WO2012090285A1 - 非水電解液およびその利用 - Google Patents
非水電解液およびその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012090285A1 WO2012090285A1 PCT/JP2010/073628 JP2010073628W WO2012090285A1 WO 2012090285 A1 WO2012090285 A1 WO 2012090285A1 JP 2010073628 W JP2010073628 W JP 2010073628W WO 2012090285 A1 WO2012090285 A1 WO 2012090285A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte useful as a component of a lithium ion secondary battery and other non-aqueous secondary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that the capacity decay rate can be improved by adding BF 3 , HBF or a complex thereof as a capacity decay rate suppressing additive, and the capacity decay rate is improved by the addition of BF 3 -diethyl carbonate complex. It has been described that, depending on the evaluation conditions, addition of a BF 3 -diethyl ether complex can also help improve the capacity decay rate.
- Patent Document 2 describes that a BF 3 Werner complex is added to an electrolytic solution in order to improve cycle characteristics (capacity maintenance ratio).
- Patent Documents 3 and 4 are technical documents relating to a technique using a BF 3 -ether complex as a solvent for the electrolytic solution in order to obtain an electrolytic solution having high oxidation resistance.
- the discharge capacity of the battery varies depending on the discharge rate at the time of measurement, and generally the discharge capacity decreases as the discharge rate increases (discharge current increases). Batteries that are used as power sources for vehicles and other driving require high output (rapid discharge performance), so batteries that do not decrease in capacity even when the discharge rate increases, in other words, the discharge capacity is less dependent on the discharge rate. A battery (that is, having good discharge rate characteristics) is desirable.
- the above-mentioned patent document does not describe the influence of the BF 3 complex as an electrolyte solution additive on the discharge rate characteristics, and there is no idea of improving the discharge rate characteristics using the BF 3 complex.
- the present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte for use in a lithium ion secondary battery and other non-aqueous secondary batteries, which can realize a non-aqueous secondary battery with higher discharge rate characteristics.
- One purpose is to do.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing such a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- Another related object is to provide a battery comprising the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the present inventor has found that the discharge rate characteristics of a battery equipped with the electrolyte can be greatly improved by incorporating a small amount of BF 3 -cyclic ether complex in the non-aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, according BF 3 - According to the cyclic ether complex, in any of the discharge rate characteristics and cycle characteristics, BF 3 - chain ether complex (typically BF 3 - diethyl ether complex) higher by a small amount of additives than The present invention was completed by finding that an improvement effect was realized.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte for a non-aqueous secondary battery contains a non-aqueous solvent and a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex.
- the content X of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex in the non-aqueous electrolyte is more than 0 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of other electrolyte components (that is, excluding the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex) and Less than 1 part by mass.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte has an amount of BF 3 corresponding to a mass greater than 0 wt% and less than 1 wt%, where the total mass of the electrolyte components excluding the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex is 100 wt%.
- the BF 3 - dioxane complex only the oxygen atoms of one of the two oxygen atoms constituting the dioxane ring may be one BF 3 is coordinated, BF 3 respectively to both oxygen atoms are coordinated It may be a thing.
- a nonaqueous secondary battery for example, a lithium secondary battery, typically a lithium secondary battery, which is constructed using the electrolytic solution by including the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex in the above content.
- a lower discharge rate for example, 1C or lower; where 1C is predicted from the theoretical capacity
- the discharge capacity measured at a high discharge rate is larger than the discharge capacity measured at 1 hour). Demonstrated. As a result, the discharge rate characteristics can be effectively improved.
- the term “secondary battery” refers to a power storage device that can be repeatedly charged and discharged, and a so-called storage battery such as a lithium secondary battery, nickel hydride battery, or nickel cadmium battery, and a power storage element such as an electric double layer capacitor It is a term encompassing.
- the “non-aqueous secondary battery” refers to a secondary battery that includes a non-aqueous electrolyte (typically, an electrolyte containing a supporting salt (supporting electrolyte) in a non-aqueous solvent).
- the “lithium secondary battery” refers to a secondary battery that uses lithium ions as electrolyte ions and is charged and discharged by the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes.
- a secondary battery generally referred to as a lithium ion battery or a lithium ion secondary battery is a typical example included in the lithium secondary battery in this specification.
- the electrode active material refers to a material that can reversibly occlude and release chemical species (lithium ions in a lithium ion secondary battery) as a single charge.
- the technique disclosed herein can be preferably applied to a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which 50% by volume or more of the nonaqueous solvent is composed of one or two or more carbonate solvents.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution having such a composition it is particularly meaningful to contain a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery typically a lithium ion secondary battery
- the output performance for example, discharge rate characteristics
- durability performance for example, cycle characteristics
- a preferred method for producing a lithium ion secondary battery includes providing a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material. Also, any of the non-aqueous electrolytes disclosed herein (typically those containing more than 0 parts by weight and less than 1 part by weight of a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex per 100 parts by weight of other electrolyte constituents) Preparing a liquid). The method also includes housing the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the non-aqueous electrolyte in a container to construct a lithium ion secondary battery. According to this method, a lithium ion battery excellent in discharge rate characteristics (preferably, cycle characteristics) can be manufactured.
- the method includes providing a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material portion made of a material containing the negative electrode active material as a main component.
- the method also includes providing a non-aqueous electrolyte that includes a non-aqueous solvent and a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex.
- the method also includes housing the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the non-aqueous electrolyte in a container to construct a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the amount of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex contained in the electrolyte is more than 0 mg / cm 2 and 0.1 mg / cm 2 per area of the outer surface of the negative electrode active material portion. It accommodates in the said container so that it may become cm ⁇ 2 > or less. According to this method, a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in discharge rate characteristics (preferably both discharge rate characteristics and cycle characteristics) can be manufactured.
- the technology disclosed herein can be preferably applied to a lithium ion secondary battery including carbon particles having a graphite structure at least partially as a negative electrode active material. Moreover, it is suitable as an electrolytic solution for such a secondary battery. In the lithium ion secondary battery having such a configuration, it is particularly meaningful to include a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. For example, one or more of the output performance (for example, discharge rate characteristics) and durability performance (for example, cycle characteristics) of the battery can be effectively improved.
- any of the lithium ion secondary batteries disclosed herein (which can be lithium ion secondary batteries manufactured by any of the methods disclosed herein) has good output performance.
- the discharge capacity at a low discharge rate can be maintained relatively well even at a high discharge rate.
- the durability performance (for example, cycle characteristics) is further excellent. Since such high performance can be exhibited, it is suitable as a power source mounted on a vehicle, for example. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery disclosed herein can be suitably used as a power source (typically a driving power source) for a motor mounted on a vehicle equipped with an electric motor such as a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle. .
