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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
  • B01J35/647—2-50 nm
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
  • C04B35/52—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite
  • C04B35/528—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components
  • C04B35/532—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components containing a carbonisable binder
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/22—Electrodes
  • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
  • H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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  • C01P2006/14—Pore volume
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  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
  • C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
  • C04B2235/38—Non-oxide ceramic constituents or additives
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  • C04B2235/72—Products characterised by the absence or the low content of specific components, e.g. alkali metal free alumina ceramics
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  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• This invention is directed towards a process for manufacturing a nitrogen-containing porous carbonaceous material with an optional inorganic salt content of up to 50 ppm by weight, com- prising the following steps:
• the present invention is directed towards carbonaceous materials which are well suitable for capacitors.
• Capacitors such as electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLC), herein briefly also referred to as capacitors, are electrical devices that store and release energy by nanoscopic charge separation at the interface of a high-surface-area electrode and an electrolyte, see, e.g., R. Kotz et al., Electrochim. Acta 2000, 45, 2483 and D. Hulicova-Jurcakova et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 1800.
• EDLC electrochemical double-layer capacitors
• capacitors are capable of releasing and taking up energy within short time.
• An obstacle to a wider application today is their low energy density, see, e. g., B.E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors: scientific fundamentals and technological aspects. Klu- was Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York (1999).
• the energy density of capacitors, batteries and other energy storage devices can be visualized e. g., in the Ragone plot.
• inventive process is a process to make nitrogen-containing carbonaceous materials.
• nitrogen-containing refers to carbonaceous materials that contain chemically bound nitrogen atoms. Said nitrogen can be trivalent or quaternized. Without being bound to any theory, nitrogen chemically bound into carbonaceous porous materials in the context of this invention can be part of, e. g., the following structural elements:
• suitable counterions are hydroxide and halide, especially chloride.
• the nitrogen-content is in the range of from 1 to 8 % by weight, preferably 5 to 7 % by weight.
• porous refers to carbonaceous materials that have a BET surface area in the range of from 50 to 3000 m 2 /g, preferred from 50 to 1500 m 2 /g.
• the inventive process contains at least two chemical steps.
• step (A) In step (A),
• Compound (b) at least one aromatic compound with at least two aldehyde groups per molecule, said compound hereinafter also referred to as compound (b).
• Compound (a) can have at least two, preferably two to four Nhb-groups per molecule and most preferably two or three Nhb-groups. If mixtures of compounds (a) are to be employed, it is preferred that the average Nhb-group content of the compounds (a) is in the range of from 2 to 3 per mole.
• Compound (a) can have one or more functional groups other than Nhb-groups. Suitable functional groups other than Nhb-groups are secondary or tertiary amino groups, keto groups and hydroxyl groups.
• compound (a) has no functional groups other than Nhb-groups.
• compound (a) can be applied with free NH 2 -groups or in protonated form, e. g. with one or two Nh -groups instead of NH 2 -groups per molecule.
• suitable counterions are selected from organic and inorganic anions such as acetate, formate and benzoate and particularly inorganic anions such as chloride and inorganic anions that are halide free, such as phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, sulphate and hydrogen sulphate.
• organic and inorganic anions such as acetate, formate and benzoate
• inorganic anions such as chloride and inorganic anions that are halide free, such as phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, sulphate and hydrogen sulphate.
• NH3 + -groups are contemplated as NH 2 -groups.
• Compound (a) is selected from hydrocarbons that are heterocyclic.
• Compound (a) can have one or more atoms other than carbon in the heterocyclic backbone, such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, preferred is nitrogen. It is possible that compound (a) has different atoms other than carbon in the heterocyclic backbone, for example one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom. Preferably, compound (a) has only carbon atoms and one or more nitrogen atoms in its hetero- cylic backbone.
• compound (a) can have in the range of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule, preferred are 3 to 10 carbon atoms per molecule.
• one or more NH 2 -groups of compound (a) are di- rectly linked to the heterocyclic backbone of compound (a). In a particular embodiment of the present invention, all NH 2 -groups of compound (a) are directly linked to the heterocyclic backbone of compound (a).
