WO2013184780A1 - Novel iminosugars and their applications - Google Patents

Novel iminosugars and their applications Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013184780A1
WO2013184780A1 PCT/US2013/044285 US2013044285W WO2013184780A1 WO 2013184780 A1 WO2013184780 A1 WO 2013184780A1 US 2013044285 W US2013044285 W US 2013044285W WO 2013184780 A1 WO2013184780 A1 WO 2013184780A1
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alkyl
compound
groups
formula
optionally substituted
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PCT/US2013/044285
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
J. L. Kiappes
Peter Laing
Raymond Dwek
Nicole Zitzmann
Stephanie Pollock
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Unither Virology, Llc
The Chancellor, Masters And Scholars Of The University Of Oxford
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Application filed by Unither Virology, Llc, The Chancellor, Masters And Scholars Of The University Of Oxford filed Critical Unither Virology, Llc
Priority to KR20147036446A priority Critical patent/KR20150035767A/ko
Priority to IN2539MUN2014 priority patent/IN2014MN02539A/en
Priority to EP13800188.8A priority patent/EP2858642A4/en
Priority to CN201380041515.XA priority patent/CN104703597A/zh
Priority to JP2015516166A priority patent/JP2015518896A/ja
Priority to CA2875975A priority patent/CA2875975A1/en
Publication of WO2013184780A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013184780A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
    • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
    • A61K31/355—Tocopherols, e.g. vitamin E
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/40—Oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/40—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D211/44—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4
    • C07D211/46—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4 having a hydrogen atom as the second substituent in position 4
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H5/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium
    • C07H5/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium to nitrogen
    • C07H5/06—Aminosugars
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J43/00—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • C07J43/003—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton not condensed

Definitions

  • the present application relates to novel iminosugars and their methods of making and use and in particular, to novel deoxynojimimycin based compounds and their methods of making and use. There remains a need for new types of antiviral iminosugars.
  • A is a hydrophobic molecular delivery moiety
  • L is a linking moiety
  • IS is an iminosugar moiety or an analogue thereof.
  • R 2 is C2-C 6 alkyl or oxaalkyl group; Y is O or CH 2 ; Z is selected from (CH 2 ) 3 -0- CH 2 ; (CH 2 ) 5 ; ; and 3 ; R 2 is a) straight or
  • Cio-Ci 6 alkyl or alkyl ene groups and H when Z is and b) straight or branched C10-C 20 alkyl or alkylene groups, when Z is (CHih-O-Cl (CH 2 ) 5 or
  • One embodiment is a compound of Formula I having formula II
  • One embodiment is a compound of Formula wherein R is C5 alkyl.
  • One embodiment is a compound of Formula I, wherein -Z-Y- is
  • bonded to an sp3 carbon may each be R or S independently) or
  • ⁇ are each methyl and Ri is C5 alky. In another embodiment, ⁇ are each H.
  • Another embodiment provides a method of making a compound of formula I (I), the method comprising: condens compound of formula III (III) with a compound of formula IV
  • CH 2 ; Z is selected from (CH 2 ) 3 -0-CH 2 ; (CH 2 ) 5 ;
  • Ri is a) straight or branched Cio-C 16 alkyl or alkylene groups and H, when Z is and b) strai t or branched Cjo-Cio alkyl or
  • alkylene groups when Z is (03 ⁇ 4)3-0-03 ⁇ 4; (CH 2 ) 5 or X 3 ;
  • W in the compound of formula I are each independently selected from H or alcohol protecting groups;
  • W H in the compound of formula III are each independently selected from alcohol protecting groups;
  • X1 are each independently selected from H or C 1 -2 alkyl.
  • the compound of formula I is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-N-phenyl
  • Y is O.
  • the method further comprises deprotecting a compound of formula V to form the compound of formula IV ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 Z— Y— ( Iv) In one embodiment, the method further com rises reacting R 2 -Z ⁇ OH with to
  • the method further comprises converting R2-Z-Y-R 1 -OH into the
  • the method further comprises deprotecting R2-Z-Y-R 1 -OP 2 to form R 2 -Z-Y-R
  • the method further comprises reacting R 2 -Z- OH with P3O-R1 -OP2 to form R 2 -Z-Y-Ri-0P 2 . wherein P 3 is an alcohol protecting group.
  • -Z-Y- is and wherein each of X 1 -4 is independently selected from I I or methyl.
  • Another embodiment provides a compound represented by formula XX'
  • Ri is a linking moiety, preferably (CH 2 ) P , optionally with one or more heteroatomic substitution or (CH2CH 2 XCH2CH 2 ) q ; p is an integer 2-20;
  • Y is a bond, CH 2 , S, N(R 3 ), or O;
  • Z is a hydrophobic molecular delivery moiety described herein, preferably a tocopherol, tocotrienol, cholesterol, ezetimibe, or an analogue thereof;
  • a represents an integer from 1 to 7, provided that the ring may also contain at least one unsaturated C-C bond where n>l .
