Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
  • A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
  • A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/713—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with four or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
  • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/02—Peptides of undefined number of amino acids; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/50—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link
  • C07K7/54—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link with at least one abnormal peptide link in the ring
  • C07K7/56—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link with at least one abnormal peptide link in the ring the cyclisation not occurring through 2,4-diamino-butanoic acid

Definitions

• the present invention relates to synergistic combinations of polyene fungicides with antibiotic non-ribosomal peptides, such as: amphiphilic cyclic lipopeptides, to improve the fungicidal activity of both components.
• Fungicides have myriad uses, including for crop protection; as food, feed, and cosmetics preservatives; and as pharmaceutical s for both human and veterinary applications. Crop yield reduction, food-borne diseases and fungal infections of both humans and animals are a problem in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, improvements to the efficacy of existing fungicides, especially those that are environmentally friendly and are not susceptible to development of fungal resistance are highly desirable.
• Polyene fungicides are antifungal antibiotics that have been used in all of the aforementioned fields. They may be obtained through fermentation of Strepiomyces species, such as Strepiomyces natalensis, which is commonly found in soil. Activity of polyene fungicides derives, in part, from their ability to damage cell membranes by forming complexes with ergosterol. Numerous studies have confirmed that the potential for development of fungi resistant to natamycin is very low. Further, polyene fungicides have negligible toxicity, as they do not affect the cholesterol present in mammalian cells.
• Non-ribosomal peptides including cyclic amphiphilic lipopeptides such as surfactins, iturins and fengycins, are well-recognized for their antimicrobial properties and have been used in the field of crop protection. Because of their mode of action, they also have potential uses in biopharmaceutical and other biotechnology applications. Lipopeptides may be obtained through fermentation of various soil bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus
• Lipopeptides similarly to polyene fungicides, kill fungi by disrupting cell membranes. The potential for the development of fungal resistance to these compounds is expected to be very low since they act directly upon membrane lipids and not on a single site protein target. Further, lipopeptides are environmentally friendly and of low risk to workers and consumers; in fact, crops treated with iipopeptide-containing Bacillus strains may be harvested on the day of treatment Applicants have discovered that combinations of polyene fungicides and lipopeptides cause a synergistic, rather than simply an additive, increase in efficacy against microorganisms such as fungi.
• lipopeptides and polyene fungicides of the present invention act in a synergistic fungicidal manner because each type of compound disrupts fungal cell membranes via a distinct mode of action.
• the present invention provides a low-tox, low resistance-inducing, increased- efficacy fungicidal composition that comprises components that are less toxic than many traditional synthetic fungicides and that are applied at rates lower than either compound individually.
• This fungicidal composition is comprised of a synergistic fungicidal combination of one or more polyene fungicides and at least one lipopeptide.
• the polyene fungicide is one or more of natamycin, nystatin, amphotericin B, aureofungin, filipin and lucenosomycin and/or derivatives of each of these polyene fungicides.
• the composition includes more than one polyene fungicide.
• the lipopeptide component of this synergistic fungicidal combination may be part of a fermentation product produced by a lipopeptide-producing microorganism, may be a crude extract of such fungicidal fermentation product, or may be purified or semi-purified from such fermentation product.
• the lipopeptides are synthetic or semi-synthetic (i.e., a parent lipopeptide is obtained from a microorganism and is derivatized).
• the lipopeptide-producing microorganism is a Bacillus species bacteria. In others it is a Streptomycete. In still others it is a Paenibacillus species bacteria.
• the 1 ipopeptide-producing bacteria is Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or any other Bacillus species that produces one or more lipopeptides.
• the lipopeptides produced by such Bacillus species are from one or more of the following families: surfactin-type compounds, iturin-type compounds and fengycin-type compounds. Some Bacillus species that produce lipopeptides are described in the Detailed
• the lipopeptide-producing bacteria is Bacillus subtilis QST713.
• the composition is comprised of a polyene fungicide component and a lipopeptide-containing fermentation product
• the lipopeptide-containing fermentation product is from a Bacillus species bacteria, such as those mentioned above.
• the lipopeptide component of the compositions of the present invention is comprised of one more of the following compounds: surfactin-type compounds, fengycin-type compounds, iturin-type compounds and fusaricidins.
• Iturin-type compounds that are suitable for the present invention include one or more of the following compounds: bacillomycin D. bacillvomvcin F. bacillomvcin L. bacillomvcin LC (also known as bacillopeptin), mycosubtilin, iturin A, iturin A L , and iturin C (with the latter three compounds referred to herein, collectively, as iturins).
• Fengycin-type compounds that are suitable for the present invention are fengycin A, fengycin B, plipastatin A, plipastatin B, the plipastatins and agrastatins, as described in U.S. Patent No.6,291,426 (with the latter four listings referred to herein, collectively, as plipastatins).
• Surfac tin-type compounds that are suitable for the present invention are esperin, lichenysin, pumilacidin and surfactin.
• the lipopeptide component includes one or more of iturin-type compounds, such as iturin As, mycosubtilin and or bacillomysin, fengycin-type compounds and surfactin.
• the lipopeptide component includes at least two of the following compounds: iturins, fengycin-type compounds and surfactins.
• the synergistic fungicidal combination is comprised of a polyene fungicide and one or more lipopeptides.
• the synergistic fungicidal combination is comprised of a polyene fungicide and two or more lipopeptides.
• the lipopeptides may be one or more compounds from one or more of the following families of compounds:
• the lipopeptides are comprised of one or more iturins and or one or more fengycin-type compounds and/or surfactin.