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an outer shape of a nonaqueous secondary battery according to an embodiment.
- 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the discharge rate and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the discharge rate and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 5 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the content of the BF 3 -THP complex and the 20C discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the content of 2BF 3 -DOX complex and the 20C discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 7 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the discharge rate and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an outer shape of a nonaqueous secondary battery according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the discharge rate and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the discharge rate and the
- FIG. 8 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the discharge rate and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 9 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the number of cycles and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 10 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the number of cycles and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 11 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the number of cycles and the discharge specific capacity.
- FIG. 12 is a side view showing a vehicle including a non-aqueous secondary battery according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a coin-type battery produced in the example.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte disclosed herein is characterized by including a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex in a non-aqueous solvent.
- the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex has a BF 3 part and a cyclic ether part, and a lone pair of oxygen atoms constituting the ether ring is coordinated to a vacant orbit of a boron atom in the BF 3 part.
- the structure of this complex can be identified by techniques such as 13 C-NMR measurement and 1 H-NMR measurement. It can be confirmed from the chemical shift in the NMR spectrum that the cyclic ether and BF 3 form a complex (for example, it is not simply a solvated state).
- the ether ring is a structural part having at least one etheric oxygen as a ring constituent atom. Either a saturated cyclic ether or an unsaturated cyclic ether may be used. The number of atoms constituting the ether ring is preferably 5 to 8, and more preferably 5 or 6.
- the cyclic ether portion may have two or more etheric oxygens as ring constituent atoms. In such an ether ring, BF 3 may be coordinated to only a part (for example, one) of the etheric oxygens, or BF 3 may be coordinated to all etheric oxygens.
- the cyclic ether portion may further have a heteroatom such as sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) in addition to one or two or more etheric oxygens.
- BF 3 is coordinated to some or all of the ether oxygen, may be further coordinated BF 3 some or all of the other heteroatom.
- the ether ring may have one or two or more substituents bonded to the ring constituent atoms, and may not have such substituents. When it has a substituent, preferred examples thereof include alkyl groups and alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 to 2 and typically 1).
- one or two atoms constituting the ether ring are etheric oxygen, and the other is a carbon atom.
- Either a saturated cyclic ether or an unsaturated cyclic ether may be used, but usually a saturated cyclic ether is more preferable.
- saturated cyclic ethers include dioxane (DOX), tetrahydropyran (THP), and tetrahydrofuran (THF).
- DOX dioxane
- THP tetrahydropyran
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- Such an ether ring may have one or two or more substituents (for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms) bonded to the ring constituent atoms, and may not have such substituents.
- a complex having one or two alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms on the ether ring may be used. Particularly preferred examples include a BF 3 -THP complex (compound formula (2) described later) and a 2BF 3 -DOX complex (chemical formula (3) described later).
- the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex constituting the electrolytic solution disclosed herein is produced, for example, by passing BF 3 gas through a raw material organic substance (typically, a cyclic ether corresponding to the target complex structure). can do.
- BF 3 - as preferred method of cyclic ether complex, BF 3 and an object - a cyclic ether corresponding to cyclic ether complex, BF 3 to be substituted ethers different from the cyclic ether is coordinated to BF 3 -
- a method of removing the substituted ether from the reaction system after mixing with the substituted ether complex can be mentioned.
- This method utilizes an ether exchange reaction between a BF 3 -substituted ether complex and a cyclic ether.
- Such a manufacturing method has an advantage that the material to be used is easily handled as compared with the above-described method in which BF 3 gas is passed.
- BF 3 -diethyl ether complex (BF 3 -substituted ether complex) and THP (cyclic ether corresponding to the structure of the target product) are mixed, and the diethyl ether part of the BF 3 -diethyl ether complex is substituted with THP.
- THP cyclic ether corresponding to the structure of the target product
- the BF 3 -substituted ether complex those which are liquid at room temperature can be preferably used.
- “being liquid at normal temperature” means exhibiting fluidity at 25 ° C.
- Such a BF 3 -substituted ether complex is preferable because it can be easily mixed with a cyclic ether (typically liquid at room temperature) and has good handleability. Since the ether portion of the BF 3 -substituted ether complex is removed from the reaction system by the above removal step (eg, distilled off by distillation under reduced pressure), the ether that is easily removed in the removal step coordinates to BF 3.
- the BF 3 -substituted ether complex is preferably used.
- the substituted ether preferably has a boiling point in the range of ⁇ 50 ° C. to 70 ° C., for example. Further, a substituted ether having a molecular weight in the range of, for example, 40 to 200 (more preferably 46 to 150) is preferable.
- the kind of the substituted ether preferably used may vary depending on the kind of the cyclic ether substituted with the ether, but usually diethyl ether or dimethyl ether can be preferably used. Particular preference is given to using diethyl ether. This is because the BF 3 -diethyl ether complex is commercially available.
- the mixing ratio of the BF 3 -substituted ether complex and the cyclic ether is not particularly limited. Usually, it is appropriate that the molar ratio of BF 3 -substituted ether complex: cyclic ether is about 1: 0.5 to 2.0, for example, 1: 0.9 to 1.5 (typically It is preferably about 1: 1 to 1.3). BF 3 - a little longer than the equivalent cyclic ethers against the substituted ether complex (e.g., in excess of about 5-30% in moles) by mixing, BF 3 - be produced efficiently cyclic ether complex it can.
- the temperature at which the mixture is stirred after the BF 3 -substituted ether complex and the cyclic ether are mixed is not particularly limited. Usually, it is appropriate to set the temperature at which the reaction system can be maintained in a liquid state (in other words, the temperature at which the ether exchange reaction can proceed as a liquid phase reaction). For example, a temperature of about 0 ° C. to 80 ° C. is preferable. Can be adopted. From the viewpoint of energy cost, etc., stirring may be performed at room temperature (typically about 10 ° C to 30 ° C), or under heating conditions (for example, 35 ° C to 60 ° C) to promote the progress of the ether exchange reaction. May be.
- the method of removing the substituted ether portion of the BF 3 -substituted ether complex from the reaction system includes, for example, a method of circulating an inert gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas, a heating method, a reduced pressure And the like. You may use combining these methods suitably.
- examples of the inert gas used include nitrogen gas and argon gas.
- the mixture is preferably stirred at room temperature to about 60 ° C.
- the stirring time is not particularly limited, but it is usually suitable to be 50 hours or longer (for example, about 50 hours to 150 hours).
- a preferable heating temperature may vary depending on the type of BF 3 -substituted ether complex or cyclic ether to be used, but it is usually appropriate to be in the range of 40 ° C to 90 ° C.