• one or more NH 2 -groups of compound (a) are linked to the heterocyclic backbone of compound (a) through a spacer with one or more carbon atoms, such as -CH 2 -, -C(O)-, -CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -(CH 2 ) 3 -, -NH-(CH 2 ) 3 - or C(0)-CH 2 -CH 2 -.
• all NH 2 -groups of compound (a) are linked to the heterocyclic backbone of compound (a) through a spacer with one or more carbon atoms which may be different, equal or identical.
• an example for the latter embodiment is a spacer that bears two NH 2 -groups, such as CH(NH 2 )-CH 2 -NH 2 .
• one or more NH 2 -groups of compound (a) are directly linked to the heterocyclic backbone of compound (a) and one or more NH 2 -groups of compound (a) are linked to the heterocyclic backbone of compound (a) through a spacer, said spacer being defined above.
• Compound (a) can have a non-aromatic or aromatic backbone. Suitable non-aromatic backbones are
• the backbone of compound (a) is substituted by at least one, preferably at least two groups per molecule that are selected from Nhb-groups and spacers with one or more Nhb-groups.
• the backbone of compound (a) can bear one or more substituents other than the ones listed above, such as OH groups, Ci-C6-alkyl groups or ⁇ 5 groups. It is preferred, though, that the backbone of compound (a) bears no further substituents other than NH2-groups and spacers with one or more NH2-groups.
• compound (a) is selected from heteroaromatic hydrocarbons with at least two NH2-groups per molecule, that means that the backbone is aromatic.
• Preferred aromatic backbones are
• aromatic backbones are selected from:
• compound (a) is selected from compounds of formula (III),
• step (A) compound (a) is converted with at least one compound (b).
• Compound (b) bears at least two aldehyde groups per molecule, preferred are two to three aldehyde groups per molecule. If mixtures of compounds (b) are to be employed, it is preferred that the average aldehyde group content of the compounds (b) is in the range of from 2 to 3 per mole.
• Compound (b) can have one or more functional groups other than aldehyde groups. Suitable functional groups other than aldehyde groups are keto groups, chlorine, and hydroxyl groups.
• compound (b) has no functional groups other than aldehyde groups.
• step (A) compound (b) can be applied with free aldehyde groups or in protected form, e. g. as acetal moieties, non-cyclic or cyclic.
• protected aldehyde groups such as acetal moieties are contemplated as aldehyde groups. It is preferred, though, that compound (b) is employed with free aldehyde groups.
• Compound (b) is aromatic, that means compound (b) has a backbone selected from carbocyclic aromatic rings and heterocyclic aromatic rings.
• the aldehyde groups are directly linked to the backbone, or they are linked through a spacer. Suitable spacers are, e.g., -C(CH3)2- and
• compound (b) can have in the range of from 4 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule, preferably 8 to 20.
• Preferred heteroaromatic backbones are N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl-N-phenyl
• At least one compound (b) is selected from heteroaromatic dialdehydes, heteroaromatic trialdehydes, and carbocyclic aromatic di- and trialdehydes whose aromatic backbone is selected from phenylene, such as ortho-phenylene, meta-phenylene, and preferably para-phenylene; naphthylene, such as 1 ,7-naphthylene, 1 ,8-naphthylene, 1 ,5-naphthylene, 2,6-naphthylene, biphenylene, such as 2,4'-biphenylene, 2,2'-biphenylene, and in particular 4,4'-biphenylene, fluorenylene, anthracenylene, pyrenylene, perylenylene, indenylenee, 1 ,1 ':4',1 "- terphenylenylene, 1 ,1 '-spirobi[inden]ylene
• carbocyclic aromatic di- and trialydehydes are selected from those whose aromatic backbone is selected from phenylene, naphthylene, and bi- phenylene.
• heteroaromatic dialdehydes are selected from molecules of formula (I) and (II)
• Ci-C6-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec. -butyl, tert. -butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, iso-Amyl, and n-hexyl, preferably methyl, benzyl,
• Ci-Ci4-aryl non-substituted or substituted with one to three Ci-C4-alkyl per molecule, preferably phenyl, more preferably non-substituted phenyl, and even more preferably hydrogen,
• X 1 being selected from oxygen, sulphur, and N-H, N-H being preferred.
