WO2013125634A1 - ヒアルロン酸フラグメントを有効成分とするサーチュイン誘導剤、組織修復剤、肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤、組織恒常性維持剤、及びtlr4作用剤 - Google Patents
ヒアルロン酸フラグメントを有効成分とするサーチュイン誘導剤、組織修復剤、肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤、組織恒常性維持剤、及びtlr4作用剤 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sirtuin inducer, a tissue repair agent, a hepatocyte growth factor inducer, a tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, and a TLR4 agonist that contain a hyaluronic acid fragment as an active ingredient.
- Hyaluronic acid is known as a natural polymer that constitutes the extracellular matrix of joints, skin, brain and the like, and has been conventionally used as a moisturizing ingredient in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
- Hyaluronic acid is a polysaccharide in which disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine are linked, and is classified into high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid, or hyaluronic acid fragment depending on its molecular weight. .
- the molecular weight of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid is generally about 100,000 to 1,000,000.
- the molecular weight of the low molecular weight hyaluronic acid is about 10,000 to 100,000.
- the molecular weight of the hyaluronic acid fragment is about 400 to 10,000 (Non-Patent Document 1).
- hyaluronic acid has various physiological activities in vivo, and the physiological activity varies greatly depending on the molecular weight (Non-patent Document 2).
- hyaluronic acid fragments are considered to be very different from high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
- its function and utility have not been clarified yet.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a sirtuin inducer, tissue repair agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, or TLR4 agonist using a hyaluronic acid fragment.
- a sirtuin comprising, as an active ingredient, a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from sizes of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof Inducer.
- the sirtuin inducer according to any one of the above [1] to [3], which is used in the form of a pharmaceutical, a functional food, or a cosmetic.
- a tissue comprising, as an active ingredient, a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from sizes of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof Repair agent.
- tissue repair agent according to [6] above wherein the hyaluronic acid fragment is a trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment.
- the tissue repair agent according to any one of [6] to [8] which is used for repairing a cornea, skin, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, or myocardial tissue.
- a liver comprising as an active ingredient a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from a size of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof Cell growth factor inducer.
- a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from a size of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof Cell growth factor inducer.
- the hepatocyte growth factor inducer according to any one of [11] to [13], which is used for treatment and / or prevention of liver damage or organ preservation.
- a tissue comprising, as an active ingredient, a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from sizes of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof Homeostasis maintenance agent.
- tissue homeostasis maintaining agent according to the above [16], wherein the hyaluronic acid fragment is a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from a size of 3 to 10 sugars.
- tissue homeostasis maintenance agent according to [16] above, wherein the hyaluronic acid fragment is a trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment.
- tissue homeostasis maintenance agent according to any one of the above [16] to [18], which is used for maintaining stem cell nature of cells in a tissue and inducing differentiation.
- tissue homeostasis maintenance agent according to any one of the above [16] to [18], which is used in the form of a pharmaceutical, a functional food, or a cosmetic.
- a TLR4 comprising, as an active ingredient, a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from sizes of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof Agent.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment is a trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment.
- a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from sizes of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof as an active ingredient
- the expression of the sirtuin protein can be promoted.
- heart disease, arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, dementia, stroke, metabolic syndrome, cancer, lung disease, kidney disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, progeria, radiation disorder, muscle disease, brain It is effectively used for the treatment and / or prevention of developmental disorders, neurological diseases, hypertension, or obesity, or aging control.
- tissue repair agent of the present invention a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from a size of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof as an active ingredient
- the tissue can be repaired. Therefore, for example, it is effectively used for the repair of cornea, skin, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, or myocardial tissue.
- hepatocyte growth factor inducer of the present invention a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from a size of 2 sugars to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof is effective. Since it is contained as a component, it is possible to promote the expression of hepatocyte growth factor. Therefore, for example, it is effectively used for treatment and / or prevention of liver damage or organ preservation.
- tissue homeostasis maintenance agent of the present invention a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from a size of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof as an active ingredient
- the tissue homeostasis can be maintained.
- it is effectively used to maintain stem cell nature of cells in tissue and induce differentiation.
- a hyaluronic acid fragment selected from a size of 2 to 20 sugars, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof as an active ingredient Therefore, the action via TLR4 can be exhibited.
- it is effectively used for the treatment and / or prevention of diseases in the cornea, skin, liver, nerve tissue, kidney, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, or blood vessels.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph showing a stained image obtained by staining human epidermal keratinocytes with an anti-human SIRT1 antibody in Test Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a chart showing the results of sirtuin protein expression levels in Test Example 1. 6 is a chart showing the results of sirtuin enzyme activity (sirt1 enzyme activity) in a cell lysate in Test Example 2. 4 is a photograph showing a stained image obtained by staining human epidermal keratinocytes with anti-human SIRT1 antibody in Test Example 3.
- FIG. 10 is a chart showing the results of changes in the size of human epidermal keratinocytes in Test Example 3.
- FIG. 10 is a photograph showing a stained image obtained by staining human epidermal keratinocytes with anti-human SIRT1 antibody in Test Example 4.
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the result of the cell number per unit visual field area of the cell which is dividing in Test Example 4, the form is smaller than other cells, and the sirtuin protein is highly expressed.
- 10 is a chart showing the results of the number of cells per unit visual field of cells that are dividing in Test Example 5 and whose morphology is smaller than other cells and in which the sirtuin protein is highly expressed.
- 10 is a chart showing the results of the number of cells per unit visual field of cells that are dividing in Test Example 6 and whose morphology is smaller than other cells and in which the sirtuin protein is highly expressed.
- human neural stem cells (Gibco human neural stem cells (H9-Derived)) are double-stained with an anti-human Nestin antibody and an anti-human tubulin antibody.
- 10 is a chart showing the results of expression levels of sirtuin proteins in Test Example 8.
- 10 is a photograph showing a stained image of human colon epithelial cells (HT29 cells) stained with anti-NF-kappaB antibody in Test Example 9.
- 12 is a chart showing the results of the expression level of NF-kappaB in Test Example 9.
- 10 is a chart showing the results of the expression level of NF-kappaB in Test Example 10. It is a photograph of the appearance of the cornea of a rabbit eye when 24 hours have elapsed since the cornea was damaged in Test Example 11.
- part at the time of 24 hours passing after damaging a cornea in the test example 11 is shown with the graph.
- the state of the cornea of the rabbit eye when 48 hours have elapsed since the cornea was damaged in Test Example 11 was photographed.
- part at the time of 48-hour progress after damaging a cornea in the test example 11 is shown with the graph.
- the cornea tissue of a rabbit eye was stained with hematoxylin and eosin when 33 hours had passed since the cornea was damaged. It is a microscope picture of the woven section of the liver after preserve
- FIG. 16 is a chart showing the results of blood GOT values in Test Example 15. It is a graph which shows the result of the antiaging effect of the hyaluronic acid fragment with respect to the human large intestine epithelial cell (HT29 cell) which induced aging in Test Example 16. It is a graph which shows the result of the antiaging effect of the hyaluronic acid fragment with respect to the human large intestine epithelial cell (HT29 cell) which induced aging in Test Example 17.
- FIG. 16 is a chart showing the results of the aging inhibitory effect of hyaluronic acid fragments on human colon epithelial cells (HT29 cells) induced in aging in Test Example 18.
- FIG. 19 is a chart showing the results of the antiaging effect of hyaluronic acid fragments on human oral cavity-derived epithelial cells (Ca9-22 cells) in which aging was induced in Test Example 19.
- FIG. 19 is a chart showing the results of aging inhibitory effects of hyaluronic acid fragments on human neural stem cells (Gibco human neural stem cells (H9-Derived)) induced in Test Example 20.
- Example 22 is a chart showing the results of the antiaging effect of hyaluronic acid fragments on rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced in aging in Test Example 21. It is a graph which shows the result of having detected the keratinocyte marker Keratin K14 in human epidermal keratinocytes in Test Example 22. It is a graph which shows the result of having detected the keratinocyte marker Filagrin in the human epidermal keratinocytes in Test Example 23.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment used in the present invention contains at least a disaccharide unit formed by glycosidic bonding of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which is a structural unit of hyaluronic acid. Means the size of Specifically, it is a hyaluronic acid fragment having a structure represented by the following formula (1), formula (2), formula (3) or formula (4).
- GlcA (-GlcNAc-GlcA) n -GlcNAc (1)
- GlcA represents a glucuronic acid residue
- GlcNAc represents an N-acetylglucosamine residue
- ⁇ represents a glycosidic bond
- n represents an integer of 0 to 9.
- GlcA represents a glucuronic acid residue
- GlcNAc represents an N-acetylglucosamine residue
- ⁇ represents a glycosidic bond
- n represents an integer of 0 to 9.
- GlcNAc (-GlcA-GlcNAc) n -GlcA (3)
- GlcA represents a glucuronic acid residue
- GlcNAc represents an N-acetylglucosamine residue
- ⁇ represents a glycosidic bond
- n represents an integer of 0 to 9.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has the above-mentioned basic structure, and its sugar moiety is modified.
- some or all of the sugar hydroxyl groups may have undergone esterification, etherification or the like.
- Some or all of the carboxyl groups of glucuronic acid may be subjected to esterification, amidation, and the like.
- the sugar located at the non-reducing end can be a saturated sugar (one that does not contain a double bond in the carbon-carbon bond in a monosaccharide) or an unsaturated sugar (a double bond in the carbon-carbon bond in a monosaccharide). May be included).
- the hyaluronic acid fragment has a size of 2 to 20 sugars, it easily penetrates into tissues and cells. In addition, it is suitable for efficient application due to its low viscosity. More preferably, the size is from 3 sugars to 10 sugars. According to this, it is easier to penetrate into tissues and cells. Moreover, it is even more suitable for efficient application due to its low viscosity. Most preferably, the size is trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide. According to this, in addition to the above effects, the effects on tissues and cells are remarkably superior to those of other sizes.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a hyaluronic acid fragment can also be used.
- the salts include sodium salts and potassium salts which are alkali metal salts.
- anhydrous salts not only anhydrous salts but also hydrated salts may be included.
- the salt may be derived from the raw material or may be brought in during the preparation of the hyaluronic acid fragment. These salts function in the same manner as hyaluronic acid fragments, for example, by ionization in solution or in vivo.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of a hyaluronic acid fragment can also be used.
- solvates include hydrates.
- it may be brought in at the time of preparation of a hyaluronic acid fragment.
