WO2013111173A1 - 半導体受光素子および光受信器 - Google Patents
半導体受光素子および光受信器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013111173A1 WO2013111173A1 PCT/JP2012/000364 JP2012000364W WO2013111173A1 WO 2013111173 A1 WO2013111173 A1 WO 2013111173A1 JP 2012000364 W JP2012000364 W JP 2012000364W WO 2013111173 A1 WO2013111173 A1 WO 2013111173A1
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- semiconductor region
- undoped
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- light receiving
- undoped semiconductor
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/102—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier
- H01L31/107—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes
- H01L31/1075—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes in which the active layers, e.g. absorption or multiplication layers, form an heterostructure, e.g. SAM structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0232—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
- H01L31/02327—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device the optical elements being integrated or being directly associated to the device, e.g. back reflectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/028—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping material or other impurities, only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improvement of characteristics of a semiconductor light receiving element and an optical receiver.
- One conventional semiconductor light receiving element is an avalanche photodiode using germanium as a light receiving layer.
- a conventional avalanche photodiode is described in Non-Patent Document 1, for example.
- a silicon layer serving as an electrode and an undoped silicon layer serving as a carrier multiplication layer are purely formed, and then an undoped single crystal germanium layer serving as a light absorption layer is provided.
- a p-type germanium layer is formed.
- FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional structure of a conventional avalanche photodiode.
- a high concentration n-type silicon layer 102, an undoped silicon layer 103, a p-type silicon layer 104, an undoped germanium layer 105, and a high concentration n-type germanium layer 106 are sequentially stacked on the surface of the silicon substrate 101.
- the whole is covered with an insulating film 107 to form a contact hole to be an electrode so that the high concentration n-type silicon layer 102 and the high concentration p-type germanium layer 106 are in contact with each other.
- Electrodes 108 and 109 are formed, respectively.
- the undoped germanium layer 105 has many crystal defects near the interface with the p-type silicon layer 104. As a result, carriers generated by absorbing light in the undoped germanium layer 105 are recombined before reaching the p-type silicon layer 104, and the dark current is greatly increased. Therefore, the light receiving sensitivity of the avalanche photodiode is increased. descend.
- An object of the present invention is to improve the light receiving sensitivity and responsiveness of a semiconductor light receiving element and an optical receiver.
- This application is provided with a plurality of means that can achieve the above-mentioned purpose.
- the light receiving sensitivity and responsiveness of the semiconductor light receiving element and the optical receiver using the same can be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an avalanche photodiode according to Example 1.
- FIG. FIG. 3 is a manufacturing process diagram of the avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a manufacturing process diagram of the avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment. It is the bird's-eye view which looked at the avalanche photodiode concerning Example 1 from the surface side.
- 6 is a cross-sectional view of an avalanche photodiode according to Example 2.
- FIG. 6 is a manufacturing process diagram of an avalanche photodiode according to Example 2.
- FIG. 7 is a bird's-eye view from the surface of a surface incident type avalanche photodiode array according to Example 3.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an avalanche photodiode according to Example 4.
- FIG. FIG. 10 is a bird's-eye view of an optical transceiver according to a fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a bird's-eye view of an optical transceiver according to a sixth embodiment. It is sectional drawing of the conventional avalanche photodiode.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment.
- 2 (a) to 2 (c) and FIGS. 3 (a) to 3 (c) are manufacturing process diagrams of the avalanche photodiode of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a bird's-eye view of the avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment as viewed from the front side.
- an SOI substrate in which a laminated structure of the insulating film 2 and the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3 is formed on the surface side of the silicon substrate 1 is used.
- the film thickness of the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3 was set to 10 nm or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit value of 10 nm was set so as to make the resistor practically function as a multiplication layer, and the upper limit value of 1 ⁇ m was set as a practical capacity range.
- An insulating film 4 made of a silicon oxide film, an insulating film 5 made of a silicon nitride film, and an insulating film 6 made of a silicon oxide film are formed on the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3, and then a region that becomes a light absorption region of the avalanche photodiode An opening of an insulating film is provided in (FIG. 2A).
