Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
  • B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B51/00—Tools for drilling machines
  • B23B51/02—Twist drills
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
  • B23B27/10—Cutting tools with special provision for cooling
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B51/00—Tools for drilling machines
  • B23B51/06—Drills with lubricating or cooling equipment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23C—MILLING
  • B23C5/00—Milling-cutters
  • B23C5/28—Features relating to lubricating or cooling
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
  • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
  • B23P15/28—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass cutting tools
  • B23P15/32—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass cutting tools twist-drills
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
  • C23C30/005—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process on hard metal substrates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2228/00—Properties of materials of tools or workpieces, materials of tools or workpieces applied in a specific manner
  • B23B2228/10—Coatings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2260/00—Details of constructional elements
  • B23B2260/072—Grooves
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2260/00—Details of constructional elements
  • B23B2260/092—Lasers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T29/00—Metal working
  • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
  • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
  • Y10T29/49982—Coating
  • Y10T29/49986—Subsequent to metal working
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T408/00—Cutting by use of rotating axially moving tool
  • Y10T408/78—Tool of specific diverse material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T408/00—Cutting by use of rotating axially moving tool
  • Y10T408/89—Tool or Tool with support

Definitions

• the present invention relates to bore cutting tools and methods of making such bore cutting tools, in particular such bore cutting tools for metal workpieces, and in particular twist drills.
• lubrication also referred to as coolant
• Hydrodynamic lubrication where two sliding surfaces are separated by a film of liquid which is held between them by local pressure
• elastohydrodynamic lubrication where two sliding surfaces are separated by a very thin film of fluid which is held between them by higher forms local pressure
• mixed lubrication where two surfaces are partly separated by a liquid film and partly in contact with each other
• boundary lubrication where two surfaces are mostly in contact with each other, even though there is a fluid present.
• Embodiments of the present invention address the drawbacks discussed above.
• the present inventors have surprisingly found that existing levels of lubricant usage can be retained whilst improving the lubricating effect. That is, without necessarily increasing the amount of lubricant used during a cutting process, improvements in tool wear can be achieved.
• a bore cutting tool is provided with a plurality of pits in a surface of the bore cutting tool wherein a coating is applied over the pits, for retaining lubricant at the surface during use.
• the present invention provides a bore cutting tool comprising a tool substrate;
• a tool coating on a surface of the tool substrate wherein the bore cutting tool comprises a plurality of pits in the surface of the tool substrate and wherein the tool coating extends over the pits such that the pit surface comprises the tool coating.
• the present inventors have found that excellent performance can be achieved by providing a pit that is formed in the tool substrate and then coated, rather than a pit formed in the coating. Indeed, in experiments, the present inventors found that pits formed after coating, for example by laser etching into the coating, caused damage to the coating in the area around the pit. For example, significant cracking of the coating was observed some distance from the pit. This can lead to premature tool failure. Furthermore, uneven and inconsistent pit dimensions were produced.
• a further advantage of the coated pit structure of embodiments of the present invention is that the properties of the coating are retained in respect of the surface of the tool between the pits, right up to the periphery of a pit. Furthermore, the advantageous properties of the coating are also provided to the pits themselves because the coating follows the contours of the pits.
• Figure 1 illustrates a typical pit in cross-section, showing the coating extending over the pit surface so as to provide the coating as the pit surface.
• the present inventors have found that whilst some variation of the coating thickness may be observed in and around the pits (which variation might be attributable to the known corner and edge effects associated with deposition of coatings onto drill geometries), the pits are effectively provided with a coating such that the surface of the pits (i.e. the inner surface of the pits) comprises coating material. In embodiments this assists in retaining the pit dimensions over prolonged tool life.
• a further advantage is that a comparatively smooth pit surface can be achieved by virtue of the coating applied to the pit.
• the present inventors have found that the pits, with their coated surface, are particularly effective at retaining lubricant, for example acting as reservoirs for the lubricant.
