Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
  • C03B23/00—Re-forming shaped glass
  • C03B23/02—Re-forming glass sheets
  • C03B23/023—Re-forming glass sheets by bending
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
  • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
  • B32B17/10045—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet
  • B32B17/10055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet with at least one intermediate air space
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
  • B23P11/00—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for 
  • B23P11/02—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for  by first expanding and then shrinking or vice versa, e.g. by using pressure fluids; by making force fits
  • B23P11/025—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for  by first expanding and then shrinking or vice versa, e.g. by using pressure fluids; by making force fits by using heat or cold
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C53/00—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C53/02—Bending or folding
  • B29C53/04—Bending or folding of plates or sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
  • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
  • B32B17/10082—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet
  • B32B17/10091—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet thermally hardened
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
  • B32B17/10128—Treatment of at least one glass sheet
  • B32B17/10137—Chemical strengthening
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10293—Edge features, e.g. inserts or holes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
  • B32B17/10743—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing acrylate (co)polymers or salts thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
  • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
  • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10807—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
  • B32B17/10889—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor shaping the sheets, e.g. by using a mould
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10807—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
  • B32B17/1099—After-treatment of the layered product, e.g. cooling
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
  • B32B38/0012—Mechanical treatment, e.g. roughening, deforming, stretching
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/54—Fixing of glass panes or like plates
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/663—Elements for spacing panes
  • E06B3/66309—Section members positioned at the edges of the glazing unit
  • E06B3/66314—Section members positioned at the edges of the glazing unit of tubular shape
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/673—Assembling the units
  • E06B3/67326—Assembling spacer elements with the panes
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/673—Assembling the units
  • E06B3/67339—Working the edges of already assembled units
  • E06B3/6736—Heat treatment
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/673—Assembling the units
  • E06B3/67365—Transporting or handling panes, spacer frames or units during assembly
  • E06B3/67386—Presses; Clamping means holding the panes during assembly
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/677—Evacuating or filling the gap between the panes ; Equilibration of inside and outside pressure; Preventing condensation in the gap between the panes; Cleaning the gap between the panes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
  • G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
  • B32B2038/0052—Other operations not otherwise provided for
  • B32B2038/006—Relieving internal or residual stresses
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/726—Permeability to liquids, absorption
  • B32B2307/7265—Non-permeable
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/673—Assembling the units
  • E06B2003/67395—Non-planar units or of curvilinear outline, e.g. for vehicles
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/673—Assembling the units
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T29/00—Metal working
  • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
  • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
  • Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
  • Y10T29/49865—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part by temperature differential [e.g., shrink fit]

Definitions

• the invention relates to a glazed module comprising a panel of the cold-rolled insulating glazing type and a method for the cold-bending of a panel of the insulating glazing type, which can in particular comprise a laminated glazing unit.
• An insulating glass also called multiple glazing, comprises several windows separated by a gas blade (argon, krypton, air, etc.), possibly under reduced pressure. It can be a double glazing if it comprises only one gas blade separating two windows. It can be a triple glazing if it includes two blades of gas and three windows each gas strip separating two glazing.
• a gas blade argon, krypton, air, etc.
• a glass substrate comprises a single sheet of mineral glass, optionally coated with one or more thin layers of the antireflection type, antisolar, anti-abrasion, etc.
• a glass substrate of an insulating glazing unit may be part of a laminated glazing unit. Insulating glazing may consist exclusively of laminated glazing separated by a gas blade. In all cases, an insulating glazing unit comprises at least one gas strip separating two glass substrates, each of these glass substrates possibly being part of a laminated glazing unit.
• a laminated glazing comprises several glass substrates separated by a spacer of polymer material.
• the realization of laminated glass or insulating planes is well controlled.
• the production of curved laminated glazing is much more delicate and all the more delicate as the curvatures to be conferred are important. If the curvatures are high, the hot bending of the glass sheets before the glass is softened (more than 500 ° C in general) may be necessary. If the curvature of a glazing is small, we can consider the cold bomber after the end of its manufacture.
• the term “cold bending” generally means less than 200 ° C, at which temperature the glass is not softened. As part of the present application, “cold bending” means “less than 200 ° C”.