• the polyene fungicide component of the composition is natamycin or nystatin and the lipopeptide component is comprised of iturins (A, B and or C), bacillomycin, surfactin, fusaricidin, and/or fengycin-type compounds, either individually or in combination.
• the lipopeptides are semi-purified or purified from a fermentation product of a lipopeptide-producing Bacillus species bacteria.
• the polyene fungicide is natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof.
• the weight to weight ratio o f the polyene fungicide component of the composition to the lipopeptide component is from about 500: 1 to 1 :500.
• the weight to weight ratio of natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof to a lipopeptide component comprised of one or more compounds from one or more of the following families of compounds, surfactin-type compounds, iturin-type compounds, fengycin-type compounds, and or nisaricidins is about 500: 1 to about 1 :500.
• the weight to weight ratio of natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof to a lipopeptide component that includes a combination of iturin-type compounds, surfactin-type compounds and/or fengycin-type compounds is about 500:1 to about 1:500.
• the weight to weight ratio of natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof to a lipopeptide component containing one or more iturin-type compounds, such as iturin As and/or bacillomycin is about 500: 1 to about 1 :500; in others, the weight to weight ratio of natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof to a lipopeptide component containing fengycin-type compounds is about 500: 1 to about 1 :500; in still others the weight to weight ratio of natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof to a lipopeptide component containing surfactin-type compounds, such as surfactin, is about 500: 1 to about 1 :500. In one embodiment, the weight to weight ratio of natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof to a crude extract of lipopeptides from fermentation broth, including
• the weight to weight ratio of any of the above-described combinations of polyene fungicide and a lipopeptide component is about 100: 1 to about 1 : 100; in others it is about 10: 1 to about 1 : 10; in still other it is about 5: 1 to about 1 :5; in yet others is it about 2: 1 to about 1 :2; and in yet others it is 1 : 1.
• the polyene fungicide component is natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof and the lipopeptide component includes one or more of the following: (i) iturin, (ii) bacillomycin, (iii) mycosubtilin, (iv) esperin, (v) lichenysin, (vi) pumilacidin, (vii) surfactin, (viii) fengycin A, (ix) fengycin B, (x) plipastatin A, (xi) plipastatin B, and/or (xu) agrastatin.
• surfactin is excluded from the composition.
• the polyene fungicide component is natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin or a derivative thereof and the lipopeptide component includes one or more of the following: (i) iturin, (ii) surfactin, (iii) fengycin and/or (v) plipastatin.
• the derivative of natamycin or nystatin has equal or better fungicidal activity compared to the parent compound.
• compositions of the present invention are useful in various fungal control applications.
• the above-described compositions may be used to control fungal phytopathogens, post-harvest fungal pathogens, fungal pathogens of food or feed and human fungal pathogens.
• any of the above-described compositions are used to control target pathogens such as Fusarium species, Bofrytis species, Verticillium species, Rhizoctonia species, Trichoderma species and Fytht m species by applying the composition to plants, the area surrounding plants, or edible cultivated mushrooms, mushroom spawn or mushroom compost.
• the polyene fungicide component of compositions of the present invention used to control such pathogens is natamycin or a derivative thereof. In another it is nystatin or a derivative thereof.
• compositions of the present invention are used to control post-harvest pathogens such as Penicillium, Geotrichum, Aspergillus niger, and
• the polyene fungicide component of compositions used to control such pathogens is natamycin or a derivative thereof. In another it is nystatin or a derivative thereof
• compositions of the present invention are used to control fungal pathogens that occur in food or feed, such as Penicillium species, Aspergillus species and Fusartum species.
• the polyene fungicide component of compositions used to control such pathogens is natamycin or a derivative thereof.
• the lipopeptide component is a purified extract of one or more lipopeptides.
• compositions of the present invention are used to treat or prevent a fungal infection in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising a polyene fungicide and at least one polypeptide.
• the fungal infection is caused by Candida and the polyene fungicide used in the composition is nystatin or a derivative thereof.
• the fungal infection is caused by Candida and the polyene fungicide used in the composition is natamycin or a derivative thereof.
• fungal infection is caused by Fusartum or Aspergillus and may be a corneal infection.
• the polyene fungicide component used in the composition is natamycin or a derivative thereof.
• the polyene fungicide component is nystatin or a derivative thereof.
• the lipopeptide component of the composition is a purified extract of one or more lipopeptides.
• the present invention also includes a method for producing a fungicidal composition by making a combination of one or more polyene fungicides with one or more lipopeptides, testing the combination for synergistic efficacy against target fungi and producing a fungicidal composition comprising the combination and a carrier.
• the one or more lipopeptides are part of or are an extract of a fermentation product from a Bacillus species bacteria, such as those described above and in the Detailed Description of Invention.
• a lipopeptide-producing bacteria is selected, such as a Bacillus species strain or Paenibacillus species strain, and a fermentation product containing lipopeptides is produced us ing this lipopeptide-producing bacteria, and such fermentation product or an extract thereof is used to make the combination.
• a fermentation product would include one or more of the following lipopeptides: surfactin-type compounds. fengycin-type compounds. iturin-type compounds and or fusaricidin.
• such fermentation product would include one or more of the following lipopeptides: surfactin, plipastatin, fengycin, iturin and/or bacillomycin.
• each of the polyene fungicide component and the lipopeptide component would be screened for fungicidal activity against the target pathogen prior to making the combination and only the polyene fungicide and lipopeptide components with at least some fungicidal activity would be used to make the combination.