- These solvates function in the same manner as hyaluronic acid fragments, for example, by ionization in solution or in vivo.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof may be used alone or in combination of two or more. That is, the size and molecular structure of the hyaluronic acid fragment may be single, a combination of these different hyaluronic acid fragments, or a composite containing a plurality of these different hyaluronic acid fragments may be used. Further, the salt or solvate may be a single species, a combination of different types thereof, or a composite containing those different types.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment used in the present invention may be one extracted from natural products such as animals, one obtained by culturing microorganisms, or one synthesized chemically or enzymatically. May be.
- hyaluronic acid that can be obtained from a living tissue such as a chicken crown, umbilical body, skin, and joint fluid by a known extraction method is subjected to a decomposition treatment such as enzymatic decomposition, acid decomposition, base decomposition, heat treatment, and ultrasonic treatment. Thereafter, it can be produced by purifying the hyaluronic acid fragment by a known purification method.
- hyaluronic acid produced by a fermentation method using lactic acid bacteria, bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus, or the like can be similarly produced using a starting material.
- commercially available high molecular weight hyaluronic acid may be used as a starting material.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment is produced according to the method disclosed in International Publication No. 2002/4471, Glycobiology, 2002, Vol. 12, No. 7, pages 421-426. can do.
- High molecular weight hyaluronate is dissolved in a buffer solution (for example, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution) so that the pH of the solution is around 5, and then hydrolyzed by adding hyaluronidase.
- the temperature for the hydrolysis is preferably around 37 ° C., and the reaction is carried out for about 1 to 24 hours.
- the supernatant is collected by centrifugation at about 10,000 rpm, and the supernatant is fractionated by an ion exchange column or the like, whereby a hyaluronic acid fragment of a specific size can be obtained.
- a high molecular weight hyaluronate is reacted in a 50% aqueous solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid at 40 ° C. to reflux temperature for about 1 to 5 hours.
- a hyaluronic acid fragment of a specific size can be obtained by fractionation with an ion exchange column or the like.
- the hydrolysis can be performed under milder conditions by heating with about 0.05 to 1M hydrochloric acid in a DMSO solvent.
- P3776-3779 discloses a method for efficiently producing the following hyaluronic acid fragments for each sugar size by a solid phase synthesis method, and can also be produced by such a method. .
- the hyaluronic acid fragment having the basic sugar structure of (a), (b), (c), (d) and (f) is obtained by decomposing it using hyaluronic acid as a starting material. Is a hyaluronic acid fragment that is hardly obtained or has a very poor yield.
- the sirtuin inducer, tissue repair agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, or TLR4 agonist according to the present invention is the hyaluronic acid fragment, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmacology thereof described above.
- Solvates hereinafter simply referred to as “hyaluronic acid fragments” as an active ingredient.
- the content of the hyaluronic acid fragment is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention is exerted, but a sirtuin inducer, tissue repair agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintainer, or TLR4 agonist Is preferably 0.0001 mass% or more and 100 mass% or less, more preferably 0.01 mass% or more and 20 mass% or less, and 0.5 mass% or more and 5 mass% or less. Most preferably.
- the sirtuin inducer, tissue repair agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintainer, or TLR4 agonist according to the present invention can be used, for example, in the form of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, or cosmetics.
- Examples of pharmaceutical forms include tablets, liquids, dry powders, injections, drops, external preparations, patches, liquids for vaporization administration, and insertion agents. In this case, it may be prepared in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients or carriers.
- pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients or carriers for example, additives, excipients, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, alcohol, water, water-soluble polymers, sweeteners, corrigents, acidulants, and the like can be added.
- a lubricant such as calcium stearate or an emulsifier
- purified water for supplying moisture to the stratum corneum such as ion-exchanged water
- moisturizing the stratum corneum such as glycerin and PEG.
- Emollients oil components that prevent moisture from evaporating
- moisturizers such as moisturizers, ester oils and vegetable oils to improve moisturizing properties and usability
- solubilizers for solubilizing raw material components
- pH adjustments Buffering agents, antiseptics to control microorganisms and prevent decay, coloring agents to color, UV absorbers to prevent fading and discoloration, astringents, bactericides, activators, flame retardants Agents can be added.
- the functional food examples include liquid food, tablet food, powdered food, and granular food. In this case, it may be prepared in combination with one or more components or carriers that are edible.
- vitamins B 1 , Vitamin B 2 , Vitamin B 6 , Vitamin B 12 , vitamins such as folic acid, niacin, vitamin E, fats and oils, thickeners, preservatives, colorants, antioxidants, seasonings, acidity A sweetener, a sweetener, etc. can be added.
- cosmetic forms include eye drops, gels, creams, spray solutions, spray solutions, foamed aerosol formulations, gel and sheet face masks, and the like.
- it may be prepared in combination with one or more cosmetically acceptable ingredients or carriers.
- lubricants such as calcium stearate and emulsifiers, purified water for supplying moisture to the stratum corneum such as ion exchange water, moisturizers for moisturizing the stratum corneum such as glycerin and PEG, moisturizing properties such as ester oil and vegetable oil Emollient for improving the feeling of use (oil component that prevents water from evaporating), solubilizer for solubilizing raw material components, buffer for adjusting pH, suppressing microorganisms and preventing spoilage
- Anti-fading agents for preventing discoloration and discoloration such as preservatives for coloring, coloring agents for coloring, ultraviolet absorbers, astringents, bactericides, activators, anti-inflammatory agents, and the like.
- the sirtuin inducer, tissue repair agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, or TLR4 agonist is used in the form of a pharmaceutical, functional food, or cosmetic
- the hyaluronic acid fragment The content is preferably 0.0001% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less, and 0.01% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the pharmaceutical, functional food, or cosmetic. Is more preferable, and most preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the administration form of the sirtuin inducer, tissue repair agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, or TLR4 agonist according to the present invention can be taken orally or in the form of an injection or infusion. And can be administered by intravenous injection or perfusion. Alternatively, it may be applied to the skin or absorbed through suction from the respiratory system, or applied locally. It may be ophthalmic administration. In any case, the dosage form is not particularly limited. It can also be applied to animals as well as humans.
- the dose per administration of hyaluronic acid fragment, administration interval, etc. are matters to be determined individually according to the administration form, purpose of use, specific symptoms of patient, age, sex, body weight, etc., and are not particularly limited However, when taken orally, 1 mg to 7500 mg per adult is exemplified. When applied to the skin, an amount of about 0.01 ⁇ g to 1000 ⁇ g / cm 2 per unit area is exemplified. In addition, in the case of ophthalmic administration, an application amount of 0.01 ⁇ g to 1000 ⁇ g per time is exemplified.
- hyaluronic acid fragments Since hyaluronic acid fragments have almost no toxicity or antigenicity, they are extremely effective as sirtuin inducers, tissue repair agents, hepatocyte growth factor inducers, tissue homeostasis maintainers, or TLR4 agonists with very little risk of side effects. Act on.
- sirtuin inducer The sirtuin protein is a translation product of the SIRT1 gene and an enzyme that deacetylates histones. In cells where the sirtuin protein is expressed, the acetyl group is removed from the histone, and the force of winding the DNA around the histone is increased. As a result of the strong winding of DNA around histones, the expression of genes in that region decreases, thereby regulating the expression of specific genes and transcription factors. DNA damage is also reduced. Sirtuin proteins are also involved in the determination of the lifespan of cells, tissues, or individual organisms by being responsible for regulating various cell functions such as stress resistance, fat / glucose metabolism, and neuronal differentiation.
- the sirtuin inducer according to the present invention can suppress the aging of cells, tissues, living organisms, etc. by promoting the expression of the sirtuin protein. And it is possible to keep a living individual healthy and extend its life. In addition, at the cell and biological tissue level, the aging can be suppressed, and for example, the activity can be maintained and the survival period can be extended.
- sirtuin expression is increased by genetic manipulation, cancer formation is suppressed, and conversely, knockdown of a sirtuin gene (SIRT1 gene) promotes cancer formation (Kabra N, Li Z).
- SIRT1 gene sirtuin gene promotes cancer formation
- sirtuin induction suppresses vascular endothelial cell aging and prevents arteriosclerosis (Ota H, Eto M, Ogawa S, Iijima K, Akishita M, Ouchi Y “SIRT1 / eNOS axis as a potential target against vascular senescence, dysfunction and atherosclerosis. "Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Vol. 17 (2010) No. 5 p431-435.).
- Sirtuin protein has also been reported to suppress amyloid ⁇ production, which causes dementia (Alzheimer's disease) (Donmez G, Wang D, Cohen DE, Guarente L "SIRT1 suppresses beta-amyloid production by activating the alpha-secretase gene ADAM10. ”Cell 2010 Jul 23; 142 (2): 320-32.).
- sirtuin protein is an inhibitor of the action of lung inflammation and thrombosis caused by atmospheric particulates (Wu Z, Liu MC, Liang M, Fu J “Sirt1 protects against thrombomodulin down-regulation and lung coagulation after particulate matter exposure. "Blood. 2012 Mar 8; 119 (10): 2422-9.).
- sirtuin induction reduced renal tubule toxicity and NF-kappaB activation induced by cisplatin Jung YJ, Lee JE, Lee AS, Kang KP, Lee S, Park SK, Lee SY, Han MK, Kim DH, Kim W ⁇ SIRT1 overexpression decreases cisplatin-induced acetylation of NF- ⁇ B p65 subunit and cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubule cells. '' Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Mar 9; 419 Ten.).
- sirtuin proteins are involved in the mechanism of insulin resistance (Chen YR, Lai YL, Lin SD, Li XT, Fu YC, Xu WC “SIRT1 interacts with metabolic transcriptional factors in the pancreas of insulin-resistant-and calorie-restricted rats. ”MolsBiol Rep. 2013 Jan 6.).
- sirtuin proteins regulate TNF ⁇ -induced inflammation in human chondrocytes (Moon MH, Jeong JK, Lee YJ, Seol JW, Jackson CJ, Park SY "SIRT1, a class III histone deacetylase, regulates TNF- ⁇ -induced inflammation in human chondrocytes. "Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Mar; 21 (3): 470-80.).