- the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3 exposed at the opening of the insulating film is oxidized (FIG. 2B).
- the controllability is enhanced by thinning the single crystal silicon layer 3 in advance only in this region 3b.
- an undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 is formed (FIG. 2C).
- the silicon substrate surface is covered with hydrogen atoms by washing with pure water immediately after that.
- silicon atoms present on the outermost surface of the substrate are bonded to hydrogen, it is difficult to form a natural oxide film on the surface between the substrate cleaning and the start of growth.
- the substrate Transport in nitrogen. The same is true for the following embodiments with respect to the substrate cleaning and transfer method performed before epitaxial growth.
- the cleaned substrate is placed in the load lock chamber of the epitaxial apparatus, and evacuation of the load lock chamber is started. After the evacuation of the load lock chamber is completed, the substrate is transferred to the growth chamber via the transfer chamber.
- the transfer chamber and the growth chamber be flushed with clean N2 or H2, or that they are in a high vacuum state or an ultra-high vacuum state.
- the pressure is preferably about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less.
- oxygen, moisture, or gas containing organic contaminants is mixed into the transfer chamber or growth chamber. Need to prevent.
- the silicon substrate 1 is always transported in a state where clean N2 is being supplied, or when transporting in a vacuum, it is performed after the pressure in the load lock chamber is about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less. It is desirable. Even if the surface of the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3 is hydrogen-terminated, it is not possible to completely prevent the formation of an oxide film on the surface and the attachment of contaminants during transportation. Therefore, the surface is cleaned before epitaxial growth. As a cleaning method, for example, by heating the silicon substrate 1 in a vacuum, the natural oxide film on the silicon surface can be removed by the reaction of the formula (1).
- the substrate surface can also be cleaned by heating the substrate while clean hydrogen is supplied into the growth chamber.
- the cleaning by heating in a vacuum described above, when the substrate temperature is about 500 ° C. or higher, hydrogen that has terminated the substrate surface is desorbed, and the silicon atoms exposed on the substrate surface are exposed to the atmosphere in the growth chamber. The contained moisture and oxygen react to reoxidize the substrate surface. Then, the oxide film is reduced again, thereby increasing the unevenness of the substrate surface as well as cleaning, thereby deteriorating the uniformity and crystallinity of the subsequent epitaxial growth.
- hydrogen gas is first supplied to the growth chamber.
- the substrate temperature be lower than 500 ° C. from which hydrogen is desorbed.
- the flow rate of hydrogen gas is preferably 10 ml / min or more so that the gas can be supplied with good controllability, and 100 liters / min or less is preferable in order to safely treat the exhausted gas.
- the lower limit of the partial pressure of hydrogen gas in the growth chamber is set to 10 Pa so that the gas is uniformly supplied to the substrate surface, and the upper limit may be set to atmospheric pressure in order to maintain the safety of the apparatus.
- the substrate is heated to the cleaning temperature.
- any mechanism or structure may be used as long as there is no contamination of the substrate during heating or an extreme temperature difference in the substrate.
- induction heating that heats a work coil by applying a high frequency, heating by a resistance heater, etc. can be applied.
- a heating method using radiation from a lamp is used as a method that enables temperature control in a short time. Can do. This heating method is not limited to cleaning, and the same applies to heating during the growth of a single crystal described later.
- the surface natural oxide film and contaminants can be removed.
- the cleaning temperature may be 600 ° C. or higher as a temperature at which the cleaning effect is obtained, but it is necessary to reduce the cleaning temperature to 900 ° C. or lower in order to reduce the influence on the surface structure formed before epitaxial growth.
- the removal efficiency of the natural oxide film and contaminants on the substrate surface varies depending on the cleaning temperature, and the higher the temperature, the shorter the effect.
- the cleaning temperature is 700 ° C., the cleaning effect is small, and therefore the cleaning time needs to be 30 minutes.
- the cleaning time is 900 ° C., the cleaning time may be 2 minutes or more.