• the thickness of the lubricant film can be increased as compared to a bore cutting tool without the pits. Suitably this generates areas of hydrodynamic lubrication where the fluid is forced into the pits as the tool surface comes into contact with the workpiece.
• the average pit depth is at least ⁇ , more preferably at least 8 pm.
• the average pit depth is no more than 50 ⁇ , preferably no more than 25 ⁇ and most preferably no more than 15 ⁇ .
• a particularly preferred average pit depth is in the range 8 pm to 25 pm.
• Average pit depth can be measured using white light interferometry as discussed herein.
• the average pit width and average pit length are independently selected from 20 ⁇ to 400 ⁇ , more preferably 40 ⁇ to 250 ⁇ . In the case of circular pits, the diameter is of course the width and length. Average pit width and average pit length can be measured using white light interferometry.
• the average pit cross-sectional area is in the range 0.005 mm 2 to 1 mm 2 . Again, this can be measured using white light interferometry.
• the average pitch (centre to centre spacing) is in the range 50 ⁇ to 350 ⁇ , preferably 50 ⁇ to 250 ⁇ , more preferably 50 ⁇ to 150 ⁇ . Again, this can be measured using white light interferometry or SEM.
• the average density of the pits is in the range 5 to 50 pits/mm 2 , preferably 20 to 30 pits/mm 2 with about 24 pits/mm 2 being preferred.
• the pits can be any suitable shape, for example elongate (e.g. round ended or round cornered rectangles), circular, triangular or rectangular. It is preferred that the pits are round ended or round cornered rectangles, also referred to herein as slot-shaped pits or slots.
• the plurality of pits are an array of pits. That is, the plurality of pits are suitably arranged in a non-random pattern.
• the spacing between adjacent pits is the same for at least the majority of, preferably substantially all of, the pits in the array.
• the pits are arranged as a plurality of rows of pits, suitably with substantially equal spacing between the rows.
• a grid pattern is particularly preferred.
• the plurality of pits are present only on at least one surface of the bore cutting tool which in use is in frictional contact with the workpiece.
• a preferred bore cutting tool is a twist drill and in twist drill embodiments the twist drill has a cylindrical land and the plurality of pits is present only on the cylindrical land.
• at least 50% of the cylindrical land is provided with pits, preferably substantially all of the cylindrical land is provided with pits.
• the tool coating has an average thickness of at least ⁇ . ⁇ , more preferably at least 1 ⁇ .
• an upper limit for the average thickness is 10 ⁇ , preferably 5 ⁇ .
• a preferred coating thickness is in the range 1 ⁇ to 5 ⁇
• the bore cutting tool can be partially or fully coated.
• the coating is a wear resistant coating, suitably having a lower coefficient of friction than the uncoated tool.
• Suitable coatings include metal nitride based coating (e.g. TiN, AlxTiyN, etc.), metal oxide based coating (e.g. AlxO, AlxCryO, etc. ), carbon based coating (e.g. DLC, Diamond Coating, etc.) and combinations thereof.
• the tool coating comprises a nitride coating, suitably a metal nitride based coating, more preferably TiAIN.
• Suitable coating methods include vapour deposition, for example physical vapour deposition (PVD), or other vacuum deposition techniques, and chemical vapour deposition (CVD).
• the pits can suitably be created by a laser or electron beam.
• a laser is discussed herein but this should be understood to also be a reference to use of an electron beam.
• the pits are formed by laser etching of the tool substrate prior to forming the tool coating.
• laser etching systems used for marking metal components can be applied to bore cutting tools to produce the desired plurality of pits.
• the desired pattern of the array is programmed into the laser controller and the laser is then operated so as to provide the cutting tool with the pits according to that pattern.
• the laser is moved with respect to the tool (or blank).
• the tool or blank is rotated.
• the laser source is moved over the surface of the tool.
• the bore cutting tool is a round tool.
• the bore cutting tool is selected from a twist drill, an end mill, a reamer and a tap.