  • b represents an integer from 1 to (a+2).
  • y represents either 1 or 2
  • z represents an integer from 1 to (y+7).
  • R" represents H; Cl-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH; aryl or Ci -3 alkyl optionally substituted with aryl; SiR 3 .
  • R represents H; Cl-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH.
  • R" and R 3 may optionally form a 4 to 8 membered ring, containing one or more O, SO x or NR 3 groups.
  • X represents an integer from 0 to 2 (inclusive).
  • XI -4 are each methyl and Rl is C5 alkyl and the dashed line represents an optional double bond or wherein Z is
  • Another embodiment provides a compound of formula YY'
  • Ri is a linking moiety, preferably (CH 2 ) p , optionally with one or more heteroatomic substitution or (CH2CH 2 XCH 2 CH 2 ) q ; p is an integer 2-20 or q is an integer 1-10;
  • Y is a bond, CH 2 , S, N(R 3 ), or O;
  • Z is a hydrophobic molecular delivery moiety described herein, preferably a tocopherol, tocotrienol, cholesterol, ezetimibe, or an analogue thereof;
  • Z' represents 0 or an integer from 1 to 7, provided that the ring may also contain at least one unsaturated C-C bond; b represents an integer from 1 to (a+2). y represents either 1 or 2, and z represents an integer from 1 to (y+7).
  • R" represents H; C I -6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH; aryl or C )- alkyl optionally substituted with aryl; SiR 3 3 .
  • R 3 represents H; CI -6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH.
  • R' ' and R 3 may optionally form a 4 to 8 membered ring, containing one or more O, SO x or NR 3 groups.
  • X represents an integer from 0 to 2 (inclusive); the dotted line in structure YY represents an optional bridge containing 2 or 3 carbon atoms between any two different ring carbon atoms, any or all of which bridge or bridgehead carbon atoms being optionally substituted with R'.
  • Z is
  • XI -4 are each methyl and Rl is C5 alkyl and the dashed line represents an optional double bond.
  • Z is and at least one of the dashed lines represents a bond to the linker group.
  • Z is a cholesterol derivative
  • Z is a diacylglyceryl derivative. In one embodiment, Z is Z"— R 2 ,
  • Z is selected from (CH 2 )3-0-CH 2 ; (C3 ⁇ 4)s; ;
  • R 2 is a) a straight or branched C 1 0-C16 alkyl or alkylene groups
  • alkylene groups when Z is (CH2)3-0-CH 2 ; (CH 2 )5 or x 3 ; and X1-4 are each independently selected from H or Ci_ 2 alkyl.
  • At least one aspect of one embodiment provides new methods of delivery of certain iminosugars or an analogue thereof. Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the disclosure that follows.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment demonstrating the archetypal form of tocopheryl DNJ.
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment demonstrating various linker moieties embodied herein, as attached to the archetypal form f tocopheryl DNJ shown in FIG. 1.
  • 7 The linker is composed entirely of methylene units, providing the most hydrophobic linker. Increasing chain length allows for greater flexibil ity meaning the iminosugar and chemophore will be less likely to interact. However, greater length also means a larger hydrophobic chain breaking up the hydrophilic iminosugar and phenolic oxygen. 8: Some of the hydrophobicity can be removed by introducing a heteroatom.
  • the atom may form an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the iminosugar or phenolic oxygen, (see Fig 4). This can influence the pKa of the iminosugar nitrogen atom, as well as imposing novel -dimensional conformational preferences. 9, 10, and 11 include more than one heteroatom placed at regular intervals.
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment demonstrating representative structures of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds possible with heteroatom linkers. Both of these show linker- iminosugar hydrogen bonds, while linker-phenol and phenol-iminosugar hydrogen bonds are also possible. In order for these bonds to be energetically favorable, the hydrogen bond should be part of a 5-membered (as seen in 8a) or 6-membered (as seen in 9a) ring.
  • FIG. 4 shows various embodiments of chemophore analogues of tocopherol DNJ.
  • the chemophores may be coupled with any linker and any iminosugar, in this figure, they are coupled with the archetypal DNJ and pentyl linker.
  • 1 In addition to the R H,R stereochemistry of the archetypal compound of the invention, the compounds with S stereochemistry at any or all of the 3 stereocenters are also being investigated.
  • 12, 13, 14 By replacing 1 or 2 of the chromanol methyl groups with hydrogen atoms, the ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ - tocopherol based iminosugars, respectively.
  • the unsaturated tocotrienols are also viable lipids to be incorporated.
  • 19 and 20 represent two simplified analogues of the archetypal iminosugar invention as part of a search for the minimum structural requirements for tocopherol mimicry.
  • 21 and 22 show iminosugars where the tocopherol chemophore has been replaced with cholesterol analogues. In 21, the oxygen atom of cholesterol has been removed, while in 22 the analogue is 25-hydroxycholesterol.