• step (A) at least one compound (a) selected from heterocyclic dialdehydes selected from
• compound (a) and compound (b) are converted in step (A) such that the molar ratio of aldehyde groups to Nhb-groups is in a range of from 2 to 1 to 1 to 2, preferably from 1 .5 to 1 to 1 to 1.5, and particular preferably 1 : 1 .
• the conversion of compound (a) and compound (b) in step (A) is performed at a temperature in the range of from 150 to 250°C, preferably from 170 to 200°C.
• the conversion of compound (a) and compound (b) in step (A) is performed at a pressure in the range of from 0.5 to 10 bar, preferably at normal pressure.
• the conversion of compound (a) and compound (b) in step (A) is performed under inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen atmosphere or rare gas atmosphere.
• step (A) can be performed under air.
• conversion of compound (a) and compound (b) in step (A) is performed over a time period in the range of from 1 hour to 7 days, preferably 1 day to 5 days.
• compound (a) and compound (b) are converted in step (A) in bulk.
• compound (a) and compound (b) are converted in step (A) in the presence of solvent.
• solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
• step (A) is preferably being performed in the absence of any solid inorganic material such as inorganic catalysts or inorganic template, such as zeolites or mica.
• step (A) is preferably being performed in the absence of any natural or synthetic organic polymeric material such as seaweed or silk.
• the conversion according to step (A) can be accelerated with an organic catalyst such as a Ci-C3-carboxylic acid.
• an organic catalyst such as a Ci-C3-carboxylic acid.
• the conversion according to step (A) is carried out without any catalyst.
• step (A) water will be formed.
• the water can be left in the reaction mixture, or it can be removed, e. g., by distillation. It is preferred to distil off the water formed.
• the conversion according to step (A) can be performed to a percentage of 10 up to 99 mole-%, referring to the group - aldehyde group or Nhb- group - being present to a lower degree.
• the conversion according to step (A) is in the range of from 60 to 90 mole-% and more preferably in the range of up to 70 mole-%.
• step (A) a macromolecular material is being formed which can contain aminal structural elements and Schiff base structural elements. Preferred are aminal structural elements.
• solvents if solvent(s) have been employed. Said removal can be performed by distillation, filtration or with the aide of a centrifuge. With exception of the removal of the - optionally employed - solvent, in many instances the material resulting from step (A) can be submitted without further purification.
• step (A) it may be advantageous to further purify the material resulting from step (A), for example in order to remove solvents or catalyst, if used.
• Suitable methods for purification are, e. g., washing, drying under vacuum, and extracting, for example by Soxhlet extraction.
• step (B) of the inventive method the material obtained from step (A) is being heated in the absence of oxygen to temperatures in the range of from 700 to 1200°C, preferably from 800 to 1000°C.
• Absence of oxygen can mean in context with step (B) that heating is to be performed in vaccuo or in inert atmosphere with an oxygen content of less than 0.1 % by volume.
• a suitable inert atmosphere can be provided by performing step (B) in nitrogen or in rare gas, for example in argon atmosphere.
• the heating according to step (B) can be performed over a period of time in the range of from 5 minutes to 48 hours, preferably of from 30 minutes to 24 hours.
• the heating can be performed rapidly, for example by exposing the material according to step (A) to hot surfaces or radiation of from 1000 to 2000 °C.
• step (A) it is preferred, though, to heat the material according to step (A) in a more slowly fashion, for example by heating at a rate of from 1 to 10 min/°C, preferably 90 seconds to 5 minutes/°C.
• the time from reaching a temperature of 700°C, preferably 800°C will be taken into account.
• the material obtained can be cooled to room temperature or any other temperature suitable for analysis or further work-up.
• step (B) ammonia and/or other amines can be cleaved off. Ring- opening and ring closing reaction can take place, such as - in the event that
• step (A) breaking up of the six-membered triazine rings.