• WO98 / 01649 teaches the cold bending of laminated glazing.
• EP282468 teaches the bending between 80 and 140 ° C of a laminated glazing comprising a tempered glass substrate. Heating between 80 and 140 ° C is used to soften the interlayer PVB of the laminated glazing.
• the bending of a laminated glazing above 80 ° C leads to unacceptable aging of the interlayer of polymer material which results in the formation of fine bubbles but visible to the naked eye and also that the it was advantageous to perform the cold bending between 30 and 80 ° C to reduce the forces required for bending as well as the shear stresses between the spacer of polymer material and the glass substrates and thus reduce the risk of delamination.
• the FR2676049 and DE102008031770 teach the assembly of a laminated glazing with a PVB, the glass sheets being bent during the assembly operation. It is therefore the PVB that maintains the bending of the laminated glazing.
• WO2008107612 teaches an insulating glazing incorporating a curved glass before assembly of the insulating glazing unit.
• an insulating glazing unit (generally planar before being curved) is possible without this producing a deterioration of the sealing barrier ("water tight barrier”) of the glazing.
• This sealing barrier comprises the elements flanking the glazing and separating different glass substrates from the insulating glazing to provide space for the gas blade.
• these elements comprise a hollow interlayer (also called spacing frame or spacer frame or spacer strip), which section may be of aluminum or steel or polymer (in particular "Luran" ) containing a water absorber, and an outer seal made of polymer (silicone, PU, polysulfide), these two elements being placed in the thickness of the gas strip.
• the hollow interlayer is glued to the glass substrates which it separates by a so-called butyl glue.
• the radii of curvature imparted to the insulating glazing by the method according to the invention can reach 5 meters.
• the insulating glazing can be curved so that its surface has at least one point a radius of curvature in at least one direction between 5 and 20 m.
• the surface may have such a point of such a radius of curvature in one direction and no curvature (infinite radius of curvature) orthogonal to said direction.
• the insulating glazing comprises a laminated glazing
• the glazing is sprayed so that its surface has no radius of curvature less than 6 m at any point. Indeed, such a radius of curvature represents a limit in terms of durability for a laminated glazing.
• the insulating glazing unit may comprise a laminated glazing unit or even several laminated glazings.
• the insulating glazing may include only laminated glazing.
• the insulating glazing unit may consist of two laminated glazings separated by a gas strip, each laminated glazing unit comprising two glass sheets separated by an interlayer of polymer material.
• each laminated glazing unit is generally of the toughened glass / PVB / tempered glass type: 6/4/6 mm, the two laminated glazings being separated by a 16 mm gas strip.
• the bending may be performed at 30 ° C, especially between 0 and 30 ° C, or above 30 ° C.
• the insulating glazing unit comprising a laminated glazing unit can be produced at ambient temperature, without it being necessary to heat it.
• an insulating glazing unit according to the invention comprising a laminated glazing unit is preferably curved between 30 and 80 ° C., a temperature above 40 ° C. being particularly satisfactory.
• a temperature below 75 ° C is generally suitable.
• the temperature range between 40 and 75 ° C is particularly suitable when the insulating glazing comprises a laminated glazing.
• the insulating glass is heated above the glass transition temperature of the spacer of polymer material.
• the glass transition temperature is determined by viscoanalysis with kinetic measurements. Heating up above the glass transition is favorable to creep of the polymeric material during bending, which has the consequence that the permanent shear stresses at the interfaces between said material and the glass substrates are reduced.
• the interlayer of polymeric material may in particular be a polyvinyl butyral (called "PVB"), an ethylene-vinyl acetate or an ionomer resin film, including SentryGlas marketed by DuPont.
• PVB polyvinyl butyral
• ionomer resin film including SentryGlas marketed by DuPont.
• the invention particularly relates to a method for preparing a domed glazed module comprising a metal frame and an insulating glazing panel comprising a laminated glazing unit, said laminated glazing comprising glass substrates separated by a spacer of polymer material, the panel being bulged after assembly of the laminated glazing, by a force making it take the form of the metal frame, and then maintained in this form by a holding means, the bending being performed while the insert is at a temperature between 30 and 80 ° C, especially while the interlayer is at a temperature above 40 ° C, especially while the interlayer is at a temperature below 75 ° C.
