Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/26—Radicals substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom containing only one pyridine ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to processes for preparing 2-carboxamide cycloamino urea derivatives, and useful intermediates therefore.
• Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases comprise a family of lipid kinases that catalyze the transfer of phosphate to the D-3' position of inositol lipids to produce phosphoinositol-3-phosphate (PIP), phosphoinositol-3,4- diphosphate (PIP2) and phosphoinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3), which, in turn, act as second messengers in signaling cascades by docking proteins containing pleckstrin- homology, FYVE, Phox and other phospholipid-binding domains into a variety of signaling complexes often at the plasma membrane.
• PIP phosphoinositol-3-phosphate
• PIP2 phosphoinositol-3,4- diphosphate
• PIP3 phosphoinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate
• PCT Publication No. WO 2010/029082 discloses PI3K inhibitors.
• the compounds disclosed therein include (S)-pyrrolidine-l,2-dicarboxylic acid 2-amide 1- ( ⁇ 4-methyl-5-[2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l, l-dimethyl-ethyl)-pyridin-4-yl]-thiazol-2-yl ⁇ -amide) (i.e., the compound of formula (10)).
• the present invention is directed to improved processes for preparing compounds of the formula (X), specifically the compound of formula (10), as well as useful intermediates such as compounds of the formula (I), specifically the compound of formula (1):
• a process for making a compound of formula (X), comprising contacting a compound of formula (I) with a solvent and a base, and contacting the resulting mixture with a compound of formula (II), such that a compound of formula (III) is produced (STEP A); contacting a compound of formula (III) with thiourea, in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and an oxidizing agent, such that a compound of formula (V) is produced (STEP B); contacting a compound of formula (V) with a compound of formula (VII), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and a base, such that a compound of formula (VIII) is produced (STEP C); and contacting a compound of formula (VIII) with the compound of formula (IX) in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent, such that a compound of formula (X) is produced (STEP D).
• the solvent of Step A comprises one or more solvents selected from aromatic solvents, aliphatic solvents, halogenated solvents, polar aprotic solvents and ethereal solvents.
• the solvent of Steps B, C and D independently comprises one or more solvents selected from aromatic solvents, aliphatic solvents, halogenated solvents, ethereal solvents, polar aprotic solvents, water and alcohol solvents.
• a process for making the compound of formula (10), comprising contacting the compound of formula (1) with a solvent and a base, and contacting the resulting mixture with a compound of formula (2), such that the compound of formula (3) is produced (STEP A).
• the compound of formula (3) is then contacted with thiourea, in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and an oxidizing agent, such that the compound of formula (5) is produced (STEP B).
• the compound of formula (5) is next contacted with the compound of formula (7), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and a base, such that the compound of formula (8) is produced (STEP C).
• the compound of formula (8) is contacted with the compound of formula (IX), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent, such that the compound of formula (10) is produced (STEP D).
• the solvent of Step A comprises tetrahydrofuran
• the base of Step A is lithium diisopropylamide
• the solvent of Step B comprises toluene and ethanol
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is N- bromosuccinimide
• the solvent of Step C comprises tetrahydrofuran
• the base of Step C is pyridine
• the solvent of Step D comprises tetrahydrofuran and water.
• PI3K inhibitors are advantageous over previously-known processes (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 2010/029082) in several ways.
• the instant processes do not employ transition metal-catalyzed reactions, and therefore do not require steps to remove transition metal byproducts, residues and impurities.
• the instant processes do not require reactions to be performed at very low temperatures (e.g., -78 °C).
• a process for making a compound of formula (V) comprising the following steps:
• Step A contacting a compound of formula (I) with a solvent and a base, and contacting the resulting mixture with a compound of formula (II), such that a compound of formula (III) is produced:
• Step B contacting a compound of formula (III) with thiourea, in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and an oxidizing agent [X+], such that a compound of formula (V) is produced:
• Rj is a cyclic or acyclic, branched or linear C1-C7 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted one or more times with deuterium, halogen, or C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is selected from (1) hydrogen, (2) fluoro, chloro, (3) optionally substituted methyl, wherein said substituents are independently selected from one or more, preferably one to three of the following moieties: deuterium, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of halide, carboxylate and sulfonate.