- the cleaning temperature is preferably about 800 ° C. or less, and the cleaning time at this time is It takes about 10 minutes.
- cleaning using atomic hydrogen can be performed as a method that enables the cleaning temperature to be lowered.
- this method by irradiating the surface of the substrate with active hydrogen atoms, it is possible to cause an oxygen reduction reaction without raising the substrate temperature, and a cleaning effect can be obtained even at room temperature.
- atomic hydrogen generation methods hydrogen molecules are thermally dissociated by irradiating hydrogen gas to a filament such as tungsten heated to a high temperature, or hydrogen molecules are electrically generated by generating plasma in hydrogen gas. Can be dissociated, and atomic hydrogen can be generated by irradiation with ultraviolet rays.
- the cleaning temperature may be 650 ° C.
- the natural oxide film on the surface can be removed by a chemical reaction that does not require heating.
- the oxide film is removed by an etching reaction, so that the surface can be cleaned at room temperature.
- the substrate temperature is lowered to a temperature at which epitaxial growth is performed, and a time for stabilizing the substrate temperature at the temperature at which epitaxial growth is performed is provided.
- the temperature stabilization step it is desirable to continue supplying hydrogen gas to keep the cleaned silicon substrate surface clean.
- hydrogen gas has the effect of cooling the substrate surface, If the conditions are the same, the substrate surface temperature changes according to the gas flow rate. Therefore, even if the temperature is stable in a state where hydrogen gas having a flow rate significantly different from the total flow rate of the gas used for epitaxial growth is supplied, the substrate temperature greatly fluctuates due to the change in the gas flow rate when epitaxial growth is started. .
- the hydrogen flow rate that is substantially the same as the total flow rate of the gas used for epitaxial growth.
- the flow rate of hydrogen gas is adjusted while lowering the substrate temperature, and when the substrate temperature reaches the epitaxial growth temperature, It is preferable that the flow rate be equal to the flow rate of the growth gas. In this case, since the epitaxial growth can be started at the same time as the substrate temperature is lowered, the throughput can be greatly improved.
- the epitaxial growth of the single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 is started by supplying the source gas of the epitaxial layer.
- a compound composed of silicon, germanium, hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, or the like can be used as the source gas used here.
- a raw material of silicon monosilane (SiH 4 ), disilane (Si 2 H 6 ), dichlorosilane (SiH 2 Cl 2 ), silicon trichloride (SiHCl 3 ), silicon tetrachloride (SiCl 4 ), and the like can be given.
- Examples of the raw material for germanium include monogermane (GeH 4 ), digermane (Ge 2 H 6 ), and germane tetrachloride (GeCl 4 ).
- the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 is deposited not only on the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3b but also on the insulating film 5, it is necessary to oxidize all the portions deposited on the insulating film 5 in the next oxidation step. There is. However, in that case, there is a possibility that gas and particles are generated at the oxidation stage. Therefore, it is preferable to selectively epitaxially grow only on the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3b without depositing undoped silicon / germanium on the sidewall of the insulating film 4 or on the insulating film 5. On the silicon oxide film, the silicon source gas reacts with the surface molecules to cause the following reaction.
- Si 2 H 6 when disilane (Si 2 H 6 ) is used as a silicon source gas, Si 2 H 6 + 2SiO 2 ⁇ 4SiO ⁇ + 3H 2 ⁇ (2)
- SiH 4 monosilane (SiH 4 ) is used as the silicon source gas
- dichlorosilane (SiH 2 Cl 2 ) is used as a source gas
- SiH 2 Cl 2 + SiO 2 ⁇ 2SiO ⁇ + 2HCl ⁇ (4) A reduction reaction occurs.
- germanium (GeH 4 ), which is a germanium source gas.
- the reduction reaction for germanium is GeH 4 + SiO 2 ⁇ SiO ⁇ + GeO ⁇ + 2H 2 ⁇ (5) It becomes.
- the above reduction reaction is a part of a large number of reactions, and there are also other reduction reactions between radical molecules in which the source gas is decomposed to a high energy state and an oxide film.