  • 23 shows one possible Ezitimibe analogue, though attachment of the linker at the secondary hydroxyl group is also possible.
  • inventions and/or their embodiments disclosed herein relate to compounds comprising at least one iminosugar moiety or analogue thereof, a linking moiety bonded to the amine in the at least one iminosugar moiety and at least one hydrophobic molecular delivery moiety bonded to the linker moiety.
  • Other embodiments include compositions comprising at least one compound embodied herein, and methods of synthesizing the embodied compounds and compositions.
  • halo or “halogen” or even “halide” can refer to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • alkyl can refer to a straight-chain, branched, or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group.
  • alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and iso-propyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl), pentyl groups (e.g., n-pentyl, iso- pentyl, neopentyl), and the like.
  • an alkyl group can have 1 to 30 carbon atoms, for example, 1-20 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1 -C20 alkyl group). In some embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and can be referred to as a "lower alkyl group.” Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n- propyl and iso-propyl), and butyl groups (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl). In some embodiments, alkyl groups can be substituted as defined herein.
  • substituted, saturated hydrocarbons, C1-C6 mono- and di- and pre-halogen substituted saturated hydrocarbons and amino-substituted hydrocarbons are preferred, with perfluromethyl, perchloromethyl, perfluoro-tert-butyl, and perchloro-tert-butyl being the most preferred.
  • substituted alkyl means any unbranehed or branched, substituted saturated hydrocarbon, with unbranehed C1-C6 alkyl secondary amines, substituted C1-C6 secondary alkyl amines, and unbranehed C1 -C6 alkyl tertiary amines being within the definition of "substituted alkyl,” but not preferred.
  • alkyl means any unbranehed or branched, substituted saturated hydrocarbon.
  • cyclic compounds both cyclic hydrocarbons and cyclic compounds having heteroatoms, are within the meaning of "alkyl.”
  • haloalkyl can refer to an alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents.
  • a haloalkyl group can have 1 to 20 carbon atoms, for example, 1 to 10 carbon atoms (i.e., Ci-Cio haloalkyl group).
  • Examples of haloalkyl groups include CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, CC1 3 , CHC1 2 , CH 2 C1, C 2 C1 5 , and the like.
  • Perhaloalkyl groups i.e., alkyl groups where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms (e.g., peril uoroalkyl groups such as CF 3 and C 2 F 5 ), are included within the definition of "haloalkyl.”
  • alkoxy can refer to -O-alkyl group.
  • alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t- butoxy groups, and the like.
  • the alkyl group in the -O-alkyl group can be substituted with 1-5 R 1 groups and R 1 is as defined herein.
  • Carbocyclyl can refer to a non-aromatic saturated or unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, typically having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Preferably it is a saturated hydrocarbon ring (i.e. a cycloalkyl group) having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. It is preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • a cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted at any position. Typically, it carries 0, 1 , 2 or 3 substituents.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic” is a non-aromatic saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring typically having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more, for example 1 , 2 or 3, of the carbon atoms is replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O and S.
  • a heterocyclic group may be unsubstituted or substituted at any position. Typically, it carries 0, 1 or 2 substituents.
  • alkenyl means any unbranched or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated hydrocarbon, with C1-C6 unbranched, mono-unsaturated and di- unsaturated, unsubstituted hydrocarbons being preferred, and mono-unsaturated, di-halogen substituted hydrocarbons being most preferred.
  • alkenyl means any unbranched or branched, substituted unsaturated hydrocarbon, substituted with one or more functional groups, with unbranched C2-C6 alkenyl secondary amines, substituted C2-C6 secondary alkenyl amines, and unbranched C2-C6 alkenyl tertiary amines being within the definition of "substituted alkyl.”
  • substituted alkenyl means any unbranched or branched, substituted unsaturated hydrocarbon.
  • cyclic compounds, both unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons and cyclic compounds having heteroatoms are within the meaning of "alkenyl.”
  • aryl encompasses the terms “substituted aryl,”
  • heteroaryl and “substituted heteroaryl” which refer to aromatic hydrocarbon rings, preferably having five or six atoms comprising the ring.
  • heteroaryl and “substituted heteroaryl” refer to aromatic hydrocarbon rings in which at least one heteroatom, for example, oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom, is in the ring along with at least one carbon atom.
  • Aryl most generally, and “substituted aryl,” “heteroaryl,” and “substituted heteroaryl” more particularly, refer to aromatic hydrocarbon rings, preferably having five or six atoms, and most preferably having six atoms comprising the ring.
  • substituted aryl includes mono and poly-substituted aryls, substituted with, for example, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, azide, amine, and amino groups.
  • heteroatom or “heteroatomic” can refer to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen and includes, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium.
  • heteroaryl can refer to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing at least one ring heteroatom selected from oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), and selenium (Se), or a polycyclic ring system wherein at least one of the rings present in the ring system is aromatic and contains at least one ring heteroatom.