• the bending is performed while the interlayer (especially PVB) is at a temperature above its glass transition temperature during bending.
• a heating element such as a heating blanket insulating glass.
• a heating blanket it is possible to use those marketed by Vulcanic.
• the insulating glass can simply be covered by the heating element until the desired temperature is obtained and bending.
• the heating element can be left juxtaposed with the insulating glazing during bending.
• An insulating glazing unit may be heated by the heating element while another insulating glazing unit which has just been heated is bent.
• the skilled person knows how to find the heating conditions, duration and speed for each operation to optimize the process.
• the method according to the invention is suitable for cold bending insulating glass units comprising no laminated glazing or comprising one or even two laminated glass, or more.
• the insulating glazing does not include glazing laminated, then it generally consists of glass substrates each comprising a single sheet of glass separated by a gas blade. It can in particular be the very classic insulating glass fitted to residential buildings, type 4x16x4 mm (two 4 mm glass substrates separated by a 16 mm gas blade).
• Such glazing can be curved at room temperature.
• each laminated glazing unit is generally of the toughened glass / PVB / tempered glass type: 6/4/6 mm, the two laminated glazings being separated by a 16 mm gas strip.
• the invention is particularly useful for the production of insulating glazings to be mounted on buildings whose glazing must appear curved.
• buildings including tower type business districts can have particularly bold forms and require the realization of curved insulating glass whose shapes can vary for the same building.
• the invention also relates to a method for preparing a convex glazed module comprising a metal reinforcement and an insulating glazing unit comprising glass substrates separated by a gas strip, the insulating glazing being cold-bent (ie say at less than 200 ° C) after its assembly with a sealing barrier, by a force making it take the form of the metal frame, and then maintained in this curved shape by a holding means.
• the insulating glazing is curved after its assembly is completely finished.
• a resinous component used for the sealing barrier takes several days to be well polymerized and the cold bending occurs after this time.
• Modules are produced comprising the insulating glazing unit and a metal frame capable of keeping the cold-curved insulating glazing in shape and thereby acting as a mold.
• This metal frame is usually steel or extruded aluminum.
• the insulating glazing is brought into contact with the metal reinforcement and a force is applied to the insulating glazing at one or more points to make it take the form of the reinforcement.
• the forces applied can go for example up to 200 kg per fulcrum.
• tie rods hydraulic cylinders, weights, robots.
• the insulating glazing is held in shape on the frame by a holding means such as clamps or glue, depending on the radius of curvature to maintain.
• the adhesive has taken (by polymerization, crosslinking, etc.) before removing the force of application of the insulating glazing to the frame.
• a suitable structural adhesive is for example that of the silicone type sold by Dow Corning under the reference DC 3362. If the curvature to be maintained is important (low radius of curvature), the use of clamps may be required. It is also possible to deform the insulating glazing on the frame by applying to the glazing a profiled frame and screwing screws tightening the distance between the profile and the frame. By screwing progressively, the insulating glazing takes the form of the frame.
• the insulating glass has taken the form of the frame and is kept in shape thanks to the profile screwed to the frame.
• the holding means here comprises the profile and its screws. Thanks to the invention, the bending operation itself (between the beginning of the deformation and the end of the deformation of the insulating glazing) can be fast, especially between 10 and 120 seconds. If necessary, the insulating glass can be preheated, in particular between 30 and 80 ° C., in particular by depositing it on a heating blanket, before bombarding it as has just been said.
• the "cold" deformation of the insulating glazing must not be carried out by generating inadmissible stresses in the glass sheets composing it.
• the maximum permissible permanent stress in the building for non-tempered glass is 10 MPa.
• the maximum permissible permanent stress in the building for tempered glass is 40 MPa.
• the insulating glazing can be curved simultaneously in two different directions (twisted glass).
• the insulating glazing units concerned by the invention may be large since they may have a main surface area greater than 3 m 2 and even greater than 4 m 2 and even greater than 5 m 2 .
• an insulating glass and a sheet or glazing
• a critical element limiting the amplitude of the bending is the shear stress at the interfaces between the interlayer of polymer material and the glass substrates which are juxtaposed with it.