• volatile fragments of the material obtained in step (A) can be removed during step (B).
• Volatile in the context of the present invention refer to materials whose boiling temperature is below the heating temperature in step (B).
• Such volatile fragments may be water, organic amines, HCN, CH3CN, NH3, and volatile unreacted starting materials from step (A).
• the inventive carbonaceous material can be used without further purification.
• the nitrogen adsorption isotherms can be obtained according to the procedure described in DIN 66135.
• Said total pore volume refers to pores with an average pore diameter in the range of from 2 to 50 nm, preferably in the range of from 2 to 10 nm.
• the average pore diameter of the carbonaceous material obtainable by the inventive process is in the range of from 2 to 50 nm, preferably in the range of from 2 to 10 nm, determined by nitrogen adsorption according to the BJH (Barret- Joyner-Halenda) method, see, e. g., E. P. J. Barrett et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951 , 73, 373.
• BJH Barret- Joyner-Halenda
• the carbonaceous material obtainable from the inventive process has a sharp pore diameter distribution.
• a sharp pore diameter distribution according to the present invention can mean that the width of the peak in a diagram showing the first derivative of the cumulative pore volume, dV(d), as a function of the pore diameter dBJH is in the range of from 2 to 3 nm, determined at half height.
• width of the peak in a diagram showing the first derivative of the cumulative pore volume, dV(d), as a function of the pore diameter dBJH is in the range of from 7 to 8 nm, determined at the foot of the peak.
• a nitrogen-containing carbonaceous material can be obtained that can have an inorganic salt content of 1 up to 50 ppm, preferably up to 20 ppm, ppm in the context of the present invention referring to ppm by weight of the overall carbonaceous material.
• the nitrogen-containing carbonaceous material obtained by the inventive process does not contain any detectable amounts of inorganic salts.
• the inorganic salt content can be determined by, e. g. atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
• ICP-MS inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry
• a further aspect of the present invention is a carbonaceous material with a nitrogen content in the range of from 1 to 8, preferably 5 to 7 % by weight and with an optional inorganic salt content in the range of up to 50 ppm, preferably 1 to 20 ppm, said carbonaceous material having a BET surface in the range of from 500 to 700 m 2 /g and a capacitance in the range of from 5 to 100 ⁇ /cm 2 , preferably 6 to 90 ⁇ /cm 2 .
• Said carbonaceous material can also be referred to as inventive carbonaceous material.
• the capacitance can be determined, e. g. according to J. R. Miller and A. F. Burke, Electric Vehicle Capacitor Test, Procedures Manual, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Report No.
• DOE/ID-10491 1994, and/or according to R. B. Wright and C. Motloch, Freedom CAR Ultracapacitor Test, Manual, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Report No. DOE/NE ID-1 1 173, 2004.
• the nitrogen content can be determined by elemental analysis.
• inventive carbonaceous material does not contain any detectable amounts of inorganic salts according to the above methods.
• inventive carbonaceous material contains fused carbocyclic aromatic and N-containing heteroaromatic rings.
• inventive carbonaceous material has a total pore volume in the range of from 0.1 to 3.0 cm 3 /g, preferably 0.5 to 1 .0 cm 3 /g, determined by a nitro- gen adsorption method essentially according to DIN 66135.
• the nitrogen adsorption isotherms can be obtained according to the procedure described in DIN 66135.
• the average pore diameter of inventive carbonaceous material is in the range of from 2 to 50 nm, preferably in the range of from 2 to 10 nm, determined by nitrogen adsorption according to the BJH (Barret-Joyner-Halenda) method.
• inventive carbonaceous material has a sharp pore diameter distribution.
• a sharp pore diameter distribution according to the present invention can mean that the width of the peak in a diagram showing the first derivative of the cumulative pore volume, dV(d), as a function of the pore diameter dBJH is in the range of from 2 to 3 nm, determined at half height.
• width of the peak in a diagram showing the first derivative of the cumulative pore volume, dV(d), as a function of the pore diameter dBJH is in the range of from 7 to 8 nm, determined at the foot of the peak.