- sirtuin protein when sirtuin protein is highly expressed, formation of dendrites in hippocampal neurons is promoted. Conversely, when a sirtuin inhibitor is acted on, dendrites atrophy, and when sirtuin protein is highly expressed, amyloid ⁇ There are also reports that this also means that sirtuin proteins are responsible for the development and maintenance of cranial nerve tissues such as the hippocampus because they also suppress dendritic atrophy due to treatment. (Codocedo JF, Allard C, Godoy JA, Varela-Nallar L, Inestrosa NC "SIRT1 regulates dendritic development in hippocampal neurons.” PLoS One. 2012; 7 (10): e47073.).
- sirtuin proteins suppress angiotensin II, a factor inducing hypertension (Li L, Gao P, Zhang H, Chen H, Zheng W, Lv X, Xu T, Wei Y, Liu D, Liang C “SIRT1 inhibits angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy.” Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2011 Feb; 43 (2): 103-9.).
- the sirtuin inducer according to the present invention includes, in particular, heart disease, arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, dementia, stroke, metabolic syndrome, cancer, lung disease, kidney disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, It is preferably used for the treatment and / or prevention of progeria, radiation disorder, muscle disease, brain development disorder, neurological disease, hypertension, or obesity, or suppression of aging.
- tissue repair agent The tissue repair agent according to the present invention promotes repair of a wound site in a living tissue or a tissue at a defect site. More specifically, it is possible to promote the repair of the wound site of the living tissue or the tissue of the defective site by promoting cell proliferation of the wound site or the defective site of the living tissue or inducing cell differentiation. .
- Various including, for example, pressure ulcers (bed sores), nutritional ulcers, burns, painless ulcers, post-traumatic ulcers, ulcers due to venous and post-phlebitic venous hematomas, skin lesions, skin grafts and skin lesions derived from herpes simplex Useful for the treatment of wounds.
- pressure ulcers bed sores
- nutritional ulcers burns
- painless ulcers post-traumatic ulcers
- skin lesions skin grafts and skin lesions derived from herpes simplex
- skin lesions skin grafts and skin lesions derived from herpes simplex
- it is preferably used for repairing the cornea, skin, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, or myocardial tissue.
- Hepatocyte growth factor inducer Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a protein having a heterodimeric structure in which a heavy chain having a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 and a light chain having a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 are disulfide bonded.
- a hepatocyte growth factor is synthesized in vivo, and after removal of the N-terminal signal peptide and secretion to the outside of the cell, it is cleaved into a double chain by an HGF activator or urokinase (u-PA) to become an active form .
- HGF activator or urokinase urokinase
- Hepatocyte growth factor not only promotes the proliferation of hepatocytes, but also acts on vascular endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells and nervous system cells, mainly epithelial cells derived from main organs, and activates and proliferates various cells. Prompt. It is also involved in the activation of skin and the like.
- hepatocyte growth factor acts on epithelial cells such as keratinocytes, hair matrix, hair follicle cells, and vascular endothelial cells directly below, and activates the cells.
- hepatocyte growth factor also has a cell motility enhancing action, a morphogenesis inducing action such as tube formation, an anti-apoptotic action, an angiogenesis action, and an immune response regulating action.
- hepatocyte growth factor plays an important role in vivo.
- the hepatocyte growth factor inducer activates cells of various organs and tissues including the liver, heart, gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, and skin by promoting the expression of hepatocyte growth factor, or its
- the activity can be maintained and they can be protected from disease factors such as inflammation, bacteria, viruses and the like, and over time or external damage.
- it is preferably used for treatment and / or prevention of liver damage or organ preservation.
- HGF morphogenesis inducing action is HGF morphogenesis inducing action and angiogenesis action.
- wound healing such as blood vessels, skin and gastrointestinal tract can be expected.
- it can be expected to have a significant preventive effect on various inflammations such as hepatic disorders such as hepatitis, renal disorders such as nephritis, and lung disorders such as pneumonia.
- Still another aspect of the hepatocyte growth factor inducer according to the present invention relates to use in the form of a cosmetic.
- the cosmetic according to the present invention has the effect of promoting the expression of hepatocyte growth factor by having a hyaluronic acid fragment. For this reason, for example, inflammation of the skin can be suppressed.
- by activating cells on the surface of the living body cell proliferation on the surface of the living body can be promoted and an anti-aging effect can be exerted.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-213733 discloses a skin cosmetic with excellent skin beautifying effect that improves skin roughness caused by sunburn and improves wrinkles on the skin, which contains hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as an active ingredient.
- HGF hepatocyte growth factor
- the cosmetic according to the present invention also functions as a skin cosmetic excellent in the skin-beautifying effect that improves rough skin caused by sunburn and improves fine wrinkles of the skin, similar to the cosmetic disclosed in this publication.
- tissue homeostasis maintenance agent tissue homeostasis maintenance agent It has been reported that tissue aging is due to tissue stem cell depletion (Nishimura EK, Granter SR, Fisher DE “Mechanisms of hair graying: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche.” Science. 2005 Feb 4; 307 (5710) : 720-4). That is, tissue aging occurs when cells do not newly proliferate in the tissue and constituent cells become dysfunctional. Therefore, to prevent tissue aging, ⁇ 1> maintenance and proliferation of tissue stem cells, ⁇ 2> induction of mature and differentiated cells that are functional cells, and ⁇ 3> maintenance of mature and differentiated cells as much as possible It is necessary.
- the tissue homeostasis maintenance agent in particular, by maintaining the stem cell nature of the cells in the tissue and inducing differentiation, the aging is suppressed at the biological tissue level.
- the activity can be maintained and the survival period can be extended.
- TLR4 agonist TLR4 agonist
- hyaluronic acid fragments have the effect of reducing tissue damage after being stored in a tissue preservation solution, and the reduction is also brought about by the action via TLR4. Furthermore, it has been found that hyaluronic acid fragments induce cell differentiation, and that induction is also brought about by an action via TLR4.
- TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) is found as a receptor that recognizes gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and is known to be a receptor that activates, for example, NF-kappaB, which causes inflammation .
- LPS gram-negative lipopolysaccharide
- TLR4 is also present in various organs and cells such as cornea, skin, liver, nerve tissue, kidney, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and blood vessels as shown in the following documents. It is known to be expressed and involved in various physiological functions. Therefore, the TLR4 can be used to treat and prevent various diseases described below.
- Cornea Corneal epithelium, keratosite
- Corneal disease dry eye, corneal epithelial disorder, corneal epithelial detachment, corneal tissue destruction due to inflammation, etc.
- Johnson AC Heinzel FP, Diaconu E, Sun Y, Hise AG, Golenbock D, Lass JH, Pearlman E ⁇ Activation of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the mammalian corneainduces MyD88-dependent corneal inflammation.
- TLR toll-like receptor
- Liver liver parenchymal cells, Kupffer cells
- Nerve tissue nerve cells, microglia cells
- Neuropathy Dementia, neurodevelopmental disorder, neurodegeneration, inhibition of neuronal differentiation, etc. 1.
- various diseases can be treated and / or prevented by the action via TLR4.
- corneal diseases such as dry eye, corneal epithelial disorder, corneal epithelial detachment, corneal tissue destruction due to inflammation; skin diseases such as pressure ulcer, skin ulcer, skin tissue destruction due to infection / inflammation; acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver transplantation disorder, etc.
- Liver diseases such as: dementia, neurodevelopmental disorder, neural tissue degeneration, nerve differentiation inhibition, etc .; kidney diseases such as nephritis, nephropathy; lung diseases such as pneumonia, COPD, ischemia reperfusion disorder; myocardial infarction,
- HYA-OLIGO10EF-1 (trade name, manufactured by Hyalose) This is an octasaccharide-sized hyaluronic acid fragment having a structure of GlcA (-GlcNAc-GlcA) 4 -GlcNAc and obtained by enzymatic degradation of hyaluronic acid.
- ⁇ Test Example 1> (Sirtuin induction in human epidermal keratinocytes, part 1) Human epidermal keratinocytes (normal human keratinocytes (derived from Asian female (27 years old))) were cultured and prepared. Human epidermal keratinocytes were cultured at 37 ° C. under 5% CO 2 using a growth medium for long-term culture (EpiLife-KG2), and then cells were collected by trypsin treatment. Thereafter, the cells were seeded at 100 ⁇ L per well in a 96-well plate and cultured overnight.
- Human epidermal keratinocytes normal human keratinocytes (derived from Asian female (27 years old)
- Human epidermal keratinocytes were cultured at 37 ° C. under 5% CO 2 using a growth medium for long-term culture (EpiLife-KG2), and then cells were collected by trypsin treatment. Thereafter, the cells were seeded at 100 ⁇ L per well
- the culture solution of each well was added to a medium not added with a hyaluronic acid fragment (“Keratinocyte SFM” manufactured by Gibco), or a hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) added thereto at a final concentration of 0.01 ng / ml, 0.
- the medium was changed to the same medium added at 1 ng / ml, 1.0 ng / ml, and 10 ng / ml, and cultured for 24 hours.
- the anti-human SIRT1 antibody is an antibody that recognizes and stains a human sirtuin protein.
- the stained cells were observed using a Nikon microscope, and the shape of the cells and the stained images of the cells were photographed.
- FIG. 1 shows a photograph of the stained image.
- FIG. 1 (a) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution to which no hyaluronic acid fragment is added.
- FIG. 1 (b) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution containing 0.01 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- FIG. 1 (c) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution containing 0.1 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- FIG. 1 (a) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution to which no hyaluronic acid fragment is added.
- FIG. 1 (b) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution containing 0.01 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- FIG. 1 (d) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution containing 1.0 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- FIG. 1 (e) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution containing 10 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- Table 1 shows the results of analyzing the stained image using image analysis software (free software “ImageIJ”).
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of Table 1.
- the staining intensity of this result indicates the degree of staining with the anti-human SIRT1 antibody, and the higher the value, the greater the expression level of the sirtuin protein.
- ⁇ Test Example 2> (Sirtuin induction in human epidermal keratinocytes, part 2) Human epidermis angle in the same manner as in Test Example 1 except that the final concentration of the hyaluronic acid fragment was 10 ng / ml and the size was changed to tetrasaccharide (4mer), hexasaccharide (6mer), and 10 sugar (10mer). The treated cells were treated, and the sirtuin enzyme activity (sirt1 enzyme activity) in the cell lysate was measured.
- a human sirtuin recombinant protein prepared by a genetic recombination technique was used as a substance for verifying the measurement system.
- the sirtuin enzyme activity was measured by subjecting the crude cell extract to “CycLex SIRT1 / Sir2 Deacetylase Fluorometric Assay Kit” (trade name, Cyclex), according to the protocol of the kit. The result is shown in FIG.