• target fungi are phytopathogens, such as Fusar im, Botrytis and Verticillium; post-harvest pathogens, such as Penicilli m and Geotrichum; fungal pathogens of food or feed, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium; and human fungal pathogens, such as Candida, Apsergillus and Fusarium.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae may also be used as a target pathogen in the above method as a model for Candida.
• the polyene fungicide component of the tested combination is natamycin or a derivative thereof or nystatin and a derivative thereof.
• the tested lipopeptides are one or more of surfactin-type compounds, iturin-type compounds, fengycin-type compounds and/or fusaricidins.
• Figure 1 shows percent growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to a negative control (receiving no treatment) in the presence of (i) crude extract of lipopeptides from
• Figure 2 shows percent growth of Penicillium expansion compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) a crude extract of lipopeptides, (ii) natamycin, and (iii) lipopeptides and natamycin.
• Figure 3 shows percent growth of Penicillium expansion compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) natamycin, (ii) a crude lipopeptide extract, (iii) various semi-purified or purified lipopeptides (iv) combinations of natamycin and a crude lipopeptide extract and (v) combinations of natamycin and each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide or all semi-purified or purified lipopeptides.
• N refers to natamycin
• Crude lipo refers to the crude lipopeptide extract
• I refers to the semi-purified iturin-type compounds
• F' refers to the semi-purified fengycin-type compounds
• S refers to the purified surfactin-type compounds.
• Figure 4 shows percent growth of Geotrichum candidum compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) natamycin, (ii) a crude lipopeptide extract, (iii) various semi-purified or purified lipopeptides, (iv) combinations of natamycin and a crude lipopeptide extract, and (v) combinations of natamycin and each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide.
• N refers to natamycin
• L refers to the crude lipopeptide extract
• I refers to the semi-purified iturin-type compounds
• F' refers to the semi-purified fengycin-type compounds
• S refers to the purified surfactin-type compounds.
• Figure 5 shows percent growth of Geotrichum candidum compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) nystatin, (ii) a crude lipopeptide extract, (iii) various semi-purified or purified lipopeptides, (iv) combinations of nystatin and a crude lipopeptide extract, and (v) combinations of nystatin and each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide.
• Ny refers to nystatin
• L refers to the crude lipopeptide extract
• I refers to the semi-purified iturin-type compounds
• T refers to the semi-purified fengycin-type compounds
• S refers to the purified surfactin-type compounds.
• Figure 6 shows percent grovrth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) natamycin, (ii) a crude lipopeptide extract, (iii) various semi- purified or purified lipopeptides, (iv) combinations of natamycin and a crude lipopeptide extract: and (v) combinations of natamycin and each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide.
• N refers to natamycin
• L refers to the crude lipopeptide extract
• I refers to the semi- purified iturin-type compounds
• F refers to the semi-purified fengycin-type compounds
• S refers to the purified surfactin-type compounds.
• Figure 7 shows percent grovrth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) nystatin, (ii) a crude lipopeptide extract, (iii) various semi- purified or purified lipopepndes, (iv) combinat ions of nystatin and a crude lipopeptide extract, and (v) combinations of nystatin and each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide.
• Ny refers to nystatin
• L refers to the crude lipopeptide extract
• I refers to the semi-purified iturin-type compounds
• F' refers to the semi-purified fengycin-type compounds
• S refers to the purified surfactin-type compounds.
• Figure 8 shows percent grovrth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) natamycin, (ii) a crude lipopeptide extract, (iii) various semi- purified or purified lipopeptides, (iv) combinations of natamycin and a crude lipopeptide extract, and (v) combinations of natamycin and each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide.
• N refers to natamycin
• L refers to the crude lipopeptide extract
• I refers to the semi- purified iturin-type compounds
• F' refers to the semi-purified fengycin-type compounds
• S refers to the purified surfactin-type compounds .
• Figure 9 shows percent grovrth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to a negative control in the presence of (i) nystatin, (ii) a crude lipopeptide extract, (iii) various semi- purified or purified lipopeptides, (iv) combinations of nystatin and a crude lipopeptide extract, and (v) combinations of nystatin and each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide.
• Ny refers to nystatin:
• L refers to the crude lipopeptide extract:
• ' ⁇ ' refers to the semi-purified iturin-type compounds;
• F' refers to the semi-purified fengycin-type compounds;
• S refers to the purified sur&ctin-type compounds.
• the present invention encompasses synergistic combinations of polyene fungicides with antibiotic non-ribosomal peptides, other than enzymes, for control of microbial pathogens, such as fungi, oomycetes and/or bacteria.
• Polyene fungicides of the present invention are antifungal antibiotics with a macrocyclic lactone ring having (i) a rigid lipophilic polyene portion and a flexible, hydrophilic hydroxylated portion and (ii) the ability to bind to a sterol in the cell membrane of most fungi, principally ergosterol.
• the macrocyclic lactone ring may have 12-40 carbons, 6-14 hydroxyl groups and may or may not be linked to a carbohydrate.
• the ring may be linked to one or more sugars such as a simple sugar with five or more carbon units, a deoxy sugar, amino sugars and the like, which contain substituent groups attached to the ring including oxygenated linkages.
• Polyene fungicides of the present invention may be obtained from a species of Streptomyces bacteria.
• Such fungicides include natamycin, nystatin, amphotericin B, aureofungin, filipin and lucensomycin as well as derivatives thereof.
• derivatives include the amphotericin B derivatives described in U.S. Patent No. 5,606,038, for example, or the nystatin derivatives/analogues such as S44HP, NYST1068, and the octaene nystatin described in Bruheim et al., ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Nov.2004, pp.4120-4129.
