WO2012014414A1 - 色素増感太陽電池及び触媒電極からの触媒溶出防止方法 - Google Patents
色素増感太陽電池及び触媒電極からの触媒溶出防止方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012014414A1 WO2012014414A1 PCT/JP2011/004120 JP2011004120W WO2012014414A1 WO 2012014414 A1 WO2012014414 A1 WO 2012014414A1 JP 2011004120 W JP2011004120 W JP 2011004120W WO 2012014414 A1 WO2012014414 A1 WO 2012014414A1
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- Prior art keywords
- sulfur
- oxidation number
- dye
- sulfur material
- group
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 389
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 282
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 282
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 251
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 137
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 137
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 150000002898 organic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000026 X-ray photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 105
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- ZJYYHGLJYGJLLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidinium thiocyanate Chemical compound SC#N.NC(N)=N ZJYYHGLJYGJLLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- VASPYXGQVWPGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;thiocyanate Chemical compound [S-]C#N.CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 VASPYXGQVWPGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 sulfone compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002165 photosensitisation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- DXHPZXWIPWDXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monosulfide Chemical compound [S+]#[C-] DXHPZXWIPWDXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000434 metal complex dye Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Divinylene sulfide Natural products C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- HIVLDXAAFGCOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium hydrosulfide Chemical compound [NH4+].[SH-] HIVLDXAAFGCOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DKVNPHBNOWQYFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamodithioic acid Chemical compound NC(S)=S DKVNPHBNOWQYFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GRWZHXKQBITJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-L dithionite(2-) Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O GRWZHXKQBITJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004354 sulfur functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001382 thioacetal group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 claims description 4
- AWIJRPNMLHPLNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiocarboxylic acid group Chemical group C(=S)O AWIJRPNMLHPLNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical group [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WFCLYEAZTHWNEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylthiocyanate Chemical compound CCSC#N WFCLYEAZTHWNEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UYJXRRSPUVSSMN-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium sulfide Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[S-2] UYJXRRSPUVSSMN-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 claims 3
- WREDNSAXDZCLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanedithioic acid Chemical compound SC=S WREDNSAXDZCLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical group [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 41
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 29
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OOWFYDWAMOKVSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxypropanenitrile Chemical compound COCCC#N OOWFYDWAMOKVSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 7
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IVCMUVGRRDWTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-methyl-3-propylimidazol-1-ium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IVCMUVGRRDWTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-O guanidinium Chemical compound NC(N)=[NH2+] ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 5
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 4
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
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- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O Piperidinium(1+) Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]CC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyrrolidinium ion Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]C1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-NJFSPNSNSA-N carbon disulfide-14c Chemical compound S=[14C]=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007922 dissolution test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
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- JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium dithionite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- FGYADSCZTQOAFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylbenzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(C)C=NC2=C1 FGYADSCZTQOAFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=N1 UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
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- RMCQREAPGZPWGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon subsulfide Chemical compound S=C=C=C=S RMCQREAPGZPWGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GCFAUZGWPDYAJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexyl 3-phenylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC(=O)OC1CCCCC1 GCFAUZGWPDYAJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MZSJGCPBOVTKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isothiocyanatocyclohexane Chemical compound S=C=NC1CCCCC1 MZSJGCPBOVTKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- 150000007944 thiolates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- LTPQFVPQTZSJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1$l^{4},3,5$l^{4},7-tetrathia-2,4,6,8-tetrazacycloocta-1,4,5,8-tetraene Chemical compound [N]1S[N]S[N]S[N]S1 LTPQFVPQTZSJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFJNVIPVOCESGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dipyridin-2-ylpyridine Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CN=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 JFJNVIPVOCESGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZGSDJMADBJCNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [S-][NH3+] Chemical class [S-][NH3+] ZGSDJMADBJCNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRPQBOKWXNIQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(3+) oxygen(2-) tin(4+) Chemical compound [Sn+4].[O-2].[In+3] GRPQBOKWXNIQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007645 offset printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001741 organic sulfur group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical compound [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940116357 potassium thiocyanate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical compound [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GIWYLXXUOJRNAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trithione Chemical compound [Na].SC1=NC(S)=NC(S)=N1 GIWYLXXUOJRNAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003802 sputum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000024794 sputum Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 125000005415 substituted alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QXTCFDCJXWLNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfidonitrogen(.) Chemical compound S=[N] QXTCFDCJXWLNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZZUPGZLDMTMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazine;trithiole Chemical compound S1SC=CS1.C1=CN=NN=C1 VZZUPGZLDMTMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/88—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
- H01G9/2013—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte the electrolyte comprising ionic liquids, e.g. alkyl imidazolium iodide
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/655—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only sulfur as heteroatom
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
- Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell having high durability and high heat resistance, and particularly to a technique for preventing elution of a catalyst from a catalyst electrode.
- Typical examples of the catalyst electrode (counter electrode) used in the dye-sensitized solar cell include those obtained by applying and heat-treating chloroplatinic acid on an electrode base material, and platinum electrodes obtained by depositing and electrodepositing platinum.
- the electrolyte used in the dye-sensitized solar cell good I 2 / I 3 balanced performance - based redox system is typical.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrode in which a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer layer as a corrosion-resistant conductive coating material is formed on an intermediate layer made of a platinum group metal layer and / or its oxide layer formed on a substrate.
- the corrosion-resistant conductive coating material include polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene or derivatives thereof.
- patent document 2 the same applicant as the said patent document 1 discloses the catalyst electrode which has a corrosion-resistant conductive layer on the metal layer on a catalyst electrode as a highly corrosion-resistant catalyst electrode, and forms this corrosion-resistant conductive layer.
- materials include various metal oxides, metal nitrides, and metal borides.
- Patent Document 3 mainly targets fuel cells and does not mention dye-sensitized solar cells, but the reaction gas supplied to the electrochemical cell is a heterocyclic compound such as bipyridine, terpyridine, or phenanthroline. By containing pyridines and bringing the reaction gas into contact with the electrode catalyst layer containing platinum in the electrochemical cell, elution of platinum can be prevented.
- Patent Document 4 can be exemplified as a material similar to Patent Document 1 described above.
- a conductive layer comprising platinum particles and a conductive binder binding the platinum particles is formed on a substrate for the purpose of ensuring a large surface area particularly as an electrode surface.
- An electrode is disclosed in which a gap communicating with the surface of the conductive layer is formed.
- the conductive binder include polythiophene such as poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polypyrrole, and polyaniline.
- the present invention improves the durability and heat resistance of the dye-sensitized solar cell by preventing the elution of the catalyst from the catalyst electrode, and more generally improves the durability and heat resistance of the catalyst electrode.
- the problem is to provide a method for improvement.