- the preferred degree of reduced pressure may vary depending on the type of BF 3 -substituted ether complex or cyclic ether used, but is usually 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 to 700 ⁇ 10 4 Pa (approximately 200 mmHg). It is appropriate to set it to about 500 mmHg).
- non-aqueous solvent in the non-aqueous electrolyte examples include various aprotic compounds that are generally known to be usable as a solvent for a non-aqueous electrolyte (for example, an electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery) are known.
- a solvent can be used.
- various aprotic solvents such as carbonates, esters, ethers, nitriles, sulfones, and lactones can be used alone or in appropriate combination of two or more.
- the non-aqueous solvent preferably exhibits a liquid state at room temperature (for example, 25 ° C.) as a whole (when a plurality of compounds are included, as a mixture thereof).
- a non-aqueous solvent containing one or more carbonates accounts for 50% by volume or more of the total volume of the non-aqueous solvent ( Carbonate-based solvents).
- the total volume of carbonates is 60% by volume or more (more preferably 75% by volume or more, more preferably 90% by volume or more, and substantially 100% by volume) of the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent. ) Is preferred.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution disclosed herein typically contains a supporting electrolyte (supporting salt) in addition to the nonaqueous solvent and the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex.
- the supporting electrolyte include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiC (SO 2 CF 3 3 ), LiClO 4 or the like, one or more selected from various lithium salts known to be capable of functioning as a supporting electrolyte for lithium ion secondary batteries can be used.
- LiPF 6 is preferable.
- the concentration of the supporting electrolyte is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, the same level as that of a conventional lithium ion secondary battery. Usually, the concentration of the supporting electrolyte is suitably about 0.1 mol / L to 5 mol / L (eg, about 0.8 mol / L to 1.5 mol / L).
- BF 3 - content X of the cyclic ether complex (BF 3 of two or more - in the case of including a cyclic ether complexes, their total amount) of other It is preferable that the amount is more than 0 parts by weight and less than 1 part by weight (that is, 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1) per 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the electrolyte components.
- a reference electrolyte solution in which a supporting electrolyte is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent at an appropriate concentration is prepared as in Examples described later, and X parts by mass (where 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1) per 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte solution.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte solution disclosed herein can be preferably prepared by adding the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex) and mixing uniformly.
- the content X of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex with respect to 100 parts by mass of the other electrolyte components is suitably 0.7 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or less (typically Is less than 0.5 parts by mass).
- the content X may be 0.3 parts by mass or less (for example, 0.03 to 0.3 parts by mass).
- the lower limit of the content X of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex is lower than that of a lithium ion secondary battery constructed using an electrolytic solution having the composition not containing the BF 3 complex (the reference electrolytic solution) (for example, described later).
- the amount is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount that can improve one or both of the discharge rate characteristics and the cycle characteristics evaluated by the method described in the examples.
- it is appropriate to set it as 0.01 mass part or more (typically 0.02 mass part or more, for example, 0.03 mass part or more) with respect to 100 mass parts of other electrolyte solution structural components.
- the content of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex is based on the mass of BF 3 contained in the complex (ie, on the basis of BF 3 ), It is preferable that it is greater than 0 parts by mass and less than or equal to 0.3 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the electrolyte component.
- BF 3 - the content of the cyclic ether complex, in a BF 3 standard it is appropriate to 0.2 parts by mass or less with respect to the other electrolyte components 100 parts by mass, more preferably 0. 1 part by mass or less (for example, less than 0.1 part by mass, typically 0.005 part by mass or more).
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution disclosed herein can further contain other components as necessary.
- a polymer precursor which may be a monomer, an oligomer, a mixture thereof, or the like
- an initiator for initiating or accelerating the gelation reaction
- a crosslinking agent is mentioned.
- a moisture removing agent that reacts with moisture present in the electrolyte solution or moisture that can be mixed into the electrolyte solution to eliminate the moisture.
- overcharge inhibitors such as aromatic compounds, flame retardants such as phosphazene compounds, and the like.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte substantially consisting of a non-aqueous solvent (typically a carbonate-based solvent) and a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex, or a substantially non-aqueous solvent, a non-aqueous electrolyte and a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex
- the nonaqueous electrolyte solution which consists of may be sufficient.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte disclosed herein can be widely applied to lithium ion secondary batteries and other various non-aqueous secondary batteries, and can be useful for improving the performance of the battery.
- one or more of the output performance (for example, discharge rate characteristics) and durability performance (for example, cycle characteristics) of the battery can be effectively improved.
- the BF 3 -ether complex is decomposed together with the electrolyte components (non-aqueous solvent, supporting salt, etc.) at the time of initial charging, etc., and the SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) film made of these decomposition products covers the electrode surface.
- an SEI film that appropriately covers the electrode surface is formed with a smaller amount (low concentration) of the BF 3 -ether complex than a BF 3 -chain ether complex that cannot utilize such ring-opening polymerization, and It is considered that the SEI film can be maintained satisfactorily (for example, even if the electrode active material expands and contracts due to charge / discharge, the SEI film hardly peels off from the electrode surface).
- the amount of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex used is too large, the characteristics of the battery may be deteriorated because the SEI film becomes too thick and the internal resistance of the battery increases, or the current is decomposed in the BF 3 complex. For this reason, it is considered that the charge / discharge efficiency is reduced.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte disclosed herein is not limited to the initial charge / discharge or the subsequent charge / discharge as described above, even if the composition includes a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex at the time of battery construction (assembly). Can decompose part or all of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex. In the battery in such a state, the BF 3 complex was contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte used at the time of battery construction. For example, in the mass analysis of the electrolyte or electrode, a peak attributed to BF 3 was observed. Can be confirmed.
- the BF 3 complex was a cyclic ether complex, for example, is a peak attributed to a methyl group (—O—CH 3 , —O—CH 2 —CH 3 etc.) in the NMR analysis of the electrolyte or electrode.
- the chain ether complex usually has a methyl group (—CH 3 )).
- the battery Examples include mass analysis and IR analysis of constituent elements (electrolyte, electrode, etc.).
- the lithium ion secondary battery 100 includes a wound electrode body 20 that has a flat shape corresponding to the shape of the electrode body 20 together with any of the nonaqueous electrolyte solutions 90 disclosed herein.
- the opening 12 of the case 10 is closed with a lid 14.
- the lid body 14 is provided with a positive terminal 38 and a negative terminal 48 for external connection so that a part of the terminals protrudes to the surface side of the lid body 14.
- the electrode body 20 includes a positive electrode sheet 30 in which a positive electrode active material layer 34 is formed on the surface of a long sheet-like positive electrode current collector 32, and a negative electrode active material layer 44 on the surface of a long sheet-like negative electrode current collector 42.