• Step C contacting a compound of formula (V) with a compound of formula (VII), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and a base, such that a compound of formula (VIII) is produced:
• Step D contacting a compound of formula (VIII) with the compound of formula (IX), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent, such that a compound of formula (X) is produced:
• R] is a cyclic or acyclic, branched or linear Ci-Cj alkyl, which may be optionally substituted one or more times with deuterium, halogen, or C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is selected from (1) hydrogen, (2) fluoro, chloro, (3) optionally substituted methyl, wherein said substituents are independently selected from one or more, preferably one to three of the following moieties: deuterium, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino; and
• X is selected from the group consisting of halide, carboxylate and sulfonate
• R 3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, heteroaryl, alkoxy and aryloxy;
• heteroaryl, alkoxy and aryloxy moieties of R 3 and R4 are optionally, independently substituted one or more times with alkyl, alkoxy, halogen and nitro.
• a process for making a compound of formula (X) comprising the following steps: Step A: contacting a compound of formula (I) with a solvent and a base, and contacting the resulting mixture with a compound of formula (II), such that a compound of formula (III) is produced; Step B: contacting a compound of formula (III) with thiourea, in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and an oxidizing agent, such that a compound of formula (V) is produced; Step C: contacting a compound of formula (V) with a compound of formula (VII), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and a base, such that a compound of formula (VIII) is produced; and Step D: contacting a compound of formula (VIII) with the compound of formula (IX), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent, such that a compound of formula (X) is produced; wherein R 1 ⁇ R 2 , R 3 , R4 and X are as defined above.
• the solvent of Step A comprises one or more solvents selected from aromatic solvents, aliphatic solvents, halogenated solvents, polar aprotic solvents and ethereal solvents.
• aromatic solvents include benzene, toluene, xylenes, nitrobenzene, anisole, ethylbenzene, and pyridine.
• aliphatic solvents include petroleum ether, ligroin, n-hexane, cyclohexane and heptane.
• Non-limiting examples of halogenated solvents include chloroform, chlorobenzene and perfluorohexane.
• Non-limiting examples of polar aprotic solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide and N-methyl pyrrolidone.
• Non-limiting examples of ethereal solvents include diethyl ether, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane.
• the solvent of Step A is an aprotic, organic solvent.
• the solvent of Step A comprises tetrahydrofuran.
• the solvent of Steps B, C and D independently comprises one or more solvents selected from aromatic solvents, aliphatic solvents, halogenated solvents, ethereal solvents, polar aprotic solvents, water and alcohol solvents.
• alcohol solvents include ethanol, tertiary- butanol and ethylene glycol. Other alcohol solvents are known to those skilled in the art.
• the solvent of Step B comprises an aromatic solvent and an alcohol solvent.
• the solvent of Step B comprises toluene and ethanol.
• the solvent of Step C comprises an ethereal solvent.
• the solvent of Step C comprises tetrahydrofuran.
• the solvent of Step D comprises and ethereal solvent and water.
• the solvent of Step D comprises tetrahydrofuran and water.
• the base of Step A is a strong base.
• Strong bases include the conjugate bases of hydrocarbons, ammonia, amines and dihydrogen.
• Non-limiting examples of strong bases include n-butyllithium, n- hexyllithium, sodium hydride and lithium diisopropylamide.
• Other strong bases are known to those skilled in the art.
• the base of Step A is lithium diisopropylamide. Methods of preparing lithium diisopropylamide are known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Smith, A. P.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Fraser, C. L., Org. Syn. Col. Vol. 10: 107, (2004)).