- a semiconductor electrode containing a photosensitizing dye, an electrolyte layer containing a chemical species serving as a redox pair, and a counter electrode disposed to face the semiconductor electrode via the electrolyte layer.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising:
- the counter electrode is a catalyst electrode containing a platinum group
- the catalyst electrode is (A) a molecular weight of 32 to 32, selected from simple sulfur, an inorganic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, or an organic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 10,000 at least one sulfur material; (B) An inorganic sulfur compound that does not contain a sulfur atom with an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 but contains at least one sulfur atom with an oxidation number of +1 to +4 or an organic sulfur compound that contains at least one sulfur atom with an oxidation number of +1 to +4 At least one sulfur material selected from: or (c) a mixture of the sulfur materials of (a) and (b) above, Surface treated with any sulfur material, However, the sulfur material (b) has a photoelectron peak in a binding energy region of 161 to 165
- a semiconductor electrode containing a photosensitizing dye, an electrolyte layer containing a chemical species to be a redox pair, and a counter electrode disposed to face the semiconductor electrode via the electrolyte layer.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising:
- the counter electrode is a catalyst electrode containing a platinum group,
- (A) Molecular weight of 32 to 10 selected from simple sulfur, an inorganic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, or an organic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 1,000 at least one sulfur material;
- (B) An inorganic sulfur compound that does not contain a sulfur atom with an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 but contains at least one sulfur atom with an oxidation number of +1 to +4 or an organic sulfur compound that contains at least one sulfur atom with an oxidation number of +1 to +4
- liquid component having a component as a main solvent and having a volume of 1/5 or more of the main solvent (based on the volume when present as a single component)
- liquid component and 1-ethyl thiocyanate Using -3-methylimidazolium (ionic liquid) as a co-solvent, the volume percentage of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate was calculated based on the sum of the volumes of these main solvent and co-solvent. calculate, This is a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- a semiconductor electrode containing a photosensitizing dye, an electrolyte layer containing a chemical species to be a redox pair, and a counter electrode disposed to face the semiconductor electrode via the electrolyte layer.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising:
- the counter electrode is a catalyst electrode containing a platinum group,
- the catalyst electrode is (A1) Sulfur alone, an inorganic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, or an organic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, 10,000 at least one sulfur material;
- the sulfur material (b2) has a photoelectron peak, and when the catalyst electrode is surface-treated with the sulfur material (b2), the surface of the surface-treated catalyst electrode In the X-ray photoelectron spectrum, it is a sulfur material that satisfies the condition of having a photoelectron peak in the region of a binding energy of 161 to 165 eV. This is a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- the catalyst electrode having a platinum group catalyst, a method of platinum group catalyst to the electrolyte layer in contact with the catalytic electrode is prevented from elution,
- the electrolyte layer contains a chemical species that becomes a redox pair,
- the catalyst electrode ;
- A1 Molecular weight of 32 to 10 selected from simple sulfur, an inorganic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, or an organic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 1,000 at least one sulfur material;
- B1 An inorganic sulfur compound which does not contain a sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 but contains at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of +1 to +4 or an organic sulfur compound which contains at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of +1 to +4
- At least one sulfur material selected from: or (c1) a mixture of the sulfur materials of (a1) and (b1) above, Surface treating
- the catalytic activity of the catalyst electrode can be increased, whereby not only durability and heat resistance but also photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be improved.
- the durability and heat resistance of the catalyst electrode and the battery using it are very simple and low cost. There is an advantage that can be improved. Moreover, the durability of the sulfur coating formed on the surface of the catalyst electrode and considered to contribute to durability and heat resistance can be expected.
- the first aspect of the present invention is characterized in that, in the dye-sensitized solar cell, the catalyst electrode is surface-treated with a specific sulfur material.
- the effect of suppressing the elution of the catalyst and the effect of improving the catalyst activity are manifested in at least a more preferred embodiment.
- a monomolecular or monoatomic layer film containing sulfur atoms in a low oxidation state (oxidation number -2 to 0) is formed on the surface of the catalytic metal by contact with a specific sulfur material. It is speculated that this sulfur atom is caused by creating a reducing environment on the catalytic metal surface.
- the reducing environment suppresses the oxidative dissolution of the catalyst by the oxidizing substance (I 2 or the like) in the electrolyte, and at least in a more preferable embodiment, the catalytic metal is bonded or interacted with by a sulfur atom.
- the electronic state changes and the activity as a catalyst increases.
- the sulfur material in this aspect is (A) a molecular weight of 32 to 32, selected from simple sulfur, an inorganic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, or an organic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 10,000, more preferably 32-5,000, more preferably 32-1,000, and even more preferably 32-500 at least one sulfur material; (B) an inorganic sulfur compound that does not contain a sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 but has an oxidation number of +1 to +4, more preferably at least one sulfur atom of an oxidation number of +3 or +4, or an oxidation number of +1 to +4, More preferably at least one sulfur material selected from organic sulfur compounds containing at least one +3 or +4 sulfur atom; or (c) a mixture of the sulfur materials of (a) and (b) above, Any sulfur material.
- the sulfur material (b) has a photoelectron peak in the region of a binding energy of 161 to 165 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the surface of the catalyst electrode surface-treated with the sulfur material (b). To do.
- the sulfur material (a) in this embodiment contains at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, and the sulfur material (b) has a sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 Although not included, at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of +1 to +4 is included.
- the oxidation number is an apparent oxidation state of the element, and (i) the oxidation number of each atom in the covalently bonded compound is an electron pair shared between two atoms, which has the higher electronegativity. (Ii) the oxidation number of a single atom ion in an ionic compound is equal to the charge number of that ion, and (iii) the oxidation number of an atom in a simple substance is Always 0.
- Electronegativity refers to the degree to which atoms attract electrons through bonds and become electrically negative.
- the values of main elements are as follows as the values by poling. That is, Element (electronegativity): H (2.1), C (2.5), N (3.0), O (3.5), S (2.5), It is.
- sulfur material (b1) in the sulfur coating formed on the surface of the catalyst electrode, sulfur atoms having an oxidation number of +1 to +4 are once reduced on the surface of the catalyst electrode surface-treated with the sulfur material. Is considered to contain sulfur atoms converted into a low oxidation state (oxidation number -2 to 0) similar to that of the sulfur material (a).
- the catalyst electrode surface-treated with the sulfur material (b) In the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the surface, the photoelectron peak is in the region of a binding energy of 161 to 165 eV.
- the simple sulfur is sulfur existing in a free state such as natural sulfur. Since it is a simple substance, the oxidation number is 0.
- Examples of the inorganic sulfur compound of the sulfur material (a) include the following (i), (ii), and (iii).
- Metal sulfide metal salt metal hydrogen sulfide salt, ammonium sulfide salt, sulfurized primary to quaternary ammonium salt, hydrogen sulfide ammonium salt, hydrogen sulfide primary to quaternary ammonium salt, or hydrogen sulfide.
- the metal is preferably an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.
- Examples of the first to quaternary ammonium include pyridinium, guanidinium, tetrapropylammonium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and the like.
- sodium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and the like can be exemplified.
- alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, primary to quaternary ammonium pyridinium, guanidinium, tetrapropylammonium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, etc.