- the negative electrode sheet 40 on which the sheet is formed is overlapped with the two long sheet-like separators 50 and wound, and the obtained wound body is pressed from the side direction and ablated to form a flat shape. ing.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 is formed so that the positive electrode active material layer 34 is not provided at one end along the longitudinal direction, and the positive electrode current collector 32 is exposed.
- the negative electrode sheet 40 is formed so that the negative electrode active material layer 44 is not provided at one end portion along the longitudinal direction, and the negative electrode current collector 42 is exposed. Then, the positive electrode terminal 38 is joined to the exposed end portion of the positive electrode current collector 32, and the negative electrode terminal 48 is joined to the exposed end portion of the negative electrode current collector 42, respectively.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 or the negative electrode sheet 40 is electrically connected.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 includes, for example, a paste or slurry-like composition in which a positive electrode active material is dispersed in an appropriate solvent together with a conductive material, a binder (binder), and the like as necessary. It can preferably be prepared by applying and drying the composition.
- a positive electrode active material a material capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium is used, and one of substances conventionally used in lithium ion secondary batteries (for example, an oxide having a layered structure or an oxide having a spinel structure) Two or more kinds can be used without any particular limitation.
- Preferable examples include lithium-containing composite oxides such as lithium nickel composite oxides, lithium cobalt composite oxides, and lithium manganese composite oxides.
- the lithium nickel-based composite oxide is an oxide having lithium (Li) and nickel (Ni) as constituent metal elements, and at least one other metal element (that is, Li and Ni) in addition to Li and Ni.
- the metal element other than Li and Ni include, for example, Co, Al, Mn, Cr, Fe, V, Mg, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Sn, La, and Ce.
- lithium cobalt complex oxide It may be one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of: The same meaning is applied to the lithium cobalt complex oxide and the lithium manganese complex oxide.
- a lithium transition metal containing at least Ni, Co, and Mn as constituent metal elements for example, containing substantially the same amount of Ni, Co, and Mn in terms of the number of atoms.
- Complex oxides are exemplified.
- the lithium olivine is, for example, an olivine-type lithium phosphate (LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4, etc.) represented by a general formula LiMPO 4 (M is at least one element of Co, Ni, Mn, and Fe). obtain.
- Examples of the conductive material include carbon materials such as carbon powder and carbon fiber, and conductive metal powder such as nickel powder.
- carbon powder carbon black such as acetylene black and furnace black can be preferably used.
- Such conductive materials can be used singly or in appropriate combination of two or more.
- Examples of the binder include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene butadiene block copolymer (SBR), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- SBR styrene butadiene block copolymer
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- Such a binder can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types as appropriate.
- the proportion of the positive electrode active material in the entire positive electrode active material layer is suitably about 50% by mass or more (typically 50 to 95% by mass), and usually about 70 to 95% by mass. preferable.
- the ratio of the conductive material in the entire positive electrode active material layer can be, for example, about 2 to 20% by mass, and is usually preferably about 2 to 15% by mass.
- the ratio of the binder to the whole positive electrode active material layer can be, for example, about 1 to 10% by mass, and usually about 2 to 5% by mass is appropriate.
- a conductive member made of a metal having good conductivity is preferably used.
- aluminum or an alloy containing aluminum as a main component can be used.
- the shape of the positive electrode current collector 32 may vary depending on the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery, and is not particularly limited, and may be various forms such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a foil shape, and a mesh shape.
- a sheet-like aluminum positive electrode current collector 32 is used, and can be preferably used for the lithium ion secondary battery 100 including the wound electrode body 20.
- an aluminum sheet (aluminum foil) having a thickness of about 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m can be preferably used.
- the negative electrode 40 of the lithium ion secondary battery 100 is a negative electrode formed on the surface of a long sheet-like negative electrode current collector 42 as a negative electrode active material portion made of a material mainly composed of a negative electrode active material.
- An active material layer 44 is provided.
- this negative electrode active material layer 44 for example, a paste or slurry composition in which the negative electrode active material is dispersed in a suitable solvent together with a binder or the like is prepared, and the composition is applied to the negative electrode current collector 42. It can be preferably prepared by applying and drying. Note that the lithium ion secondary battery disclosed herein is replaced with, for example, a negative electrode active material layer formed by applying and drying the slurry-like composition on the negative electrode current collector as described above.
- the negative electrode in the lithium ion secondary battery disclosed herein may be one in which the negative electrode active material portion is held by the negative electrode current collector, or may not have the negative electrode current collector. From the viewpoint of current collection efficiency, it is advantageous that the negative electrode active material portion is held by the negative electrode current collector.
- a carbon particle is mentioned as a suitable negative electrode active material.
- a particulate carbon material (carbon particles) containing a graphite structure (layered structure) at least partially is preferably used. Any carbon material of a so-called graphitic material (graphite), a non-graphitizable carbonaceous material (hard carbon), a graphitizable carbonaceous material (soft carbon), or a combination of these materials is preferably used. obtain. Among these, graphite particles such as natural graphite can be preferably used.
- the proportion of the negative electrode active material in the whole negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but it is usually appropriate to set it to about 50% by mass or more, preferably about 90 to 99% by mass (eg about 95 to 99% by mass). It is.
- the same positive electrode as described above can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the addition amount of the binder may be appropriately selected according to the type and amount of the negative electrode active material, and can be, for example, about 1 to 5% by mass of the entire negative electrode active material layer.
- a conductive member made of a highly conductive metal is preferably used.
- copper or an alloy containing copper as a main component can be used.
- the shape of the negative electrode current collector 42 can be in various forms like the positive electrode current collector 32.
- a sheet-like copper negative electrode current collector 42 is used, and can be preferably used for the lithium ion secondary battery 100 including the wound electrode body 20.
- a copper sheet (copper foil) having a thickness of about 5 to 30 ⁇ m can be preferably used.
- the same separator as a general separator in the field can be used without particular limitation.
- a porous sheet made of a resin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester, cellulose, or polyamide, a nonwoven fabric, or the like can be used.
- Preferable examples include a single layer or multilayer structure porous sheet (microporous resin sheet) mainly composed of one or more kinds of polyolefin resins.
- a PE sheet, a PP sheet, a sheet having a three-layer structure (PP / PE / PP structure) in which a PP layer is laminated on both sides of the PE layer, and the like can be suitably used.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably set within a range of about 10 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, for example.
- nonaqueous electrolytic solution disclosed herein may be used in the form of a gel electrolyte in which a part or all of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is gelled by an appropriate method.
- a battery having such a gel electrolyte (for example, a lithium ion secondary battery) can be preferably implemented even in a form in which a separator is omitted.