- the measured value of the tetrasaccharide-sized hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) was about three times that of the negative control.
- Resveratrol known as a sirtuin activator, did not change even when the same amount was added, so the effect of inducing sirtuin enzyme activity by a tetrasaccharide-sized hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) is remarkable. I understand.
- FIG. 4 shows a photograph of a stained image of cells stained with anti-human SIRT1 antibody.
- FIG. 4 (a) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution to which no hyaluronic acid fragment has been added.
- FIG. 4 (b) shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured in a culture solution containing 10 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- FIG. 4 in the negative control of FIG. 4 (a), expression of sirtuin protein was observed mainly in round and small cells (indicated by arrows in the figure). In addition, there were many immature cells with relatively small cell bodies.
- FIG. 4 (b) by treatment with the hyaluronic acid fragment, a larger number of cells, that is, mature cells appeared, and the expression of sirtuin protein was observed in the cells (in the figure, with an arrow). Showing the cells).
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of Table 2.
- the pixel number of this result has shown the area on the image of one cell, and it can be said that a cell is so large that the value is high.
- FIG. 6 shows a photograph of a stained image of cells stained with anti-human SIRT1 antibody.
- FIG. 6 shows the state of human epidermal keratinocytes cultured for 24 hours in a culture solution containing 10 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- the dividing cells indicated by arrows in FIG. 6 were smaller than others, and the sirtuin protein was highly expressed in such cells.
- tissue stem cells are known to have a higher proliferation ability (dividing ability) than mature cells, and are smaller in size than mature cells.
- sirtuin protein is highly expressed in stem cells. Therefore, it can be seen that the dividing cells in which the sirtuin protein is highly expressed as indicated by arrows in FIG. 6 are stem cells of human epidermal keratinocytes.
- FIG. 7 summarizes the number of cells that are dividing cells similar to the cells indicated by the arrows in FIG. 6, whose morphology is smaller than other cells, and in which the sirtuin protein is highly expressed. Results are shown. The results are shown as the average number in the observed image field.
- TLR4 is a receptor for the hyaluronic acid fragment, and the hyaluronic acid fragment causes sirtuin induction of stem cells of human epidermal keratinocytes due to the action mediated by TLR4, and thus causes proliferation of the stem cells.
- TLR4 of the stem cells of human epidermal keratinocytes is a receptor for the hyaluronic acid fragment, and that mediated sirtuin is caused by the action through the receptor, which in turn causes proliferation of the stem cells.
- the culture solution of each well is added to a medium “Neurobasal Media” (trade name, manufactured by Gibco) without adding a hyaluronic acid fragment or a hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) to a final concentration of 10 ng / ml.
- the culture medium was changed to the added medium and cultured for 12 days.
- FIG. 10 shows a photograph of the stained image.
- FIG. 10 (a) shows a stained image of human neural stem cells (Neurospher) cultured in a culture solution to which no hyaluronic acid fragment is added with an anti-human Nestin antibody.
- FIG. 10 (b) shows a stained image of an anti-human tubulin antibody of human neural stem cells (Neurospher) cultured in a culture solution to which no hyaluronic acid fragment is added.
- FIG. 10 (c) shows a staining image of human neural stem cells (Neurosphere) cultured with a culture solution containing 10 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) with an anti-human Nestin antibody.
- FIG. 10 (d) shows a staining image of human neural stem cells (Neurospher) cultured with a culture solution containing 10 ng / ml hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) with an anti-human tubulin antibody.
- ⁇ Test Example 8> (Sirtuin induction in human colonic epithelial cells) Human colonic epithelial cells (HT29 cells) were cultured using a DMEM medium (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) at 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2 according to a conventional method.
- DMEM medium manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- the culture solution was added to a DMEM medium to which a hyaluronic acid fragment was not added, a DMEM medium to which a hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) was added to a final concentration of 100 ng / ml, or its hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer), and further added to TLR4 /
- the medium was replaced with DMEM medium supplemented with MD2 to a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ml and cultured for 24 hours.
- sirtuin induction was also induced in human colon epithelial cells (HT29 cells) by treatment with hyaluronic acid fragments. And it was almost completely inhibited by the addition of TLR4 / MD2. Therefore, in human large intestine epithelial cells (HT29 cells), it was revealed that TLR4 is a receptor for the hyaluronic acid fragment, and sirtuin induction is caused by the action via the receptor.
- NF-kappaB is a transcription factor involved in inflammation, tissue destruction and the like.
- a DMEM medium (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) in which a hyaluronic acid fragment was added to TNF- ⁇ and a DMEM medium not added were prepared, and human colon epithelial cells were treated with this medium for 24 hours. Then, it was stained with an antibody that recognizes activated (phosphorylated) NFkappaB.
- FIG. 12 is a photograph of human colon epithelial cells stained with NF-kappaB by fluorescence staining.
- FIG. 12 (a) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells cultured in a culture solution to which a hyaluronic acid fragment and TNF- ⁇ are not added.
- FIG. 12 (b) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells cultured in a culture solution treated only with TNF- ⁇ and not added with a hyaluronic acid fragment.
- FIG. 12 (c) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells cultured in a culture solution supplemented with TNF- ⁇ and 10 ng / ml tetrasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- FIG. 12 (a) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells cultured in a culture solution to which a hyaluronic acid fragment and TNF- ⁇ are not added.
- FIG. 12 (b) shows the state of human colon
- FIG. 12 (d) shows the state of human large intestine epithelial cells cultured in a culture solution to which TNF- ⁇ and 10 ng / ml tetrasaccharide and hexasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragments (4 mer and 6 mer are each 5 ng / ml) were added. It is a thing.
- FIG. 12 (e) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells cultured in a culture solution supplemented with TNF- ⁇ and 10 ng / ml hexasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment (6mer).
- FIG. 12 (e) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells cultured in a culture solution supplemented with TNF- ⁇ and 10 ng / ml hexasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment (6mer).
- FIG. 12 (f) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells cultured in a culture medium supplemented with TNF- ⁇ and 10 ng / ml octasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment (8mer).
- FIG. 12 (g) shows the state of human colonic epithelial cells treated with TNF- ⁇ and cultured in a culture solution supplemented with 10 ng / ml of 900 kDa hyaluronic acid.
- FIG. 12 (a) and FIG. 12 (b) show that the expression level of NF-kappaB increases when human colonic epithelial cells are treated with TNF- ⁇ . Since NF-kappaB is a protein whose expression level increases with aging, it becomes an index protein for aging (Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Genetics vs. entropy: longevity factors suppress the NF-kappaB-driven entropic aging process. Ageing Res Rev. 2010 Jul; 9 (3): 298-314). That is, in FIG. 12 (b), it can be seen that aging of the cells is progressing by TNF- ⁇ treatment. On the other hand, in FIGS.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the fluorescence intensity of NF-kappaB stained with fluorescence.
- the vertical axis of the graph indicates the fluorescence intensity. It can be seen that the expression level of NF-kappaB is significantly decreased in the cells to which the 4- to 8-saccharide hyaluronic acid fragment was added. Furthermore, it was found that the hyaluronic acid fragment having tetrasaccharide can most suppress the increase in the expression level of NF-kappaB.
- ⁇ Test Example 10> (Action on NF-kappaB expression in human large intestine epithelial cells, part 2) Human colonic epithelial cells (HT29 cells) were cultured using a DMEM medium (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) at 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2 according to a conventional method. The culture solution was added to the DMEM medium to which the hyaluronic acid fragment was not added, the DMEM medium to which TNF- ⁇ was added to a final concentration of 100 ng / ml, and the TNF- ⁇ was further added to the final concentration of the hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer).
- DMEM medium manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- TLR4 of human colon epithelial cells is a receptor for the hyaluronic acid fragment, and suppression of NF-kappaB expression is caused by the action via the receptor.
- Hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer and 4mer mixed at the same concentration) dissolved in physiological saline so that the final concentration is 0.1 w / v% ⁇ Effective for hyaluronic acid with an average molecular weight of 500,000 to 1,200,000 Ophthalmic solution containing 0.1 w / v% as ingredient
- the cornea of the rabbit eye was photographed 24 hours and 48 hours after the cornea was damaged using a Nikon camera. Utilizing the fact that the fluorescent agent (FITC) adheres to the wound site, this was instilled into a rabbit, and the wound site area of the cornea was measured with image analysis software (“NIH image”).
- FITC fluorescent agent
- FIG. 15 is a photograph of the cornea of the rabbit eye 24 hours after the cornea was damaged.
- the cornea wound site of the rabbit eye is indicated by a broken line.
- FIG. 15 (a) shows the appearance of the cornea of the rabbit eye 24 hours after the physiological saline was dropped. The wound site was larger than the rabbit's black eye and spread throughout.
- FIG. 15 (b) shows the appearance of the cornea of the rabbit eye after 24 hours when an ophthalmic solution containing a hyaluronic acid fragment was dropped. The wound site was smaller than the rabbit's black eye. Therefore, it can be seen that the cornea wound site of the rabbit eye after 24 hours is smaller when the eye drop containing the hyaluronic acid fragment is dropped than when the physiological saline is dropped.
- FIG. 15 (a) shows the appearance of the cornea of the rabbit eye 24 hours after the physiological saline was dropped. The wound site was larger than the rabbit's black eye and spread throughout.
- FIG. 15 (b) shows the appearance of the cornea of the rabbit eye
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the area of the wound site 24 hours after the cornea was damaged.
- the average area of the wound site when saline is dropped is 14000 pixels, whereas the average area of the wound site when eye drops containing a hyaluronic acid fragment is dropped is 11000 pixels. You can see that it is getting smaller.
- the average area is 13500 pixels, and it is understood that the decrease in the value is not significant.
- FIG. 17 is an image of the cornea of the rabbit eye 48 hours after the cornea was damaged.
- the cornea wound site of the rabbit eye is indicated by a broken line.
- FIG. 17 (a) shows the state of the cornea of the rabbit eye 48 hours after the physiological saline was dropped. The area of the wound site was reduced compared to after 24 hours, but the wound site remained.
- FIG. 17 (b) shows the appearance of the cornea of the rabbit eye after 48 hours when an ophthalmic solution containing a hyaluronic acid fragment was dropped. When an ophthalmic solution containing a hyaluronic acid fragment was dropped, the wound site had completely disappeared after 48 hours.