- esters that may fall within the category of organic compounds, but are exemplified here for convenience, may have substituents, have a total carbon number of 1 to 40, more preferably 1 to 20, Preferred examples include esters with 1 to 10 alcohols.
- the two M are the same or different and are an alkali metal, ammonium, pyridinium, guanidinium or hydrogen ion.
- sodium thiosulfate can be illustrated.
- the oxidation number of two sulfur atoms in this compound is +4 for one sulfur atom, but 0 for the other sulfur atom.
- Carbon sulfide examples include carbon disulfide, dicarbon trisulfide, carbon monosulfide, and carbon subsulfide.
- nitrogen sulfide examples include tetranitrogen tetrasulfide.
- the oxidation number of sulfur atoms in carbon sulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon trisulfide, carbon monosulfide, and carbon subsulfide is 0.
- Examples of the organic sulfur compound of the sulfur material (a) include the following (iv) to (vii).
- the one represented by the following formula is a typical one.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be the same or different and may have a substituent, and may be a carbon atom having a total carbon number of 1 to 40, more preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10. It is a hydrogen group.
- R 1 and R 2 are bonded to each other to form a ring. May be.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 in the above formulas (XI), (XII-2) and (XII-3) may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 1 and R 2 together, or R 1, R 2, three of R 3 may be made to the fused bicyclic bonded to each other.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 in formula (XII) may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 1 and R 2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring
- R 1 and R 2 are bonded to each other
- R 3 and R 4 are bonded to each other to form a bicyclic ring.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may be bonded to each other to form a condensed bicyclic ring, or R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be bonded to each other to form a condensed tricyclic ring. It may be.
- n-dodecanthiol, methionine, triazine trithiol (2,4,6-trimercapto-s-triazine monosodium) represented by the following formula (XIII) and the like can be exemplified.
- the oxidation number of the sulfur atom in this compound is -1 to 0.
- V Thiocyanic acid or a salt thereof or an ester thereof, or an isothiocyanate ester.
- R 5 and R 6 are the same or different and may have a substituent, a hydrocarbon group having a total carbon number of 1 to 40, more preferably 1 to 20, and still more preferably 1 to 10, Hydrogen or counter cation.
- Examples of the counter cation of thiocyanate include alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, and primary to quaternary ammonium ions.
- examples include sodium thiocyanate and isothiocyanate cyclohexyl ester represented by the following formula.
- the oxidation number of the sulfur atom in this compound is -1 to 0.
- the isocyanate n- hexyl ester containing no sulfur atom the effect of the present invention was not obtained.
- the one represented by the following formula is a typical one.
- R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are the same or different and each may have a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and may have a total carbon number of 1 to 40, more preferably 1 to 20, Preferred are 1 to 10 hydrocarbon groups.
- R 7, R 8, R 9, R 10 ring may be formed of a bond to a monocyclic or polycyclic one another (including a condensed ring).
- thiourea and dithiocarbamic acids as shown in the following formula can be exemplified.
- the oxidation number of the sulfur atom in this compound is 0. (Vii) substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, or substituted or unsubstituted thiazole.
- the one represented by the following formula is a typical one.
- A is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.
- R 11 , R 12 , R 13 (when A is a carbon atom) and R 14 are the same or different and may have a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and preferably have a total carbon number of 1 to 40.
- R 13 is an unshared electron pair of the nitrogen atom, and when A is a carbon atom, R 11 and R 13 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 12 and R 14 may be bonded to each other to form an alicyclic ring or a benzene ring.
- thiophene and benzothiazole can be exemplified.
- the oxidation number of the sulfur atom in this compound is 0.
- Examples of the counter cation of the salt include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonium, and primary to quaternary ammonium (pyridinium, guanidinium, tetrapropylammonium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, etc.).
- the dithionite ion is supposed to have the following structure, the oxidation number of the sulfur atom in this compound is +3.
- sodium dithionite can be mentioned.
- FIG. 4A shows that when the catalyst electrode is surface-treated with this sulfur material, it has a photoelectron peak in the region of the binding energy of 161 to 165 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the surface of the catalyst electrode subjected to the surface treatment. .
- Examples of the organic sulfur compound of the sulfur material (b) include a sulfone compound represented by the following general formula (XXIV). The oxidation number of sulfur in this compound is +4.
- R 15 and R 16 are each independently an optionally substituted substituent having a total carbon number of 1 to 40, more preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, and further preferably 1 to 4. R 15 and R 16 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the X-ray photoelectron spectrum on the surface of the surface-treated catalyst electrode has a photoelectron peak in the region of a binding energy of 161 to 165 eV. It is shown in
- the molecular weight of the sulfur material (a) in the present invention is 32 to 10,000, preferably 32 to 5,000, more preferably 32 to 1,000, and still more preferably 32 to 500. is there. Therefore, ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and the like as described in Patent Documents 1 and 4 and conductive binders are not included.
- polymers form a three-dimensional film structure, so forming a polymer film on the catalyst completely obscures the surface of the highly active catalyst metal, preventing contact between the catalyst and the reaction substrate. It is considered that the catalyst performance may be deteriorated.
- the monomolecular layer or monoatomic layer having a low molecular weight is very thin, it can be expected that the contact between the catalyst and the substrate is not hindered and the performance is not deteriorated.
- the molecular weight of the sulfur material (b) in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 32 to 10,000, more preferably 32 to 5,000, still more preferably 32 to 1,000, and further preferably 32 to 1,000. 500 small molecules.
- the platinum group element is Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, or Pt, and more preferably Pt.
- the electrode substrate is not particularly limited as long as it has corrosion resistance to the corrosive component in the electrolyte layer to be sealed between the catalyst electrode and the semiconductor electrode, but a metal material such as titanium, nickel, tungsten, or the like.
- conductive glass materials such as FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide film), ITO (indium / tin oxide film) and ATO (antimony / tin oxide film), and metal oxide materials such as zinc oxide and titanium oxide.
- FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide film
- ITO indium / tin oxide film
- ATO antimony / tin oxide film
- metal oxide materials such as zinc oxide and titanium oxide.
- platinum group catalyst layer examples include those prepared by plating, sputtering, coating of a solution such as chloroplatinic acid, and printing of a paste such as chloroplatinic acid.
- a sputtering method that can produce a homogeneous film.
- film formation by screen printing Is preferred.
- the electrode on which the catalyst layer is formed is immersed in a solution in which a sulfur material is dissolved for a certain time (which may be appropriately heated). It can be exemplified that the electrode is taken out, washed with a solvent and dried.
- a printing paste in which a platinum group element precursor and a sulfur material are mixed is prepared, and this is printed and fired on an electrode substrate and subjected to a reduction treatment as necessary.
- a catalyst layer containing a sulfur material by reacting a sulfur material (for example, hydrogen sulfide gas) simultaneously with the platinum film formation by the CVD method.
- benzene is used for poorly soluble substances such as simple sulfur and carbon disulfide, which cannot be prepared with water or 3-methoxypropionitrile in a predetermined concentration.