• the bore cutting tool is a twist drill.
• the twist drill is a metal working twist drill. Whilst the bore cutting tool (e.g. twist drill) is generally for cutting metal workpieces, it can also be adapted for other workpiece materials such as composites and ceramics.
• the tool substrate is made of carbide.
• a preferred carbide is tungsten carbide.
• Alternative materials include high speed steel (HSS), HSCo and HSCoXP, silicon nitride and PCD (polycrystalline diamond), or combinations thereof (for example PCD mounted on a metal body).
• the present invention provides a method of making a bore cutting tool having a plurality of pits on a surface of the bore cutting tool, the method comprising the steps of forming a plurality of pits in the surface of a tool substrate, and coating the pitted surface of the tool substrate to form a tool coating.
• the preferred pit dimensions, pit geometry and pattern of pits discussed above with respect to the first aspect also apply to this aspect as method steps of forming the pits.
• the method is a method of making a twist drill.
• the step of forming pits is a step of forming pits by laser etching of the tool substrate.
• the step of forming the plurality of pits comprises forming pits in a tool blank and machining the blank to form the tool substrate.
• the method includes the step of cleaning the surface in which the pits are formed, for example to remove flash.
• the cleaning step comprises an outer diameter grind.
• the present invention provides a method of making a bore cutting tool having a plurality of pits in a surface of the bore cutting tool, the method comprising the steps of forming the plurality of pits in a surface of a bore cutting tool blank, and machining the blank to form the bore cutting tool.
• the preferred pit dimensions, pit geometry and pattern of pits discussed above with respect to the first aspect also apply to this aspect as method steps of forming the pits.
• the method includes the step of cleaning the surface in which the pits are formed, for example to remove flash.
• the cleaning step comprises an outer diameter grind.
• the method includes the step of coating the bore cutting tool to form a tool coating.
• the bore cutting tool is a twist drill and the step of machining the blank includes machining at least one flute.
• the bore cutting tool is a twist drill having a cylindrical land, and the step of machining the blank includes machining the blank so as to provide the cylindrical land, which cylindrical land comprises a plurality of pits.
• the pits are formed by laser etching.
• a particularly preferred method for making a coated bore cutting tool comprising pits in a surface of the tool is as follows:
• the present invention provides a method of making a bore cutting tool having a plurality of pits in a surface of the bore cutting tool, the method comprising the step of forming the plurality of pits using a laser.
• the preferred pit dimensions, pit geometry and pattern of pits discussed above with respect to the first aspect also apply to this aspect as method steps of forming the pits.
• the method includes the step of cleaning the surface in which the pits are formed, for example to remove flash.
• the cleaning step comprises an outer diameter grind.
• the present invention provides a method of making a bore cutting tool having a plurality of pits in a surface of the bore cutting tool, the method comprising the steps of forming an array of pits in the surface of the bore cutting tool.
• a regular pattern (array) of pits rather than a random pattern may enable a smaller area to contain more coolant reservoirs, thus generating increased areas of hydrodynamic lubrication. In embodiments, this may reduce the average ⁇ of the surfaces in contact thus reducing the wear experienced by the tool leading to extended tool life and improved hole quality.
• the preferred pit dimensions, pit geometry and pattern of pits discussed above with respect to the first aspect also apply to this aspect as method steps of forming the pits.
• the step of forming the pits includes forming the pits using a laser.
• the method includes the step of cleaning the surface in which the pits are formed, for example to remove flash.
• the cleaning step comprises an outer diameter grind.
• the array of pits comprises a plurality of regularly spaced rows of pits.
• the present invention provides a bore cutting tool comprising an array of pits in the surface of the bore cutting tool. The preferred pit dimensions, pit geometry and pattern of pits discussed above with respect to the first aspect also apply to this aspect as method steps of forming the pits.
• the array of pits comprises a plurality of regularly spaced rows of pits.
• the present invention provides a use of a laser to form a plurality of pits in a bore cutting tool.
