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  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
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  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
  • C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
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  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/50—Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds
  • B01J2231/54—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis
  • B01J2231/543—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis alkene metathesis
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  • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
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  • B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
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  • B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to C-H activated olefin metathesis catalyst compounds, to the preparation of such compounds, and the use of such catalysts in the metathesis of olefins and olefin compounds, more particularly, in the use of such catalysts in Z selective olefin metathesis reactions.
• the invention has utility in the fields of catalysis, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and industrial and fine chemicals chemistry.
• ruthenium-based alkylidene complex represented by the ruthenium catalyst (1-4) ( Figure 1). Because of their high efficiency in catalysis and high tolerance towards various functional groups, they are most widely used in both academic and industrial fields. Typical ruthenium catalysts are known to give more E isomer than Z isomer in CM and other olefin metathesis reactions (see Chatterjee, A. K.; Choi, T.-L.; Sanders, D. P.; Grubbs, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1 1360).
• the invention is directed to addressing one or more of the aforementioned concerns, and, in one embodiment, provides a C-H activated catalyst compound composed of a Group 8 transition metal complex and a chelating ligand structure formed from the metal center M, a neutral electron donor ligand L 1 , and a 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety, Q*.
• a general structure of catalyst compounds according to the invention is shown below.
• M is a Group 8 transition metal (e.g., Ru or Os);
• X 1 is any anionic ligand (e.g., halogen, alkyl, aryl, carboxylate, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfonate, phosphate, or nitrate);
• L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 are, independently, any neutral two electron ligand, where L 2 may connect with R 2 ;
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, and functional groups, and wherein R 1 may connect with R 2 and/or L 2 ;
• Q* is a 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety, (e.g., alkyl, aryl, carboxylate, alkoxy, aryloxy, or sulfonate, etc.);
• n and k are independently 0 or 1, such that L
• M Group 8 metal
• X 1 alkylidene moiety
• L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 two or three neutral ligands
• Q* 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety
• these group 8 metal-based alkylidene catalysts of the invention are intrinsically tolerant towards various functional groups and impurities in reaction media.
• the C-H activated catalyst compounds of the invention may be used to catalyze Z selection olefin metathesis reactions.
• M is a Group 8 transition metal (e.g., Ru or Os); M 1 is a metal such as silver, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, iron, zinc, or thalium; X 1 and X 2 are independently any anionic ligand (e.g., halogen, alkyl, aryl, carboxylate, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfonate, phosphate, or nitrate); L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 are, independently, any neutral two electron ligand, where L 2 may connect with R 2 ; R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom- containing hydrocarbyl, and functional groups, and wherein R 1 may connect with R 2 and/or L 2 ; Q*is a 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety, (e.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 1 depicts selected typical Grubbs' catalysts.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 2 depicts some of the reported olefin metathesis catalysts.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 3 depicts the general structure of the inventive Z selective olefin metathesis catalyst compounds.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 4 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 7a as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 5 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 7b as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 6 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 11 as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 7 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 18a as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 8 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 18b as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 9 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 18c as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 10 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 19a as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 1 1 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 21a as described in the Examples.
• F3 ⁇ 4 *ure 12 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 22a as described in the Examples.
• Figure 13 depicts the X-ray crystal structure of complex 24d as described in the Examples.
• alkyl refers to a linear, branched, or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, ?-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkyl groups herein contain 1 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• lower alkyl intends an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• cycloalkyl intends a cyclic alkyl group, typically having 4 to 8, preferably 5 to 7, carbon atoms.
• substituted alkyl refers to alkyl substituted with one or more substituent groups
• heteroatom-containing alkyl and “heteroalkyl” refer to alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkyl” and “lower alkyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkyl and lower alkyl, respectively.
• alkylene refers to a difunctional linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, where "alkyl” is as defined above.
• alkenyl refers to a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group of 2 to about 24 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond, such as ethenyl, «-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, octenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl, tetracosenyl, and the like.
• Preferred alkenyl groups herein contain 2 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• lower alkenyl intends an alkenyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms
• specific term “cycloalkenyl” intends a cyclic alkenyl group, preferably having 5 to 8 carbon atoms.