- a battery including a gel electrolyte and a separator may be used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 100 having such a configuration is provided in the lid body 14 after the electrode body 20 is accommodated inside the opening portion 12 of the case 10 and the lid body 14 is attached to the opening portion 12 of the case 10, for example. It can be constructed by injecting an electrolytic solution 90 from a prepared electrolytic solution injection hole (not shown) and then closing the injection hole.
- the composition and use amount (injection amount) of the electrolytic solution 90 are such that, for example, the amount of BF 3 -cyclic ether complex contained in the electrolytic solution 90 is the outer surface of the negative electrode active material layer (negative electrode active material part) 44. per area, it can be set to be greater 0.2 mg / cm 2 or less than 0 mg / cm 2.
- the amount used and the area of the outer surface of the negative electrode active material part may be adjusted.
- the content of the BF 3 -cyclic ether complex in the electrolyte solution is, for example, more than 0 parts by mass and 3 parts by mass or less (preferably 2 parts by mass or less, more preferably 1 part by mass per 100 parts by mass of other electrolyte components. Or less, typically less than 1 part by mass).
- the negative electrode active BF per area of material portion 3 - be increased 0.1 mg / cm 2 or less than 0 mg / cm 2 the cyclic ether complex amount (typically less than 0.1 mg / cm 2) Appropriate, and in a preferred embodiment, it is 0.05 mg / cm 2 or less (eg, 0.03 mg / cm 2 or less).
- the lower limit of the amount of BF 3 -cyclic ether complex per area of the negative electrode active material part is lower than that of a lithium ion secondary battery constructed using an electrolytic solution having the composition not containing the BF 3 complex (the above standard electrolytic solution).
- the amount is not particularly limited as long as the performance can be improved. Usually, it is appropriate to be 0.001 mg / cm 2 or more (typically 0.005 mg / cm 2 or more, for example, 0.01 mg / cm 2 or more).
- the composition and amount of the electrolytic solution 90 is also, BF 3 contained in the electrolyte 90 - the amount of cyclic ether complex, per area of the outer surface of the negative electrode active material layer 44, in BF 3 basis, 0 mg / cm 2 greater than 0.1 mg / cm 2 or less (typically less than 0.1 mg / cm 2) can be set to be.
- the BF 3 - the amount of cyclic ether complex in a BF 3 standard 0.05 mg / cm 2 or less (more preferably 0.03 mg / cm 2 or less, for example 0.02 mg / cm 2 or less) .
- the lower limit of the BF 3 reference is not particularly limited, usually to 0.001 mg / cm 2 or more (e.g., 0.005 mg / cm 2 or higher) Is appropriate.
- the “area of the outer surface of the negative electrode active material portion” refers to the area (exposed area) of the portion facing the electrolyte in the outer shape of the negative electrode active material portion.
- the portion of the active material layer 44 that faces the current collector 42 has the area of the outer surface. Not included. In such a form, normally, the area of the outer surface of the negative electrode active material portion and the formation area of the negative electrode active material layer can be regarded as the same.
- Example 1 Preparation of electrolytic solution containing BF 3 -THP complex>
- BF 3 -diethyl ether complex (BF 3 -Et 2 O complex; chemical formula (1) below) 10.96 g (77 mmol) and tetrahydropyran (THP) 8.17 g (95 mmol) were charged into a reaction vessel, and nitrogen gas was added. The ether exchange reaction was allowed to proceed by stirring at room temperature for 10 hours under flow. Thereafter, vacuum distillation was performed to obtain 10.45 g (68 mmol) of a BF 3 -THP complex as a colorless liquid. The obtained BF 3 -THP complex was subjected to 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR measurements. From these spectra, it was confirmed that the target BF 3 -THP complex (the following chemical formula (2)) was synthesized.
- a solution containing LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 mol / L in a mixed solvent of EC and EMC (volume ratio 3: 7) is used as a reference electrolyte NA, and the BF 3 -THP complex is added to the reference electrolyte NA. Dissolved.
- the amount of BF 3 -THP added to 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte NA is set to five levels of 0.05 part, 0.1 part, 1 part, 2 parts, and 5 parts by weight. Five types of electrolyte samples with different contents of 3- THP complex were prepared.
- these electrolyte samples are prepared in the order of decreasing content of the BF 3 -THP complex, THP ⁇ BF 3 -1, THP ⁇ BF 3 -2, THP ⁇ BF 3 -3, THP ⁇ BF 3 -4. , THP ⁇ BF 3 -5.
- Example 2 2BF 3 electrolyte preparation, including -DOX complexes>
- Dehydrated dioxane (DOX) (3.0 g) and BF 3 -Et 2 O complex (4.0 g) were charged into a reaction vessel, and stirred at 45 ° C. for 3 days under a nitrogen gas flow to advance the ether exchange reaction. Thereafter, distillation under reduced pressure was performed to obtain 2.4 g of 2BF 3 -DOX complex as a colorless solid.
- the 2BF 3 -DOX complex obtained was subjected to 1 H-NMR measurement, 13 C-NMR measurement, and mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
- the 2BF 3 -DOX complex was added and dissolved in the reference electrolyte NA.
- the addition amount of the 2BF 3 -DOX complex was 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte NA to 5 levels of 0.05 parts by mass, 0.1 parts by mass, 1 part by mass, 2 parts by mass, and 5 parts by mass.
- Five types of electrolytic solution samples having different contents of 2BF 3 -DOX complex were prepared.
- these electrolyte solutions are sampled in descending order of content of 2BF 3 -DOX complex, DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -1, DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -2, DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -3, DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -4. , And may be expressed as DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -5.
- Example 3 Preparation of electrolytic solution containing BF 3 -Et 2 O complex> An electrolyte sample Et 2 O ⁇ BF 3 -1 was prepared by adding and dissolving 0.1 parts by mass of a BF 3 -Et 2 O complex in 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte NA.
- Example 4 Production of lithium ion secondary battery> Using the electrolytic solutions prepared in Examples 1 to 3 and the reference electrolytic solution NA, a lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation was manufactured as follows.
- the positive electrode for this lithium ion secondary battery was produced as follows. That is, lithium represented by a composition formula LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as a positive electrode active material was added to 25 g of an N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solution containing 1.5 g of PVDF as a binder.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer 7.5 g of nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide and 1.0 g of acetylene black as a conductive material were added and kneaded until uniform to prepare a slurry-like composition (composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer).
- This composition was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m so that the coating amount was 6.5 mg / cm 2 (based on solid content). The coated material was dried and pressed, and then cut into a predetermined size (circular shape with a diameter of 14 mm) to obtain a positive electrode.