• the present invention provides a method of coating a bore cutting tool, wherein the bore cutting tool comprises a plurality of pits in a surface of the bore cutting tool such that the coating is applied to the pitted surface.
• the present invention provides a method of cutting a workpiece using a bore cutting tool as described herein.
• the workpiece is a metal workpiece, preferably a titanium or titanium alloy workpiece, for example AMG 4.3 (Ti-6 AI-4V).
• the bore cutting tool is a twist drill and the method is a method of drilling a workpiece.
• the method includes applying lubrication, suitably minimum quantity lubrication (MQL).
• MQL minimum quantity lubrication
• the present invention provides a bore cutting tool made by any one of the methods disclosed herein. Any one of the aspects of the present invention may be combined with any one or more of the other aspects. Furthermore, any of the optional or preferred features of any one of the aspects may apply to any of the other aspects. In particular, optional features associated with a method or use may apply to a product, and vice versa.
• Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a pit comprising a coated surface
• Figure 2 shows a tool blank (twist drill blank) to which an array of pits is applied in the hatched area;
• Figure 3 shows a pattern of pits applied to a tool blank, the pits having an elongate "slot" shape
• Figure 4 shows an SEM image of a cylindrical land of a twist drill comprising an array of pits
• Figure 5 shows the results of white light analysis (using a Wyko white light interferometer) of a pit presented as a cross-section or profile in the width direction (short axis of the pit);
• Figure 6 shows an SEM image of pits after coating with TiAIN
• Figure 7 shows the results of white light analysis (using a Wyko white light interferometer) of a pit presented as a cross-section or profile in the width direction (short axis of the pit).
• pit refers to a closed-end pore or blind hole. Preferred pit dimensions are described herein.
• bore cutting tool refers to a cutting tool adapted to cut a workpiece so as to form a bore, including reshaping or modifying an existing bore (whether or not other types of cutting or removal of workpiece material can also be performed by the tool).
• a preferred class of bore cutting tools is round tools. Preferred round tools include twist drills, end mills, reamers and taps. Twist drills are particularly preferred. Whilst any twist drill geometry can be used, a point angle of 90° to 180° is preferred.
• array of pits refers to a plurality of pits arranged in an ordered, regular or non-random pattern.
• An example of an array of pits is a plurality of rows of pits, with substantially equal spacing between adjacent pits and respective rows.
• Figure 1 illustrates a cross-section taken at the surface portion of a bore cutting tool 2 according to the present invention.
• the tool substrate 4 is provided with a pit 6, for example by laser etching.
• a tool coating 8 is then applied to the pitted tool substrate.
• the tool coating follows the contour of the pit so that the surface of the pit 10 comprises tool coating.
• the resultant pit has a comparatively smooth and homogenous surface. There is a smooth transition from the substantially flat main surface of the tool and the "inner" surface of the pit.
• the tool is adapted to work efficiently with lubricant (for example MQL) by retaining lubricant in the pits.
• a tungsten carbide rod was machined so as to produce a twist drill blank having a diameter of 12mm.
• the blank was provided with an ordered pattern (array) of pits in the surface of the blank corresponding to the drill body, by laser etching.
• the area to which the pattern was applied is shown in Figure 2.
• the pattern applied to the blank is shown in Figure 3.
• the pattern comprises "slot" shaped elongate pits arranged with their longer axis parallel to the main longitudinal axis of the drill (perpendicular to the direction of drill rotation).
• the pit density was programmed to be about 24 pits/mm 2 .
• SEM analysis indicated that burr or flash was present around the periphery of the pits.
• the blanks were therefore surface cleaned using an outer diameter grind to remove the flash.
• the resultant pits in the tool blank surface are shown in Figure 4, which illustrates that substantially no flash remains.
• the tool blank was then machined so as to produce a drill geometry corresponding to Dormer Tools' CDX R553 commercial product.
• the cylindrical land is the only part of the twist drill that retains the pattern of pits. The rest of the surface of the tool blank is removed during the machining steps.