• substituted alkenyl refers to alkenyl substituted with one or more substituent groups
• heteroatom-containing alkenyl and “heteroalkenyl” refer to alkenyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkenyl” and “lower alkenyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkenyl and lower alkenyl, respectively.
• alkenylene refers to a difunctional linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl group, where "alkenyl” is as defined above.
• alkynyl refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon group of 2 to about 24 carbon atoms containing at least one triple bond, such as ethynyl, «-propynyl, and the like. Preferred alkynyl groups herein contain 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkynyl” intends an alkynyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• substituted alkynyl refers to alkynyl substituted with one or more substituent groups
• heteroatom-containing alkynyl and “heteroalkynyl” refer to alkynyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom.
• alkynyl and “lower alkynyl” include linear, branched, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkynyl and lower alkynyl, respectively.
• alkoxy intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group may be represented as -O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above.
• a "lower alkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkenyloxy and “lower alkenyloxy” respectively refer to an alkenyl and lower alkenyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage
• alkynyloxy and “lower alkynyloxy” respectively refer to an alkynyl and lower alkynyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage.
• aryl refers to an aromatic substituent containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, directly linked, or indirectly linked (such that the different aromatic rings are bound to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety).
• Preferred aryl groups contain 5 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred aryl groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
• Exemplary aryl groups contain one aromatic ring or two fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine, benzophenone, and the like.
• Substituted aryl refers to an aryl moiety substituted with one or more substituent groups
• heteroatom-containing aryl and “heteroaryl” refer to aryl substituents in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as will be described in further detail infra.
• aryloxy refers to an aryl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage, wherein "aryl” is as defined above.
• An "aryloxy” group may be represented as -O-aryl where aryl is as defined above.
• Preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
• aryloxy groups include, without limitation, phenoxy, o-halo-phenoxy, m-halo-phenoxy, p-halo-phenoxy, o-methoxy-phenoxy, m- methoxy-phenoxy, p-methoxy-phenoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy-phenoxy, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy, and the like.
• alkaryl refers to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent
• aralkyl refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent, wherein “aryl” and “alkyl” are as defined above.
• Alkaryl groups contain 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred alkaryl and aralkyl groups contain 6 to 16 carbon atoms.
• Alkaryl groups include, for example, p-methylphenyl, 2,4- dimethylphenyl, p-cyclohexylphenyl, 2,7-dimethylnaphthyl, 7-cyclooctylnaphthyl, 3-ethyl-cyclopenta- 1,4-diene, and the like.
• aralkyl groups include, without limitation, benzyl, 2-phenyl-ethyl, 3- phenyl-propyl, 4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4-phenylcyclohexyl, 4-benzylcyclohexyl, 4- phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4-benzylcyclohexylmethyl, and the like.
• alkaryloxy and
• aralkyloxy refer to substituents of the formula -OR wherein R is alkaryl or aralkyl, respectively, as just defined.
• acyl refers to substituents having the formula -(CO)-alkyl, -(CO)-aryl, or -(CO)- aralkyl
• acyloxy refers to substituents having the formula -0(CO)-alkyl, -0(CO)-aryl,or - 0(CO)-aralkyl, wherein "alkyl,” “aryl, and “aralkyl” are as defined above.
• cyclic and ring refer to alicyclic or aromatic groups that may or may not be substituted and/or heteroatom containing, and that may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic.
• alicyclic is used in the conventional sense to refer to an aliphatic cyclic moiety, as opposed to an aromatic cyclic moiety, and may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic.
• halo and halogen are used in the conventional sense to refer to a chloro, bromo, fluoro, or iodo substituent.
• Hydrocarbyl refers to univalent hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated, and unsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and the like.
• lower hydrocarbyl intends a hydrocarbyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• hydrocarbylene intends a divalent hydrocarbyl moiety containing 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated and unsaturated species.
• lower hydrocarbylene intends a hydrocarbylene group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Substituted hydrocarbyl refers to hydrocarbyl substituted with one or more substituent groups
• heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl and “heterohydrocarbyl” refer to hydrocarbyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom.
• substituted hydrocarbylene refers to hydrocarbylene substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene” and
• heterohydrocarbylene refers to hydrocarbylene in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “hydrocarbyl” and “hydrocarbylene” are to be interpreted as including substituted and/or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl and hydrocarbylene moieties, respectively.