• the lithium diisopropylamide is prepared by the deprotonation of isopropylamine with an alkyllithium base such as n-butyllithium, n- hexyllithium or n-octyllithium.
• an alkyllithium base such as n-butyllithium, n- hexyllithium or n-octyllithium.
• Safety and economic considerations may influence the selection of reagents used for the preparation of lithium diisopropylamide (see, e.g., Chapter 3: Reagent Selection, in "Practical Process Research and Development",
• the lithium diisopropylamide is prepared by the deprotonation of diisopropylamine with n-hexyl lithium.
• the base of Step C is an amine.
• Non- limiting examples of amine bases include tertiary-butylamine, piperidine, triethylamine, l,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and pyridine. Other amine bases are known to those skilled in the art.
• the base of Step C is pyridine.
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is an electrophilic halogen reagent.
• electrophilic halogen reagents are known to the skilled practitioner, including dibromine, diiodine, dichlorine, sulfuryl chloride, N- bromosuccinimide, N-iodosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and l,3-dibromo-5,5- dimethylhydantoin.
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is N- bromosuccinimide.
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is N- bromosuccinimide, and the subsequent mixture is diluted with an anti-solvent agent.
• the anti-solvent is isopropyl acetate.
• X is selected from the group consisting of halide, carboxylate, and sulfonate.
• X is a halide.
• X is bromine.
• the solvent of Step A comprises tetrahydrofuran
• the base of Step A is lithium diisopropylamide
• the solvent of Step B comprises toluene and ethanol
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is N- bromosuccinimide
• the solvent of Step C comprises tetrahydrofuran
• the base of Step C is pyridine
• the solvent of Step D comprises tetrahydrofuran and water.
• R ⁇ is a cyclic or acyclic, branched or linear C C 7 alkyl, all of which may be optionally substituted one or more times with deuterium, halogen, or C3-C5 cycloalkyl.
• R] is a branched or linear Ci-C 7 alkyl that is optionally substituted one or more times with halogen.
• Ri is
• R 2 represents (1) hydrogen, (2) fluoro, chloro, (3) optionally substituted methyl, wherein said substituents are independently selected from one or more, preferably one to three of the following moieties: deuterium, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino.
• R 2 is selected from hydrogen, cyclic or acyclic, branched or linear Ci-C 7 alkyl, and halogen wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times with deuterium, fluorine, chlorine and dimethylamino.
• R 2 is a branched or linear Ci-C 7 alkyl.
• R 2 is methyl.
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, heteroaryl, alkoxy and aryloxy; wherein the heteroaryl, alkoxy and aryloxy moieties of R 3 and R ⁇ are optionally, independently substituted one or more times with alkyl, alkoxy, halogen and nitro.
• R 3 is aryloxy and R4 are both heteroaryl.
• R 3 is aryloxy and R4 is halogen.
• R 3 is phenoxy and R4 is chlorine.
• the compound of formula (I) is first contacted with the compound of formula (II) in a reaction mixture comprising a base and solvent, and second optionally contacted with a reaction mixture comprising an aqueous acid or base resulting in the pH of the aqueous phase to be within the range 2 ⁇ pH ⁇ 4, preferably pH 3.
• the base is lithium diisopropylamide and the first solvent is THF, wherein the reaction mixture is maintained such that the internal temperature remains less than -5°C, preferably at -15°C.
• the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted to pH 3 with a reaction mixture comprising sulfuric acid, water and toluene.
• the compound of formula (VIII) is contacted with the compound of formula (IX) in a reaction mixture comprising a first solvent, such that the compound of formula (X) is formed.
• An aromatic solvent is then added to the mixture, followed by removal of the first solvent by distillation, resulting in the precipitation of the compound of formula (X).
• the aromatic solvent is toluene.