  • a heteroaryl group as a whole, can have, for example, from 5 to 16 ring atoms and contain 1 -5 ring heteroatoms (i.e., 5-16 membered heteroaryl group).
  • heteroaryl groups can be substituted with one or more terminal R 1 groups, where R 1 is as defined herein. Both substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl groups described herein can comprise between 1-30, or 1-20 carbon atoms, including the R substituents.
  • aryl can refer to a broad variety of unsaturated cyclic groups which can provide conjugation and delocalization and can be fused and can be optionally substituted, as known in the art.
  • Aryl groups with C 6 to C40 or C 6 to C30 in carbon number can be used, for example.
  • halo or “halogen” can refer to F, CI, Br, or I. It is preferably chlorine, fluorine or bromine. It is more preferably chlorine or fluorine.
  • A is a hydrophobic molecular delivery moiety.
  • L is a linking moiety and IS is an iminosugar moiety or an analogue thereof.
  • A, L , and IS moieties can be analogues of those disclosed herein which are known in the art.
  • iminosugars and many iminosugar analogues are known in the art, for example in references cited herein, and are contemplated embodiments o the present invention.
  • One embodiment provides for a compound represented by formula XX' or a compound represented by formula YY'
  • Ri is a linking moiety, preferably (CH 2 ) P , optionally with one or more heteroatomic substitution or ( C I I H X CH C H 2 ) M ; p is an integer 2-20;
  • Y is a bond, C3 ⁇ 4, S, N(R 3 ), or O;
  • Z is a hydrophobic molecular delivery moiety described herein, preferably a tocopherol, tocotrienol, cholesterol, ezetimibe, or an analogue thereof;
  • a represents an integer from 1 to 7, provided that the ring may also contain at least one unsaturated C-C bond where n>l .
  • b represents an integer from 1 to (a+2).
  • y represents either 1 or 2
  • z represents an integer from 1 to (y+7).
  • R" represents H; C I -6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH; aryl or Ci -3 alkyl optionally substituted with aryl; SiR 3 .
  • R represents H; C I -6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH.
  • R" and R 3 may optionally form a 4 to 8 membered ring, containing one or more O, SO x or NR 3 groups.
  • X represents an integer from 0 to 2 (inclusive).
  • the dotted line in structure YY represents an optional bridge containing 2 or 3 carbon atoms between any two different ring carbon atoms, any or all of which bridge or bridgehead carbon atoms being optionally substituted with R'. Without being bound by theory, Applicants believe these various groups have the ability to tune the hydrogen bonding ability of the ring, as well as the acidity of the endocyclic nitrogen.
  • One embodiment provides for a compound represented by formula YY' or a
  • One embodiment provides for a compound represented by formula XX' or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, prodrug or derivatives thereof.
  • Another embodiment provides for a compound of the formula (F):
  • R' is, independently in each instance, H, (CH 2 ) m C3 ⁇ 4, (CH 2 ) m CH 2 OH,
  • R" is, independently in each instance, H, OH, NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CH 3 , NHAc, F, CI; R i is (CH?) P , optionally with one or more heteroatomic substitution or
  • Y is a bond, CH 2 , S, N(R 3 ), or O;
  • Z is a tocopherol, tocotrienol, cholesterol, ezetimibe, or an analogue thereof; m is 0 or an integer 1-5;
  • n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.
  • p is an integer 2-20
  • q is an integer 1 -20
  • X is, in each instance, O, S, or N(R 3 ), wherein R 3 is H or a Ci-C 2 o alkyl;
  • One embodiment provides, for example A compound having formula I:
  • Ri is C 2 -C 6 alkyl or oxaalkyl group
  • Y is O or CH 2 ;
  • Cio-C 16 alkyl or alkylene groups and H when Z is
  • W 1 -4 are each independently selected from H or an alcohol protecting group
  • Xi-4 are each independently selected from H or Ci -2 alkyl.
  • "OW 1 -4" are represented by the moieties of R' in Formulas XX, YY, XX' or YY'.
  • the compound of Formula I is represented by a compound of Formula II
  • , R 2 , Z, Y and ⁇ are previously defined.
  • is C3-C5 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms.
  • "OW 1.4" are represented by the moieties of R' in Formulas XX, ⁇ , ⁇ ' or ⁇ '.
  • Formula I is steoisomerically pure.
  • the substitution on the iminosugar ring is set; included are for example, the moieties, or derivatives of, deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ), derivatives of deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), deoxyfuconojirimycin (DFJ), deoxymanno j irimycin (DMJ),
  • DGJ deoxygalactonojirimycin
  • DNJ derivatives of deoxynojirimycin
  • DFJ deoxyfuconojirimycin
  • DMJ deoxymanno j irimycin
  • Tocopherol is taken up efficiently in the gut, commensurate with its status as an essential vitamin.
  • a tocopheryl iminosugar would be expected to be taken up in the same way as tocopherol, i.e. different from conventional iminosugars which are taken up (albeit efficiently) by passive diffusion.