• Average pit depth 1 1 ⁇
• Pit spacing was selected by appropriate programming of the laser apparatus: approx 320 ⁇ (centre to centre in length direction) and approx 130 ⁇ (centre to centre in width direction). Other centre to centre spacings are possible, for example 10 ⁇ to 200 ⁇
• the twist drill was then coated with TiAIN using a standard deposition technique. The depth of TiAIN coating on the tool substrate was about 1 ⁇ . The coating was applied to all of the twist drill, including the cylindrical land. The coating extends over the pits so that, in cross-section, the tool comprises pits in the tool substrate with a layer of TiAIN following the contour of the pit (e.g. as illustrated in Figure 1 ). Other coatings can be used instead of TiAIN.
• the coated pits are shown in Figure 5.
• a white light analysis width profile of a pit after coating is shown in Figure 6.
• Example 1 The same procedure as Example 1 was followed except that the laser dwelling time was slightly longer during the laser texturing step.
• the average pit width was measured as 50 ⁇ , the average pit length 220 ⁇ and the average pit depth 11 ⁇ .
• a twist drill without pits was made in the same way as Example 1 except laser texturing was not applied.
• Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 were tested using two workpiece materials: AMG 1 .5 (steel alloy) and AMG 4.3 (Titanium alloy).
• AMG 4.3 is particularly demanding because drilling of Ti workpieces is known to generate high temperatures and can even cause combustion of the Ti.
• Test 1 The following conditions and settings were used in Test 1 :
• Drill length 5 x diameter
• the holes were measured using a Renishaw probe (MP700 OMP70) at depths of 10mm and 30mm.
• twist drills comprising an array of pits on the cylindrical land experience acceptable levels of thrust and torque.
• Example 1 and Example 2 produced "tighter” holes than Comparative Example 1. Indeed, both examples achieved a mean hole tolerance of H7, whereas Comparative Example 1 achieved only H9 (ISO 286 "Limits and fits").
• Drill length 5 x diameter Drill depth: 14mm through holes
• the holes were measured using the Renishaw probe at depths of 5mm and 10mm.
• the thrust force and torque measurements showed that twist drills comprising an array of pits on the cylindrical land experience acceptable levels of thrust and torque in the Ti workpiece. Indeed, the torque levels experienced in Ti were significantly lower for Examples 1 and 2 as compared to Comparative Example 1.
• the hole size measurements (using the Renishaw probe) showed that both of Example 1 and Example 2 produced "tighter" holes than Comparative Example 1 when used in the Ti workpiece. Furthermore, particularly at a depth of 5mm, the spread of hole size is smaller for Examples 1 and 2 as compared to Comparative Example 1.
• the consistent hole sizes achieved by the laser textured tools indicate that the laser textured tools are reducing the frictional properties of the tool.
• the excellent hole size spread at 5mm suggests that the work piece material begins to cool and restore its original shape, thus minimising the possibility of "snatching".
• the reduction in the heat generation can reduce the extent of expansion of the workpiece material thus reducing the "closing in” of the hole on the tool, which effect can cause "grabbing" of "snatching" of the tool.
• test results demonstrate that excellent hole quality can be achieved, particularly in the case of a Ti workpiece. Furthermore, especially in the case of the challenging Ti workpiece, a reduced torque value is experienced. This indicates that the tool is under less stress, potentially leading to improved tool life with concomitant improvements in tool productivity. The reduction in torque may also permit reduced power consumption, thus generating savings in machine overheads and of course benefitting the environment.
• laser textured tools may be particularly suitable for use with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) because they optimise the use of the comparatively small amounts of lubricant which are applied to the tool and workpiece in MQL. This permits a reduction in the environmental impact as a result of reduced waste lubricant and a reduction in the cost for the disposal or reclamation of lubricant.
• MQL minimum quantity lubrication

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Drilling Tools (AREA)
• Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
• Turning (AREA)
• Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)

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• 2010
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