• Derivatives are naturally occurring analogs of a parent molecule or synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds derivatized from a parent molecule that retain at least some fungicidal activity compared to the parent molecule, hi some embodiments, the derivatives have at least the same or greater fungicidal activity compared to the parent molecule.
• Derivatives include salts and solvates and other modified forms that have enhanced solubility comDared to the narent molecule.
• Antibiotic non-ribosomal peptides of the present invention are cell membrane or cell wall disrupting non-ribosomal peptides, excluding enzymes. Such antibiotic NRPs are synthesized by large enzymatic complexes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases, rather than by ribosomes.
• NRPs of the present invention disrupt cell membranes, including organelle membranes, or cell walls. Membranes or walls may be disrupted through various means, including inhibition of synthesis of components of cell m embranes or walls; physical disruption of the components of the cell membrane, such as through permeabilization of phospholipid membranes, either by membrane solubilization or osmotic perturbation; or binding to small molecules in the cell membrane.
• Cell-wall disrupting antifungal NRPs of the present invention include echinocandins, which are semi-synthetic amphiphilic Iipopeptides composed of a cyclic hexapeptide core linked to a variably configured lipid side chain. Echinocandins inhibit synthesis of 1 ⁇ - ⁇ -glucan, a predominant polysaccharide component of the ascomycete cell wall that maintains the osmotic integrity of the cell and is involved in cell division and growth.
• echinocandins are semi-synthetic amphiphilic Iipopeptides composed of a cyclic hexapeptide core linked to a variably configured lipid side chain. Echinocandins inhibit synthesis of 1 ⁇ - ⁇ -glucan, a predominant polysaccharide component of the ascomycete cell wall that maintains the osmotic integrity of the cell and is involved in cell division and growth.
• Echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin.
• Cell-membrane disrupting antifungal NRPs of the present invention also include Iipopeptides, such as amphiphilic cyclic peptides obtainable rom various bacteria, including Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Streptomyces sp.
• Iipopeptides refers to amphiphilic cyclic peptides.
• these amphiphilic cyclic peptides are composed of six to ten ⁇ -amino acids linked to a ⁇ -amino or ⁇ -hydroxy fatty acid, such as the fengycin-type compounds, the iturin-type compounds, the surfactin-type compounds and the fusaricidins.
• the iturin-type compounds are composed of seven amino acids and are linked to a ⁇ -amino fatty acid.
• the length of the ratty acid chain may vary from C14 to C17.
• Iturin-type compounds of the present invention include one or more of the following compounds: bacillomycin D, bacillyomycm F, bacillomycin L, bacillomycin LC (also known as bacillopeptin), mycosubtilin, iturin A. iturin A L , and iturin C (with the latter three compounds referred to herein, collectively, as iturins).
• Fengycin-type compounds are composed of ten amino acids linked to a ⁇ - hydroxy fatty acid with a chain that varies in length from C14 to C18. These compounds are obtainable from various species of Bacillus, including subtilis, amyloliquefaciens, cereus and thuringiensis and from Streptomyces sp. The fengycin-type compounds are described in Ongena, supra. Fengycin-type compounds suitable for the compositions described herein include fengycin A, fengycin B, plipastatin A, plipastatin B, the plipastatins from a Streptomyces sp.
• Surfactin-type compounds are composed of seven amino acids linked to a ⁇ - hydroxy fatty acid with a chain that varies in length from C13 to C16. These compounds are obtainable from various species of Bacillus, including subtilis, amyloliquefaciens, coagulans, pumilus and licheniformis. The surfactin family of compounds is described in Ongena, supra. Surfactin-type compounds of the present invention include one or more of the following compounds: esperin, lichenysin, pumilacidin and surfactin.
• Fusaricidins are composed of six amino acids linked to a 15-guanidino-3- hydroxypentadecanoic acid. Fusaricidins are obtainable from Paenibacillus sp., including polymyxa. The fusaricidin family of compounds is described in Choi, S- , et al., "Identification and Functional Analysis of the Fusaricidin Biosynthetic Gene of Paenibacillus polymyxa E681," Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.365:89-95, (2008).
• Fusaricidins of the present invention include one or more of the following compounds: fusaricidins A-D and fusaricidins LI-F03, LI-F04, LI-F05, LI-F06, LI-F07 and LI-F08.
• the Iipopepbde component of the composition contains a combination of lipopeptides from at least two of the following lipopeptide classes: surfactin-type compounds, iturin-type compounds, and fengycin- type compounds.
• the combination contains two or more of the following compounds: iturin As, plipastatins A and B, fengycins A and B and surfactin.
• the combination contains one or more of the following compounds: iturin As, plipastatins A and B, fengycins A and B, surfactin and agrastatin.
• Lipopeptides of the present invention are produced by one or more bacteria, such as those described above, or are chemicallv synthesized.
• the term "fermentation broth.” as used herein, refers to the culture medium resulting after fermentation of a microorganism and encompasses the microorganism and its component parts, unused raw substrates, and metabolites produced by the microorganism during fermentation, among other things.
• the term "fermentation solid,” as used herein, refers to concentrated and or dried fermentation broth.
• reaction product refers to fermentation broth and or fermentation solids.
• lipopeptides refers to lipopeptides that are part of a fermentation product and to lipopeptides that are purified to at least some extent, whether chemically synthesized or biologically produced.
• Methods of culturing bacteri a are well known in the art.
• Conventional large- scale microbial culture processes include submerged fermentation, solid state fermentation, or liquid surface culture.
• Bacillus towards the end of fermentation, as nutrients are depleted, cells begin the transition from growth phase to sporulation phase, such that the final product of fermentation is largely spores, metabolites and residual fermentation medium.