• inventive carbonaceous material has a total sulphur content in the range of from 0.1 to 1 .0 % by weight. The sulphur content can be determined by combustion analysis. Said sulphur content can be accomplished if only sulphur-free compounds (a) and (b) are converted in step (A).
• inventive carbonaceous material has a total sulphur content in the range of from 0.1 to 1.0 % by weight. Said sulphur content can be accomplished if at least one sulphur-containing compound (a) or (b) has been converted in step (A).
• inventive carbonaceous material has a sharp pore diameter distribution.
• a capacitor can, e. g., contain electrodes containing inventive carbonaceous material.
• a capacitor according to the preset invention can additionally contain a counter electrode.
• Counter electrodes can be made from, e.g. platinum or carbon, such as carbon including a binder material, binder materials briefly also being referred to as binder.
• a further aspect of the present invention is an electrode, comprising at least one inventive carbonaceous material and at least one binder.
• inventive carbonaceous material can be mixed with a binder to form an electrode for a capacitor according to the present invention.
• Suitable binders are selected from organic polymers, especially water-insoluble organic polymers, whereby the expression polymers can also encompass copolymers.
• Preferred water-insoluble polymers are fluorinated polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, copolymers from tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoro propylene, copolymers from vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoro propylene or copolymers from vinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene.
• vinylidene fluoride can also be referred to as vinylidene difluoride
• polyvinylidene fluoride can also be referred to as polyvinylidene di- fluoride.
• inventive electrodes furthermore comprise at least one inventive carbonaceous material and at least one binder.
• inventive carbonaceous material can be mixed with a binder and at least one additive to form an electrode for a capacitor according to the present invention.
• Suitable additives are soot, carbon black, and activated carbon.
• Inventive electrodes are connected through one or more current collectors to at least one other component of the capacitor. In the context of the present invention, said current collector will not be considered as component of the inventive electrode.
• Inventive electrodes can further comprise a backbone, such as a metal foil or a metal gauze. Suitable metal foils can be made from, e. g., nickel. Suitable metal gauze can be made from steel, in particular from stainless steel. In the context of the present invention, said current backbone will not be considered as component of the inventive electrode.
• inventive electrodes comprise
• inventive carbonaceous material in the range of from 50 to 90 % by weight of inventive carbonaceous material, preferably 75 to 85 % by weight,
• binder in the range of from 1 to 20 % by weight binder, preferably 7.5 to 15 % by weight
• Electrodes can further comprise or be soaked with an electrolyte.
• electrolytes are sulphuric acid, aqueous potassium hydroxide solutions, and so-called ionic liquids, for example 1 ,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts.
• ionic liquids for example 1 ,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts.
• Preferred 1 ,3-disubstituted imidazoliuim salts correspond to formula (IV)
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each, independently of one another, a carbon-comprising organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic radical which has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and may comprise one or more heteroatoms and/or be substituted by one or more functional groups or halogens, where adjacent radicals R 2 and R 3 , R 3 and R 4 or R 4 and R 5 may also be joined to one another and the radicals R 3 and R 4 may each also be, independ- ently of one another, hydrogen, halogen or a functional group, and A a - being selected from
• fluoride hexafluorophosphate; hexafluoroarsenate; hexafluoroantimonate; trifluoroarsenate; nitrite; nitrate; sulfate; hydrogensulfate; carbonate; hydrogencarbonate; phosphate; hydrogen- phosphate; dihydrogenphosphate; vinyl phosphonate; dicyanamide;
• R a to R d are each, independently of one another, fluorine or a carbon-comprising organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic radical which has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and may comprise one or more heteroatoms and/or be substituted by one or more functional groups or halogens; organic sulfonate of the formula (Vb) [R e -SC"3] " , where R e is a carbon-comprising organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic radical which has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and may comprise one
• a further aspect of the present invention is a process for manufacturing electrodes, preferably electrodes for capacitors, under use of inventive carbonaceous materials.
• Said process can be referred to as inventive manufacturing process.
• the inventive manufacturing process comprises the steps of mixing at least one inventive carbonaceous material with at least one binder and optionally at least one additive in the presence of water.