• heteroatom-containing refers to a hydrocarbon molecule or a hydrocarbyl molecular fragment in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon, typically nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl substituent that is heteroatom-containing
• heterocyclic refers to a cyclic substituent that is heteroatom-containing
• heteroaryl and heteroaromatic respectively refer to "aryl” and “aromatic” substituents that are heteroatom-containing, and the like.
• heterocyclic group or compound may or may not be aromatic, and further that “heterocycles” may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic as described above with respect to the term "aryl.”
• heteroalkyl groups include alkoxyaryl, alkylsulfanyl-substituted alkyl, N-alkylated amino alkyl, and the like.
• heteroaryl substituents include pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, 1 ,2,4- triazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc., and examples of heteroatom-containing alicyclic groups are pyrrolidino, morpholino, piperazino, piperidino, etc.
• substituted as in “substituted hydrocarbyl,” “substituted alkyl,” “substituted aryl,” and the like, as alluded to in some of the aforementioned definitions, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more non-hydrogen substituents.
• substituents include, without limitation: functional groups referred to herein as "Fn,” such as halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, C 2 -C 24 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 24 alkynyloxy, C5-C 24 aryloxy, C6-C 24 aralkyloxy, C6-C 24 alkaryloxy, acyl (including C 2 -C 24 alkylcarbonyl (-CO-alkyl) and C6-C 24 arylcarbonyl (-CO-aryl)), acyloxy (-O-acyl, including C 2 -C 24 alkylcarbonyloxy (-O-CO-alkyl) and C6-C 24 arylcarbonyloxy (-O-CO-aryl)), C 2 -C 24 alkoxycarbonyl (- (CO)-O-alkyl), C 6 -C 24 aryloxycarbonyl (-(CO)-O
• “functionalized olefin,” “functionalized cyclic olefin,” and the like, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, olefin, cyclic olefin, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more functional groups such as those described hereinabove.
• the term “functional group” is meant to include any functional species that is suitable for the uses described herein. In particular, as used herein, a functional group would necessarily possess the ability to react with or bond to corresponding functional groups on a substrate surface.
• the aforementioned functional groups may, if a particular group permits, be further substituted with one or more additional functional groups or with one or more hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated above.
• the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl moieties may be further substituted with one or more functional groups or additional hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated.
• Suitable catalysts generally have the formula (I)
• X 1 is any anionic ligand
• L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 are, independently, any neural electron donor ligand
• k is 0 or 1
• m is 0, 1, or 2
• Q* is a 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety linking L 1 and M
• M is a Group 8 transition metal
• R 1 and R 2 are, independently, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, or functional groups.
• the olefin metathesis catalyst complex is preferably a Group 8 transition metal complex having
• M is a Group 8 transition metal
• L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are neutral electron donor ligands
• Q* is a 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety linking L 1 and M, which can, together with L 1 and M, form one or more cyclic groups;
• n 0 or 1 , such that L 3 may or may not be present;
• X 1 is an anionic ligand
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, and functional groups, wherein any two or more of X 1 , Q* , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 , and R 2 can be taken together to form one or more cyclic groups, and further wherein any one or more of X 1 , Q*, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 , and R 2 may be attached to a support.
• L 2 may be optionally linked to R 1 or R 2
• R 1 may be optionally linked to R 2
• Preferred catalysts contain Ru or Os as the Group 8 transition metal, with Ru particularly preferred.
• Catalysts according to formula (II) may be conveniently described according to certain structural features.
• L 1 in formula (II) is a carbene ligand having the structure of formula (III)
• the complex may have the structure of formula (IV) wherein M, m, n, X 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 , and R 2 are as defined for the first group of catalysts, and the remaining substituents are as follows.
• X and Y are heteroatoms typically selected from N, O, S, and P. Since O and S are divalent, p is necessarily zero when X is O or S, q is necessarily zero when Y is O or S, and k is zero or 1.
• both X and Y are N.
• Q* is a 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety linking L 1 and M, and may be
• hydrocarbylene including substituted hydrocarbylene, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene, and substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene, such as substituted and/or heteroatom-containing alkylene
• w, x, y, and z are independently zero or 1 , meaning that each linker is optional.
• Q* may link Q 1 to M by a carbon-metal bond.
• Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 are linkers, e.g., hydrocarbylene (including substituted hydrocarbylene, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene, and substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene, such as substituted and/or heteroatom-containing alkylene) or -(CO)-, and w, x, y, and z are independently zero or 1, meaning that each linker is optional.
• Q 1 may be linked to M by Q* through a carbon-metal bond. Two or more substituents on adjacent atoms within Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q may also be linked to form an additional cyclic group.
• R , R , R , and R are independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing, hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-C20 alkyl, C 2 -C 2 o alkenyl, C 2 -C 2 o alkynyl, C 5 -C 24 aryl, C 6 -C 24 alkaryl, C 6 -C 24 aralkyl, etc.), substituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted Ci-C 2 o alkyl, C 2 -C 2 o alkenyl, C 2 -C 2 o alkynyl, C 5 -C 2 4 aryl, C6-C 2 4 alkaryl, C6-C 2 4 aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing Ci-C 2 o alkyl, C 2 -C 2 o alkyl,
• X 1 is an anionic ligand, and, as described below, may be linked together to form a cyclic group, typically although not necessarily a five- to eight-membered ring.
• X 1 is hydrogen, halide, nitrate, or one of the following groups: Ci-C 2 o alkyl, C 5 -C 24 aryl, Ci-C 2 o alkoxy, Ci-C 2 o alkylcarboxylate, C 5 -C 2 4 aryloxy, C 2 -C 2 o alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C 2 4 aryloxycarbonyl, C6-C 2 4 aryloxycarbonyl, C6-C 2 4 aryloxycarbonyl, C6-C 2 4
• arylcarboxylate C 2 -C 2 4 acyl, C 2 -C 2 4 acyloxy, Ci-C 2 o alkylsulfonato, C 5 -C 2 4 arylsulfonato, Ci-C 2 o alkylsulfanyl, C 5 -C 2 4 arylsulfanyl, Ci-C 2 o alkylsulfmyl, or C 5 -C 2 4 arylsulfinyl.
• X 1 may be optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from C1-C12 alkyl, Ci-C 2 o alkylcarboxylate, C1-C12 alkoxy, C 5 -C 2 4 aryl, C6-C 2 4 arylcarboxylate, and halide, which may, in turn, with the exception of halide, be further substituted with one or more groups selected from halide, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C 2 o alkylcarboxylate, Ci-Ce alkoxy, and phenyl.
• X 1 is benzoate, pivalate, C 2 -C6 acyl, C 2 -C6 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-Ce alkyl, phenoxy, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce alkylsulfanyl, aryl, or Ci-Ce alkylsulfonyl.
• X 1 may be is CF 3 C0 2 , CH 3 C0 2 , CH 3 CH 2 C0 2 CFH 2 C0 2 , (CH 3 ) 3 C0 2 , (CH 3 ) 2 CHC0 2 , (CF 3 ) 2 (CH 3 )C0 2 , (CF 3 )(CH 3 ) 2 C0 2 , benzoate, naphthylate, tosylate, mesylate, or trifluoromethane- sulfonate.
• X 1 is nitrate (N0 3 ⁇ ).
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl (e.g., Ci-C 2 o alkyl, C 2 -C 2 o alkenyl, C 2 -C 2 o alkynyl, C 5 -C 2 4 aryl, C6-C 2 4 alkaryl, C6-C 2 4 aralkyl, etc.), substituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C5-C24 aryl, C6-C24 alkaryl, C6-C24 aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C5-C24 aryl, C6-C24 alkaryl, C6-C24 aralkyl, etc.), and substituted heteroatom
• R 1 and R 2 may also be linked to form a cyclic group, which may be aliphatic or aromatic, and may contain substituents and/or heteroatoms. Generally, such a cyclic group will contain 4 to 12, preferably 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring atoms.
• R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is selected from C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, and C5-C24 aryl, more preferably Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C5-C14 aryl. Still more preferably, R 2 is phenyl, vinyl, methyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl, optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, and phenyl.
• Any two or more (typically two, three, or four) of X 1 , Q*, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 , and R 2 can be taken together to form a cyclic group, including bidentate or multidentate ligands, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,312,940 to Grubbs et al.
• a cyclic group including bidentate or multidentate ligands, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,312,940 to Grubbs et al.