• Sporulation is part of the natural life cycle of many Bacilli and is generally initiated by the cell in response to nutrient limitation.
• fermentation is configured to obtain high levels of lipopeptides and to promote sporulation.
• the bacterial cells, spores and metabolites in culture media resulting from fermentation may be used directly or concentrated (to make a
• the concentrated fermentation solid is washed, for example, via a diafiltration process, to remove residual fermentation broth and metabolites.
• the fermentation broth or fermentation solids can be dried with or without the addition of carriers using conventional drying processes or methods such as spray drying, freeze drying, tray drying, fluidized-bed drying, drum drying, or evaporation.
• the resulting dry fermentation solids may be further processed, such as by milling or granulation, to achieve a specific particle size or physical format Carriers, described below, may also be added post-drying, as appropriate for the desired method of use.
• Bacterially produced lipopeptides may be separated from bacterial cells or further purified from other bacterial components and, in some embodiments, from each other.
• the term "cell-free preparation” refers to fermentation broth from which cells have been removed or substantially removed through means well known to those of skill in the art Some methods of creating cell-free preparations are described below. Cell-free preparations of fermentation broth can be obtained bv anv means known in the art. such as extraction, centrifueation and/or filtration of fermentation broth. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that so-called cell-free preparations may not be devoid of cells but rather are largely cell-free or substantially cell-free, depending on the technique used (e.g., speed of centrifugatioa) to remove the cells.
• the resulting cell-free preparation may be dried and/or formulated wi th components mat aid in its particular application. Concentration methods and drying techniques described above for fermentation broth are also applicable to cell-free preparations.
• the metabolites may be purified by size exclusion filtration such as the Sephadex resins including LH-20, G10, and G15 and G25 that group metabolites into different fractions based on molecular weight cut-off, such as molecular weight of less than about 2000 daltons, less than about 1500 daltons, less than about 1000 daltons and so on, as the lipopeptides are between 800 daltons and 1600 daltons.
• size exclusion filtration such as the Sephadex resins including LH-20, G10, and G15 and G25 that group metabolites into different fractions based on molecular weight cut-off, such as molecular weight of less than about 2000 daltons, less than about 1500 daltons, less than about 1000 daltons and so on, as the lipopeptides are between 800 daltons and 1600 daltons.
• Crude extract refers to organic extracts of fermentation broth, such as ethyl acetate extracts, in which the extract is enriched for lipopeptides.
• si-purified refers to lipopeptides isolated from fermentation broth that are about 50% to about 90% pure.
• purified refers to lipopeptides that are isolated from fermentation broth that are about 91% to about 100% pure. Lipopeptides of the present invention may be either purified or semi-purified.
• lipopeptides of the present invention are obtained from Bacillus subtilis QST713 or a fermentation product of Bacillus subtllis QST713 is used as the lipopeptide-containing component of the composition.
• Bacillus subtilis QST713, its mutants, its supernatants, and its lipopeptide metabolites, and methods for their use to control plant pathogens and insects are fully described in U.S. Patent Nos.6,060,051; 6,103,228; 6,291,426; 6,417,163 and 6,638,910. In these patents, the strain is referred to as AQ713.
• Bacillus subtilis QST713 has been deposited with the NRRL on May 7, 1997, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure under Accession Number B21661. Any references in this specification to QST713 refer to Bacillus subtilis QST713. Particular variants of Bacillus subtilis QST713 (e.g., Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 and AQ30004, deposited as Accession Numbers NRRL B-50421 and NRRL B-50455) that would also be suitable for the present invention are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/330,576.
• Bacillus strains capable of producing Hpopeptides are used as a source of liDoneptides for the present invention.
• fermentation broth or extracts from fermentation broth may be used as the lipopeptide-containing component of the synergistic fungicidal combination of the present invention.
• Methods for obtaining Hpopeptides from a fermentation broth of QST713 are described in the examples. Obtaining Hpopeptides from fermentation broth of Bacillus bacteria, in general, and analyzing fermentation broths for presence of Hpopeptides is well known to those of skill in the art, such that other bacterial strains suitable for the present invention could be readily identified by the skilled artisan.
• amyloliquefaciens ES-2 with macroporous resin Eur. Food Res. Technol. (2010) 231: 189-196.
• compositions of the present invention may include carriers, which are inert formulation ingredients added to compositions comprising a Hpopeptide-containing fermentation product, cell-free preparations of Hpopeptides or purified, semi-purified or crude extracts of Hpopeptides to improve recovery, efficacy, or physical properties and/or to aid in packaging and administration.
• carriers may be added individually or in combination.
• compositions of the present invention may be used for various purposes, including protection of crops and of post-harvest fruits, vegetables and plants; as preservatives for cosmetics, processed foods, animal feed, or timber; and for pharmaceutical and veterinary applications.
• the compositions will be formulated with appropriate carriers to aid in their appHcation or administration.
• the carriers are anti-caking agents, anti-oxidation agents, bulking agents, and/or protectants.
• useful carriers include polysaccharides (starches, maltodextrins, methylcelluloses, proteins, such as whey protein, peptides, gums), sugars (lactose, trehalose, sucrose), lipids (lecithin, vegetable oils, mineral oils), salts (sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium citrate), silicates (ciays, amorphous siHca, fumed precipitated siUcas, siUcate salts), waxes, oils, alcohol and surfactants.
• Suitable carriers for animal feed additives are set forth in the American Feed Control Officials. Inc.'s Official Publication, which vidshes annuallv. See. for example Official
• compositions used for pharmaceutical or veterinary applications are combined with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that vary based on the mode of administration.