- water is used as the solvent for inorganic sulfur materials and 3-methoxypropionitrile is used as a solvent for organic sulfur materials.
- the chemical species to be redox pair, I 2 / I 3 - system and Br 2 / Br 3 - system redox systems but are like the, I 2 / I 3 - system is preferred.
- the counter ion include lithium salts, imidazolium salts, and other quaternary ammonium salts. Among them, imidazolium salts or other quaternary ammonium salts are used from the viewpoint of achieving both high performance and excellent durability. More preferably it is used.
- any non-aqueous organic solvent, room temperature molten salt, water, protic organic solvent, etc. can be used as long as it can sufficiently dissolve an electrolyte such as a chemical species that is a redox pair.
- a non-aqueous organic solvent is preferable, and among them, 3-methoxypropionitrile is particularly preferable in terms of achieving both high performance and excellent durability.
- the viscosity of the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.35 mPa ⁇ s (20 ° C.) to 695 cPa ⁇ s (20 ° C.), more preferably 0.1 cPa ⁇ s (20 ° C.) to 10 cPa ⁇ s (20 ° C.). .
- Photosensitizing dye As the photosensitizing dye, various metal complexes and organic dyes having absorption in the visible region and / or the infrared light region can be used, and any known method, for example, A method of immersing an oxide semiconductor thin film such as titanium dioxide in a dye solution at a predetermined temperature (dip method, roller method, air knife method, etc.) or a method of applying a dye solution to the surface of an oxide semiconductor layer (wire bar method, application) It is adsorbed on the metal oxide semiconductor film by a method, a spin method, a spray method, an offset printing method, a screen printing method or the like.
- a method of immersing an oxide semiconductor thin film such as titanium dioxide in a dye solution at a predetermined temperature dip method, roller method, air knife method, etc.
- a method of applying a dye solution to the surface of an oxide semiconductor layer wire bar method, application It is adsorbed on the metal oxide semiconductor film by a method, a spin method, a spray method, an offset printing method,
- the present invention particularly when a dye that is not a metal complex is used as the photosensitizing dye, or a metal complex dye is used as the photosensitizing dye, it contains a sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0.
- a metal complex dye not containing a ligand such as a thiocyanate ligand
- a metal complex dye When a metal complex dye is used as a photosensitizing dye, if the electrolyte contains iodine anion, tert-butylpyridine, etc., an exchange reaction occurs with the ligand of the metal complex, and the coordination of the metal complex The child may be released into the electrolyte. Therefore, when a ligand containing a sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 such as a thiocyanate ligand is used as such a ligand, the embodiment as described in the second embodiment of the present invention described later This is because it may contribute somewhat to the formation of the sulfur coating on the catalyst electrode.
- the semiconductor electrode of the present invention is preferably a translucent electrode, and is composed of an acid semiconductor film formed on a transparent conductive substrate, and a spectral sensitizing dye is supported on the oxide semiconductor layer. Yes.
- oxide semiconductor known porous materials such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, zirconium oxide, and magnesium oxide can be used.
- Transparent conductive substrate titanium oxide, zinc oxide (which may be doped with antimony or aluminum), indium oxide (tin) as a transparent conductive film on a transparent substrate such as transparent glass or transparent resin film
- a material in which a film such as zinc oxide may be used) or tin oxide [antimony doped (ATO) or fluorine doped (FTO)] may be preferably used.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell is produced by laminating the semiconductor electrode and the catalyst electrode through a sealing material.
- a partition wall of a sealing material is formed on the transparent conductive substrate on which the semiconductor electrode is formed. It can be easily formed by using a printing technique such as screen printing.
- the sealing material is not particularly limited as long as it has corrosion resistance to the corrosive component in the electrolyte, but thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin, ultraviolet curable resin, electron beam curable resin, metal, rubber, etc.
- at least the surface needs to be electrically insulating, and when the sealing material is conductive, the surface is covered with an electrically insulating material such as various resins or rubber.
- the semiconductor electrode and the catalyst electrode are bonded together via the sealing material. At this time, care should be taken so that the electrodes are arranged in parallel by applying a uniform pressure.
- optical sensitizing dyes prior to the bonding step, or after, the semiconductor electrodes by dipping in a dye solution, can be fixed on the semiconductor electrode.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell a specific sulfur material below the electrolyte layer, i.e., (A) a molecular weight of 32 to 32, selected from simple sulfur, an inorganic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0, or an organic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 10,000 at least one sulfur material; (B) An inorganic sulfur compound that does not contain a sulfur atom with an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0 but contains at least one sulfur atom with an oxidation number of +1 to +4 or an organic sulfur compound that contains at least one sulfur atom with an oxidation number of +1 to +4 At least one sulfur material selected from: Or (c) a mixture of the sulfur materials of (a) and (b) above, Is included.
- A a molecular weight of 32 to 32, selected from simple sulfur, an inorganic sulfur compound containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation
- the sulfur material (b) has a binding energy region of 161 to 165 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the surface of the surface-treated catalyst electrode when the catalyst electrode is surface-treated with the sulfur material (b).
- the catalyst dissolution inhibiting effect and at least a more preferable embodiment can obtain the catalyst activity improving effect.
- These effects are obtained by adding sulfur added to the electrolyte layer. It is thought that it originates in material and arises when a sulfur film is formed on a catalyst layer. That is, as in the first aspect of the present invention, a sulfur coating can be directly formed on the catalyst layer by previously contacting the catalyst counter electrode with the sulfur material. It is considered that a sulfur coating can be formed on the catalyst layer over time by adding sulfur material to the catalyst.
- a sulfur material is contained in an electrolyte layer
- dissolved in the solvent for electrolyte solution is typical, the range which does not impair the effect of this invention However, it is not necessarily limited to this.
- a sulfur material containing a sulfur atom having an oxidation number of +4 such as sulfolane can be used as a solvent for an electrolytic solution
- some inorganic sulfur materials can be used as a solvent for an electrolytic solution as an ionic liquid.
- the catalyst electrode does not necessarily have to be surface-treated with a specific sulfur material. It is different in that it always contains the sulfur material. Further, considering the non-patent documents 2, 3 and 5 as the specific sulfur material, when the sulfur material (a) is guanidinium thiocyanate, the concentration of guanidinium thiocyanate in the electrolyte layer is less than 0.1M. And when the sulfur material (a) is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate is less than 35% by volume in the electrolyte layer. Different.
- the description of the first aspect of the present invention is basically applicable to the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present aspect.
- the specific sulfur material of this aspect is basically the same as the specific sulfur material used in the first aspect of the present invention.
- Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3 disclose examples in which guanidinium thiocyanate is used at a minimum of 0.1 M in the electrolyte solution of the dye-sensitized solar cell.
- Non-Patent Document 5 electrolysis of the dye-sensitized solar cell is disclosed.
- 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate was used as a solvent for an electrolytic solution which is a co-solvent with 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide.