• those cyclic groups may contain 4 to 12, preferably 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 atoms, or may comprise two or three of such rings, which may be either fused or linked.
• any two or more of X 1 , Q*, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 3A , R 4 , and R 4A can be taken together to form a cyclic group.
• R 3A and R 4A are linked to form a cyclic group so that the carbene ligand has the s wherein R and R are defined above, with preferably R being alicyclic and R being aromatic.
• Q is a linker, typically a hydrocarbylene linker, including substituted hydrocarbylene, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene, and substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene linkers, wherein two or more substituents on adjacent atoms within Q may also be linked to form an additional cyclic structure, which may be similarly substituted to provide a fused polycyclic structure of two to about five cyclic groups.
• Q is often, although again not necessarily, a two-atom linkage or a three-atom linkage.
• Suitable functional groups include carboxyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, C5-C 24 aryloxy, C 2 -C 20 alkoxycarbonyl, C5-C 24 alkoxycarbonyl, C 2 -C 24 acyloxy, C 1 -C 2 0 alkylthio, C5-C 24 arylthio, C 1 -C 2 0 alkylsulfonyl, and C 1 -C 2 0 alkylsulfinyl, optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 1 -C 12 alkoxy, C5-C14 aryl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, formyl, and halide.
• R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 1 -C 12 heteroalkyl, substituted C 1 -C 12 heteroalkyl, phenyl, and substituted phenyl.
• any two of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 may be linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure, e.g., a C4-C 12 alicyclic group or a C 5 or Ce aryl group, which may itself be substituted, e.g., with linked or fused alicyclic or aromatic groups, or with other substituents.
• any one or more of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 comprises one or more of the linkers.
• R 3 and R 4 maybe alkyl or aryl, and may be independently selected from alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and halo or halogen- containing groups. More specifically, R 3 and R 4 may be independently selected from C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C5-Q4 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 20 heteroalkyl, or halide.
• Suitable alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like;
• suitable cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, pinenyl, terpenes and terpenoid derivatives and the like;
• suitable alkenyl groups include ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, octenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl, tetracosenyl, and the like;
• suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl, n-propyn
• R 3 and R 4 are aromatic, each can be independently composed of one or two aromatic rings, which may or may not be substituted, e.g., R 3 and R 4 may be phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, or the like. In a particular embodiment, R 3 and R 4 are independently an
• any substituents present are hydrogen C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 1 -C 12 alkoxy, C5-C14 aryl, substituted, C5-Q4 aryl, or halide. More particularly, R 3 and R 4 may be independently substituted with hydrogen, C 1 -C4 alkyl, C 1 -C4 alkylcarboxylate, C 1 -C4 alkoxy, C5-C14 aryl, substituted C5-C14 aryl, or halide.
• R 3 and R 4 are selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, norbonenyl , pinenyl, terpenes and terpenoid derivatives, mesityl, diisopropylphenyl or, more generally, cycloalkyl substituted with one, two or three C 1 -C4 alkyl or C 1 -C4 alkoxy groups, or a combination thereof.
• M, m, n, X 1 , Q*, R 1 , and R 2 are as defined for the first group of catalysts
• L 1 is a strongly coordinating neutral electron donor ligand such as any of those described for the first and second group of catalysts
• L 2 and L 3 are weakly coordinating neutral electron donor ligands in the form of optionally substituted heterocyclic groups.
• n is zero or 1 , such that L 3 may or may not be present.
• L 2 and L 3 are optionally substituted five- or six-membered monocyclic groups containing 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 3, most preferably 1 to 2 heteroatoms, or are optionally substituted bicyclic or polycyclic structures composed of 2 to 5 such five- or six-membered monocyclic groups. If the heterocyclic group is substituted, it should not be substituted on a coordinating heteroatom, and any one cyclic moiety within a heterocyclic group will generally not be substituted with more than 3 substituents.
• examples of L 2 and L 3 include, without limitation, heterocycles containing nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, or a mixture thereof.