• compositions of the present invention may be applied to a locus in need of treatment in an amount effective to control a pathogen.
• control means to kill or inhibit the growth of the pathogen.
• the pathogen is a fungus.
• the pathogen is an oomycete.
• the polyene fungicide and the lipopeptide-containing component are applied at a 1 : 1 ratio (w w).
• the polyene fungicide to lipopeptide-containing component ratio is about 2: 1 , about 3:1, about 4: 1 , about 5:1, about 10: 1 , about 15:1, about 20: 1 , or about 50: 1.
• the polyene fungicide to lipopeptide-containing component ratio is about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:10, about 1:15, about 1:20, or about 1:50.
• the polyene fungicide and a lipopeptide-contaiinng component including one or more lipopeptides may be provided at various weight to weight (w/w) ratios in the composition.
• the weight to weight ratio of the polyene fungicide and the lipopeptide-containing component is from about 500:1 to about 1:500.
• the weight to weight ratio of the polyene fungicide and the lipopeptide-containing component is from about 100:1 to about 1:100.
• the weight to weight ratio of the polyene fungicide and the lipopeptide-containing component is from about 10:1 to about 1:10.
• the weight to weight ratio of the polyene fungicide and the lipopeptide-containing component is from about 5: 1 to about 1 :5. In another embodiment, the weight to weight ratio of the polyene fungicide and the lipopeptide-containing component is from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2. In another embodiment, the weight to weight ratio of the polyene fungicide and the lipopeptide-containing component is about 1:1.
• the composition is applied to a plant or to an edible cultivated mushroom.
• compositions may be applied to any part of a plant, including its root, foliage, or fruit, or to the area surrounding the plant, mciuding the soil surrounding the plant
• compositions may be applied to mushroom or to mushroom spawn or to mushroom compost. Application may occur before, at and/or post-planting.
• Exemplary target pathogens are Fusarium sp., Botrytis sp., Verticillium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Trichoderma so. (green mold), Pvthium so. and Phytophthora so.
• a composition of the present invention will generally constitute 0.005 g L to 100 g/L each of the polyene fungicide and the non- ribosomal protein(s), such as a lipopeptide.
• the synergistic composition is applied to a plant, plant part or to the area surrounding the plant or to an edible cultivated mushroom, mushroom spawn or mushroom compost, the polyene fungicide component is natamycin or a derivative thereof.
• the locus is post-harvest food and post-harvest non- edible plant materials, such as feedstock for biofuel.
• Post-harvest food refers to fruit, vegetables, grains, oilseeds, and any other edible plants and nuts after harvest from the field but before packaging.
• Exemplary post-harvest pathogens include, but are not limited to: Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), pathogenic Colletotrichum species such as Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum coccodes, Colleotrichum musa, and Colletotrichum capsici, Erwinia carotovora subsp.
• the polyene fungicide component is natamycin or a derivati ve thereof.
• the locus is food or feed.
• food as used herein includes processed foods, such as dairy products, breads, tortillas, deli meats, and bakery products; semi-processed or minimally processed foods, such as meat and cut fruit and vegetables; and packaged foods, such as packaged lettuce, spinach and other vegetables.
• feed includes processed animal feedstuffs and silage.
• target pathogens are spoilage-inducing and mycotoxin-producing pathogens.
• Exemplary pathogens are Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp.
• the synergistic composition of the present invention is applied to food or feed
• the polyene funeicide comoonent is natamvcin or a derivati ve thereof.
• the locus is a human or animal.
• the compositions are applied topically to the skin and mucosal membranes to control Candida albicans and or Fusarium sp.
• the compositions are used to prevent or treat vaginal infections, especially those caused by Candida albicans but also those caused by C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. gullltermondii, and C. tropicalis.
• the synergistic composition is applied to treat Candida the polyene fungicide component is nystatin.
• compositions of the present invention may also be applied to nails, scalp and skin to control dermatophytes, such as Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum, which are responsible for a variety of disease manifestations that localize to keratinized structures of the body (skin, nail and hair).
• the compositions may be administered as lozenges, to treat oral candidiasis or orally to treat or prevent intestinal candidiasis.
• Compositions of the present invention may also be used to treat Aspergillus and Fusarium corneal infections.
• the polyene fungicide component of the composition is natamycin or a derivative thereof. Determining appropriate administration rates for the present compositions would be well within the knowledge of one of skill in the art
• a locus in need of treatment is identified before the compositions are applied or administered.
• the compositions may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may vary depending on their suitability for various dosage forms.
• the compositions may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers as a topical composition.
• Topical composition can be in the form of a cream, gel, oil, spray, powder, paste, clay or any other form, way or method known in the art for administering the composition to the skin or a subject whether human or animal.
• the acceptable carrier contained in the topical composition may be varied depending on the type of the formulation.
• the formulation of ointment, pastes, creams or gels may comprise animal and vegetable fats, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silica, talc, zinc oxide or mixtures of these substances.
• the compositions may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers as an oral composition.
• the oral dosage forms may be in the form of a solid powder, caplets, tablets, lozenges, pills, capsules, soft-gel or a liquid, and which may be administered alone or in suitable combination with other components.
• the composition of the present invention may be administered in one or more caplets or lozenges as Dractical for ease of administration.
• any of the usual media may be utilized.
• media containing, for example water, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like may be used.
• compositions such as starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, dismtegrating agents and the like may be used to prepare oral solids (e.g., powders, caplets, pills, tablets, capsules, and lozenges). Controlled release forms may also be used. Because of their ease in administration, caplets, tablets, pills, and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid carriers are employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated or enteric coated by standard techniques. All of these pharmaceutical carriers and formulations are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art See, e.g., WADE & WALLER, HANDBOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPffiNTS (2nd ed. 1994).