  • Tocopherol as an iminosugar appendage, has the potential to reduce osmotic diarrhea associated with other iminosugar drugs (viz Zavesca), by forming stable micelles with bile salts (as does cholesterol), limiting the gut- availability of the active iminosugar headgroup moiety from interacting with and inhibiting sucrase-isomaltase.
  • the positive charge on the iminosugar nitrogen would enhance the stability of these bile salt micelles, reducing the bioavailability of the active moiety in the gut, by interacting with the negatively charged carboxylate of deoxycholate. This feature would allow higher doses to be administered than for conventional lipophillic (as distinct from 'lipidic') iminosugars.
  • Tocopherol is remarkably non-toxic having been used in high doses for years at a time in clinical studies of atherosclerosis and Parkinson's disease with striking lack of toxicity (or efficacy). Metabolic liberation of tocopherol from a tocopheryl iminosugar would likely avoid the toxicity of comparable alternative/xenobiotic appendages.
  • Tocopherol is clinically effective in the treatment of steatosis (triglyceride accumulation) in the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (more effective than Pioglitazone) (**NEJM ref).
  • Steatosis is also a feature of hepatitis-C virus genotype-HI.
  • hepatitis- C virus manipulates cellular lipid metabolism to its own advantage.
  • the clinical effect of tocopherol would be embodied also in tocopheryl iminosugars, to antiviral effect, creating a molecule with dual mechanism of action.
  • Tocopherol is packaged by gut epithelial cells into chylomicrons which permeate the lymphatic system first, before entering the blood circulation (in contrast to conventional drugs which enter the bloodstream first and are prone to first-pass elimination in the liver before they can exert therapeutic effect).
  • Tocopheryl iminosugars would be expected to take the same route of distribution in the body. Although first pass metabolic destruction by the liver would not be a major problem for iminosugars in general, avoidance of first pass elimination in the liver also involves excretion into the bile which would be avoided for this new class of iminosugar.
  • tocopheryl-iminosugar into the lipid phase of chylomicrons would eliminate the rapid excretion from the circulation via the kidney which characterizes more hydrophillic drugs which occupy or pass through the aqueous phase of the circulation before they can act on target cells. Moreover this disposition of the tocopheryl iminosugar facilitates delivery to cells, in the same way that dietary cholesterol and dietary tocopherol are delivered.
  • the tocopheryl iminosugar would be expected to compete with viral cholesterol for endosomal escape of the virus, which is dependent on the cholesterol receptor protein NPCL1, much as Ezitimibe (another competitor at NPCL1 for cholesterol binding) does.
  • tocopheryl iminosugars would be expected to be transported in the aqueous phase by tocopherol transfer protein, facilitating distribution of tocopheryl iminosugar to all membranes of the cell as for tocopherol per se
  • Tocopherol is an integral component of membrane bilayers, therefore a
  • tocopheryl-iminosugar would tend to inhabit the membrane phase of cells - rather than being 'lipophillic' the molecule would be 'lipidic', having a much stronger tendency to insert and remain stably incorporated into membranes
  • Tocopherol can ' flip-flop' across membrane bilayers (ref**), in a manner analogous to that of dolichol phosphate and its glycan derivatives, allowing better penetration o target membrane compartments (such as the ER) for tocopheryl iminosugars
  • Tocopherol is concentrated naturally into the ER and lipid droplet of cells (*ref) facilitating delivery of tocopheryl iminosugars to cellular compartments and organelles of relevance to virus infection (particularly hepatitis-C)
  • the tocopherol moiety if it becomes metabolized to tocopherol, an antioxidant, would be expected to counteract the oxidative free radical induced damage inflicted by hepatitis-C virus infection in infected cells (***ref), allowing such cells to function more effectively for the better health of the patient
  • Fig 1 The structure and synthesis of the 'tocopheryl-DNJ' molecule, archetype of the lipidic-iminosugars of this invention, is shown in Fig 1.
  • An exemplary synthesis is described in the Working Examples.
  • the structure of this class of iminosugars may be divided into three distinct regions: an iminosugar headgroup (DNJ in the archetype), a linker, and a chemophore (here, D-a-tocopherol) that imparts the lipid nature to the molecule.
  • DNJ iminosugar headgroup
  • linker a linker
  • chemophore here, D-a-tocopherol
  • Iminosugars are generally known in the art. For example, see, Block, T.M., et al. Secretion of Human Hepatitis B Virus is Inhibited by the Imino Sugar N- Butyldeoxynojirimycin. PNAS 91, 2235-2239 (1994); Fischer, P.B., et al. The alpha- glucosidase inhibitor N-butyldeoxynojirimycin inhibits human immunodeficiency virus entry at the level of post-CD4 binding. J. Virol. 69, 5791-5797 (1995); Jordan, R., et al.