- etching due to the reduction reaction and deposition caused by decomposition of the source gas proceed simultaneously on the oxide film, and the magnitude relationship between etching and deposition changes depending on the growth temperature and pressure.
- the germanium composition ratio in the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 can be controlled by changing the flow ratio of the silicon source gas and the germanium source gas. In order to select only silicon in the subsequent process, a higher germanium composition ratio is preferable, but if the germanium composition ratio is too high, surface morphology deteriorates or crystal defects occur, so the germanium composition ratio is actually May be about 35%.
- the film thickness of the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 may be not more than the critical film thickness that can maintain the crystallinity according to the germanium composition ratio. Specifically, when the germanium composition ratio is 35%, it is about 100 nm or less, and when the germanium composition ratio is 20%, it is 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the epitaxial growth temperature is lowered.
- a raw material gas such as disilane, monosilane and germane, which has high reactivity and a low growth temperature, is used, and the temperature range is 500 ° C. or higher where the raw material gas starts to thermally decompose, and the upper limit is a good surface morphology. Is preferably 650 ° C. or lower at which the temperature is maintained.
- the growth pressure is preferably 0.1 Pa or higher, which is determined by the reaction at the surface, and the upper limit is preferably atmospheric pressure or lower in order to ensure the safety of the epitaxial growth apparatus.
- the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 is oxidized.
- silicon / germanium is oxidized, silicon is preferentially oxidized, and a phenomenon called oxidation concentration in which the germanium composition ratio in the silicon / germanium layer 8 is increased, and the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 is used.
- An undoped single crystal germanium layer 10 is formed under the silicon oxide film 11. Similar to silicon oxidation, wet oxidation or dry oxidation may be used, but the upper limit of the oxidation temperature needs to be determined according to the Ge composition ratio. Since silicon has a melting point of about 1410 ° C., Ge has a melting point of about 940 ° C., and therefore the melting point decreases as the Ge composition ratio increases as oxidation proceeds.
- the undoped single crystal silicon layer 8 is required to have high film thickness uniformity. As long as a uniform film thickness is obtained, the thickness of the undoped single crystal silicon layer may be 1 nm or more so that the outermost surface can be covered with a stable silicon oxide film.
- the thickness of the undoped single crystal silicon layer 8 may be about 50 nm or less.
- the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 is oxidized, a silicon oxide film 11 is formed on the surface, and the Ge composition ratio in the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 is increased. For example, when oxidation is started at 1050 ° C., Ge When the composition ratio is increased to about 60%, the melting point is close to the melting point. Therefore, by reducing the oxidation temperature to 900 ° C., the oxidation can be continued while maintaining the crystal.
- an undoped single crystal germanium 10 is formed.
- germanium starts to be oxidized, and unstable GeOx is formed to cause defects. Therefore, oxidation is performed more than necessary. That must be avoided.
- the undoped single crystal germanium layer 10 formed by oxidation concentration indicates a state in which the germanium composition ratio on the surface is approximately 90% or more. Also in the following examples, the germanium composition ratio in the undoped single crystal germanium layer 10 after oxidation concentration is the same.
- Region 12 is formed (FIG. 3A).
- the undoped single crystal germanium layer 10 formed by oxidizing and enriching germanium from the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8 on the silicon oxide film 2.
- the silicon oxide film 2 has a thermal expansion coefficient of 0.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 / ° C., and does not expand much even when oxidation is performed as a high-temperature heat treatment, but germanium has a thermal expansion coefficient of 6. Since it is as large as 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 / ° C., it expands when it is oxidized.
- the strain of the single crystal germanium layer 10 is relaxed, but the oxide film does not shrink much in the process of cooling after oxidation, and conversely, the single crystal germanium layer 10 tends to shrink greatly.
- Tensile strain remains in the surface without further shrinkage at the part in contact with the film. If tensile strain remains in the single crystal germanium layer 10, the band gap is reduced. Therefore, when the distorted single crystal germanium layer 10 is used as a light absorption layer, it is effective for light with low energy, that is, light with a long wavelength. Sensitivity is improved. As a result, sufficient light receiving sensitivity can be obtained even for light having a wavelength of 1.55 ⁇ m generally used in optical communication.