• Step A contacting the compound of formula (1) with a solvent and a base, and contacting the resulting mixture with the compound of formula (2), such that the compound of formula (3) is produced:
• Step B contacting the compound of formula (3) with thiourea, in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and an oxidizing agent [Br+], such that the compound of formula (5) is produced:
• Step C contacting the compound of formula (5) with the compound of formula (7), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent and a base, such that the compound of formula (8) is produced:
• Step D contacting the compound of formula (8) with the compound of formula (IX), in a reaction mixture comprising a solvent, such that the compound of formula (10) is produced:
• the solvent of Step A comprises one or more solvents selected from aromatic solvents, aliphatic solvents, halogenated solvents, polar aprotic solvents and ethereal solvents.
• aromatic solvents include benzene, toluene, xylenes, nitrobenzene, anisole, ethylbenzene, and pyridine.
• aliphatic solvents include petroleum ether, ligroin, n-hexane, cyclohexane and heptane.
• Non-limiting examples of halogenated solvents include chloroform, chlorobenzene and perfluorohexane.
• Non-limiting examples of polar aprotic solvents include dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and N-methyl pyrrolidone.
• Non- limiting examples of ethereal solvents include diethyl ether, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane.
• the solvent of Step A is an aprotic, organic solvent.
• the solvent of Step A comprises tetrahydrofuran.
• the solvent of Steps B, C and D independently comprises one or more solvents selected from aromatic solvents, aliphatic solvents, halogenated solvents, ethereal solvents, polar aprotic solvents, water and alcohol solvents.
• alcohol solvents include ethanol, tertiary-butanol and ethylene glycol.
• Other alcohol solvents are known to those skilled in the art.
• the solvent of Step B comprises an aromatic solvent and an alcohol solvent.
• the solvent of Step B comprises toluene and ethanol.
• the solvent of Step C comprises an ethereal solvent.
• the solvent of Step C comprises tetrahydrofuran.
• the solvent of Step D comprises and ethereal solvent and water.
• the solvent of Step D comprises tetrahydrofuran and water.
• the base of Step A is a strong base.
• Strong bases include the conjugate bases of hydrocarbons, ammonia, amines and dihydrogen.
• Non-limiting examples of strong bases include n-butyllithium, n- hexyllithium, sodium hydride and lithium diisopropylamide.
• Other strong bases are known to those skilled in the art.
• the base of Step A is lithium diisopropylamide. Methods of preparing lithium diisopropylamide are known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Smith, A. P.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Fraser, C. L., Org. Syn. Col. Vol. 10: 107, (2004)).
• the lithium diisopropylamide is prepared by the deprotonation of isopropylamine with an alkyllithium base such as n-butyllithium, n- hexyllithium or n-octyllithium.
• an alkyllithium base such as n-butyllithium, n- hexyllithium or n-octyllithium.
• Safety and economic considerations may influence the selection of reagents used for the preparation of lithium diisopropylamide (see, e.g., Chapter 3: Reagent Selection, in "Practical Process Research and Development",
• the lithium diisopropylamide is prepared by the deprotonation of diisopropylamine with n-hexyllithium.
• the base of Step C is an amine.
• Non-limiting examples of amine bases include tertiary-butylamine, piperidine, triethylamine, l,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and pyridine. Other amine bases are known to those skilled in the art.
• the base of Step C is pyridine.
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is an electrophilic halogen reagent.
• electrophilic halogen reagents are known to the skilled practitioner, including dibromine, diiodine, dichlorine, sulfuryl chloride, N-bromosuccinimide, N-iodosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and l,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is N-bromosuccinimide.
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is N- bromosuccinimide, and the subsequent mixture is diluted with an anti-solvent agent.
• the anti-solvent is isopropyl acetate.
• the solvent of Step A comprises tetrahydrofuran
• the base of Step A is lithium
• the solvent of Step B comprises toluene and ethanol
• the oxidizing agent of Step B is N-bromosuccinimide
• the solvent of Step C comprises tetrahydrofuran
• the base of Step C is pyridine
• the solvent of Step D comprises tetrahydrofuran and water.