- the negative electrode for the lithium ion secondary battery was produced as follows. That is, 9.25 g of graphite as a negative electrode active material was added to 11 g of NMP solution containing 0.75 g of PVDF, and kneaded until uniform to prepare a slurry-like composition (a composition for forming a negative electrode active material layer). . This composition was applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m-thick copper foil (negative electrode current collector) so that the coating amount was 4.3 mg / cm 2 (based on solid content). The coated material was dried and pressed, and then cut into a predetermined size (circular shape with a diameter of 16 mm; area 2.0 cm 2 ) to obtain a negative electrode. As the separator, a polypropylene / polyethylene composite porous film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m cut into a predetermined size (a circle having a diameter of 19 mm) was used.
- a coin type (2032 type) battery 200 having a schematic structure shown in FIG. 13 was produced. That is, the negative electrode 40 produced above was accommodated in a container 80 (negative electrode terminal). The separator 50 was stacked on the negative electrode 40, and the nonaqueous electrolytic solution 90 was dropped from above. The dripping amount was 51 mg ⁇ 5 mg. Next, the positive electrode 30 produced above was placed on the separator 50, and the container 80 was sealed with the gasket 60 and the lid 70 (positive electrode terminal) to construct the battery 200. Thereafter, an initial charging / discharging (conditioning) process in which an operation of charging to a terminal voltage of 4.2 V at a rate of 1/10 C at a temperature of 25 ° C. and an operation of discharging to 3.0 V at the same rate are repeated twice. Went.
- CC-CV constant current and constant voltage
- the battery was again charged with CC-CV under the above conditions, and then discharged at a constant current up to 3 V at a discharge rate of 1 C, and the discharge capacity (1 C discharge capacity) at that time was measured.
- the discharge capacity was further measured at each rate of 5C, 10C, 15C, and 20C.
- the value of the discharge capacity thus measured was converted to a value per mass of the positive electrode active material (discharge specific capacity (mAh / g)).
- the obtained results are shown in Table 1 for the electrolyte containing the BF 3 -THP complex, together with the discharge specific capacity of the battery using the reference electrolyte NA, and 2BF 3-
- the electrolyte solution containing the DOX complex is shown in Table 2
- the electrolyte solution containing the BF 3 -Et 2 O complex is shown in Table 3.
- the addition in Table 1, for each of the electrolyte solution shows the content of the BF 3 complex to the other electrolyte components 100 parts by mass (mass part), with BF 3 complex (i.e. compounds) standards and BF 3 reference .
- the content of the BF 3 complex per surface area of the negative electrode active material layer of the battery (in the coin-type battery having the above configuration, it can be regarded as the area of one side of the negative electrode).
- Amounts (mg / cm 2 ) are shown on a BF 3 complex basis and a BF 3 basis.
- the amount of the BF 3 complex is the amount of “BF 3 complex standard” with respect to 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolytic solution unless otherwise specified.
- FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram in which the measurement results of the discharge specific capacity shown in Table 1 are plotted against the discharge rate, and there are six types with different contents of BF 3 -THP complexes (or not including BF 3 complexes).
- the discharge rate characteristic of each battery constructed using the electrolyte solution is shown. As shown in the figure, in any battery using any electrolytic solution, the discharge specific capacity tended to decrease as the discharge rate increased. However, 3 parts by mass or less (more specifically 2 parts by mass or less, specifically 0.05 parts by mass or 0.1 parts by mass) with respect to 100 parts by mass of other electrolyte components (here, the standard electrolyte NA).
- the discharge specific capacity compared to the reference electrolyte NA containing no BF 3 complex Improved.
- the discharge specific capacity at a high discharge rate (for example, 5 C or more) tends to be greatly improved as compared with a low discharge rate.
- the discharge rate characteristics were effectively improved in the battery including these electrolytes.
- the electrolytic solution THP ⁇ BF 3 -5 containing 5 parts by mass of the BF 3 -THP complex the discharge specific capacity is rather higher than that in the case of using the reference electrolytic solution NA at any discharge rate measured here. It became low.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram in which the measurement results of the discharge specific capacity shown in Table 2 are plotted against the discharge rate, and there are six types with different contents of 2BF 3 -DOX complexes (or not including BF 3 complexes).
- the discharge rate characteristic of each battery constructed using the electrolyte solution is shown. As shown in the figure, in any battery using any electrolytic solution, the discharge specific capacity tended to decrease as the discharge rate increased. However, 3 parts by mass or less (more specifically 2 parts by mass or less, specifically 0.05 parts by mass, 0.1 parts by mass, 1 part by mass or 2 parts by mass) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the standard electrolyte NA.
- DOX ⁇ was contained 2BF 3 -1,2,3,4, discharge specific capacity was improved as compared with the reference electrolyte NA containing no BF 3 complex.
- the discharge specific capacity at a high discharge rate (for example, 5 C or more) tends to be greatly improved as compared with a low discharge rate.
- the discharge rate characteristics were effectively improved in the battery including these electrolytes.
- the electrolyte solution DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -5 including 2BF 3 -DOX complex 5 parts by weight in any of the discharge rate measured here, the discharge specific capacity compared with the case of using the reference electrolyte NA rather It became low.
- FIG. 5 is a characteristic diagram in which the discharge specific capacity at a discharge rate of 20C is plotted against the content of the BF 3 -THP complex.
- the 20C discharge specific capacity was improved at a content of about 3 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the other electrolyte components.
- a particularly high effect was realized at a content of less than 1 part by mass (preferably 0.7 parts by mass or less, for example less than 0.5 parts by mass, typically 0.05 parts by mass or more).
- the 20C discharge specific capacity increased by 10% or more (20% or more in a preferred embodiment, 30% or more in a more preferred embodiment) with respect to the reference electrolyte NA.
- FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram in which the discharge specific capacity at a discharge rate of 20 C is plotted against the content of the 2BF 3 -DOX complex.
- the 20C discharge specific capacity was improved at a content of about 3 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte NA.
- a particularly high effect was realized at a content of less than 1 part by weight (preferably less than 0.5 part by weight, for example less than 0.1 part by weight, typically 0.01 parts by weight or more).
- the 20C discharge specific capacity increased by 10% or more (20% or more in a preferred embodiment, 30% or more in a more preferred embodiment) with respect to the reference electrolyte NA.
- FIG. 7 shows a reference electrolyte NA, an electrolyte solution (THP ⁇ BF 3 -2) in which 0.1 part by mass of a BF 3 -THP complex is added to 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte NA, and also 0.1 mass Part of 2BF 3 -DOX complex added electrolyte (DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -2) and 0.1 part by mass of BF 3 -Et 2 O complex added electrolyte (Et 2 O ⁇ BF 3- For 1), the discharge specific capacity is plotted against the discharge rate.
- an electrolyte solution containing a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex in a range of less than 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of another electrolyte component (here, reference electrolyte NA).