• an aqueous formulation will be formed, for example an aqueous paste or slurry.
• Said paste or slurry can be used for applying the mixture so obtained, e. g., by coating a material with the paste or slurry, followed by drying. Coating can be performed, e. g., by using a squeegee, a roller blade, or a knife.
• Drying can be performed, e. g., in a drying cabinet or a drying oven. Suitable temperatures are 50 to 150°C. Drying can be achieved at normal pressure or at reduced pressure, for example at a pressure in the range of from 1 to 500 mbar.
• a further aspect of the present invention is the use of inventive carbonaceous materials as catalyst or as support for catalysts. Inventive carbonaceous materials can, for example, serve as catalyst for reactions such as A further aspect of the present invention are catalysts, containing an inventive carbonaceous material. Such inventive catalysts can contain inventive material as catalytically active material or as support for a catalytically active material.
• inventive carbonaceous material is used as support for 2,2'-bipyridyl platinum dichloride in order to catalyze the oxidation of methane to methanol.
• the contents of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur and nitrogen as well as the C/H and the C/N ratio were determined by combustion analysis.
• the C/H ratio and the C/N ratio refer to ratio by weight.
• SBET BET surface, determined with nitrogen according to DIN 661 35 (measurements) and DIN 661 31 (evaluation, calculations).
• the gas adsorbed can be recalculated into an amount of liquid which corresponds to the pore volume at the respective relative pressure.
• dBJH average pore diameter according to the BJH method, DIN 661 34.
• PVBJH pore volume according to the BJH method, DIN 661 34.
• Step (B) Heating of materials according to step (A)
• step (A) 120 mg was placed in a quartz boat and heated under an argon flow to the temperature according to table 2 with a heating rate of 2 °C/min. The sample was held at the respective temperature for 1 hour. After cooling, the respective inventive material was recovered as a black powder.
• Inventive electrodes were prepared as follows. Inventive carbonaceous material and carbon black (Mitsubishi Chemicals, Inc., carbon content >99.9 %) were mixed in a weight ratio of 8:1 in an agate mortar until a homogeneous black powder was obtained. To this mixture, an aqueous PTFE binder emulsion (solids content 60%, commercially available from Sigma) was added together with a few drops of ethanol, the amount of PTFE being 10 % by weight in respect to solids contents of the binder and the weight ratio of inventive carbonaceous material : carbon black : binder being 8 : 1 : 1 .
• the resulting paste was pressed at 5 MPa to nickel mesh (for the experiments with 1 M KOH electrolyte) or stainless gauze (for the experiments with 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte), each nickel mesh and stainless gauze being attached to a stainless wire for electric connection, and each having a size of 1 cm-1 cm.
• inventive electrodes were obtained.
• the inventive electrodes were dried for 16 h at 80 ° C in air.
• Each electrode contained 3 to 5 mg inventive carbonaceous material and had a geometric sur- face area of about 1 cm 2 .
• a platinum foil was applied as a counter electrode with a standard calomel electrode (SCE) or a Ag/AgCI electrode as a reference electrode.
• Electrochemical characterizations were conducted on an EG&G potentiostat/galvanostat Model 2273 advanced electrochemical system. A conventional cell with a three-electrode configuration was employed.
• a platinum foil was applied as a counter electrode with a standard calomel electrode or an Ag/AgCI electrode as a reference electrode.
• the experiments were carried out in nitrogen saturated 1 M H2SO4 or 1 M KOH solutions.
• the potential range was - 1 .00 to 0.00 V (SCE) or - 0.05 to + 0.95 V (Ag/AgCI) at different scan rates. All measurements were performed at room temperature.
• Normalized gravimetric capacitance values, C g were calculated from galvanostatic discharge curves measured in a three-electrode cell using the following equation (1 ):
• C g (/ - t)/(m - AV) (1 )
• / is the specific discharge current density
• t is the overall discharge time
• AV is the potential range
• m is the mass of electrode material.
• the corresponding volumetric C s values can be obtained by dividing C g by the BET surface area of the respective carbonaceous material.

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• 2011
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