  • N-Butyldeoxynojirimycin is a broadly effective anti-HIV therapy significantly enhanced by targeted liposome delivery. AIDS 22, 1961-1969 (2008); Leu, G.-Z., Lin, T.-Y. & Hsu, J.T.A. Anti-HCV activities of selective polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 318, 275-280 (2004). Each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as enabling disclosure for the entire application.
  • the iminosugar or iminosugar analogue is represented by the formula XX or YY:
  • R is the a covalent bond to the linking moiety.
  • Alkylation performed by analogous reductive animation to the archetypical compound a represents an integer from 1 to 7, provided that the ring may also contain at least on unsaturated C-C bond where n> 1 .
  • b represents an integer from 1 to (a+2).
  • y represents either 1 or 2
  • z represents an integer from 1 to (y+7).
  • R" represents H; CI -6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH; aryl or CI -3 alkyl optionally substituted with aryl; SiR 3 3 .
  • R 3 represents H; CI -6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more OH.
  • R" and R 3 may optionally form a 4 to 8 membered ring, containing one or more O, SO x or NR 3 groups.
  • X represents an integer from 0 to 2 (inclusive).
  • the dotted line in structure YY represents an optional bridge containing 2 or 3 carbon atoms between any two different ring carbon atoms, any or all of which bridge or bridgehead carbon atoms being optionally substituted with R ⁇ Without being bound by theory.
  • the iminosugar moieties embodied herein include iminosugars or iminosugar analogues known in the art, as well as novel iminosugar or iminosugar analogues embodied herein.
  • the iminosugar moiety is attached to the linking moiety through a covalent bond between an atom of the linking moiety and a nitrogen atom of the core iminosugar ring.
  • the iminosugar moiety is represented by the following structure:
  • ⁇ are each independently a hydrogen, Ci- 2 0 alkyl, alcohol protecting group or a cation.
  • W 1 are each independently a hydrogen or Cj-io alkyl for example, the moieties, or derivatives of, deoxygalactonojinmycin (DGJ), derivatives of deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), deoxyfuconojirimycin (DFJ), deoxymann jiri myci n (DMJ), and the like.
  • DGJ deoxygalactonojinmycin
  • DNJ derivatives of deoxynojirimycin
  • DFJ deoxyfuconojirimycin
  • DMJ deoxymann jiri myci n
  • " ⁇ " are represented by the moieties of R' in Formulas XX, YY, XX' or YY'.
  • the iminosugar moiety is represented by the following structure:
  • W 1 -4 are each independently a hydrogen, Ci- 2 0 alkyl, alcohol protecting group or a cation.
  • Wj-4 are each independently a hydrogen or C1 - 2 alkyl.
  • "OWi -4 " are represented by the moieties of R' in Formulas XX, YY, XX' or
  • iminosugars In addition to the iminosugars shown above, other known iminosugars, obtainable both from natural sources and synthetic means, may be used in the place of the head group including stereoisomers and heterosubstitutions of deoxynojirimycin and homonojirimycin (2), pyrrolidines (3), azetidines (4), azepanes (5), and 8-membered iminocyclitols (6). In all cases, the linker moiety or hydrophobic chemophoric appendage is connected via the third valence of the endocyclic nitrogen atom.
  • the examples shown herein are not meant to be exhaustive, but representative.
  • Other iminocyclitols which may be alkylated in an analogous way, as would be clear to one skilled in the art, are also understood to be embodied within the invention.
  • the iminosugar moiety is not limited to the six-membered iminosugar rings embodied in the preceding figures.
  • the iminosugar moiety is an iminosugar or iminosugar analogue with a core ring comprising 3 to 7 carbons.
  • the iminosugar or iminosugar analogue is represented by any one of the following compounds:
  • R 1 H, F, CH 3> CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 2 H, F, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 3 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, C!, CH 3
  • R 4 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 5 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 6 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 7 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 8 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 9 H, F, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 10 H, F, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R H, F, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 2 H, F, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 3 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 4 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 5 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 6 H, OH, NH 2> NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 7 H, F, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc. CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 1 H, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 2 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 3 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 4 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 5 H, OH, NH 2l NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 6 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 7 H, OH, NH 2l NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 8 H, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 1 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 2 H, OH, NH 2> NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 3 H, OH, NH 2 . NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 4 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 5 H, OH, NH 2l NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R e H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 7 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 8 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 9 H, F, CH 3 , CHjOH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 10 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 2 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 3 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 4 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 5 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R e H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 7 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI, CH 3
  • R 8 H, OH, NH 2 , NHAc, F, CI. CH 3
  • R 9 H, F, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R 10 H, F, CH 3 . CH 2 OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHAc, CH 2 F, CH 2 CI
  • R represents a covalent bond between the nitrogen and the linking moiety.
  • each of Ri to Rio is independently selected from the moieties of R', as defined for Formula XX, XX', YY' or YY.