- the discharge specific capacity of the reference electrolyte NA In particular, the discharge specific capacity at a high discharge rate of 5C or higher can be improved, and as a result, the discharge rate characteristics are better improved.
- reference electrolyte NA 100 parts by 0.1 parts by mass with respect to reference electrolyte NA of (BF 3 0.044 parts by mass basis) electrolytic liquid containing BF 3-THP complex (THP ⁇ BF 3 -2), 0.05 parts by mass (0.03 parts by mass on the basis of BF 3 ) of an electrolyte solution (DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -1) added with 2BF 3 -DOX complex, and 0.1 parts by mass ( BF 3 -Et 2 O complex electrolytic liquid containing the BF 0.048 parts by 3 basis) about (Et 2 O ⁇ BF 3 -1 ), a plot of discharge specific capacity for discharge rate.
- FIG. 9 shows an increase in the number of cycles for each battery (battery shown in Table 1) constructed using six types of electrolytes having different BF 3 -THP complex contents (or not containing BF 3 complex). It is the figure which showed transition of the discharge capacity ratio accompanying with. As shown in the figure, the amount is less than 1 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the reference electrolyte NA (more specifically, 0.1 parts by weight or less, specifically 0.05 parts by weight or 0.1 parts by weight). According to BF 3-THP complex THP ⁇ BF 3 which contains 1,2) of a high initial discharge specific capacity compared to the reference electrolyte NA without the BF 3 complex, more even, more cycles A high discharge specific capacity was maintained.
- the difference in the initial discharge specific capacity is mainly caused by the difference in quality of the SEI film formed at the time of initial charge / discharge (conditioning) after battery construction.
- THP ⁇ BF 3 -3 4, 5 containing 1 part by mass or more (specifically, 1 part by mass, 2 parts by mass or 5 parts by mass) of BF 3 -THP complex, The discharge specific capacity was lower than that of the reference electrolyte NA containing no BF 3 complex.
- the 5 parts by weight of BF 3 THP ⁇ BF 3 -5 which is contained -THP complex, discharge specific capacity is greatly reduced.
- FIG. 10 shows an increase in the number of cycles for each battery (battery shown in Table 2) constructed using six types of electrolytes with different 2BF 3 -DOX complex contents (or no BF 3 complex). It shows the transition of the discharge capacity ratio associated with. As shown in the figure, the amount is less than 1 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the reference electrolyte NA (more specifically, 0.1 parts by weight or less, specifically 0.05 parts by weight or 0.1 parts by weight). According to 2BF 3 -DOX complex DOX ⁇ was contained 2BF 3 -1, 2) of a high initial discharge specific capacity compared to the reference electrolyte NA containing no BF 3 complex, more even, more cycles A high discharge specific capacity was maintained.
- FIG. 11 shows a reference electrolyte NA, an electrolyte obtained by adding 0.1 part by mass of a BF 3 -THP complex to 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte NA (THP ⁇ BF 3 -2), and also 0.1 mass Part of 2BF 3 -DOX complex added electrolyte (DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -2) and 0.1 part by mass of BF 3 -Et 2 O complex added electrolyte (Et 2 O ⁇ BF 3- About 1), the transition of the discharge capacity ratio accompanying the increase in the number of cycles is shown.
- an electrolyte containing a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex (THP ⁇ BF 3 -2, DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -2) in a range of less than 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the reference electrolyte NA.
- THP ⁇ BF 3 -2, DOX ⁇ 2BF 3 -2 a BF 3 -cyclic ether complex
- Improved the cycle characteristics (less decrease in discharge specific capacity due to the cycle test) as compared with the reference electrolyte NA, and further improved the initial discharge specific capacity.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery (typically a lithium ion secondary battery) provided with an electrolyte solution provided by the technology disclosed herein has little deterioration due to charge and discharge, and is therefore a secondary battery for various applications.
- any non-aqueous secondary battery 100 disclosed herein can be suitably used as a power source for a vehicle driving motor (electric motor) mounted on a vehicle 1 such as an automobile. it can.
- vehicle driving motor electric motor
- vehicle 1 such as an automobile.
- vehicle 1 such as an automobile.
- vehicle 1 such as an automobile.
- vehicle 1 such as an automobile.
- vehicle 1 such as an automobile.
- vehicle 1 such as an automobile.
- vehicle 1 such as an automobile.