- the silicon oxide film 11 formed by oxidation concentration is removed by etching, and an undoped single crystal germanium layer is regrown on the exposed undoped single crystal germanium layer 10 to form an undoped single crystal germanium layer 13 on the silicon oxide film 2.
- a compound composed of germanium and hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, or the like can be used.
- monogermane (GeH 4 ), digermane (Ge 2 H 6 ), germane tetrachloride (GeCl 4 ) and the like can be mentioned, but the use method is the same for other gases.
- monogermane GaH 4
- digermane Ge 2 H 6
- germaneCl 4 germane tetrachloride
- the temperature range for epitaxial growth is 300 ° C. or higher at which monogermane reacts on the substrate surface.
- the upper limit of the growth temperature may be 940 ° C. or less.
- the growth pressure may be 0.1 Pa or higher, where the growth rate is determined by the reaction on the surface, and the upper limit may be 10000 Pa or lower at which the reaction in the gas phase begins to occur.
- germanium is not deposited on the side wall of the insulating film 4 or the surface of the insulating film 5, as in the case of the undoped single crystal silicon / germanium layer 8, by using a germane reduction reaction and a halogen-based etching gas. Then, undoped single crystal germanium is selectively grown only on the undoped single crystal germanium layer 10 to form the undoped single crystal germanium layer 13. The same applies to the epitaxial growth conditions of undoped single crystal germanium in the following examples.
- a p-type doping gas may be simultaneously added to a germanium source gas.
- a compound composed of a Group 3 element and hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, or the like is used.
- diborane (B 2 H 6 ) can be mentioned.
- the conditions for epitaxial growth are the same as for undoped germanium.
- the doping concentration can be controlled by the flow rate of the doping gas. For example, in order to perform p-type doping of 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 , the flow rate of diborane may be set to 0.1 ml / min. (FIG. 3B).
- an insulating film 16 is formed on the surface, an opening for electrode formation is provided, and an electrode is formed in each region.
- an electrode material such as nickel is deposited and annealed to form germanide, which is an alloy of metal and germanium, to form the p-type electrode 18 with low contact resistance (FIG. 1).
- a high-concentration p-type single crystal silicon layer may be provided on the high-concentration p-type single crystal germanium layer 15 and the p-type electrode 18 may be formed of silicide.
- n-electrode 19 having a low contact resistance is realized by forming and forming a silicide by reacting a metal with high-concentration n-type silicon.
- the dopant and germanium are diffused by heat treatment in practice, a transition region that gradually changes when the profile of the doping concentration and germanium composition ratio is present is included. .
- the doping concentration in the undoped layer is desirably as low as possible in order to reduce the capacitance, but since a dopant background always exists in the epitaxial growth, a state where the doping concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less is referred to as undoped. To do. The same applies to the other embodiments.
- Example 1 The operation of the avalanche photodiode of Example 1 will be described with reference to FIG.
- the undoped single crystal germanium layer 13 serving as a light receiving portion from an optical fiber or a waveguide
- holes and electrons are generated, and the holes and electrons diffuse toward the p electrode 18 and the n electrode 19, respectively.
- a reverse bias is applied to the p-type electrode 18 and the n-type electrode 19 and a large electric field is generated in the undoped single crystal silicon layer 9
- electrons are applied to the undoped single crystal silicon layer 9 which is a multiplication layer.
- it When it reaches, it is accelerated by the electric field, generates carriers one after another, and the carrier travels in parallel with the substrate.
- the present embodiment it is possible to form the undoped single crystal silicon 9 and the undoped single crystal germanium 13 on the silicon oxide film 2, so that the interface between the single crystal germanium and the single crystal silicon having good crystal performance can be obtained.
- the dark current due to the conventional crystal defects can be greatly reduced, and the light receiving sensitivity can be improved.