- FIG. 17 (c) shows the appearance of the cornea of the rabbit eye after 48 hours when an ophthalmic solution containing hyaluronic acid having an average molecular weight of 500,000 to 1,200,000 was dropped. Although the area was small compared with the case where physiological saline was dripped, the wound site remained.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the area of the wound site 48 hours after the cornea was damaged.
- the average area of the wound site when saline is dropped is 950 pixels, whereas the average area of the wound site when eye drops containing a hyaluronic acid fragment is dropped is 0 pixel and the wound site. It can be seen that disappeared.
- the ophthalmic solution containing hyaluronic acid having an average molecular weight of 500,000 to 1,200,000 is dropped, the average area is 520 pixels, and it is understood that the decrease in the value is not so remarkable.
- ⁇ Test Example 12> (Operational effect 2 on corneal damage)
- the rabbit cornea was damaged, the test solution was instilled after the damage, and the corneal tissue of the rabbit eye was collected 33 hours after the damage.
- a paraffin-embedded specimen and a frozen-embedded specimen were prepared.
- Thin slices were prepared from the paraffin-embedded specimen, and the thin slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
- the stained corneal tissue was observed with an Olympus microscope and the appearance of the corneal epithelium of the corneal tissue was recorded.
- FIG. 19 shows the corneal tissue of a rabbit eye stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
- FIG. 19 (a) shows a state in which the corneal tissue of the rabbit eye after elapse of 33 hours is stained with hematoxylin and eosin when physiological saline is dropped. The dark portion indicates the corneal epithelium, indicating that the corneal epithelium is very thin.
- FIG. 19 (b) shows a state in which the corneal tissue of the rabbit eye after elapse of 33 hours was stained with hematoxylin and eosin when an ophthalmic solution containing a hyaluronic acid fragment was dropped. In this case, it was found that the corneal epithelium was thickly formed over a wide range. It was also found that a plurality of cell layers were formed in the corneal epithelium.
- FIG. 19 (c) shows a state in which the corneal tissue of the eye of a rabbit after 33 hours has been stained with hematoxylin and eosin when an ophthalmic solution containing hyaluronic acid having an average molecular weight of 500,000 to 1,200,000 is dropped. Show. In this case, activation of vacuoles (indicated by arrows in the figure) and keratocytos (usually flat but spindle-shaped) was observed in the corneal epithelium (others in the figure). Indicated by an arrow). This result indicated that the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid caused some damage to the tissue. With the hyaluronic acid fragment, such tissue damage was not observed, and it became clear that it was more excellent as a tissue repair agent for treating corneal damage.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment promotes cell growth at the wound site and the surrounding site. It was also found that when an ophthalmic solution containing a hyaluronic acid fragment was dropped, corneal epithelium formation progressed and a plurality of cell layers were formed. Thereby, when the ophthalmic solution containing a hyaluronic acid fragment was dropped, it was found that cell differentiation was induced at the wound site. That is, the hyaluronic acid fragment was found to be able to induce cell differentiation and tissue repair in addition to promoting cell proliferation.
- Human epidermal keratinocytes (normal human keratinocytes (derived from an Asian woman (27 years old)) were prepared by adding a medium containing 10 ng / ml of a tetrasaccharide hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) and a medium containing no (no) Culturing for 24 hours.
- the medium used was a serum-free medium for normal human epidermal keratinocytes from DS Pharma Biomedical. After culturing, the cells were collected and analyzed with a DNA microarray (DNA chip).
- Table 3 shows the intensity of fluorescence (Cy5) of normal human keratinocytes cultured in a cell culture solution added with a hyaluronic acid fragment or a cell culture solution not added with a hyaluronic acid fragment.
- test solution was injected from the liver portal vein of SD rat 24 months old (old), 7.5 ml was perfused, and then stored at 37 ° C. for 6 hours with the same solution.
- a section was prepared from a block prepared by embedding the liver in an OCT compound and frozen, and this was subjected to microscopic observation.
- FIG. 20 shows a photograph of the microscopic image.
- FIG. 20A shows a state of a tissue section of an untreated liver before storage. The sinusoids were clearly observed before storage.
- FIG. 20 (b) shows the state of the liver tissue section after storage without adding anything to the organ preservation solution. When preserved with an organ preservation solution, the sinusoids became unclear (similar stenosis) and many blebs (foams) appeared (cell damage).
- the bleb (foam) appearing in the ischemic liver tissue is a decrease in ATP level due to ischemia ⁇ Ca ion efflux from mitochondria to the cytoplasm ⁇ activation of Ca ion-dependent proteolytic enzyme and cytoskeletal damage The result is triggered. This change leads to hepatocyte death. Such changes are also observed in various pathologies such as drug injury and aging, and Concanavalin A-induced liver injury.
- FIG. 20 (c) shows a state of a liver tissue section after the preservation by adding a hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) to an organ preservation solution.
- a hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) When stored in an organ preservation solution containing a hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer), similar stenosis and bleb appearance were suppressed.
- FIG. 20 (d) shows a state of a liver woven slice after the hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) was added to the organ preservation solution and preserved.
- L3mer hyaluronic acid fragment
- FIG. 20 (e) shows the state of the liver tissue section after the preservation by adding the hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) and TLR4 / MD2 to the organ preservation solution.
- the sinusoid became unclear (similar stenosis), and many blebs (foams) appeared.
- FIG. 21 simply summarizes the number of blebs per area.
- the effect of suppressing the appearance of bleb was higher in the L3mer process than in the 4mer process. This was thought to be because the L3mer having a lower molecular weight was superior in tissue permeability to the 4mer, and thus the bleb appearance could be more effectively suppressed.
- the effect of suppressing the appearance of bleb by L3mer was reduced by the addition of TLR4 / MD2.
- TLR4 also acts via TLR4 also in the inhibitory effect of the disorder
- Example 15 (Operational effect on the liver of old rats, part 2) The effect of hyaluronic acid fragment on aged rat liver was investigated. Specifically, Concanavalin A (20 mg / kg body weight) is intravenously injected once into the 20-month-old (old) female Balb / c mouse from the tail vein to form a liver injury model, and immediately after the administration of Concanavalin A, hyaluron An acid fragment (4mer or L3mer) was orally administered and the effect was examined. Liver dysfunction was evaluated by collecting blood after 24 hours and measuring blood GOT and GPT values. FIG. 22 shows the results of blood GOT values.
- administration of the hyaluronic acid fragment improved liver dysfunction due to Concanavalin A administration.
- the effect was significantly better with L3mer than with 4mer. This is thought to be because L3mer having a lower molecular weight is superior in tissue permeability than 4mer, and thus can more effectively suppress liver dysfunction due to Concanavalin A administration.
- the GPT value was the result of the same tendency.
- ⁇ Test Example 16> (Action on aging-induced human colonic epithelial cells, part 1) Treatment of human colonic epithelial cells (HT29 cells) with hydrogen peroxide treatment causes aging of cells by stimulation with hydrogen peroxide (mitochondrial activity decreases due to injury or MTS value decreases when cell death occurs), but treatment with hyaluronic acid fragments It was investigated whether it was influenced by. Specifically, the test was conducted as follows.
- HT29 cells Human colonic epithelial cells (HT29 cells) were cultured using a DMEM medium (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) at 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2 according to a conventional method.
- DMEM with final concentration of 10 ⁇ M added to the medium and stimulated for 15 minutes, then DMEM medium without hyaluronic acid fragment added, DMEM with hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) added to a final concentration of 100 ng / ml
- TLR4 / MD2 was added to a DMEM medium added to a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ml, followed by culturing for 3 hours.
- MTS measures mitochondrial function by measuring OD490nm based on the action of changing to formazan by dehydrogenation in mitochondria in cells.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) suppressed cell aging by stimulation with hydrogen peroxide (mitochondrial activity decreased due to injury or MTS value decreased when cell death occurred). Since this effect was inhibited by adding TLR4 / MD2 to the medium, it was found that the hyaluronic acid fragment was brought about by binding to TLR4 on the cell surface. Therefore, it has been clarified that TLR4 of human colon epithelial cells (HT29 cells) is a hyaluronic acid fragment receptor, and its action through the receptor has an effect of suppressing cell aging.
- TLR4 of human colon epithelial cells HT29 cells
- Test example 17> (Action on aging-induced human colonic epithelial cells, part 2) Test example, except that the test substance was hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer), hyaluronic acid fragment (L4mer), hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) and the culture time after changing to the medium containing the test substance was changed to 1 hour The same test as in No. 16 was performed. The result is shown in FIG.
- L4mer and L3mer which are chemically synthesized products, showed an inhibitory effect on cell aging as well as 4mer.
- Test Example 18> (Action on aging-induced human colonic epithelial cells, part 3) A test was conducted in the same manner as in Test Example 16 except that the test substance was a hyaluronic acid fragment (L4mer) and a hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer). The result is shown in FIG.
- L4mer and L3mer which are chemically synthesized products, showed an inhibitory effect on cell aging as well as 4mer. Since this action was inhibited by adding TLR4 / MD2 to the medium, it was found that the antiaging effect by L4mer and L3mer is also brought about through TLR4.
- Example 19 (Action on aging-induced human oral epithelial cells) It was examined whether mitochondrial function when human oral cavity-derived epithelial cells (Ca9-22 cells) were treated with hydrogen peroxide was affected by the treatment with hyaluronic acid fragments. Specifically, the test was conducted as follows.
- Human oral epithelial cells (Ca9-22 cells) were cultured using a DMEM medium (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) at 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2 according to a conventional method. The final concentration of 1 ⁇ M hydrogen peroxide was added to the medium and stimulated for 15 minutes, and then the DMEM medium to which the hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) had not been added, and the final concentration of 100 ng / ml was added.
- the medium was replaced with a DMEM medium to which a hyaluronic acid fragment (4mer) was added to a final concentration of 100 ng / ml, or a DMEM medium to which 900 kDa hyaluronic acid was added to a final concentration of 100 ng / ml, and cultured for 3 hours.
- MTS measures mitochondrial function by measuring OD490nm based on the action of changing to formazan by dehydrogenation in mitochondria in cells.
- ⁇ Test Example 20> (Action on aging-induced human neural stem cells) It was examined whether cell senescence (vacuum degeneration and hypertrophy) when human neural stem cells (Neurospher) were treated with hydrogen peroxide was affected by treatment with hyaluronic acid fragments. Specifically, the test was conducted as follows.