  • linker The nature of the linker is based on a series of features that were carefully considered. First of all, the connection points to the iminosugar and tocopherol moieties. As mentioned above, this means alkyl at ion of the endocyclic nitrogen for incorporation of the iminosugar. In conjugating the tocopherol, the hydroxy! group of the chromanol ring was selected.
  • the concept is to design lipid-inspired iminosugars, it is desirable for the final molecule to have a hydrophobic side and separate hydrophilic side.
  • this design places them close to the natural hydrophilic head of tocopherol.
  • the hydroxyl group of tocopherol is involved in its antioxidant activity. While this activity is often beneficial in vivo, it also imparts concerns with regard to long-term stability. By involving the functional group in an ether bond, the propensity for redox chemistry is diminished, making the compound more stable. Finally, the chemical nature of the oxygen made it a convenient place for modification.
  • a 5-carbon aliphatic spacer has been incorporated between the oxygen atom of the tocopherol headgroup and the endocyclic nitrogen atom of the iminosugar.
  • the spacer is designed to allow sterically unhindered engagement of the molecular target sites, be they, for example, the active sites of glucosidase-I and glucosidase- II, or other cellular enzymes, or non-enzymatic targets such as lysine or arginine residues of various ion channels.
  • the invention also includes molecules with both longer and shorter linkers as shown, for example, in Fig 2, structures 7.
  • a strictly carbon chain being hydrophobic in nature, could, if too long, break up the hydrophilic region of the molecule.
  • replacement of one or more methylene groups with heteroatoms is also possible in this structure, shown, for example, in Fig 2, structures 8-1 1.
  • By strategically placing these heteroatoms one also gains the ability to tune both the iminosugar pKa (acidity) as well as the possibility of inducing secondary structure via intramolecular hydrogen bonds, Fig 3.
  • This modification may also lead to enhanced availability of the active iminosugar moiety to target sites (by virtue of increased hydrophillicity of the linker) or to lesser availability of the compound due to hindered crossing of cellular membranes, as per multi-oxy- alkyl chain DNJ molecules.
  • the linker moiety covalently bonds to the iminosugar or iminosugar analogue moiety and the hydrophobic chemophoric appendage.
  • the linker is a covalent bond.
  • the linker is a Ci though C 5 alkyl, oxaalkyl or alkoxy moiety or a C 2 though C 5 alkyl, oxaalkyl or alkoxy moiety, or a C 3 though C 5 alkyl, oxaalkyl or alkoxy moiety, or a C 4 though C5 alkyl.
  • oxaalkyl r alkoxy moiety or a C 2 though C 6 alkyl, oxaalkyl or alkoxy moiety, or a C 3 though C 6 alkyl or alkoxy moiety, or a C 4 though C 6 alkyl, oxaalkyl or alkoxy moiety, or a C5 though C 6 alkyl or alkoxy moiety, or a C 2 though C10 alkyl.
  • the alkyl, oxaalkyl or alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted by one or more additional heteroatom, such as oxygen, sulfur and/or nitrogen, or other moiety capable of hydrogen bonding in a manner analogous to Figure 4.
  • linker moiety is represented by "Ri" in Formulas XX, XX', YY' and YY. In other embodiments the linker moiety is represented by R' in Formulas I and II.
  • linker moieties comprise those shown in the Figures.
  • the hydrophobic chemophoric appendage comprises at least one lipid-mimicking tail.
  • the hydrophobic chemophoric appendage is tocopherol.
  • tocopherol as an exemplary chemophoric appendage to the nitrogen atom of the iminosugar, there are other moieties that are embodied herein. Namely the anti-cholesterol drug Ezitimibe, which acts to inhibit the uptake of cholesterol in the gut.
  • Cholesterol iminosugars have been developed as experimental tools (Aerts**). These molecules would have many of the properties of a tocopheryl-iminosugar.
  • cholesterol as a molecular drug delivery module/moiety
  • enveloped viruses typically contain high concentrations of cholesterol in their lipidic envelopes. See, e.g., Aizaki, H., et al. Critical Role of Virion-Associated Cholesterol and Sphingo lipid in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Virol.
  • the hydrophobic chemophoric appendage comprises at least one cholesterol derivative.
  • cholesterol derivatives are the following analogues with changes in the planar ring structure part of cholesterol: 4-cholestenone, cholesteryl acetate, cholesteryl methyl ether, 5-alpha-cholestane, ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol.
  • aliphatic chain derivatives such as sitosterol and ergosterol would be suitable moieties, and are embodiments of the present invention and of cholesterol derivatives. It is further understood that this is not a limiting list of aliphatic chain derivatives, and one of skill in the art would understand other aliphatic chain derivatives to be embodied by the present invention.
  • cholesterol itself would form suitable moiety for iminosugar drugs, provided that it were attached to the iminosugar by a metabolically stable bond, such as an ether or an amide or a linker.
  • lipid moieties such as diacylglyceryl iminosugars, analogous to
  • diacylglyceryl-polyethylene glycol can be used as appendages for iminosugars, and thus as hydrophobic chemophoric appendages.