• the compound of formula (1) is first contacted with the compound of formula (2) in a reaction mixture comprising a base and solvent, and second optionally contacted with a reaction mixture comprising an aqueous acid or base resulting in the pH of the aqueous phase to be within the range 2 ⁇ pH ⁇ 4, preferably pH 3.
• the base is lithium diisopropylamide and the first solvent is THF, wherein the reaction mixture is maintained such that the internal temperature remains less than -5°C, preferably at - 15°C.
• the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted to pH 3 with a reaction mixture comprising sulfuric acid, water and toluene.
• the compound of formula (5) is contacted with the compound of formula (7) in a reaction mixture comprising the solvent THF and the base pyridine, and then the base pyridine is removed by addition of saturated saline or aqueous salt (preferably sodium chloride) solution.
• the compound of formula (8) is contacted with the compound of formula (IX) in a reaction mixture comprising a first solvent, such that the compound of formula (10) is formed.
• An aromatic solvent is then added to the mixture, followed by removal of the first solvent by distillation, resulting in the precipitation of the compound of formula (10).
• the aromatic solvent is toluene.
• the compound of formula (1) is particularly useful as a starting material, or an intermediate, in the preparation of the compound of formula (10), as well as chemical analogues of the compound of formula (10).
• the compound of formula (1) can be synthesized in accordance with the preparation methods set forth in Scheme 4 or Scheme 5 herein.
• alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group, preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain Ci -12 alkyl, particularly preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain Ci -7 alkyl; for example, methyl, ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n- nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, with particular preference given to methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, iso-propyl and n-butyl and iso-butyl.
• Alkyl may be unsubstituted or substituted.
• substituents include, but are not limited to deuterium, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo and amino.
• An example of a substituted alkyl is trifluoromethyl.
• Cycloalkyl may also be a substituent to alkyl. An example of such a case is the moiety (alkyl)-cyclopropyl or alkandiyl-cycloproyl, e.g. -CH 2 -cycIopropyl.
• Ci-C 7 -aIkyI is preferably alkyl with from and including 1 up to and including 7, preferably from and including 1 to and including 4, and is linear or branched; preferably, lower alkyl is butyl, such as n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyi, tert-butyl, propyl, such as n-propyl or isopropyl, ethyl or preferably methyl.
• alkyl part of other groups like “alkoxy”, “alkoxyalkyl”, “alkoxycarbonyl”, “alkoxy-carbonylalkyl”, “alkylsulfonyl”, “alkylsulfoxyl”, “alkylamino”, “haloalkyl” shall have the same meaning as described in the above-mentioned definition of “alkyl”
• alkandiyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkandiyl group bound by two different Carbon atoms to the moiety, it preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain Ci.i 2 alkandiyl, particularly preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain Ci -6 alkandiyl; for example, methandiyl (- CH 2 -), 1,2-ethanediyl (-CH 2 -CH 2 -), 1 , 1-ethanediyl ((-CH(CH 3 )-), 1,1-, 1,2-, 1,3- propanediyl and 1, 1-, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-butanediyl, with particular preference given to methandiyl, 1,1-ethanediyl, 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,3-propanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl.
• cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic, fused polycyclic, or Spiro polycyclic, carbocycle having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per carbocycle.
• Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include the following moieties: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclpentyl and cylclohexyl. Cycloalkyl may be unsubstituted or substituted; exemplary substituents are provided in the definition for alkyl and also include alkyl itself (e.g. methyl). A moiety like -(CH 3 )cyclopropyl is considered substituted cycloalkyl.
• aryl refers to an aromatic homocyclic ring system (i.e. only Carbon as ring forming atoms) with 6 or more carbon atoms; aryl is preferably an aromatic moiety with 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms, more preferably with 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms, such as phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl.