- Neurosphere Human neural stem cells (Neurosphere) (trade name “Gibco Human Neural Stem Cells (H9-Derived)” manufactured by Gibco) were used at 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 using medium “Neurobasal Media” (trade name, manufactured by Gibco). Cultured under. Hydrogen peroxide with a final concentration of 10 ⁇ M was added to the medium and stimulated for 15 minutes, and then the medium “Neurobasal Media” (trade name, manufactured by Gibco) without adding the hyaluronic acid fragment and the hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) were finally added.
- FIG. 27 shows a photograph of the microscopic image.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment suppressed cell aging (vacuum degeneration and hypertrophy) by hydrogen peroxide. Since this effect was inhibited by adding TLR4 / MD2 to the medium, it was found that the hyaluronic acid fragment was brought about by binding to TLR4 on the cell surface. Therefore, it has been clarified that TLR4 is also a receptor for hyaluronic acid fragment in human neural stem cells (Neurospher), and that the action through the receptor has an effect of suppressing cell aging.
- ⁇ Test Example 21> (Action on senescence induced rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) It was examined whether cell senescence (increase in dead cells) when rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide was affected by treatment with hyaluronic acid fragments. Specifically, the test was conducted as follows.
- Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured according to a conventional method using a DMEM medium (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) at 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2 .
- the final concentration of 1 ⁇ M hydrogen peroxide was added to the medium and stimulated for 15 minutes, and then the DMEM medium to which the hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) had not been added, and the final concentration of 100 ng / ml was added.
- the medium or its hyaluronic acid fragment (L3mer) and further DLR medium added with TLR4 / MD2 to a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ml in addition to the medium were cultured for 2 hours.
- FIG. 28 shows the average number of dead cells in the unit visual field.
- the hyaluronic acid fragment suppressed cell aging (increase in dead cells) by hydrogen peroxide. Since this effect was inhibited by adding TLR4 / MD2 to the medium, it was found that the hyaluronic acid fragment was brought about by binding to TLR4 on the cell surface. Therefore, it was clarified that TLR4 is a receptor for hyaluronic acid fragment in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and the effect of cell aging is brought about by the action through the receptor.
- ⁇ Test Example 22> (Detection of keratinocyte marker in human keratinocytes 1) Human epidermal keratinocytes were stimulated in the same manner as in Test Example 1 except that a 4mer or L3mer was used as a hyaluronic acid fragment, and a test group to which TLR4 / MD2 having a final concentration of 1 ⁇ g / ml was further added was added thereto.
- Keratin K14 is a marker of basal layer keratinocytes. The result is shown in FIG.
- ⁇ Test Example 23> (Detection of keratinocyte marker in human epidermal keratinocytes, part 2) Human epidermal keratinocytes were stimulated in the same manner as in Test Example 1 except that a 4mer or L3mer was used as a hyaluronic acid fragment, and a test group to which TLR4 / MD2 having a final concentration of 1 ⁇ g / ml was further added was added thereto.
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Abstract
Description
[1]2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とするサーチュイン誘導剤。
[2]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[1]記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
[3]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[1]記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
[4]心臓疾患、動脈硬化、骨粗鬆症、炎症性腸炎、認知症、脳卒中、メタボリックシンドローム、癌、肺疾患、腎疾患、糖尿病、変形性関節症、リウマチ、プロジェリア、放射線障害、筋疾患、脳発達障害、神経疾患、高血圧、又は肥満の治療及び/又は予防、又は老化抑制のために用いられる、上記[1]~[3]のいずれか1つに記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
[5]医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、上記[1]~[3]のいずれか1つに記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
[6]2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする組織修復剤。
[7]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[6]記載の組織修復剤。
[8]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[6]記載の組織修復剤。
[9]角膜、皮膚、上皮組織、神経組織、又は心筋組織の修復に用いられる、上記[6]~[8]のいずれか1つに記載の組織修復剤。
[10]医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、上記[6]~[8]のいずれか1つに記載の組織修復剤。
[11]2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
[12]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[11]記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
[13]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[11]記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
[14]肝臓障害の治療及び/又は予防、又は臓器保存のために用いられる、上記[11]~[13]のいずれか1つに記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
[15]医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、上記[11]~[13]のいずれか1つに記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
[16]2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする組織恒常性維持剤。
[17]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[16]記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
[18]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[16]記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
[19]組織中の細胞の幹細胞性を維持しかつ分化を誘導するために用いられる、上記[16]~[18]のいずれか1つに記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
[20]医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、上記[16]~[18]のいずれか1つに記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
[21]2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とするTLR4作用剤。
[22]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[21]記載のTLR4作用剤。
[23]前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、上記[21]記載のTLR4作用剤。
[24]角膜、皮膚、肝臓、神経組織、腎臓、肺、心臓、骨格筋、膵臓、又は血管における疾患の治療及び/又は予防のために用いられる、上記[21]~[23]のいずれか1つに記載のTLR4作用剤。
[25]医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、上記[21]~[23]のいずれか1つに記載のTLR4作用剤。
本発明で使用するヒアルロン酸フラグメントは、ヒアルロン酸の構成単位である、D-グルクロン酸とN-アセチル-D-グルコサミンとがグリコシド結合してなる二糖単位を少なくとも含み、2糖以上20糖以下のサイズのものを意味する。具体的には、下記式(1)、式(2)、式(3)又は式(4)で表わされる構造を有するヒアルロン酸フラグメントである。
GlcA(-GlcNAc-GlcA)n-GlcNAc (1)
(式(1)中、GlcAはグルクロン酸残基を、GlcNAcはN-アセチルグルコサミン残基を、-はグリコシド結合を、nは0~9の整数を示す。)
GlcA(-GlcNAc-GlcA)n (2)
(式(2)中、GlcAはグルクロン酸残基を、GlcNAcはN-アセチルグルコサミン残基を、-はグリコシド結合を、nは0~9の整数を示す。)
GlcNAc(-GlcA-GlcNAc)n-GlcA (3)
(式(3)中、GlcAはグルクロン酸残基を、GlcNAcはN-アセチルグルコサミン残基を、-はグリコシド結合を、nは0~9の整数を示す。)
GlcNAc(-GlcA-GlcNAc)n (4)
(式(4)中、GlcAはグルクロン酸残基を、GlcNAcはN-アセチルグルコサミン残基を、-はグリコシド結合を、nは0~9の整数を示す。)
なお、上記式中のGlcA-GlcNAcにおけるグリコシド結合はβ1→3結合であることが好ましく、GlcNAc-GlcAにおけるグリコシド結合はβ1→4結合であることが好ましい。
本発明で使用するヒアルロン酸フラグメントは、動物等の天然物から抽出されたもの、微生物を培養して得られたものであってよく、また、化学的もしくは酵素的に合成されたものを使用してもよい。好ましくは、例えば鶏冠、臍体、皮膚、関節液などの生体組織から公知の抽出法によって得ることができるヒアルロン酸を酵素分解、酸分解、塩基分解、加熱処理、超音波処理などの分解処理した後、公知の精製法によってヒアルロン酸フラグメントを精製することにより製造することができる。また、乳酸菌やストレプトコッカス属の細菌等を用いた発酵法によって生成されるヒアルロン酸を出発原料として同様に製造することができる。更には、市販の高分子量のヒアルロン酸を出発原料としてもよい。
本発明に係るサーチュイン誘導剤、組織修復剤、肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤、組織恒常性維持剤、又はTLR4作用剤は、上記に説明したヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物(以下、単に「ヒアルロン酸フラグメント」という。)を、その有効成分として含有するものである。
サーチュイン蛋白質は、SIRT1遺伝子の翻訳産物であり、ヒストンを脱アセチル化する酵素である。サーチュイン蛋白質が発現した細胞では、ヒストンからアセチル基が外れ、DNAがヒストンに巻き付く力が強くなる。DNAがヒストンに強く巻き付いた結果、その領域の遺伝子の発現は低下し、これにより特定の遺伝子や転写因子の発現が調節される。また、DNAの損傷も減少する。サーチュイン蛋白質は、また、ストレス抵抗性、脂肪・グルコース代謝、神経細胞の分化など、さまざまな細胞機能の調節作用を担うことで細胞、組織又は生物個体の寿命の決定に関与している。
本発明に係る組織修復剤は、生体組織の創傷部位や、欠損部位の組織の修復を促進するものである。より具体的には、生体組織の創傷部位や欠損部位の細胞増殖を促進し、又は細胞の分化を誘導することで、生体組織の創傷部位や、欠損部位の組織の修復を促進することができる。
肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)は、分子量約6万の重鎖と約3.5万の軽鎖がジスルフィド結合したヘテロダイマーの構造を有するタンパク質である。肝細胞増殖因子は生体内において合成された後、N末端シグナルペプチドの除去、細胞外への分泌を経て、HGFアクチベーター又はウロキナーゼ(u-PA)などにより2本鎖に切断され活性型となる。
組織老化は、組織幹細胞の枯渇によることが報告されている(Nishimura EK, Granter SR, Fisher DE「Mechanisms of hair graying: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche.」Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):720-4)。すなわち、組織老化は、組織において細胞が新生増殖しないことと、構成細胞が機能不全になることにより起こる。したがって、組織老化を防ぐには、<1>組織幹細胞の維持・増殖と<2>機能する細胞である成熟・分化した細胞の誘導ならびに<3>成熟・分化した細胞をなるべく機能するように保つことが必要である。
後述する実施例により、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントは、サーチュイン蛋白質の発現を促進し、その発現誘導はTLR4(toll様レセプター4)を介する作用によりもたらされることが判明した。また、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントは、TNF-α処理によって引き起こされるNF-kappaBの発現量の増加を抑制し、その抑制もTLR4を介する作用によりもたらされることが判明した。更に、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントは、種々の原因に起因する細胞老化を抑制する作用効果を有し、その抑制もTLR4を介する作用によりもたらされることが判明した。更にまた、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントは、組織保存液に保存した後の組織の障害を軽減する作用効果を有し、その軽減もTLR4を介する作用によりもたらされることが判明した。更にまた、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントは、細胞分化を誘導し、その誘導もTLR4を介する作用によりもたらされることが判明した。
角膜疾患:ドライアイ、角膜上皮障害、角膜上皮剥離、炎症による角膜組織破壊など
Johnson AC, Heinzel FP, Diaconu E, Sun Y, Hise AG, Golenbock D, Lass JH, Pearlman E「Activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the mammalian corneainduces MyD88-dependent corneal inflammation.」Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Feb;46(2):589-95.