• M is a Group 8 transition metal, particularly Ru or Os, or, more particularly, Ru;
• X 1 and L 1 are as previously defined herein;
• Q* is a 2-electron anionic donor bridging moiety between L and M forming a carbon-metal bond between L and M ;
• Y is a heteroatom selected from N, O, S, and P; preferably Y is O or N;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroatom containing alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, aryloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carbonyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, aminosulfonyl, monoalkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, nitrile, nitro, alkylsulfinyl, trihaloalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehyde, nitrate, cyano, isocyanate, hydroxyl, ester, ether, amine, imine, amide, halogen- substituted amide, trifluoroamide,
• Z is a group selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, functionalized alkyl, functionalized aryl where the functional group(s) may independently be one or more or the following: alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehyde, nitrate, cyano, isocyanate, hydroxyl, ester, ether, amine, imine, amide, trifluoroamide, sulfide, disulfide, carbamate, silane, siloxane, phosphine, phosphate, or borate; methyl, isopropyl, sec -butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, benzyl, phenyl and trimethylsilyl; and wherein any combination or combinations of X 1 , Q*, L ⁇ Y, Z, R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are linked to a support.
• the functional group(s) may independently be one or more
• R 9 and R 10 are each, independently, selected from hydrogen or a substitutent group selected from alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, C2-C20 alkoxycarbonyl, or C1-C20 trialkylsilyl, wherein each of the substituent groups is substituted or unsubstituted.
• transition metal carbene complexes include, but are not limited to:
• X , V, V, V, n, Z 1 , Z Z ⁇ R , and R" may be taken together to form a cyclic group, e.g., a multidentate
• ligand and wherein any one or more of X 1 , Q*, L , V, n, V, Z 1 , Z Z ⁇ R , and R" may be attached to a support via linker moieties.
• Such C-H activation reactions may be conducted under conditions effective to promote the exchange of X 2 anions for the X 1 anionic ligands, such that a C-H activated olefin metathesis catalyst compound is produced in which M and L 1 are linked together by a 2-electron anionic bridging moiety Q*in a M-Q ⁇ -L 1 chelating ligand ring structure having a ring size of 5, 6, or 7 atoms, and the catalyst compound contains an X 2 anionic ligand.
• M is directly bonded to a carbon atom of Q* in the M-Q ⁇ -L 1 chelating ligand ring structure.
• M 1 is silver or sodium
• the carboxylate may be of the formula (R ⁇ COOM 1 , wherein R is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C3-C 12 cycloalkyl, substituted C3-C 12 cycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, wherein at least one R is not hydrogen.
• the R groups may be more particularly independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 alkyl or aryl, such as, e.g., where the (R)3 groups together form ?-butyl, PhMe 2 C, Ph 2 MeC, or Ph 3 C.
• the method of making such C-H activated catalyst compounds may further comprise additional steps, such as anionic ligand exchange reactions.
• the C-H activated olefin metathesis catalyst compound may be contacted with an anionic ligand exchange compound of the formula M 2 X 3 , wherein M 2 is a cation and X 3 is an anion; under conditions effective to promote the exchange of X 3 anions for the X 2 anionic ligands, such that the C-H activated olefin metathesis catalyst compound contains a M-Q ⁇ -L 1 chelating ligand ring structure having a ring size of 5, 6, or 7 atoms and an X 3 anionic ligand.
• M 2 and X 3 are not necessarily limited, typically M 2 may be selected from hydrogen, ammonium, silver, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, iron, zinc, or thalium, and X 3 may be selected from halogen, alkyl, aryl, carboxylate, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfonate, phosphate, or nitrate.
• Atmosphere All reactions were carried out in dry glassware under an argon atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques or in a Vacuum Atmospheres Glovebox under a nitrogen atmosphere unless otherwise specified.
• Asymmetric NHC salts 17a-f containing an adamantyl group were synthesized by modifying a reported procedure (Paczal, A.; Benyei, A. C; Kotschy, A. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 5069) as outlined in Scheme 7. All products were obtained in good to excellent yield.
• Scheme 17 describes the synthesis starting from complex 19a and performing the ligand substitution with NH 4 NO 3 in thf.
• Scheme 18 describes the synthesis starting from the di chloride complex 18a and performing a two-step sequence with NaOPiv in thf/MeOH and then subsequent ligand substitution with NH 4 NO 3 in thf. In both cases, characterization data for 22e matches that presented previously below Scheme 12.
• H NMR characterization data for complex 32 is as follows:
• H NMR characterization data for complex 34 is as follows:

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