- the junction area of the avalanche photodiode is determined by the junction area of undoped single crystal silicon and undoped single crystal germanium, it can be significantly reduced compared to the element size formed by conventional photolithography and etching.
- the high frequency characteristics can be remarkably improved by reducing the junction capacitance.
- Example 2 The difference between Example 2 and Example 1 is the method for forming the p-type silicon region.
- the p-type silicon region is formed only by epitaxial growth.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the avalanche photodiode according to the second embodiment.
- 6A to 6D are manufacturing process diagrams of the avalanche photodiode according to the second embodiment.
- the same reference numerals as those in the first embodiment indicate the same configuration.
- the p-type silicon / germanium layer 20 is formed by epitaxial growth (FIG. 6A).
- the p-type doping gas is added to the silicon and germanium source gases in the same manner as the formation of the high-concentration p-type germanium layer in the first embodiment.
- the doping concentration can be controlled by the flow rate of the doping gas. For example, in order to perform p-type doping at 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 , the flow rate of diborane may be 0.01 ml / min.
- the p-type germanium layer 21 is formed, and at the same time, the dopant in the p-type silicon-germanium layer 20 is diffused into the undoped single crystal silicon layer 3a by the heat treatment during oxidation, and p A type single crystal silicon region 22 is formed (FIG. 6B).
- the subsequent steps are the same as in Example 1, and an undoped single crystal germanium layer 13 is grown (FIG. 6C), an insulating film and its opening are formed on the surface, and p for forming a p-type electrode is formed.
- a type germanium layer 15 is formed (FIG. 6D).
- This embodiment not only provides the same effect as in the first embodiment, but also eliminates the need to use photolithography and ion implantation to form the p-type silicon region, thereby improving throughput by simplifying the process. And cost reduction.
- FIG. 7 is a bird's-eye view from the surface of the surface incident type avalanche photodiode array showing the third embodiment.
- Example 3 is an avalanche photodiode array in which a plurality of avalanche photodiodes of Example 1 or Example 2 are arranged in parallel and the light incident direction is perpendicular to the substrate.
- a plurality of undoped single crystal germanium layers serving as light absorption layers and undoped single crystal silicon layers serving as multiplication layers, which are constituent elements of the avalanche photodiode, are alternately formed, and a p-type electrode 18 and an n-type electrode 19 are formed.
- the direction of taking out the electrode is changed, and the p-type electrode 23 and the n-type electrode 24 are formed on the opposite sides.
- a large-area element can be formed without increasing the distance until the holes and electrons generated by the light incident on the avalanche photodiode reach the multiplication layer. It becomes possible to arrange the optical fiber in the direction.
- an avalanche photodiode having a large area of, for example, 100 to 500 ⁇ m can be realized.
- the third embodiment can not only obtain the same effects as the first and second embodiments, but also can realize a surface incident type avalanche photodiode, so that alignment work when light is incident from an optical fiber can be performed. It becomes easy.
- Example 4 a lens is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 1 of the avalanche photodiode of Example 1 or Example 2, and light can be incident from the back surface.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the avalanche photodiode according to the fourth embodiment.
- a lens 25 is formed by photolithography and etching in a region of the back surface of the silicon substrate 1 that faces the single crystal germanium layer 13 serving as a light receiving portion.
- the fourth embodiment can not only obtain the same effect as the first and second embodiments, but also can realize a back-illuminated avalanche photodiode.
- the alignment work when light is incident is facilitated.
- Example 5 a digital signal processing circuit and a light source are also integrated on a substrate on which the avalanche photodiode 26 of Example 1 or Example 2 is formed.
- FIG. 9 is a bird's-eye view of the optical receiver. Specifically, a laser diode LD as a light source and an avalanche photodiode 26 are integrated on the silicon substrate 1, and these elements are connected by a silicon waveguide 27, so that automatic alignment is unnecessary.
- a transmission circuit TX is electrically connected to the laser diode LD which is a light source as a signal processing circuit
- a reception circuit RX is electrically connected to the avalanche photodiode 26, respectively.
- These signal processing circuits are also integrated on the same substrate, thereby realizing high-speed optical transmission within the chip.