- -Methylimidazolium 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide
- the molar concentration of guanidinium thiocyanate in the electrolyte layer is 0.1M.
- the volume percentage is less than 35% by volume, preferably 20% by volume or less, more preferably 10% by volume or less, and still more preferably 5% by volume or less.
- the “volume percentage” of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate in the solvent for the electrolyte described above is calculated as follows. That is, among the components in the electrolyte layer, among the components in a liquid state at normal temperature and normal pressure (25 ° C., 1 atm), the main component is the liquid component present in the largest amount (based on the volume when present as a single component).
- liquid component having a volume of 1/5 or more of the main solvent (based on the volume when present as a single component)
- the liquid component and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazo thiocyanate The volume percentage of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate is calculated on the basis of the sum of the volumes of the main solvent and the co-solvent, using rhodium (ionic liquid) as a co-solvent.
- Non-Patent Document 2 only mentions that the recombination is suppressed by the guanidinium cation added in the electrolyte and that the open-circuit voltage Voc is improved by shifting the end of the titania band.
- the effect of thiocyanate anion is not mentioned.
- Non-patent Document 3 guanidinium thiocyanate shifts the flat band potential of titania positively, thereby increasing the electron injection efficiency and improving the short-circuit current density Jsc.
- the guanidinium cation on titania is improved.
- Non-Patent Document 5 does not specifically describe the effect of preventing catalyst elution from the catalyst electrode by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate.
- the sulfur material of this embodiment is preferably a sulfur material that is not only statically and uniformly distributed in the electrolyte layer but also that is easily diffused dynamically. More specifically, the sulfur material is preferably dispersed in the electrolyte, and more preferably dissolved.
- the concentration of the sulfur material in the electrolyte layer is preferably at least a concentration exceeding 0.001M in order to obtain the effects of the present invention, and if it is 0.01M or more, a more preferable and sufficient effect can be obtained. .
- concentration below solubility is preferable in the range which does not impair the effect of this invention.
- This aspect basically corresponds to the dye-sensitized solar cell of the aspect in which the first aspect and the second aspect of the present invention are used in combination. Therefore, basically, the above 1. and 2.
- the description of the first and second aspects of the present invention can be applied mutatis mutandis.
- the concentration of guanidinium thiocyanate in the electrolyte layer is less than 0.1M.
- the second sulfur material (a2) of this embodiment is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate is present in the electrolyte layer, It is not always necessary to be less than 35% by volume. This is because Non-Patent Documents 2, 3 and 5 do not have an explicit description of this embodiment, which is a combined form of the first embodiment and the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the second sulfur material which is a specific sulfur material contained in the electrolyte layer and the first sulfur material which is a specific sulfur material used for the surface treatment of the catalyst electrode are not necessarily It is not necessary to use the same thing.
- the first sulfur material other than guanidinium thiocyanate can be used in combination as the first sulfur material. Is not described or suggested in Non-Patent Documents 2, 3 and 5.
- 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate as the solvent for the electrolyte in the electrolyte layer
- 1-ethyl-3-methyl thiocyanate is used as the first sulfur material.
- a first sulfur material other than imidazolium can be used in combination, and this aspect is neither described nor suggested in Non-Patent Documents 2, 3 and 5.
- This aspect is preferable in that the effects of the present invention can be exhibited more effectively than the first and second aspects, which are other aspects of the present invention.
- the catalyst dissolution inhibiting effect and at least the catalyst activity improving effect in a more preferred embodiment can be obtained.
- the effect of this aspect of the present invention complements the effect of suppressing the dissolution due to the improvement in the durability of the sulfur coating, and the effect of increasing the catalytic activity improvement effect in at least a more preferable aspect. be able to.
- This aspect is a generalization of the dye-sensitized solar cell according to the first to third aspects of the present invention as a method for preventing elution of a platinum group catalyst. .
- the concentration of guanidinium thiocyanate in the electrolyte layer is not necessarily less than 0.1 M, and the second sulfur of this embodiment
- the material (a2) is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, it is not always necessary that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate is less than 35% by volume in the electrolyte layer.
- Non-Patent Documents 2, 3 and 5 describe nothing about the effect of preventing elution of a platinum group catalyst by using guanidinium thiocyanate or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate in the electrolyte layer. This is because there is no suggestion.
- the second sulfur material which is a specific sulfur material contained in the electrolyte layer, is used for the surface treatment of the catalyst electrode. It is not always necessary to use the same sulfur material as the first sulfur material.
- a titanium plate on which platinum of 10 nm is deposited by sputtering is immersed in a solution (concentration of 0.1 M) in which a sulfur material is dissolved in a solvent, and at 85 ° C. (70 ° C. when benzene is used as the solvent) for 1 hour. After heating, it was washed with a solvent containing no sulfur material to obtain a test piece.
- Platinum was quantified with the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation EDX900) about the said test piece.
- the L ⁇ ray intensity (9.44 keV) of platinum at this time was defined as I Pt0 .
- iii Dip the sputum specimen in an electrolyte (prepared by dissolving 0.1M iodine, 0.8M 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 0.3M tert-butylpyridine in 3-methoxypropionitrile) And placed in a dryer at 85 ° C. and held for 16 hours.
- electrolyte prepared by dissolving 0.1M iodine, 0.8M 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 0.3M tert-butylpyridine in 3-methoxypropionitrile
- test piece soaked from the drier was taken out, and the test piece was washed and dried with ethanol.
- the platinum retention rate is calculated by the following formula. When the platinum retention rate is 90% or more, “A” is obtained, when less than 90% is 20% or more, “B”, and when less than 20% is “C” ". However, none of the test numbers 1 to 23 listed in Table 1 were evaluated as “B”.
- step ii. that is, immediately after the pretreatment with the sulfur material, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis (S2p region, AXIS-His made by KRATOS ANALYTICAL) was performed on the test piece.
- test numbers 1-5 9, 13, 15, 17, and 18 a photoelectron peak was observed in the region of binding energy of 161 to 165 eV, indicating that a sulfur film was formed on platinum. ing.
- test pieces of test numbers 16, 19, and 20 no photoelectron peak was observed in the region of 161 to 165 eV.
- test numbers 16 and 19 a photoelectron peak was observed in the region of 165 to 169 eV.
- the peak at 161 to 165 eV is in a lower oxidation state (thiolate having an oxidation number of ⁇ 2 to 0).
- the peak of 165 to 169 eV is considered to indicate sulfur in a higher oxidation state.
- Test numbers 1, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17 and 18 indicate that the platinum retention is high because the oxidation state is low on the platinum (thiolate species having a oxidation number of 2 to 0, thiol species or sulfide species). It is considered that the sulfur adsorbed on the surface suppresses the elution of the platinum catalyst in the electrolytic solution.
- Dye MK-2 is a dye that has the following structure and is not a metal complex.
- the present dye contains a sulfur atom having an oxidation number of 0, the dye is a non-complex dye, and unlike the system in which ligand exchange easily occurs like a metal complex dye, the present invention Has little effect on the effect.