皮膚疾患:褥瘡,皮膚潰瘍、感染・炎症による皮膚組織破壊など
1. Tuon FF, Fernandes ER, Duarte MI, Amato VS「The expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the epidermisof patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis.」J Dermatol Sci. 2010 Jul;59(1):55-7.
2. Yuan ZQ, Bennett L, Campo MS, Nasir L「Bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 and E7 proteins down-regulate Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in equine fibroblasts.」Virus Res. 2010 Apr;149(1):124-7.
3. Wang X, Bi Z, Wang Y, Wang Y「Increased MAPK and NF-κB expression of Langerhans cells is dependent on TLR2 and TLR4, and increased IRF-3 expression is partially dependent on TLR4following UV exposure.」Mol Med Report. 2011 May-Jun;4(3):541-6.
急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、肝移植障害など
1. Sahin H, Borkham-Kamphorst E, do O NT, Berres ML, Kaldenbach M, Schmitz P, Weiskirchen R, Liedtke C, Streetz KL, Maedler K, Trautwein C, Wasmuth HE「Proapoptotic effects of the chemokine, CXCL 10 are mediated by the noncognate receptor TLR4 in hepatocytes.」Hepatology. 2012 Sep 19. doi: 10.1002/hep.26069.
2. Bai T, Lian LH, Wu YL, Wan Y, Nan JX「Thymoquinone attenuates liver fibrosis via PI3K and TLR4 signaling pathways in activated hepatic stellate cells.」Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Jan 12;15(2):275-281.
神経障害:認知症、神経発達障害、神経組織変性、神経分化阻害など
1. Capiralla H, Vingtdeux V, Zhao H, Sankowski R, Al-Abed Y, Davies P, Marambaud P「Resveratrol mitigates lipopolysaccharide- and Aβ-mediated microglial inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT signaling cascade.」J Neurochem. 2012 Feb;120(3):461-72.
2. Okun E, Barak B, Saada-Madar R, Rothman SM, Griffioen KJ, Roberts N, Castro K, Mughal MR, Pita MA, Stranahan AM, Arumugam TV, Mattson MP「Evidence for a developmental role for TLR4 in learning and memory.」PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47522.
3. Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Brown K, Coats BD, Shridhar M, Sholar PW, Patel SJ, Crysdale NY, Harrison JA, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR「Non-stereoselective reversal of neuropathic pain by naloxone and naltrexone: involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).」Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jul;28(1):20-9.
腎炎、腎症など
1. Lee IT, Shih RH, Lin CC, Chen JT, Yang CM「Role of TLR4/NADPH oxidase/ROS-activated p38 MAPK in VCAM-1 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in human renalmesangial cells.」Cell Commun Signal. 2012 Nov 15;10(1):33.
2. Good DW, George T, Watts BA 3rd「Lipopolysaccharide directly alters renal tubule transport through distinct TLR4-dependent pathways in basolateral and apical membranes.」Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Oct;297(4):F866-74.
肺炎、COPD、虚血再環流障害など
1. Perros F, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H「TLR4signalling in pulmonary stromal cells is critical for inflammation and immunity in the airways.」Respir Res. 2011 Sep 24;12:125.
2. Su HY, Mo BW, Wei JH, Huang JW, Wang CM, Zeng JR, Xu Q, Lin Y「Effect of TLR4 on the migration of asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells induced by airway epithelial cells.」Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 2012 Mar;28(2):103-6.
心筋梗塞、狭心症など
Frantz S, Kobzik L, Kim YD, Fukazawa R, Medzhitov R, Lee RT, Kelly RA「Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium.」J Clin Invest. 1999 Aug;104(3):271-80.
筋萎縮、多発筋炎、重症筋無力症、筋ジストロフィーなど
Zbinden-Foncea H, Raymackers JM, Deldicque L, Renard P, Francaux M「TLR2 and TLR4 activate p38 MAPK and JNK during endurance exercise in skeletal muscle.」Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Aug;44(8):1463-72.
膵炎
1. Akbarshahi H, Axelsson JB, Said K, Malmstrom A, Fischer H, Andersson R「TLR4 dependent heparan sulphate-induced pancreatic inflammatory response is IRF3-mediated.」J Transl Med. 2011 Dec 21;9:219.
2. Awla D, Abdulla A, Regner S, Thorlacius H「TLR4 but not TLR2 regulates inflammation and tissue damage in acute pancreatitis induced by retrograde infusion of taurocholate.」Inflamm Res. 2011 Dec;60(12):1093-8.
動脈硬化など
Li H, Xu H, Sun B「Lipopolysaccharide regulates MMP-9 expression through TLR4/NF-κB signaling in human arterial smooth muscle cells.」Mol Med Report. 2012 Oct;6(4):774-8.
・「HYA-OLIGO4EF-5」(商品名、Hyalose社製)
これは、GlcA(-GlcNAc-GlcA)1-GlcNAcの構造を有する、ヒアルロン酸を酵素分解して精製して得られた4糖サイズのヒアルロン酸フラグメントである。
・「HYA-OLIGO6EF-1」(商品名、Hyalose社製)
これは、GlcA(-GlcNAc-GlcA)2-GlcNAcの構造を有する、ヒアルロン酸を酵素分解して精製して得られた6糖サイズのヒアルロン酸フラグメントである。
・「HYA-OLIGO8EF-1」(商品名、Hyalose社製)
これは、GlcA(-GlcNAc-GlcA)3-GlcNAcの構造を有する、ヒアルロン酸を酵素分解して精製して得られた8糖サイズのヒアルロン酸フラグメントである。
・「HYA-OLIGO10EF-1」(商品名、Hyalose社製)
これは、GlcA(-GlcNAc-GlcA)4-GlcNAcの構造を有する、ヒアルロン酸を酵素分解して精製して得られた8糖サイズのヒアルロン酸フラグメントである。
・下記(a)の構造を有するヒアルロン酸フラグメント
これは、固相合成法(Walvoort MT, Volbeda AG, Reintjens NR, van den Elst H, Plante OJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codee JD「Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis of Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides.」Org. Lett., 2012, 14 (14), p3776-3779)により化学合成して精製して得られた3糖サイズのヒアルロン酸フラグメントである。
・下記(e)の構造を有するヒアルロン酸フラグメント
これは、固相合成法(Walvoort MT, Volbeda AG, Reintjens NR, van den Elst H, Plante OJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codee JD「Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis of Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides.」Org. Lett., 2012, 14 (14), p3776-3779)により化学合成して精製して得られた4糖サイズのヒアルロン酸フラグメントである。
ヒト表皮角化細胞(正常ヒト角化細胞(keratinocyte、アジア人女性(27歳)由来))を培養し、準備した。ヒト表皮角化細胞は、長期培養用増殖培地(EpiLife-KG2)を用いて37℃、5%CO2下で培養した後、トリプシン処理により細胞を回収した。その後、細胞を96wellプレートに1well当たり100μLずつ播種し、一晩培養した。培養終了後、各wellの培養液を、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントを添加していない培地(Gibco社製「keratinocyte SFM」)、又はこれにヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)を最終濃度0.01ng/ml、0.1ng/ml、1.0ng/ml、10ng/mlとなるように添加した各濃度の同培地に替え、24時間培養した。
ヒアルロン酸フラグメントの最終濃度を10ng/mlとし、そのサイズを4糖(4mer)、6糖(6mer)、10糖(10mer)と替えて行なった以外は、試験例1と同様にしてヒト表皮角化細胞を処理し、その細胞溶解液におけるサーチュイン酵素活性(sirt1酵素活性)を測定した。比較のため、10kDa又は900kDaのヒアルロン酸や、サーチュイン活性化剤であることが知られているレスベラトロール(resveratrol)についても、同じく10ng/mlの最終濃度で試験した。また、遺伝子組み換え手法により作成されたヒトサーチュイン組み換え蛋白質(recombinant human sirt 1)を測定系を検証する物質として用いた。なお、サーチュイン酵素活性は、細胞の粗抽出液を「CycLex SIRT1/Sir2 Deacetylase Fluorometric Assay Kit」(商品名、サイクレックス社)に供し、キットのプロトコルに従い測定した。その結果を図3に示す。
試験例1と同様にして、ヒト表皮角化細胞のサーチュイン誘導試験を行なった。
試験例1と同様にして、ヒト表皮角化細胞のサーチュイン誘導試験を行なった。
試験例4と同様にして、分裂中の細胞であって、その形態が他の細胞より小さく、且つサーチュイン蛋白質が高発現している細胞を観察した。また、その際、10ng/mlのヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)に加えて1μg/mlのTLR4/MD2(遺伝子組み換え手法により作成されたTLR4(toll様レセプター4)蛋白質、R&D system社製)を加えた培養液で培養したヒト表皮角化細胞についても、同様に観察した。図8にその結果を示す。
ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)に替えて、化学合成品である3糖サイズのヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L3mer)を用いて、試験例5と同様の試験を行なった。その結果を図9に示す。
ヒト神経幹細胞(Neurospher)(商品名「Gibco Human Neural Stem Cells (H9-Derived)」Gibco社製)を、培地「Neurobasal Media」(商品名、Gibco社製)を用いて37℃、5%CO2下で培養した後、トリプシン処理により細胞を回収した。その後、細胞を96wellプレートに1well当たり100μLずつ播種し、一晩培養した。培養終了後、各wellの培養液を、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントを添加していない培地「Neurobasal Media」(商品名、Gibco社製)、又はヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L3mer)を最終濃度10ng/mlとなるように添加した同培地に替え、12日間培養した。
ヒト大腸上皮細胞(HT29細胞)を常法に従いDMEM培地(和光純薬社製)を用いて、37℃、5%CO2下で培養した。培養液を、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントを添加していないDMEM培地、ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)を最終濃度100ng/mlとなるように添加したDMEM培地、又はそのヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)に加えて更にTLR4/MD2を最終濃度10μg/mlとなるように添加したDMEM培地に替え、24時間培養した。
ヒト大腸上皮細胞(HT29細胞)をTNF-α処理したときのNF-kappaBの発現が、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントの処理により影響を受けるかどうか調べた。なお、NF-kappaBは、炎症、組織破壊などに関与する転写因子である。
ヒト大腸上皮細胞(HT29細胞)を常法に従いDMEM培地(和光純薬社製)を用いて、37℃、5%CO2下で培養した。培養液を、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントを添加していないDMEM培地、TNF-αを最終濃度100ng/mlとなるように添加したDMEM培地、そのTNF-αに加えて更にヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)を最終濃度100ng/mlとなるように添加したDMEM培地、又はそのTNF-αとヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)に加えて更にTLR4/MD2を最終濃度10μg/mlとなるように添加したDMEM培地に替え、24時間培養した。
角膜損傷に対するヒアルロン酸フラグメントの作用効果を調べた。被検点眼液としては以下のものを準備した。
・ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L3merと4merを同濃度で混合したもの)を最終濃度が0.1w/v%となるように生理食塩水に溶解したもの