- the transmission circuit TX includes a driver amplifier for driving the laser in addition to the signal processing.
- the reception circuit RX includes a transimpedance amplifier that processes a signal received by the avalanche photodiode 26 in addition to the signal processing circuit.
- the laser diode LD is used as the light source.
- an LED since it is a short-distance signal transmission, it is not always necessary to oscillate the laser, and an LED may be used.
- the laser diode LD is also a silicon light emitting element so that all elements can be manufactured by a silicon-germanium process.
- a light-emitting element using a GaN-based, GaAs-based, or InP-based compound semiconductor whose light intensity and wavelength satisfy the product specifications.
- the silicon waveguide 27 is used for the optical junction between the laser diode LD and the avalanche photodiode 26 in this embodiment, spatial optical coupling may be used.
- Example 6 a digital signal processing circuit and a light source are also integrated on a substrate on which the avalanche photodiode 26 of Example 1 or Example 2 is formed.
- FIG. 10 is a bird's-eye view of an optical communication transmitting / receiving circuit using the semiconductor light receiving element (avalanche photodiode) according to the present embodiment.
- a digital signal processing circuit and a light source are also integrated on a substrate on which the avalanche photodiode 26 of the first or second embodiment is formed.
- the difference from the fifth embodiment described above is that a transmitter / receiver for performing optical communication using an optical fiber is realized.
- the laser diode LD serving as a light source can be manufactured by a process of forming an integrated circuit as long as it is a light emitting element realized by a silicon process.
- a light emitting element using a compound semiconductor due to light intensity and wavelength limitations.
- a compound semiconductor laser diode can be mounted.
- the lens integrated avalanche photodiode and the surface emitting laser in Example 4 are used to arrange the optical fiber in a direction perpendicular to the substrate. It is within the category of the modification of the present embodiment that the coupling can be achieved.
- this embodiment can be applied to an optical communication system using an optical fiber, and the performance and cost of the transmission / reception module for the optical communication system can be reduced.
- DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Germanium layer, 11 ... Silicon oxide film, 12 ... p-type silicon region, 13 ... Single-crystal germanium layer.
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Abstract
Description
従来のアバランシェフォトダイオードは、例えば非特許文献1に記載されている。非特許文献1のシリコン基板上に、電極となるシリコン層、キャリアの増倍層となるアンドープシリコン層を純に形成した後、光吸収層となるアンドープ単結晶ゲルマニウム層を設け、さらに、電極となるp型ゲルマニウム層を形成する。光吸収層となるアンドープ単結晶ゲルマニウム層で光が吸収されると、光のエネルギーによって電子とホールが発生し、電子は増倍層に、ホールはp型電極に移動する。そして、増倍層であるアンドープシリコン層に電子が到達すると、印加電圧によって電子が加速され、増倍層内で散乱される際にキャリアを次々と発生させることで、高感度の半導体受光素子を実現することができる。