- the 10 nm platinum sputtered titanium plate used in the examples was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 0.1 M sulfur material, heated at 85 ° C. for 1 hour, washed and dried, and used in the comparative example.
- the platinum sputtered titanium plate was not treated with such a sulfur material.
- electrolytic solution was injected from the electrolytic solution injection port.
- the electrolytic solution used was the following electrolytic solution A or electrolytic solution B.
- Electrolyte A Solution using iodine 0.1M, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide 0.8M, 1-methylbenzimidazole 0.5M, 3-methoxypropionitrile as a solvent.
- Electrolyte B 0.1M iodine, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide 0.8M, 1-methylbenzimidazole 0.5M, cyclohexyl isothiocyanate 0.01M, 3-methoxypropionitrile as solvent solution.
- the electrolyte injection hole was sealed with an adhesive, and solder for terminal removal was applied onto the anode electrode to complete the experimental cell.
- K in the equation represents the slope of the tangent line at the voltage axis intersection (open voltage point) of the current-voltage curve of the solar cell.
- the series resistance thus obtained represents a series component of the internal resistance of the dye-sensitized solar cell. Since this series resistance includes the reaction resistance on the catalyst, the series resistance shows a relatively low value when the catalyst performance is high.
- Example 4 when the pretreatment with the sulfur material is not performed, compared with Examples 1, 2, 3 and 5, although high resistance was given initially, after 4 days, This resistance value decreased. This decrease in the resistance value not only indicates that the catalyst platinum is not dissolved, but also the sulfur material (cyclohexyl isothiocyanate) added to the electrolyte B is in a low oxidation state (oxidation number ⁇ 2) on the catalyst platinum. It is thought that the catalytic activity was improved by forming a sulfur coating of ⁇ 0).
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Abstract
Description
前記対極は白金族を含む触媒電極であり、
該触媒電極は、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの硫黄材料で表面処理され、
但し、前記硫黄材料(b)については、該硫黄材料(b)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有する、ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池である。
前記対極は白金族を含む触媒電極であり、
前記電解質層には、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの硫黄材料が含まれ、
但し、前記硫黄材料(b)は、前記触媒電極を該硫黄材料(b)で表面処理した場合、該表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有するようにする硫黄材料であること、
前記硫黄材料(a)がチオシアン酸グアニジニウムである場合、チオシアン酸グアニジニウムの電解質層中の濃度が0.1M未満であること、及び
前記硫黄材料(a)がチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムである場合、チオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムの電解液用溶媒中の体積百分率が、35体積%未満であること、
という条件を満たし、
但し、前記体積百分率は、電解質層の成分中、常温常圧(25℃、1気圧)で液体状態にある成分のうち、最も多量(単独成分として存在する場合の体積を基準)に存在する液体成分を主溶媒とし、該主溶媒の5分の1以上の体積(単独成分として存在する場合の体積を基準)を有する1以上の液体成分がある場合には該液体成分及びチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム(イオン性液体)を共溶媒とした上で、これら主溶媒及び共溶媒の各体積の総和を基準にして、チオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムの体積百分率を計算する、
ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池である。
前記対極は白金族を含む触媒電極であり、
該触媒電極は、
(a1)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b1)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;または
(c1)上記(a1)及び(b1)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第一の硫黄材料で表面処理され、かつ
前記電解質層には、
(a2)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b2)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
または
(c2)上記(a2)及び(b2)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第二の硫黄材料が含まれ、
但し、前記第一の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b1)については、該硫黄材料(b1)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有すること、及び
前記第二の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b2)については、前記触媒電極を該硫黄材料(b2)で表面処理した場合、該表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有するようになるという条件を満たす硫黄材料である、
ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池である。
該電解質層には酸化還元対となる化学種が含まれており、
前記触媒電極を、
(a1)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b1)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料; または
(c1)上記(a1)及び(b1)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第一の硫黄材料で表面処理すること、
及び/または、
電解質層に、
(a2)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b2)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
または
(c2)上記(a2)及び(b2)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第二の硫黄材料を含ませること、
但し、前記第一の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b1)については、該硫黄材料(b1)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有すること、
また、前記第二の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b2)については、前記触媒電極を該硫黄材料(b2)で表面処理した場合、該表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有するようになるという条件を満たす硫黄材料である、
ことにより、白金族触媒の溶出を防止する方法である。
本発明の第1の態様では、色素増感型太陽電池において、触媒電極を特定の硫黄材料で表面処理している点が特徴である。
(1)本態様における硫黄材料は、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000、より好ましくは32~5,000、更に好ましくは32~1,000、更に好ましくは32~500の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4、より好ましくは酸化数+3若しくは+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数+1~+4、より好ましくは+3若しくは+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの硫黄材料をいう。
すなわち、
元素(電気陰性度):
H(2.1)、C(2.5)、N(3.0)、O(3.5)、S(2.5)、
である。