- vehicle 1 is not specifically limited, Typically, they are a hybrid vehicle, an electric vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle, etc.
- Such non-aqueous secondary battery 100 may be used alone, or may be used in the form of an assembled battery that is connected in series and / or in parallel.
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Abstract
Description
好ましく用いられる被置換エーテルの種類は、該エーテルと置換する環状エーテルの種類等によっても異なり得るが、通常は、ジエチルエーテルまたはジメチルエーテルを好ましく採用することができる。ジエチルエーテルを用いることが特に好ましい。BF3-ジエチルエーテル錯体は市販品として入手可能であるからである。
上記不活性ガスを流通させる除去方法において、使用する不活性ガスとしては、窒素ガスやアルゴンガス等を例示することができる。かかる不活性ガスを流通させる際には、上記混合物を室温~60℃程度で撹拌することが好ましい。撹拌時間は特に限定されないが、通常は50時間以上(例えば50時間~150時間程度)とすることが適当である。
また、上記加熱による除去方法において、好ましい加熱温度は、使用するBF3-被置換エーテル錯体や環状エーテルの種類によって異なり得るが、通常は40℃~90℃の範囲とすることが適当である。
また、上記減圧による除去方法において、好ましい減圧度は、使用するBF3-被置換エーテル錯体や環状エーテルの種類によって異なり得るが、通常は2.5×104~700×104Pa(概ね200mmHg~500mmHg)程度とすることが適当である。
市販のBF3-ジエチルエーテル錯体(BF3-Et2O錯体;下記化学式(1))10.96g(77mmol)とテトラヒドロピラン(THP)8.17g(95mmol)とを反応容器に仕込み、窒素ガスフロー下、室温で10時間攪拌して、エーテル交換反応を進行させた。その後、減圧蒸留を行って、BF3-THP錯体10.45g(68mmol)を無色の液体として得た。得られたBF3-THP錯体につき、1H-NMRおよび13C-NMR測定を行った。それらのスペクトルから、目的のBF3-THP錯体(下記化学式(2))が合成されたことを確認した。
脱水ジオキサン(DOX)3.0gとBF3-Et2O錯体4.0gとを反応容器に仕込み、窒素ガスフロー下、45℃で3日間攪拌して、エーテル交換反応を進行させた。その後、減圧蒸留を行って、2BF3-DOX錯体2.4gを無色の固体として得た。得られた2BF3-DOX錯体につき1H-NMR測定、13C-NMR測定、ならびに質量分析(GC-MS)を行った。その結果、NMR測定においてピークが一種類であること、および、質量分析において2BF3-DOX錯体に対応する分子量にピークが認められる一方、1BF3-DOX錯体(ジオキサンを構成する二つの酸素原子のうち一方のみにBF3が配位した錯体)に対応する分子量にはピークが認められなかったことから、得られた錯体が2BF3-DOX錯体(下記化学式(3))であることを確認した。
100質量部の基準電解液NAに、0.1質量部のBF3-Et2O錯体を添加して溶解させることにより、電解液サンプルEt2O・BF3-1を調製した。
例1~例3で作製した各電解液ならびに基準電解液NAを用いて、以下のようにして評価用のリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
このリチウムイオン二次電池用の正極は、次のようにして作製した。すなわち、結着剤としてのPVDFを1.5g含むN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)溶液25gに、正極活物質として、組成式LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2で表されるリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物7.5gと、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック1.0gとを加え、均一になるまで混練してスラリー状の組成物(正極活物質層形成用組成物)を調製した。この組成物を、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の片面に、塗布量が6.5mg/cm2(固形分基準)となるように塗布した。その塗布物を乾燥させ、プレスした後、所定サイズ(直径14mmの円形)に切り出して正極を得た。
セパレータとしては、厚み25μmのポリプロピレン/ポリエチレン複合材多孔質フィルムを所定サイズ(直径19mmの円形)に切り出したものを使用した。
電解液の組成毎に3個の上記コイン型リチウムイオン二次電池を用いて、温度25℃にて放電レート特性を評価した(すなわちn=3)。具体的には、上記初期充放電後の各電池を、1C(ここでは1.15mA)のレートで4.2Vまで充電し、次いで4.2Vで合計充電時間が2時間半となるまでさらに充電した。かかる定電流定電圧(CC-CV)充電後の電池を、0.3Cの放電レートにて3Vまで定電流放電し、そのときの放電容量(0.3C放電容量)を測定した。次いで、該電池を上記条件で再度CC-CV充電した後、1Cの放電レートにて3Vまで定電流放電し、そのときの放電容量(1C放電容量)を測定した。同様の操作により、さらに5C、10C、15C、20Cの各レートにて放電容量を測定した。このようにして測定された放電容量の値を、正極活物質の質量当たりの値(放電比容量(mAh/g))に換算した。
電解液の組成毎に3個の上記コイン型リチウムイオン二次電池を用いて、温度25℃にてサイクル特性を評価した(すなわちn=3)。具体的には、上記初期充放電後の各電池を、2Cのレートで4.2Vまで充電し、次いで4.2Vで合計充電時間が2時間となるまでさらに充電した(CC-CV充電)。次いで、2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電する操作と、2Cで4.2Vまで定電流充電する操作とを交互に100サイクル繰り返し(サイクル試験)、各サイクルにおける放電容量を測定し、それらを放電容量比に換算した。得られた結果(電池3個の算術平均値である。)を、サイクル数の増加に伴う放電容量比の推移として図9~11に示した。
これに対して、1質量部以上(具体的には、1質量部、2質量部または5質量部)のBF3-THP錯体を含有させたTHP・BF3-3,4,5では、初期から100サイクル後に至るまで継続して、BF3錯体を含まない基準電解液NAよりも放電比容量が低かった。特に、5質量部のBF3-THP錯体を含有させたTHP・BF3-5では、放電比容量が大きく低下した。この結果は、100質量部の基準電解液NAに対して1質量部未満のBF3-環状エーテル錯体(ここではBF3-THP錯体)を含有させた電解液によると、放電レート特性を大幅に改善し得るとともに、サイクル特性をも向上させ得ることを支持するものである。
これに対して、1質量部以上(具体的には、1質量部、2質量部または5質量部)の2BF3-DOX錯体を含有させたDOX・2BF3-3,4,5では、初期から100サイクル後に至るまで継続して、BF3錯体を含まない基準電解液NAよりも放電比容量が低かった。特に、5質量部の2BF3-DOX錯体を含有させたDOX・2BF3-5では、放電比容量が大きく低下した。この結果は、100質量部の基準電解液NAに対して1質量部未満のBF3-環状エーテル錯体(ここでは2BF3-DOX錯体)を含有させた電解液によると、放電レート特性を大幅に改善し得るとともに、サイクル特性をも向上させ得ることを支持するものである。
一方、BF3-環状エーテル錯体を含有させることで得られる上記効果とは対照的に、該BF3-環状エーテル錯体と同じ質量部のBF3-鎖状エーテル錯体を含有する電解液(Et2O・BF3-1)では、BF3錯体を含有しない基準電解液NAに比べて、図11に示すようにサイクル特性が明らかに低下した。
Claims (8)
- 非水二次電池用の非水電解液であって、
非水溶媒と、BF3-環状エーテル錯体とを含み、
前記BF3-環状エーテル錯体の含有量は、他の電解液構成成分の合計量100質量部当たり、0質量部より多く且つ1質量部未満である、非水電解液。 - 前記BF3-環状エーテル錯体は、BF3-テトラヒドロピラン錯体およびBF3-ジオキサン錯体の少なくとも一方を含む、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記非水溶媒のうち50体積%以上は一種または二種以上のカーボネート系溶媒からなる、請求項1または2に記載の非水電解液。
- リチウムイオン二次電池を製造する方法であって:
正極活物質を有する正極と、負極活物質を有する負極とを用意すること;
請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の非水電解液を用意すること;および、
前記正極、前記負極および前記非水電解液を容器に収容してリチウムイオン二次電池を構築すること;
を包含する、リチウムイオン二次電池製造方法。 - リチウムイオン二次電池を製造する方法であって:
正極活物質を有する正極と、負極活物質を有する負極とを用意すること;
非水溶媒とBF3-環状エーテル錯体とを含む非水電解液を用意すること;および、
前記正極、前記負極および前記非水電解液を容器に収容してリチウムイオン二次電池を構築すること;
を包含し、
ここで、前記負極は、前記負極活物質を主成分とする負極活物質部を有し、
前記非水電解液は、該電解液に含まれる前記BF3-環状エーテル錯体の量が、前記負極活物質部の外表面の面積当たり0mg/cm2より大きく0.1mg/cm2以下となるように前記容器に収容される、リチウムイオン二次電池製造方法。 - 前記負極活物質は、少なくとも一部にグラファイト構造を有するカーボン粒子である、請求項4または5に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池製造方法。
- 請求項4から6のいずれか一項に記載の方法により製造された、リチウムイオン二次電池。
- 車両の駆動用電源として用いられる、請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
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