• a soft-gel is a one-piece, sealed, soft gelatin shell that contains a solution, a suspension, or a semi-solid paste.
• Soft-gels are predominantly used to contain liquids wherein the active ingredients are present in the dissolved or suspended state.
• Soft-gels have been widely known and used for many years and for a variety of purposes. Because soft-gels have properties that are quite different from two-piece, hard shell capsules, the soft-gels are capable of retaining a liquid fill material. Soft-gels are often used to encapsulate consumable materials, including vitamins, dietary supplements, pharmaceuticals, and the like, in a liquid vehicle or carrier.
• Soft-gels arc a unique dosage form that can provide distinct advantages over more traditional dosage forms such as tablets, hard-shell capsules, and liquids. These advantages include patient compliance and consumer preference, improved bioavailability, speed of product development in many cases, shortened manufacturing time, enhanced drug stability due to less exposure of the active ingredient to oxygen, excellent dose uniformity, and product differentiation.
• compositions and methods of the present invention may have a pleasant or palatable flavor.
• Palatable flavors may be achieved by including sweetening agents and/or fiavorants.
• Sweetening agents that may be included in the compositions of the present invention include, by way of example and without limitation, sucrose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, dextrose, saccharin sodium, maltodextrin, aspartame, potassium acesulfame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, sucralose, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art
• Disintegrants also may be included in the compositions of the present invention in order to facilitate dissolution.
• Disintegrants,, mcluding permeabilising and wicking agents are capable of drawing water or saliva up into the compositions which promotes dissolution from the inside as well as the outside of the compositions.
• Such disintegrants, permeabilisine and/or wicking agents include, by way of example and without limitation, starches, such as com starch, potato starch, pre-gelatinized and modified starches thereof, cellulosic agents, such as Ac-di-sol, montmorrilonite clays, cross-linked PVP, sweeteners, bentonite, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, alginates, sodium starch glycolate, gums, such as agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin, Arabic, xanthan and tragacanth, silica with a high affinity for aqueous solvents, such as colloidal silica, precipitated silica, maltodextrins, beta- cyclodextrins, polymers, such as carbopol, and cellulosic agents, such as hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxyopropylmethylcellulose.
• starches such as com starch
• any appropriate fillers and excipients may be utilized in preparing the compositions of the present invention so long as they are consistent with the objectives described herein.
• binders are substances used to cause adhesion of powder particles in granulations.
• Such compounds appropriate for use in the present invention include, by way of example and without limitation, acacia, compressible sugar, gelatin, sucrose and its derivatives, maltodextrin, cellulosic polymers, such as ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, caiboxymethylcellulose sodium and methylcellulose, acrylic polymers, such as insoluble acrylate ammoniomethacrylate copolymer, polyacrylate or polymethacrylic copolymer, povidones, copovidones, polyvinylalcohols, alginic acid, sodium alginate, starch, pregelatinized starch, guar gum, polyethylene glycol and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art
• Diluents also may be included in the compositions of the present invention in order to enhance the granulation of the compositions.
• Diluents can include, by way of example and without limitation, microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, starches, lactose and polyols of less than 13 carbon atoms, such as mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol and
• pharmaceutically acceptable amino acids such as glycin, and their mixtures.
• Lubricants are substances used in composition formulations mat reduce friction during composition compression.
• Lubricants that may be used in the present invention include, by way of example and without limitation, stearic acid, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, talc, mineral and vegetable oils, benzoic acid, polyethylene glycol), glyceryl behenate, stearyl fumarate, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art
• Oiidants improve the now of powder blends during manufacturing and minimize composition weight variation.
• Glidants that may be used in the present invention include, by way of example and without limitation, silicon dioxide, colloidal or fumed silica, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate. stearic acid, cornstarch, talc and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Colorants also may be included in the compositions of the present invention.
• the term "colorant” includes compounds used to impart color to pharmaceutical preparations. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 20, FD&C Yellow No. 6, FD&C Blue No.2, D&C Green No. S, FD&C Orange No. 5, D&C Red No. 8, caramel, and ferric oxide, red and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Coloring agents also can include pigments, dyes, tints, titanium dioxide, natural coloring agents, such as grape skin extract, beet red powder, beta carotene, annato, carmine, turmeric, paprika and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
• suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.
• Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
• Non-lipid polycationic amino polymers may also be used for delivery.
• compositions can include a solubilizer to ensure good solubilization and/or dissolution of the active ingredients such as the fungicide and/or lipopeptide.
• a solubilizer can also be added to increase the solubility of the fungicide and/or lipopeptide and/or other components, such as surfactants, or to maintain the composi tion as a stable or homogeneous solution or dispersion.
• solubilizers include, but are not limited to, the following: alcohols and polyols, such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediols and isomers thereof, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, transcutol, dimethyl isosorbide, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinylalcohol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other cellulose derivatives, cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives; ethers of polyethylene glycols having an average molecular weight of about 200 to about 6000, such as tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol PEG ether (glycofurol) or methoxy PEG; amides and other nitrogen-containing compounds such as 2-pyrrolidone, 2-piperidone, ⁇ -
• solubilizers can also be used. Examples include, but not limited to, triacetin, triethylcitrate, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N- hydroxyethylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins, ethanol, polyethylene glycol 200-100, glycofurol, transcutol, propylene glycol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
• solubilizers include sorbitol, glycerol, triacetin, ethyl alcohol, PEG-400, glycofurol and propylene glycol.
• the amount of solubilizer that can be included is not particularly limited.
