Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/357—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/04—Nitro compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/357—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
  • A61K31/36—Compounds containing methylenedioxyphenyl groups, e.g. sesamin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
  • A61K31/423—Oxazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method of treating Scedosporium spp. infection in animals, in particular humans.
• the method involves the use of certain substituted nitrostyrene compounds.
• the genus Scedosporium consists of two medically important species:
• Scedosporium apiospermum (and its teleomorph or sexual state Pseudallescheria boydii) and Scedosporium prolificans (formerly S. inflatum).
• S. apiospermumlP. boydii and S. prolificans are ubiquitous filamentous fungi present in soil, sewage, and polluted waters. Scedosporiosis represents a broad spectrum of clinical diseases caused by the agents of the genus Scedosporium. These fungi can be colonizers of previously damaged
• bronchopulmonary trees as in old pulmonary tuberculosis cases, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectatic lungs of any etiology. Infections caused by these organisms can be localized, extend to the surrounding tissues (deep extension), or disseminate
• infections include skin and soft tissue infections with extension to tendons, ligaments, and bone (mycetoma); septic arthritis; osteomyelitis; lymphocutaneous syndrome; pneumonia; endocarditis; peritonitis; meningoencephalitis; meningitis; brain abscess; parotitis; thyroid abscess; otomycosis; sinusitis; keratitis;
• Scedosporium spp. are increasingly recognized as causes of resistant life- threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Scedosporium spp. also cause a wide spectrum of conditions, including mycetoma, saprobic involvement and colonization of the airways, sinopulmonary infections, extrapulmonary localized infections, and disseminated infections. Invasive scedosporium infections are also associated with central nervous infection following near-drowning accidents.
• immunosuppression may be the only effective therapeutic options for infections caused by S. prolificans.
• WO 02/102789 discloses a number of substituted nitrostyrene compounds that have anti-microbial activity against a range of microorganism.
• the present inventors have now surprisingly found that certain of these substituted nitrostyrene compounds have excellent activity against Scedosporium spp..
• the present invention provides a method of treatment of Scedosporium spp. infection in an animal comprising the step of administering to the infected animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof
• X and Y are either the same or different and are each a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;
• ⁇ is a double or single bond depending on the heteroatoms X and Y;
• Ri to R-5 are either the same or different and selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, haloaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkenyloxy, haloaryloxy, nitro, nitroalkyl, nitroalkenyl, nitroalkynyl, nitroaryl,
• nitroheterocyclyl amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, benzylamino, dibenzylamino, acyl, alkenylacyl, alkynylacyl, arylacyl, acylamino, diacylamino, acyloxy, alkylsulphonyloxy, arylsulphenyloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocycloxy, heterocyclamino,
• R 6 and R 7 are either the same or different, and selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, haloaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkenyloxy, haloaryloxy, nitro, nitroalkyl, nitroalkenyl, nitroalkynyl, nitroaryl,
• nitroheterocyclyl amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, benzylamino, dibenzylamino, acyl, alkenylacyl, alkynylacyl, arylacyl, acylamino, diacylamino, acyloxy, alkylsulphonyloxy, arylsulphenyloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocycloxy, heterocyclamino,
• haloheterocyclyl alkylsulphenyl, arylsulphenyl, carboalkoxy, carboaryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, acylthio or phosphorus-containing compounds, or one of R.6 and R are absent when there is a double bond present.
• the invention further provides use of the compound of formula I, or a
• the invention also provides the use of the compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treatment of Scedosporium spp. infection.
• X and Y are either the same or different and selected from O and N, more preferably both X and Y are oxygen.
• Rl and R2 are either the same or different and selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen or optionally substituted C I -6 alkyl.
• R 3 to R f are preferably either the same or different and selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, C
• halogen is chlorine or bromine.
• X and Y are O, R t is methyl and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen (3 , 4- methylenedioxy-P-methyl-P- nitrostyrene) X and Y are 0 and Ri to R 3 are hydrogen (3 , 4-methylenedioxy-P nitrostyrene)
• X is N, Y is NH, Ri is methyl and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen (benzimidazoie 5- ⁇ - nitropropylene)
• X is N, Y is NH, i is hydrogen, R 2 is methyl and R 3 is absent (2-methyI benzimidazole-5- -nitroethylene)
• X is 0, Y is N, Ri and R 2 are hydrogen and R 3 is absent (benzoxazo nitroethylene)
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition
• a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition comprising the compound of formula I defined above together with a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical or veterinary composition is a topical, oral or parenteral composition.
• the pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier is preferably an organic solvent such as acetone, benzene, acetonitrile, DMSO or an alcohol, for example, methanol or ethanol. While the compounds of the present invention show a poor solubility in water, when water is combined with an organic solvent a stable mixture is formed,
• heteroatom denotes O, N or S.
• halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine and bromine.
• alkoxy is used herein in its broadest sense and refers to straight chain, branched chain or cyclic oxy-containing radicals each having alky I portions, preferably Q - 6 alkyl, more preferably C alkyl. Examples of such alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and t-butoxy.