• Aryl may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more, preferably up to three, more preferably up to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl as described below, especially pyrrolidinyl, such as pyrrolidino,
• oxopyrrolidinyl such as oxopyrrolidino, CrC-7-alkyl-pyrrolidinyl, 2,5-di-(C!- C alkyl)pyrrolidinyl, such as 2,5-di-(Ci-C 7 alkyl)-pyrrolidino, tetrahydrofuranyl, thio- phenyl, Q-Q-alkylpyrazolidinyl, pyridinyl, Q-C ⁇ alkylpiperidinyl, piperidino, piperidino substituted by amino or N-mono- or N,N-di-[lower alkyl, phenyl, Ci-C 7 - alkanoyl and/or phenyl-lower alkyl)-amino, unsubstituted or N-lower alkyl substituted piperidinyl bound via a ring carbon atom, piperazino, lower alkylpiperazino, morpholin
• phenyl- or naphthyl-lower alkoxy carbonyl such as benzyl oxycarbonyl
• Ci-C 7 -alkanoyl such as acetyl, benzoyl, naphthoyl, carbamoyl, N-mono- or ⁇ , ⁇ -disubstituted carbamoyl, such as N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted carbamoyl wherein the substitutents are selected from lower alkyl, (lower-alkoxy)-lower alkyl and hydroxy-lower alkyl; amidino, guanidi- no, ureido, mercapto, lower alkylthio, phenyl- or naphthylthio, phenyl- or naphthyl-lower alkylthio, lower alkyl-phenylthio, lower alkyl-naphthylthio, halo-lower
• halo halo-lower alkyl
• substituents independently selected from halo, halo-lower alkyl, such as trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, azido, amino, N-mono- or N,N-di-(lower alkyl and/or C 1 -C 7 -alkanoyl)-amino, nitro, carboxy, lower-alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, cyano and/or sulfamoyl.
• aryloxy refers to a moiety comprising an oxygen atom that is substituted with an aryl group, as defined above.
• heteroaryl represents a stable monocyclic or bicyclic ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
• Heteroaryl groups within the scope of this definition include but are not limited to: acridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrrazolyl, indolyl, benzotriazolyl, furanyl, thienyl,
• heteroaryl is also understood to include the N-oxide derivative of any nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In cases where the heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ring or via the heteroatom containing ring, respectively.
• the bonding ring i.e.
• heterocyclyl also includes heteroaryl.
• heteroatoms are atoms other than Carbon and Hydrogen, preferably nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or sulfur (S), in particular nitrogen.
• alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy and heteroaryl groups described above can be "unsubstituted” or “substituted.”
• substituted is intended to describe moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more atoms, e.g. C, O or N, of a molecule.
• substituents can independently include, for example, one or more of the following: straight or branched alkyl (preferably Q-C5), cycloalkyl (preferably C 3 -C 8 ), alkoxy (preferably C t -C6), thioalkyl (preferably Ci-C ), alkenyl (preferably C 2 -C 6 ), alkynyl (preferably C 2 -C 6 ), heterocyclic, carbocyclic, aryl (e.g., phenyl), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (e.g., phenyloxyalkyl),
• arylacetamidoyl alkylaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkylcarbonyl and arylcarbonyl or other such acyl group, heteroarylcarbonyl, or heteroaryl group, (CR'R") 0- 3NR'R” (e.g., -NH 2 ),
• (CR'R") 0-3 CN e.g., -CN), -N0 2 , halogen (e.g., -F, -CI, -Br, or -I), (CR'R") 0-3 C(halogen) 3 (e.g., -CF 3 ), (CR'R") 0-3 CH(halogen) 2 , (CR'R") 0-3 CH 2 (halogen), (CR'R") 0-3 CONR'R", (CR'R") 0-3 (CNH)NR'R", (CR'R")o_ 3 S(0) 1-2 NR'R", (CR'R") 0-3 CHO,
• R'R 0-3 CO 2 R' (e.g., -C0 2 H), or (CR'R") 0-3 OR' group, or the side chain of any naturally occurring amino acid; wherein R' and R" are each independently hydrogen, a C -C 5 alkyl, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, or aryl group.