• the amount of a given sohibilizer can be limited to a bioacceptable amount, which can be readily determined by one of skill in the art.
• the sohibilizer can be in a weight ratio of about 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, or up to about 200% by weight, based on the combined weight of the drug, and other excipients.
• sohibilizer can also be used, such as about 5%, 2%, 1% or even less.
• the sohibilizer can be present in an amount of about 1% to about 100%, more typically about 5% to about 25% by weight.
• Example 1 Synergistic Effect of Lipopeptides and Natamycin aeainst Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• the lipopeptides used were a complex mixture of iturin-type compounds, plipastatin-type compounds, and suifactins partially purified from the fermentation broth of Bacillus subtilis QST713. Seed flasks containing Luria Broth (LB) were inoculated with the OST713 strain, and these flasks were grown overnight at 30 °C. The next day, aliquots from the seed flask were inoculated into a soy-based medium and grown until sporulation. The B. subtilis QST713 fermentation broth was acidified to pH 2 and centrifuged to separate the solid material from the supernatant The lipopeptides concentrated in the pellet. The supernatant was decanted and the pellet was extracted with an aqueous organic solvent mixture (preferably 80/20
• the lipopeptides concentrated in the aqueous organic fraction. The mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant removed. The cell pellet was re-extracted two additional times with an aqueous organic solvent mixture (preferably 80/20 acetonitrile/water). The supernatants from each extraction were combined and the solvent removed en vacuo. The dried extract contained an enriched form of all three classes of lipopeptides found in B.
• subtilis QST713 iturin- type compounds, including iturin A2, iturin A3, A4, or A5, iturin A6, iturin A7; fengycin-type compounds, including pilpastatin Al , plipastatin A2, plipastatin B 1 , plipastatin B2, agrastatin A, agrastatin B, fengycin A, fengycin B; surfactin Al , A2, or A3, surfactin B 1 or B2 and surfactin C 1 or C2.
• the dried extract can be resuspended in an aqueous organic solvent mixture (preferably 80/20 acetonitrile/water).
• Saccharomvces cerevisiae wild-type strain BY4742 was grown in liquid YPD in the presence of: (1) natamycin (Haorui Pharma-Chem Inc), (2) the above-described lipopeptide extract, (3) natamycin + lipopeptide extract, and 4) no lipopeptides or natamycin (control).
• the initial concentration of natamycin before being added to the liquid culture was 1 ppm and the initial concentration of lipopeptide extract was 15 ppm.
• E ob , E xp , X and Y in the above equation represent growth inhibition.
• X and Y are calculated by subtracting the amount of growth: on a treated plate from 100, as shown below.
• natamycin Haorui Pharma-Chem inc.
• a crude extract of lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis QST713 prepared as described in Example 1
• a combination of natamycin and a crude extract of lipopeptides on Penicillium expansum was investigated.
• a liquid fungal growth assay was performed in 96-well plates to determine whether the combination of lipopeptides and natamycin is synergistic in inhibitine fungal growth. All procedures were conducted aseptically.
• the Percent Growth of 1.1 ppm Lipopeptides was 113%.
• the Percent Growth of 1.1 ppm Natamycin was 102%.
• the Percent Growth of 1.1 ppm Lipopeptide + 1. i ppm Natamycin was 20.4%.
• subtilis QST713 as explained above. Fengycin-type compounds were extracted in the same manner as that for iturin-type compounds but further purified using low pressure reverse phase
• Example 6 Synergistic Effect of Semi-Purified and Purified Iturins, Fengycins, and Surfacttns and Nystatin against Geotrichum eandidum
• Example 7 Synergistic Effect of Semi-Purified and Purified Iturins, Fengycins, and Surfactins and Naiamycin against Geotrichum citri-aurentii
• test well was 2.23 ppm; final concentration of (he crude lipopeptide extract in each well was 2.23 ppm; final concentration of each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide extract of iturin-type compounds, surfactin or fengycin-type compounds in each well was 2.23 ppm.
• weight to weieht ratio of each comnonent in the wells containine combinations was 1:1.
• Example 8 Synergistic Effect of Semi-Purifled and Purified Iturins, Fengyclns, and Surfactins and Nystatin against Geotrichum dtri-aurantil
• liquid fungal growth assays were performed in 96-well plates to determine whether the combination of lipopeptides and natamycin is synergistic in inhibiting fungal growth.
• Each well of the plate had three separate additions.
• yeast peptone dextrose media (YPD) was used.
• 25 uL of each sample was added.
• 50 ⁇ , of yeast inoculum or 50 uL of DI H 2 0 was added (the latter option is used when constructing the blank).
• Yeast inoculum was prepared by inoculating a single colony in 5 mL YPD and incubated at 30 °C overnight with shaking. In the morning, 200 uL of the overnight inoculum was subcultured into 5 mL YPD and incubated at 30 °C shaking for 4 to 5 hours. This was diluted to an optical density of 0.015. After all three additions, the Dlates were then covered with lids and incubated at 30 °C overnieht to be analyzed the next day.
• Iturin-type compounds, surfactins, and fengycin-type compounds were extracted and purified from B. subtilis QST713 as explained above.
• Final concentration of natamycin in each test well was 1.12 ppm; final concentration of the crude lipopeptide extract in each well was 1.12 ppm; final concentration of each semi-purified or purified lipopeptide extract of iturin-type compounds, surfactin or fengycin-type compounds in each well was 1.12 ppm.
• the weight to weight ratio of each component in the wells co ntaining combinations was 1:1.
• Example 10 Synergistic Effect of Semi-Purified and Purified Iturins, Fengycins, and

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