または、成長室内に清浄な水素を供給した状態で基板を加熱することによっても基板表面のクリーニングを行うことが可能である。前に述べた真空中での加熱によるクリーニングでは、基板温度が500℃程度以上になると基板表面を終端していた水素は脱離し、基板表面のむき出しになったシリコン原子と成長室内の雰囲気中に含まれる水分や酸素が反応し、基板表面が再酸化されてしまう。そして、この酸化膜が再び還元されることにより、クリーニングと共に基板表面の凹凸が増大し、その後行うエピタキシャル成長の均一性や結晶性を悪化させるという問題がある。また、同時に成長室内の雰囲気中に含まれる炭酸ガスや有機系のガスが表面に付着することから、炭素汚染によるエピタキシャル成長層の結晶性の悪化も発生する。一方、水素を基板表面に供給した状態でシリコン基板を加熱した場合、500℃以上の温度で水素が基板表面から脱離してしまっても、常に清浄な水素ガスが供給されているため、基板表面のシリコンと水素が結合と脱離を繰り返す。その結果、表面のシリコンは再酸化されにくくなり、クリーニング中に表面の凹凸が発生することもなく、清浄な表面状態を得ることが可能となる。
Si2H6 + 2SiO2 → 4SiO↑ + 3H2↑ …(2)
また、シリコンの原料ガスとしてモノシラン(SiH4)を用いたとき、
SiH4 + SiO2 → 2SiO↑ + 2H2↑ …(3)
さらに、ジクロルシラン(SiH2Cl2)を原料ガスとして用いたとき、
SiH2Cl2 + SiO2 → 2SiO↑ + 2HCl↑ …(4)
といった還元反応が生じる。
GeH4 + SiO2 → SiO↑ + GeO↑ + 2H2↑ …(5)
となる。
Si + 2Cl2 → SiCl4↑ …(6)
Si + 2HCl → SiH2Cl2↑ …(7)
といったものがある。以上の反応が同時に進行する結果、選択性が維持されている状態では、シリコン窒化膜上にシリコンは堆積しない。
Claims (11)
- 基板上に形成された絶縁膜と、
該絶縁膜上に設けられた第1アンドープ半導体領域及び第2アンドープ半導体領域と、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域に対して電気的に接続されているn型電極と、
前記第2アンドープ半導体領域に対して電気的に接続されているp型電極と、を備え、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域と前記第1アンドープ半導体領域とは異なる半導体材料で構成され、基板面内方向に並んでいることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域と前記第1アンドープ半導体領域とは、前記基板面内方向で第1p型半導体領域を介して接していることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域と前記第1p型半導体領域とは前記基板面に対してテーパな第1界面を備えていることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項3において、
前記第1p型半導体領域と前記第2アンドープ半導体領域とは前記基板面に対してテーパな第2界面を備えていることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域を光吸収層とし、
前記第2アンドープ半導体領域を増倍層とするアバランシェフォトダイオードであることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域が単結晶ゲルマニウムであり、
前記第2アンドープ半導体領域が単結晶シリコンであることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1p型半導体領域が単結晶ゲルマニウムと単結晶シリコンを含むことを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1において、
面受光型であることを特徴とするであることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1において、
前記基板の裏面にレンズ構造を有し、
光信号が基板の裏面から入射されることを特徴とする半導体受光素子。 - シリコン導波路と半導体受光素子とが同一基板上に搭載された光受信器において、
前記半導体受光素子は、基板上に形成された絶縁膜と、該絶縁膜上に設けられた第1アンドープ半導体領域及び第2アンドープ半導体領域と、前記第1アンドープ半導体領域に対して電気的に接続されているn型電極と、前記第2アンドープ半導体領域に対して電気的に接続されているp型電極と、を備え、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域と前記第1アンドープ半導体領域とは異なる半導体材料で構成され、基板面内方向に並んでおり、光信号が前記シリコン導波路から前記第1アンドープ半導体領域に入力されることを特徴とする光受信器。 - 半導体受光素子と、レーザダイオードと、信号処理回路が同一基板上に形成された光受信器において、
前記半導体受光素子は、基板上に形成された絶縁膜と、該絶縁膜上に設けられた第1アンドープ半導体領域及び第2アンドープ半導体領域と、前記第1アンドープ半導体領域に対して電気的に接続されているn型電極と、前記第2アンドープ半導体領域に対して電気的に接続されているp型電極と、を備え、
前記第1アンドープ半導体領域と前記第1アンドープ半導体領域とは異なる半導体材料で構成され、基板面内方向に並んでおり、光ファイバから前記第1のアンドープ半導体領域に入力されることを特徴とする光受信器。
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JP2015032722A (ja) * | 2013-08-05 | 2015-02-16 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 光素子およびその製造方法 |
WO2015097764A1 (ja) * | 2013-12-25 | 2015-07-02 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 受光装置及びそれを用いた光送受信システム |
JP2015179749A (ja) * | 2014-03-19 | 2015-10-08 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 半導体光素子 |
JP2017147352A (ja) * | 2016-02-18 | 2017-08-24 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | 半導体受光素子、光電融合モジュール、半導体受光素子の製造方法 |
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