で表される。
塩の対カチオンとしては、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アンモニウム、第一~第四級アンモニウム(ピリジニウム、グアニジニウム、テトラプロピルアンモニウム、ピロリジニウム、ピペリジニウムなど)を挙げることができ、エステルとしては、有機化合物の範疇に入ってしまうものの、便宜上ここで例示すると、置換基を有していてもよい、総炭素数1~40、より好ましくは1~20、更に好ましくは1~10のアルコールとのエステルを挙げることができる。
より具体的には、チオ硫酸ナトリウムを例示できる。
硫化炭素としては、二硫化炭素、三硫化二炭素、一硫化炭素、亜硫化炭素を例示することができ、硫化窒素としては四硫化四窒素を例示することができる。
R1、R2、R3、R4は、同一または異なって、置換基を有していてもよい、総炭素数1~40、より好ましくは1~20、更に好ましくは1~10の炭化水素基である。
(v)チオシアン酸又はその塩又はそのエステル、又はイソチオシアン酸エステル。
なお、上記イソチオシアン酸シクロヘキシルエステルと類似するものの、硫黄原子を含まないイソシアン酸n-ヘキシルエステルでは、本発明の効果は得られなかった。
(vi)チオ尿素、イソチオ尿素、ジチオカルバミン酸又はその塩又はそのエステル。
(vii)置換若しくは無置換のチオフェン、または置換若しくは無置換のチアゾール。
(1)本発明にいう触媒電極では、電極基材上に白金族元素の触媒層を形成している。
本発明の電解質層は、酸化還元対となる化学種、それらを溶解するための電解液用溶媒、及び任意成分としての添加剤からなる。
(1)光増感色素としては、可視領域および/または赤外光領域に吸収をもつ種々の金属錯体や有機色素を用いることができ、任意の公知の方法、たとえば、二酸化チタン等の酸化物半導体薄膜を色素溶液に所定の温度で浸漬する方法(ディップ法、ローラ法、エヤーナイフ法など)や、色素溶液を酸化物半導体層表面に塗布する方法(ワイヤーバー法、アプリケーション法、スピン法、スプレー法、オフセット印刷法、スクリーン印刷法等により該金属酸化物半導体膜に吸着されている。
(1)半導体電極
本発明の半導体電極は好ましくは透光性電極であり、透明導電基板上に形成された酸
物半導体膜からなり、該酸化物半導体層には分光増感色素が担持されている。
透明導電基板としては、透明ガラスあるいは透明樹脂フィルム等の透明基板上に、透明導電膜として酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛(アンチモンまたはアルミニウムをドープしたものでもよい)、酸化インジウム(スズまたは亜鉛をドープしたものでもよい)、酸化スズ[アンチモンをドープしたもの(ATO)、またはフッ素をドープしたもの(FTO)でもよい]等の膜を形成したものが好ましく用いられる。
前記半導体電極と前記触媒電極とを、封止材を介して貼り合わされることによって、色素増感型太陽電池を作製する。
本発明の第2の態様では、色素増感型太陽電池において、電解質層に下記の特定の硫黄材料、すなわち、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
が含まれていることが特徴である。
前記硫黄材料(a)がチオシアン酸グアニジニウムである場合、チオシアン酸グアニジニウムの電解質層中の濃度が0.1M未満であること、及び
前記硫黄材料(a)がチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムである場合、チオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムが電解液用溶媒中、35体積%未満であること、を条件とする。
(1)本態様の特定の硫黄材料は、前記本発明の第1の態様で用いられる特定の硫黄材料と基本的には同じである。
(1)本態様は、基本的には前記本発明の第1の態様及び第2の態様を併用した態様の色素増感太陽電池に対応している。したがって、基本的には、上記1.及び2.の本発明の第1の態様及び第2の態様の記載を準用できる。
(1)本態様は、前記本発明の第1~第3の態様の色素増感太陽電池を、白金族触媒の溶出を防止する方法として一般化したものである。
(1)以下の手順i.~vi.にしたがって、白金を蒸着したチタン板を各種硫黄材料で処理した後、その白金保持率を測定した。結果は表1に示す。
(1)以下の手順により、色素増感太陽電池を作製した。
*2:実験用セル完成直後に測定した性能が初期光電変換効率及び初期直列抵抗であり、これらを測定後、実験用セルをさらに85℃の乾燥機中、4日間保存後、該セルを取り出し、室温まで冷却した後、測定した性能が4日後の光電変換効率及び4日後の直列抵抗である。
*3:表2中の変換効率維持率は以下の式により計算して得られたものである。
100×[(4日後の光電変換効率)/(初期光電変換効率)]
また、光電変換効率は下記式により計算した。
光電変換効率(%)=
100×[(短絡電流密度×開放電圧×曲線因子)/(照射太陽光エネルギー)]
*4:ここでいう直列抵抗は、以下の式により算出される。
ここで、式中のKは、太陽電池の電流-電圧曲線の電圧軸交点(開放電圧点)における接線の傾きを表す。
Claims (15)
- 光増感色素を含む半導体電極と、酸化還元対となる化学種を含む電解質層と、前記電解質層を介して、前記半導体電極と対向配置される対極とを含む色素増感型太陽電池であって、
前記対極は白金族を含む触媒電極であり、
該触媒電極は、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの硫黄材料で表面処理され、
但し、前記硫黄材料(b)については、該硫黄材料(b)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有する、ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。 - 光増感色素を含む半導体電極と、酸化還元対となる化学種を含む電解質層と、前記電解質層を介して、前記半導体電極と対向配置される対極とを含む色素増感型太陽電池であって、
前記対極は白金族を含む触媒電極であり、
前記電解質層には、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの硫黄材料が含まれ、
但し、前記硫黄材料(b)は、前記触媒電極を該硫黄材料(b)で表面処理した場合、該表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有するようにする硫黄材料であること、
前記硫黄材料(a)がチオシアン酸グアニジニウムである場合、チオシアン酸グアニジニウムの電解質層中の濃度が0.1M未満であること、及び
前記硫黄材料(a)がチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムである場合、チオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムの電解液用溶媒中の体積百分率が、35体積%未満であること、
という条件を満たし、
但し、前記体積百分率は、電解質層の成分中、常温常圧(25℃、1気圧)で液体状態にある成分のうち、最も多量(単独成分として存在する場合の体積を基準)に存在する液体成分を主溶媒とし、該主溶媒の5分の1以上の体積(単独成分として存在する場合の体積を基準)を有する1以上の液体成分がある場合には該液体成分及びチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム(イオン性液体)を共溶媒とした上で、これら主溶媒及び共溶媒の各体積の総和を基準にして、チオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムの体積百分率を計算する、
ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。 - 光増感色素を含む半導体電極と、酸化還元対となる化学種を含む電解質層と、前記電解質層を介して、前記半導体電極と対向配置される対極とを含む色素増感型太陽電池であって、
前記対極は白金族を含む触媒電極であり、
該触媒電極は、
(a1)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b1)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;または
(c1)上記(a1)及び(b1)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第一の硫黄材料で表面処理され、かつ
前記電解質層には、
(a2)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b2)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
または
(c2)上記(a2)及び(b2)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第二の硫黄材料が含まれ、
但し、前記第一の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b1)については、該硫黄材料(b1)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有すること、及び
前記第二の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b2)については、前記触媒電極を該硫黄材料(b2)で表面処理した場合、該表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有するようになるという条件を満たす硫黄材料である、
ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。 - 請求項1または3に記載の色素増感太陽電池であって、
前記触媒電極の表面処理に用いられる請求項1の硫黄材料(a)または請求項3の第一の硫黄材料のうちの硫黄材料(a1)が
(i)硫黄単体、硫化金属塩、硫化水素金属塩、硫化アンモニウム、硫化第一~第四級アンモニウム、硫化水素アンモニウム、硫化水素第一~第四級アンモニウム、硫化水素若しくは硫化炭素、
(ii)チオール基[-SH]若しくはその塩、ヒドロポリスルフィド基[-(S)nSH、但し、nは1以上の整数]及びその塩、スルフィド基[-S-]、ポリスルフィド基[-(S)nS-、但し、nは1以上の整数]、チオカルボニル基[-C(=S)-]、チオアルデヒド基[-C(=S)H]、チオカルボン酸基[-C(=S)OH若しくは-C(=O)SH]若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル若しくはそのアミド若しくはそのイミド若しくはその酸無水物若しくはその酸ハロゲン化物、ジチオカルボン酸[-C(=S)SH]若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、チオアセタール基、またはチオケタール基から選ばれる硫黄官能基の1種以上を有する有機硫黄化合物、
(iii)チオシアン酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、またはイソチオシアン酸エステル、
(iv)チオ尿素、イソチオ尿素、ジチオカルバミン酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、
(v)置換若しくは無置換のチオフェン、置換若しくは無置換のチアゾール、または
(vi)チオ硫酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、