• Ct-4 alkyl or "Ci-6 alkyl” refer to straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Illustrative of such alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl , hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
• salts of the compound of formula I are preferably pharmaceutically acceptable, but it will be appreciated that non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts also fall within the scope of the present invention, since these are useful as intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of pharmaceutically acceptable cations such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium and alkylammonium; acid addition salts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric,
• toluenesulphonic benzenesulphonic , salicylic, sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetie, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids.
• solvates may form solvates with water or common organic solvents. Such solvates are encompassed within the scope of the invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable derivative any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or any other compound which, upon administration to the subject, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of formula I or active metabolite or residue thereof.
• pro-drug is used herein in its broadest sense to include those compounds which are converted in vivo to compounds of formula I.
• tautomer is used herein in its broadest sense to include compounds of formula I which are capable of existing in a state of equilibrium between two isomeric forms. Such compounds may differ in the bond connecting two atoms or groups and the position of these atoms or groups in the compound.
• subject refers to any animal having a disease or condition which requires treatment with a pharmaceutically-active agent.
• the subject may be a mammal, preferably a human, or may be a domestic or companion animal. While it is particularly contemplated that the compounds of the invention are suitable for use in medical treatment of humans, it is also applicable to veterinary treatment, including treatment of companion animals such as dogs and cats, and domestic animals such as horses, ponies, donkeys, mules, llama, alpaca, pigs, cattle and sheep, or zoo animals such as primates, felids, canids, bovids , and ungulates.
• the term "effective amount” is meant an amount of a compound of Formula I effective to yield a desired activity against the Scedosporium spp. infection.
• the specific "effective amount” will, obviously, vary with such factors as the particular condition being treated, the physical condition of the subject, the type of subject being treated, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), and the specific formulations employed and the structure of the compound or its derivatives.
• the compounds of the present invention may additionally be combined with one or more other medicaments to provide an operative combination. It is intended to include any chemically compatible combination of pharmaceutically-active agents, as long as the combination does not eliminate the activity of the compound of formula I. It will be appreciated that the compound of the invention and the other medicament may be administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously.
• Other medicaments which may be used when treating microbial infections include other anti-infective agents such as antibiotics. It is preferred that the other medicament is selected from the group consisting of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, terbinafine and other allylamines, griseofulvin, benzoic acid, ciclopirox, 5-flucytosine, undecyenic acid, crystal violet, tolnaftate, nystatin, clotrimazole and other imidazoles, amorolfine, caspofungin and other echinocandins, and combinations thereof.
• other medicament is selected from the group consisting of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, terbinafine and other allylamines, griseofulvin, benzoic acid, ciclopirox, 5-flucytosine, undecyenic acid, crystal violet, tolnaftate
• a “pharmaceutical carrier” is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or vehicle for delivering the compound of formula I to the subject.
• the carrier may be liquid or solid and is selected with the planned manner of administration in mind.
• Each carrier must be pharmaceutically "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with other ingredients of the composition and non injurious to the subject.
• the compound of formula I may be administered orally, topically, parenterally transdermally, by inhalation, intranasally, by irrigation, by implant, by insufflation, topically to the eye, or aurally.
• the compound may be administered to body cavities including ear, sinuses, and bladder.
• the compound may be administered in dosage unit and in formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.
• Formulations include liposomal, nanoparticle, microparticle, polymer-based, dispersion, suspension, coated on a device, powder, microspheres, carrier-mediated, implant and encapsulation.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, aerosol for administration to lungs or nasal cavity, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intracranial, injection or infusion techniques.
• the present invention also provides suitable topical, oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulations for use in the novel methods of treatment of the present invention.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered orally as tablets, aqueous or oily suspensions, lozenges, troches, powders, granules, emulsions, capsules, syrups or elixirs.
• the composition for oral use may contain one or more agents selected from the group of sweetening agents, flavouring agents, colouring agents and preserving agents in order to produce pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
• Suitable sweeteners include sucrose, lactose, glucose, aspartame or saccharin.
• Suitable disintegrating agents include corn starch, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, xanthan gum, bentonite, alginic acid or agar.
• Suitable flavouring agents include peppermint oil, oil of wintergreen, cherry, orange or raspberry flavouring.
• Suitable preservatives include sodium benzoate, vitamin E, alphatocopherol, ascorbic acid, methyl paraben, propyl paraben or sodium bisulphite.
• Suitable lubricants include magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium oleate, sodium chloride or talc.
• Suitable time delay agents include glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate.
• the tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be, for example, (1 ) inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; (2) granulating and disintegrating agents, such as corn starch or alginic acid; (3) binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or acacia; and (4) lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate
• granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch or alginic acid
• binding agents such as starch, gelatin or acacia
• lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate,
• These tablets may be uncoated or coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. Coating may also be performed using techniques described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,256,108; 4, 160,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotic therapeutic tablets for control release.
• the compound of formula I can be administered, for in vivo application, parenterally by injection or by gradual perfusion over time independently or together. Administration may be intravenously, intraarterial, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracavity, transdermally or infusion by, for example, osmotic pump.
• Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
• Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride
• lactated Ringer's intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like.
• Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, growth factors and inert gases and the like.