・平均分子量50万~120万のヒアルロン酸を有効成分として0.1w/v%含有する点眼液
試験には22~24ヶ月齢のウサギ(体重3~4kg)を6頭使用した。6頭のウサギの両眼にn-ヘプタノール0.05mlを浸したろ紙(直径1cmの円)を置き、ウサギ眼に角膜に創傷を与えた。その後、2時間、6時間、24時間、27時間、30時間後に、ウサギの1眼に被検点眼液を0.05ml滴下した。これと同時に、ウサギの他の1眼には、生理食塩水を0.05ml滴下し、これをコントロールとした。
試験例11と同様に、ウサギ角膜に損傷を与えて、損傷後に被検液を点眼し、その損傷を与えてから33時間後に、ウサギの眼の角膜組織を採取した。角膜組織をパラホルムアルデヒドで固定した後、パラフィン包埋した標本及び凍結包埋した標本を作製した。このパラフィン包埋した標本から薄切切片を作製し、薄切切片にヘマトキシリン・エオシン染色を施した。染色した、角膜組織を、オリンパス社製の顕微鏡によって観察し、角膜組織の角膜上皮の様子を記録した。
ヒト表皮角化細胞(正常ヒト角化細胞(keratinocyte、アジア人女性(27歳)由来))を、それぞれ、4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)10ng/mlを含んだ培地と含まない培地(無処置)で24時間培養した。培地は、DSファーマバイオメディカル社の正常ヒト表皮角化細胞用無血清培地を用いた。培養後に細胞を回収し、これをDNAマイクロアレイ(DNAチップ)で解析した。
老齢ラット肝臓に対するヒアルロン酸フラグメントの作用効果を調べた。試験液としては以下のものを準備した。
・臓器保存液(University of Wisconsin液:臓器保存に使用されているスタンダードな液)
・ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)を最終濃度が100ng/mlとなるように上記臓器保存液に溶解したもの
・ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L3mer)を最終濃度が100ng/mlとなるように上記臓器保存液に溶解したもの
・ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L3mer)を最終濃度が100ng/mlとなるように上記臓器保存液に溶解し、且つTLR4/MD2を最終濃度が10μg/mlとなるように上記臓器保存液に溶解したもの
老齢ラット肝臓に対するヒアルロン酸フラグメントの作用効果を調べた。具体的には、20ヶ月齢(老齢)の雌性Balb/cマウスにConcanavalin A(20mg/kg体重)を尾静脈より1回静注して、肝障害モデルとし、そのConcanavalin Aの投与直後にヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4merあるいはL3mer)を経口投与し、その効果を調べた。肝機能障害は、24時間後に血液を採取し、血中GOTおよびGPT値を測定することにより評価した。図22には血中GOT値の結果を示す。
ヒト大腸上皮細胞(HT29細胞)を過酸化水素処理したときの過酸化水素刺激による細胞老化(傷害によってミトコンドリア活性が下がる、あるいは細胞死がおきるとMTSの値は下がる)が、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントの処理により影響を受けるかどうか調べた。具体的には以下のように試験を行なった。
被検物質をヒアルロン酸フラグメント(4mer)、ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L4mer)、ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L3mer)とし、被検物質を含む培地に交換してからの培養時間を1時間にした以外は、試験例16と同様の試験を行なった。その結果を図24に示す。
被検物質をヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L4mer)、ヒアルロン酸フラグメント(L3mer)とした以外は、試験例16と同様の試験を行なった。その結果を図25に示す。
ヒト口腔由来上皮細胞(Ca9-22細胞)を過酸化水素処理したときのミトコンドリア機能が、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントの処理により影響を受けるかどうか調べた。具体的には以下のように試験を行なった。
ヒト神経幹細胞(Neurospher)を過酸化水素処理したときの細胞老化(空胞変性および肥大化)が、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントの処理により影響を受けるかどうか調べた。具体的には以下のように試験を行なった。
ラット骨髄由来間葉系幹細胞を過酸化水素処理したときの細胞老化(死細胞の増加)が、ヒアルロン酸フラグメントの処理により影響を受けるかどうか調べた。具体的には以下のように試験を行なった。
ヒアルロン酸フラグメントとして4mer又はL3merを用い、更にそれに最終濃度1μg/mlのTLR4/MD2を添加した試験群を加えた以外は、試験例1と同様にして、ヒト表皮角化細胞を刺激した。
ヒアルロン酸フラグメントとして4mer又はL3merを用い、更にそれに最終濃度1μg/mlのTLR4/MD2を添加した試験群を加えた以外は、試験例1と同様にして、ヒト表皮角化細胞を刺激した。
Claims (25)
- 2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とするサーチュイン誘導剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項1記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項1記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
- 心臓疾患、動脈硬化、骨粗鬆症、炎症性腸炎、認知症、脳卒中、メタボリックシンドローム、癌、肺疾患、腎疾患、糖尿病、変形性関節症、リウマチ、プロジェリア、放射線障害、筋疾患、脳発達障害、神経疾患、高血圧、又は肥満の治療及び/又は予防、又は老化抑制のために用いられる、請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
- 医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載のサーチュイン誘導剤。
- 2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする組織修復剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項6記載の組織修復剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項6記載の組織修復剤。
- 角膜、皮膚、上皮組織、神経組織、又は心筋組織の修復に用いられる、請求項6~8のいずれか1つに記載の組織修復剤。
- 医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、請求項6~8のいずれか1つに記載の組織修復剤。
- 2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項11記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項11記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
- 肝臓障害の治療及び/又は予防、又は臓器保存のために用いられる、請求項11~13のいずれか1つに記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
- 医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、請求項11~13のいずれか1つに記載の肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤。
- 2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする組織恒常性維持剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項16記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項16記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
- 組織中の細胞の幹細胞性を維持しかつ分化を誘導するために用いられる、請求項16~18のいずれか1つに記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
- 医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、請求項16~18のいずれか1つに記載の組織恒常性維持剤。
- 2糖以上20糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメント、その薬学的に許容される塩又はその薬学的に許容される溶媒和物を有効成分として含有することを特徴とするTLR4作用剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖以上10糖以下のサイズから選択されるヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項21記載のTLR4作用剤。
- 前記ヒアルロン酸フラグメントが3糖又は4糖のヒアルロン酸フラグメントである、請求項21記載のTLR4作用剤。
- 角膜、皮膚、肝臓、神経組織、腎臓、肺、心臓、骨格筋、膵臓、又は血管における疾患の治療及び/又は予防のために用いられる、請求項21~23のいずれか1つに記載のTLR4作用剤。
- 医薬品、機能性食品、又は化粧料の形態で用いられる、請求項21~23のいずれか1つに記載のTLR4作用剤。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA2871993A CA2871993A1 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | Sirtuin inducer, tissue repairing agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, and tlr4 agonist, having hyaluronic acid fragment as active ingredient |
EP13752554.9A EP2818172A4 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | TLR4 MEDIUM, TISSUE HOMEOSTAT, HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR INDUCTOR, TISSUE-DISAPPEARING AGENT, AND SIRTUINE INDUCTOR WITH HYALURONIC ACID FRAGMENTS AS ACTIVE AGENTS THEREOF |
SG11201404959TA SG11201404959TA (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | Sirtuin inducer, tissue repairing agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, and tlr4 agonist, having hyaluronic acid fragment as active agent |
US14/380,660 US20150018305A1 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | Sirtuin inducer, tissue repairing agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, and tlr4 agonist, having hyaluronic acid fragment as active ingredient |
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JP2012035745 | 2012-02-22 | ||
JP2012-035745 | 2012-02-22 | ||
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JP2012-208055 | 2012-09-21 | ||
JP2012208055 | 2012-09-21 |
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EP16157640.0A Previously-Filed-Application EP3100736A1 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | Sirtuin inducer, tissue repairing agent, hepatocyte growth factor inducer, tissue homeostasis maintenance agent, and tlr4 agonist, having hyaluronic acid fragment as active ingredient |
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WO2013125634A1 true WO2013125634A1 (ja) | 2013-08-29 |
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PCT/JP2013/054330 WO2013125634A1 (ja) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | ヒアルロン酸フラグメントを有効成分とするサーチュイン誘導剤、組織修復剤、肝細胞増殖因子誘導剤、組織恒常性維持剤、及びtlr4作用剤 |
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US (1) | US20150018305A1 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2818172A4 (ja) |
JP (3) | JPWO2013125634A1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2871993A1 (ja) |
SG (1) | SG11201404959TA (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2013125634A1 (ja) |
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JP2015096493A (ja) * | 2013-10-08 | 2015-05-21 | 日本新薬株式会社 | アクアポリン機能亢進剤 |
JP2017141207A (ja) * | 2016-02-12 | 2017-08-17 | 株式会社らいむ | 神経伸長促進剤、内服剤、培地用添加剤、細胞希釈液用添加剤、培地および細胞希釈液 |
KR20190008013A (ko) * | 2017-07-14 | 2019-01-23 | 서울대학교산학협력단 | 신규 알츠하이머병 치료용 약학적 조성물 |
US10973858B2 (en) | 2016-02-12 | 2021-04-13 | Laimu Corporation | Nerve growth promoter and method for producing same, internal preparation, medium additive, cell dilution additive, medium, cell dilution, antioxidant and method for producing same, external preparation, and wound treatment agent and method for producing same |
WO2022044781A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-28 | 2022-03-03 | 日本コルマー株式会社 | ゲル状組成物 |
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US11439659B2 (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2022-09-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods and compositions to prevent and treat inflammation and allergic reactions |
FR3118415A1 (fr) * | 2020-12-30 | 2022-07-01 | Universite De Picardie Jules Verne | Composition pharmaceutique contenant en tant qu’ingrédient actif au moins un composé de type disaccharide capable d’augmenter la production de calcium des cellules pré-ostéoblastiques –kit et composés associés |
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