から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料であり、
前記請求項1の硫黄材料(b)または請求項3の第一の硫黄材料のうちの硫黄材料(b1)が、
(vii)亜ジチオン酸若しくはその塩、または
(viii)スルホン化合物、
から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料である、
ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。 - 請求項2または3に記載の色素増感太陽電池であって、
請求項2の硫黄材料(a)または請求項3の第二の硫黄材料のうちの硫黄材料(a2)が、
(i)硫黄単体、硫化金属塩、硫化水素金属塩、硫化アンモニウム、硫化第一~第四級アンモニウム、硫化水素アンモニウム、硫化水素第一~第四級アンモニウム、硫化水素、若しくは硫化炭素、
(ii)チオール基[-SH]若しくはその塩、ヒドロポリスルフィド基[-(S)nSH、但し、nは1以上の整数]及びその塩、スルフィド基[-S-]、ポリスルフィド基[-(S)nS-、但し、nは1以上の整数]、チオカルボニル基[-C(=S)-]、チオアルデヒド基[-C(=S)H]、チオカルボン酸基[-C(=S)OH若しくは-C(=O)SH]若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、ジチオカルボン酸[-C(=S)SH]若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル若しくはそのアミド若しくはそのイミド若しくはその酸無水物若しくはその酸ハロゲン化物、チオアセタール基、またはチオケタール基から選ばれる硫黄官能基の1種以上を有する有機硫黄化合物、
(iii)チオシアン酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、またはイソチオシアン酸エステル、
(iv)チオ尿素、イソチオ尿素、ジチオカルバミン酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、
(v)置換若しくは無置換のチオフェン類、置換若しくは無置換のチアゾール類、または(vi)チオ硫酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、
から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料であり、
前記請求項2の硫黄材料(b)または請求項3の第二の硫黄材料のうちの硫黄材料(b2)が、
(vii)亜ジチオン酸若しくはその塩、または
(viii)スルホン化合物、
から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料である、
ことを特徴とする請求項2または3に記載の色素増感太陽電池。 - 前記硫黄材料(a2)がチオシアン酸グアニジニウムである場合、チオシアン酸グアニジニウムの電解質層中の濃度が0.1M未満であること、及び
前記硫黄材料(a2)がチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムである場合、チオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムが電解質層中、35体積%未満であること、
を特徴とする請求項3に記載の色素増感太陽電池。 - 前記第一の硫黄材料と前記第二の硫黄材料が異なる硫黄材料であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記第二の硫黄材料が電解質層中の添加剤としてのチオシアン酸グアニジニウムである場合、前記第一の硫黄材料としてはチオシアン酸グアニジニウム以外の硫黄材料を用いること、及び前記第二の硫黄材料が電解質層中の電解液用溶媒としてのチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムである場合、前記第一の硫黄材料としてはチオシアン酸1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム以外の硫黄材料を用いることを条件とする請求項3に記載の色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記電解質層中の化学種は、I2/I3 -系の酸化還元対であることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記光増感色素が、
金属錯体色素でない色素、または
酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含む配位子を有しない金属錯体色素、
であることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の色素増感太陽電池。 - 白金族触媒を有する触媒電極から、該触媒電極と接触する電解質層へ白金族触媒が溶出するのを防止する方法であって、
該電解質層には酸化還元対となる化学種が含まれており、
前記触媒電極を、
(a1)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、
分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b1)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料; または
(c1)上記(a1)及び(b1)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第一の硫黄材料で表面処理すること、
及び/または、
電解質層に、
(a2)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b2)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物若しくは酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
または
(c2)上記(a2)及び(b2)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの第二の硫黄材料を含ませること、
但し、前記第一の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b1)については、該硫黄材料(b1)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有すること、
また、前記第二の硫黄材料のうち、硫黄材料(b2)については、前記触媒電極を該硫黄材料(b2)で表面処理した場合、該表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有するようになるという条件を満たす硫黄材料である、
ことにより、白金族触媒の溶出を防止する方法。 - 前記硫黄材料(a1)及び(a2)がそれぞれ独立して、
(i)硫黄単体、硫化金属塩、硫化水素金属塩、硫化アンモニウム、硫化第一~第四級アンモニウム、硫化水素アンモニウム、硫化水素第一~第四級アンモニウム、硫化水素若しくは硫化炭素、
(ii)チオール基[-SH]若しくはその塩、ヒドロポリスルフィド基[-(S)nSH、但し、nは1以上の整数]及びその塩、スルフィド基[-S-]、ポリスルフィド基[-(S)nS-、但し、nは1以上の整数]、チオカルボニル基[-C(=S)-]、チオアルデヒド基[-C(=S)H]、チオカルボン酸基[-C(=S)OH若しくは-C(=O)SH]若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル若しくはそのアミド若しくはそのイミド若しくはその酸無水物若しくはその酸ハロゲン化物、ジチオカルボン酸[-C(=S)SH]若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、チオアセタール基、またはチオケタール基から選ばれる硫黄官能基の1種以上を有する有機硫黄化合物、
(iii)チオシアン酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、またはイソチオシアン酸
エステル、
(iv)チオ尿素、イソチオ尿素、ジチオカルバミン酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエス
テル、
(v)置換若しくは無置換のチオフェン、置換若しくは無置換のチアゾール、または(vi)チオ硫酸若しくはその塩若しくはそのエステル、
から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料であり、
前記硫黄材料(b1)及び(b2)がそれぞれ独立して、
(vii)亜ジチオン酸若しくはその塩、または
(viii)スルホン化合物、
から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料である、
であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記電解質層中の化学種は、I2/I3 -系の酸化還元対であることを特徴とする請求項11または12に記載の方法。
- 半導体電極と触媒電極とを、封止材を介して貼り合わされることによって、色素増感型太陽電池を作製する方法であって、
前記触媒電極は、半導体電極と貼り合わせる前に、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの硫黄材料で表面処理される工程を含み、
但し、前記硫黄材料(b)については、該硫黄材料(b)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有することを特徴とする方法。 - 白金族を含む触媒電極であって、
該触媒電極は、
(a)硫黄単体、酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物、または酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、分子量32~10,000の少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;
(b)酸化数-2~0の硫黄原子を含まないが、酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む無機硫黄化合物または酸化数+1~+4の硫黄原子を少なくとも一つ含む有機硫黄化合物から選択される、少なくとも1種の硫黄材料;または
(c)上記(a)及び(b)の硫黄材料の混合物、
のいずれかの硫黄材料で表面処理され、
但し、前記硫黄材料(b)については、該硫黄材料(b)で表面処理された触媒電極の表面のX線光電子スペクトルにおいて、161~165eVの結合エネルギーの領域に光電子ピークを有する、ことを特徴とする触媒電極。
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WO2014084296A1 (ja) | 2012-11-30 | 2014-06-05 | 日本化薬株式会社 | 色素増感太陽電池 |
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CN109439055B (zh) * | 2018-10-12 | 2020-12-08 | 温州大学 | 温敏变色链式聚合硫材料的电化学合成方法及其作为温敏变色材料的应用 |
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