low viscosity.
14. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein the composition is in liquid form.
15. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 14 wherein the particle diameter d of the penethamate (PNT) is between 8 – 30 microns.
16. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 15 which includes a preservative.
17. A composition as claimed in claim 16 wherein the preservative is benzyl alcohol.
18. A syringe containing a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 17.
19. A syringe as claimed in claim 18 which includes 5g of penethamate.
20. A method of treating a non-human animal with a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 17 for the treatment or prevention of a microbial infection, wherein the method includes intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of the composition to the non- human animal in need thereof.
21. A method as claimed in claim 20 wherein the microbial infection is pre-clinical or clinical mastitis. James & Wells: 133073COG/3
22. A method as claimed in claim in either claim 20 or 21 wherein the method of treatment includes a dosage regime of 5g penethamate per day repeated for approximately three days.
23. A method of manufacturing the composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 17 including the steps of: a) preparing the oily vehicle by either (i) providing an oil, or (ii) mixing an oil and surfactant(s) in a container to form homogenous oil mixture; b) preparing a non-thickening anti-caking agent; c) dispersing the non-thickening anti-caking agent in the oily vehicle; and d) dispersing the active agent in the non-thickening anti-caking agent and oily vehicle preparation, wherein the at least one oily vehicle is not triacetin.
24. A method of manufacturing as claimed in claim 23 wherein a preservative is added to the oily vehicle in step a).
25. A method of manufacturing as claimed in either claim 23 or 24 wherein high shear dispersion equipment is used in step d).
Priority Applications (35)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/NZ2013/000124 WO2014014364A1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
CN201380038100.7A CN104507475B (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injection antibiotic formulations and its application method |
PL13819728T PL2874624T3 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
US14/415,954 US9452155B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
EP13819219.0A EP2874623B1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
UAA201501302A UA118654C2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
PCT/NZ2013/000123 WO2014014363A1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
CA2875351A CA2875351C (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
HUE13819728A HUE046427T2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
BR112014031083-1A BR112014031083B1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | NON-AQUEOUS INJECTABLE VETERINARY PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION, SYRINGE CONTAINING SUCH COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURING METHOD |
SI201331584T SI2874624T1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
LT13819728T LT2874624T (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
CN201380038000.4A CN104470517B (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injection antibiotic formulations and its application method |
DK13819728T DK2874624T3 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR USING THESE |
MX2014015927A MX358248B (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use. |
KR1020157001143A KR102113822B1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
PT138197280T PT2874624T (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
JP2015523049A JP6189437B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic preparation and method of use thereof |
AU2013290826A AU2013290826B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
RU2015105251A RU2643327C2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and methods of their use |
AU2013290827A AU2013290827B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
ES13819728T ES2752034T3 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formations and their procedures for use |
MYPI2014703596A MY172561A (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
US14/415,940 US10376585B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
EP13819728.0A EP2874624B8 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2013-07-16 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
CR20140550A CR20140550A (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-02 | INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATIONS AND THEIR METHODS OF USE |
PH12014502716A PH12014502716A1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-04 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
CL2014003423A CL2014003423A1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-17 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use. |
DO2014000288A DOP2014000288A (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-18 | INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATIONS AND THEIR METHODS OF USE |
ZA2014/09322A ZA201409322B (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-18 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
NI201400152A NI201400152A (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-19 | INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATIONS AND THEIR METHODS OF USE |
SV2014004882A SV2014004882A (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-22 | INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATIONS AND THEIR METHODS OF USE |
CO14284224A CO7240359A2 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2014-12-26 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
IL236713A IL236713B (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2015-01-14 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and methods for their use |
HRP20191730 HRP20191730T1 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2019-09-24 | Injectable antibiotic formulations and their methods of use |
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