• the terms “treating”, “treatment” and the like are used herein to mean affecting a subject, tissue or cell to obtain a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect.
• the effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or sign or symptom thereof, and/or may be therapeutic in terms of partial or complete cure of the infection or amelioration of at least one symptom of the infection.
• compositions according to one embodiment of the invention are prepared by bringing a compound of formula I, analogues, derivatives or salts thereof, or combinations of compound of formula I and one or more pharmaceutically-active agents into a form suitable for administration to a subject using carriers, excipients and additives or auxiliaries.
• carriers or auxiliaries include magnesium carbonate, titanium dioxide, lactose, mannitol and other sugars, talc, milk protein, gelatin, starch, vitamins, cellulose and its derivatives, animal and vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols and solvents, such as sterile water, alcohols, glycerol and polyhydric alcohols .
• Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers.
• Preservatives include antimicrobial, antioxidants, chelating agents and inert gases.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include aqueous solutions, non-toxic excipients, including salts, preservatives, buffers and the like, as described, for instance, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th ed.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are preferably prepared and administered in dose units.
• Solid dose units may be tablets, capsules and suppositories.
• different daily doses can be used for treatment of a subject. Under certain circumstances, however, higher or lower daily doses may be appropriate.
• the administration of the daily dose can be carried out both by single administration in the form of an individual dose unit or else several smaller dose units and also by multiple administration of subdivided doses at specific intervals.
• compositions according to the invention may be administered locally or systemically in a therapeutically effective dose. Amounts effective for this use will, of course, depend on the severity of the disease and the weight and general state of the subject. Various considerations are described, e.g., in Langer, Science, 249: 1527, (1 90).
• Formulations for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin. They may also be in the form of soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions normally contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspension.
• excipients may be (1 ) suspending agent such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; (2) dispersing or wetting agents which may be (a) naturally occurring phosphatide such as lecithin; (b) a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate; (c) a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol, for example,
• heptadecaethylenoxycetanol (d) a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or (e) a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to known methods using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1 , 3-butanediol.
• a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent for example, as a solution in 1 , 3-butanediol.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• the compound of formula I may also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles.
• Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines.
• the compound of formula I may also be presented for use in the form of veterinary compositions, which may be prepared, for example, by methods that are conventional in the art.
• veterinary compositions include those adapted for: (a) oral administration, external application, for example drenches (e.g. aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); tablets or boluses; powders, granules or pellets for admixture with feed stuffs; pastes for application to the tongue; (b) parenteral
• administration for example by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection, e.g. as a sterile solution or suspension; or (when appropriate) by intramammary injection where a suspension or solution is introduced in the udder via the teat; (c) topical applications, e.g. as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin; or (d) intravaginally, e.g. as a pessary, cream or foam.
• subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection e.g. as a sterile solution or suspension
• intramammary injection where a suspension or solution is introduced in the udder via the teat
• topical applications e.g. as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin
• intravaginally e.g. as a pessary, cream or foam.
• Dosage levels of the compound of formula I of the present invention may be of the order of up to about 1 gram per kilogram body weight.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• a formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain up to about 1 gram of an active compound with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition.
• Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of active ingredient.
• the compounds of the invention are administered in a divided dose schedule, such that there are at least two administrations in total in the schedule.
• Administrations are given preferably at least every two hours for up to four hours or longer; for example the compound may be administered every hour or every half hour.
• the divided-dose regimen comprises a second administration of the compound of the invention after an interval from the first administration sufficiently long that the level of acti ve compound in the blood has decreased to approximately from 5- 30% of the maximum plasma level reached after the first administration, so as to maintain an effective content of active agent in the blood.
• one or more subsequent administrations may be given at a corresponding interval from each preceding
• the plasma level preferably when the plasma level has decreased to approximately from 10- 50% of the immediately-preceding maximum. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.
• the product was purified by dissolving in a minimal quantity of boiling alcohol. It was then treated with activated carbon, filtered hot and while the cooling was in progress, fine yellow needles crystallised. The yield was about 80 -85%, the compound being chromatographically homogeneous.
• the mixture was thoroughly shaken, covered with a layer of ether and a mixture of 6.7 cm 3 of 33% solution of caustic potassium (1.03 mole) and 50 cm of water was added in small portions.
• the mixture was shaken after each addition and once the entire amount of alkali was added, the shaking was continued until the entire salt of pyridine and nitroform, which is present as a dark red oil, disappeared.
• the water layer was then separated and again extracted with ether.
• Compound (2) was non-soluble in water, soluble in acetone, alcohol, acetic acid and in a majority of organic solvents.
• Example 5 In vitro activity of Compound (1) against Scedosporium spp.
• Compound (1) appears to be most active against S. prolificans which is unexpected as this species is resistant to most azoles and AMB.
• Denisenko P.P., Tarasenko A.A. Russian patent No. 2145215, "Substances having antimicrobial , antifungal , antiprotozoal activity" published 10 th February 2000

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• 2013
  • 2013-04-12 AU AU2013204604A patent/AU2013204604B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2013-05-13 US US14/404,851 patent/US9867802B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2013-05-13 EP EP13798071.0A patent/EP2854799B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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