• this stress at 20 ° C remains less than 3 MPa and preferably less than 2 MPa and more preferably less than 1.5 MPa during bending.
• the invention also relates to the glazed module produced according to the method of the invention.
• This module comprises a metal frame and an insulating glazing, said insulating glazing having been cold-bent.
• the insulating glazing according to the invention and cold-formed according to the invention always comprises (in all embodiments) a sealing barrier.
• the insulating glazing according to the invention and cold-bent according to the invention always comprises (in all embodiments) a gas strip (ie at least one gas strip) separating two glass substrates.
• a gas strip ie at least one gas strip
• the cold bending according to the invention is therefore also applied to the sealing barrier.
• the metal frame and the insulating glazing are secured by a holding means forcing the insulating glass to keep its convex shape that gives it the frame.
• the module also comprises a means for maintaining the convex shape of the glazing. If the holding means is removed, then the insulating glazing returns to its original shape before bending (generally a flat shape), since the cold bending has been carried out in the region of elastic deformation of all the components. insulating glazing (including the sealing barrier), which is recommended.
• FIG. 1 represents a device making it possible to apply deformations to a glazing unit and to measure the stresses undergone.
• FIG. 2 represents the sum of the absolute values of the forces measured in two temperature cases (20 and 70 ° C.) and as a function of the deflection imposed on a laminated glazing unit by the device of FIG.
• Figure 3 shows the evolution over time of the sum of the absolute values of the forces in two cases of deformation application temperatures (20 and 70 ° C).
• Figure 4 illustrates the edge structure of an insulating glass, well known to those skilled in the art.
• the two glass substrates 10 and 11 are separated by a gas strip 12.
• the sealing barrier 13 isolates the gas strip 12 from the outside.
• the sealing barrier comprises a hollow spacer (or spacer frame) 14 bonded to the glass substrates 10 and 11 by a butyl glue and an outer polymer seal 16 all around the insulating glazing unit.
• a tempered laminated glazing unit is manufactured by combining two monolithic glazings, each tempered at 120 MPa of compression of the skins, each glazing having dimensions of 1938x876x8 mm, with 4 interleaves of PVB (4 times 0.38 mm thickness of PVB) .
• the glazing is then subjected to deformation as shown in FIG.
• a fixed width 2 and length 3 of the glazing 1 are maintained and displacements are applied to the non-fixed fixed sides as shown in FIG. 1 by downwardly directed vertical vectors. This was achieved after wearing the assembled glazing at temperatures of 20 ° C in one case and 70 ° C in another case.
• Force sensors 4 placed under the rods exerting displacements, used to measure the forces applied at different points of the periphery of the glazing.
• Figure 2 represents the sum of the absolute values of the forces measured in the two cases of temperature and as a function of the arrow. We see that the heating at 70 ° C allows a reduction of efforts of the order of 30%.
• Figure 3 shows the evolution of the sum of the absolute values of the forces as a function of time, knowing that for the test with preheating at 70 °, the glazing is immediately returned to ambient air at 20 ° C. As a function of time, the temperature drop of the glazing was indicated between 70 and 20 ° C.
• an insulating glazing unit combining a laminated glazing unit and a tempered glazing unit
• the laminated glazing combined two sheets of glass of 1, 4m x 0.7m each 6 mm thick, assembled with 4 thicknesses of 0.38mm of PVB.
• the tempered glass was 1, 4m x 0.7m in size with a thickness of 8 mm.
• This laminated glazing unit and this toughened glazing unit were assembled in an insulating glazing unit comprising a 16 mm argon board with a sealing barrier comprising a spacer frame glued to the glass with a butyl resin, a silicone bead running around the glazing unit. insulation between the spacer frame and the outside of the glazing. The whole is allowed to polymerize in the open air for 15 days.
• the glazing is then placed on a metal frame of cylindrical shape (curved in a direction but not perpendicular to this direction) whose radius of curvature was 15m.
• the form of the frame is made to glazing and this shape is maintained by means of a metal section that is screwed onto the frame. This bending was performed at 20 ° C.
• the insulating glazing supports the bending because it is exercised in the elastic range of all its components.

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• 2011
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