• halogen refers to fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine, in particular fluorine, chlorine.
• Halogen-substituted groups and moieties, such as alkyl substituted by halogen (haloalkyl) can be mono-, poly- or per-halogenated.
• amine or “amino” should be understood as being broadly applied to both a molecule, or a moiety or functional group, as generally understood in the art, and may be primary, secondary, or tertiary.
• amine or “amino” includes compounds where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon, hydrogen or heteroatom.
• alkyl amino comprises groups and compounds wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkyl group.
• dialkyl amino includes groups wherein the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups.
• arylamino and diarylamino include groups wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively.
• alkylarylamino refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group.
• alkaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkyl group.
• the biphasic mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 25 min. Care was taken that the aqueous layer stayed at 2 ⁇ pH ⁇ 4, preferably pH 3. After phase separation, the organic layer was washed with water, then concentrated at 50 °C under vacuum to ca. 15-20% of its original volume to provide a solution of crude ketone (3) in toluene.
• the reaction was stirred at 60 °C for 2 h, then the reaction mixture was cooled to 50 °C, then toluene was added, followed by removal of THF via distillation under vacuum.
• the resulting suspension was treated with water, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 30 min, before being cooled to 10 °C over 2 h. After stirring at 10 °C for another 30 min, the off-white suspension was filtered, and the filter cake washed with toluene, then dried at 50 °C under vacuum to give (10).
• the resulting dark suspension was stirred at room temperature over night, then quenched carefully by addition of 1.5 L water over 20 minutes. During the addition of water, the reaction vessel was placed in a cooling bath at -5 °C to keep the internal temperature between 10-25 °C. After stirring at room temperature for 45 minutes, the mixture was diluted with 3 L ethyl acetate and stirred for another 15 minutes. The phases were separated, and the water layer was extracted with 2L ethyl acetate.
• 1,1,1 -Trifluoro-2-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl methanesulfonate (d).
• a suspension of NaH (60% in mineral oil, 23.4 g, 585 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in 1 L THF at 0 °C was added a solution of l,l,l-trifluoro2-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (c) (80 g, 390 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in 200 ml THF dropwise over 34 minutes. Gas evolution occurred, and the reaction mixture turned brownish.
• the reaction was warmed to 40 °C and stirred at 40 °C for 45 minutes, when gas evolution had ceased. After cooling to room temperature, a solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (45.6 ml, 585 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in 50 ml THF was added dropwise over 30 minutes. The internal temperature rose to 36 °C, and the reaction mixture turned into a light brown suspension. The reaction mixture was warmed to 40 °C and stirred at this temperature for 15 minutes, then cooled to room temperature and further stirred over night. The reaction was carefully quenched by addition of 750 ml water with cooling in an ice bath. The resulting brown biphasic mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, then the phases were separated.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with 750 ml ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 . Drying over MgS0 4 , filtration and concentration in vacuo provided a beige solid. The residue was redissolved in 300 ml ethyl acetate to give a turbid solution, then filtered over a plug of silica gel (120 g) and eluted with 600 ml ethyl acetate. Concentration in vacuo provided a beige solid which was redissolved in 400 ml heptane and 150 ml ethyl acetate at reflux.
• the mixture was quenched by careful addition to 100 ml water at 0 °C and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. After filtration over a plug of cellflock and elution with ethyl acetate, the phases were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases were washed with water and saturated aqueous NaCl. After drying over Na 2 S0 4 , filtration and concentration in vacuo provided a slightly brownish oil, which was purified by chromatography on siliga gel (hexane/ TBME 9: 1) to provide 1.15 g (28%) of the desired compound (1) as a colorless oil.

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