  • a wide variety of acyl chain types (fatty acids) can be considered as moieties for these iminosugars, as can the number of chains (one or two) and, for single chain derivatives, the position of the chain, snl or sn2.
  • polyunsaturated fatty acids are intrinsically antiviral (eg. docosaheaenoic acid, 'DHA', which is an mega- polyunsaturated fatty acid 18), it can be anticipated that the most active such molecules would be those having DHA chains.
  • the chemophoric appendage comprises a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
  • such compounds would be formulated with trace quantities (1% or less weight for weight) of R,R,R-alpha- tocopherol. or synthetic raeemic tocopherols, as antioxidant, most favorably in gelatin capsules, such as for cod-liver oil.
  • monounsaturated fatty acyl chains and saturated fatty acyl chains would also be useful, most favorably with lengths in the 18-22 region, in number of carbon atoms.
  • Diacylglyccryl imino sugars having the ability to form an uncharged headgroup via loss of a proton, would retain the 'flip- flop' ability of the prototypic tocopheryl-iminosugar tocopheryl-DNJ, which is advantageous, and are a present embodiment.
  • lipid moieties that are embodied herein as molecular delivery agents for iminosugars would be the acidic phospholipids phosphatidylserine (PS) and
  • phosphatidylinositol In the case of PS, derivatives can be made taking advantage of the reactiv ity of the amino-group of the serine headgroup.
  • phosphatidylinositol methods have been described to make phosphatidyl inositol based iminosugars (e.g. Orsato A, 201 1, Eur J Org Chem) which is incorporated by reference.
  • R 2 is a) a straight or branched C 10-C 16 alkyl or alkylene groups and H, when Z
  • Xi-4 are each independently selected from H or Ci -2 alkyl.
  • Fig. 5 shows, a number of embodied alternative variants for the tocopherol chemophore appendage. These include the unnatural stereoisomers of a-tocopherol, the various stereoisomers of ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -tocopherol (12-14) , stereoisomers of ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and 6- tocotrienols (15—18), representative cholesterol analogues (21, 22) and Ezitimibe (23).
  • Synthetic methods use for synthesizing the embodied compounds are known in the art and are also embodied in the Working Examples.
  • the Working Examples are not intended to be limiting, and various analogous known reactions or analogous intermediates are also envisioned as embodied herein.
  • various analogous reagents or protecting groups are also understood to be embodied herein.
  • the compounds of this invention can be utilized therapeutically.
  • the amount of active ingredient for therapeutic administration can vary over a wide range and is dependent upon such factors as the species of mammal to be treated, its age, health, sex, weight, nature and the severity of the condition being treated.
  • Such oral pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980). In general, these methods include the step of bringing the compound of formula (I) or salt thereof into association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or one or more other additional excipients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single dosage form.
  • the active ingredient is generally blended with conventional pharmaceutical carriers or excipients such as gelatin, various starches, lactose, calcium phosphate or powdered sugar.
  • pharmaceutical carrier as used herein also includes lubricants employed to improve the flow of tablet granulations and which prevent adhesion of tablet material to the surfaces of tablet dies and punches. Suitable lubricants include, for example, talc stearic acid, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate and zinc stearate.
  • disintegrating agents added to assist the breakup and dissolution of tablets following administration, as well as coloring and/or flavoring agents to enhance the esthetic qualities of the tablets and make them more acceptable to the patient.
  • oils can be utilized as carriers or excipients.
  • oils are mineral oils, glyceride oils such as lard oil, cod liver oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, corn oil and soybean oil.
  • suspending agents may be added as well as agents to control the viscosity, as for example, magnesium aluminum silicate or carboxymethylcellulose.
  • buffers, preservatives and emulsifying agents may also be added.
  • the preceding formulations are demonstrative only, and in no way limit the formulations comprising an active compound of the current embodiments.
  • One of skill in the art could recognize and produce additional formulations by methods known in the art. It is an aspect of the present invention that these additional formulations are within the scope of this invention.
  • d-a-tocopherol was irreversibly deprotonated with sodium hydride, then exposed to the tosylate to give modified tocopherol .
  • Hydrolysis of the protective acetal unveiled the aldehyde. 2,3,4,6-tetra- -benzyl DNJ A (prepared according to Wennekes et al. 2008) and the aldehyde were combined under reductive animation conditions (3 ⁇ 4, Pd/C) to give the fully protected Top-DNJ, which, after global deprotection, provided the desired iminosugar 1.
  • Benzyl ether of step 3 (2.00 g, 8.46 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved under argon in 1 ,4- dioxane (20 mL). Pd/C (10% Pd, 50 mg, 2.5 weight-%) was added. The mixture was purged with argon, and subsequently with hydrogen. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solution was filtered (GF/A glass microfiber) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the resulting alcohol (1.24 g, 8.46 mmol, 100%) as clear, colourless oil which was used in the next step without further purification.

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