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Definitions

• Organic electronic devices comprising a layer of a dibenzofurane compound and a 8- hydroxyquinolinolato earth alkaline metal, or alkali metal complex
• the present invention provides an organic electronic device including a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises an organic metal complex of formula I and a compound of formula II, or III.
• W010072300 relates to organic electroluminescent devices which comprise triazine derivatives optionally in combination with an organic alkali metal compound as the electron transport material.
• organic alkali metal compound lithium quinolate is mentioned.
• the compounds of formula ⁇ , or ⁇ can be used as the light emitting material in the light emitting layer, optionally as a host or guest component (as fluorescence emitter, or as host for triplet emitter), or electron transport layer.
• the lithium complexes increase the efficiency of an optimized indium-tin oxide (ITO)/DMeOTPD/Alq3/AI device considerably when used as a thin interface layer between Alq3 and aluminum.
• ITO indium-tin oxide
• DMeOTPD/Alq3/AI device significantly when used as a thin interface layer between Alq3 and aluminum.
• the improvement of device characteristics with lithium quinolates is similar to that obtained with LiF salt.
• electron transport layer consists of LGC201 (LG Chem) and Liq.
• WO2010040777A1 relates to the use of siloles substituted with condensed ring systems i organic-electronic applications and also special siloles substituted with condensed ring systems and use thereof in organic-electronic applications.
• 8-Hydroxyquinolinolatolithium (Liq) is mentioned as an example of a material of an electron transport material.
• the organic electroluminesce 9230852A1 are repreacted
• Li repre- sents (C6-C60)arylene or (C3-C60)heteroarylene containing one or more heteroatom(s) selected from N, O and S, or a bivalent group selected from the following structures: L2 and L3 independently represent a chemical bond, or (C1-C60)alkyleneoxy, (C1- C60)alkylenethio, (C6-C60)aryleneoxy, (C6-C60)arylenethio, (C6-C60)arylene or (C3- C60)heteroarylene containing one or more heteroatom(s) selected from N, O and S;
• An represents N R41 R42, (C6-C60)aryl, (C3-C60)heteroaryl containing one or more heteroa- tom(s) selected from N, O and S, a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing one or more heteroatom(s) selected from N, O and S, (C
• Lithium quinolate (Liq) is used in Examples 1 to 5 as an electron injection material.
• WO10001817A relates to an organic thin-film light-emitting element containing an organic compound represented by general formula Y-(A 1 -Ar) n i (1) and a donor compound as an electronic transport layer.
• Y represents a substituted or unsubsti- tuted pyrene or a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene
• a 1 represents a member selected from the group consisting of a single bond, arylene groups and heteroarylene groups
• Ar represents a member selected from the group consisting of carbazolyl groups, dibenzofuranyl groups and dibenzothiophenyl groups; the groups may be substituted or ounds of formula 1
• the donor compound transport layer consists of a
• an organic electronic device including a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer interposed between the first electrode and the sec
• R 1 and R 2 are independenly of each other F, d-Csalkyl, or C6-Ci 4 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by one, or more d-Csalkyl groups, or
• R 1 and/or R 2 combine to form a fused benzene ring group, which may optionally be substituted by one, or more d-Csalkyl groups,
• a and b are independently of each other 0, or an integer 1 to 3,
• R 81 is phenanthryl, pyrenyl, triphenylenyl, 1 ,10-phenanthrolinyl, triazinyl, dibenzothiophenyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl, C6- Ci 4 aryl, or C2-C2oheteroaryl groups,
• R 82 is phenanthryl, pyrenyl, triphenylenyl, 1 , 10-phenanthrolinyl, triazinyl, dibenzothiophenyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl, C6- Ci 4 aryl, or C2-C2oheteroaryl groups
• R 91 is phenanthryl, pyrenyl, triphenylenyl, 1 ,10-phenanthrolinyl, triazinyl, dibenzothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, or dibenzofuranyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Ci8alkyl, C6-Ci 4 aryl, or C2-C2oheteroaryl groups
• R 92 is H, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, triphenylenyl, 1 ,10-phenanthrolinyl, triazinyl, dibenzothio- phenyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci- Ciealkyl, C6-Ci 4 aryl, or C2-C2oheteroaryl groups,
• A is a single bond, an arylene, or heteroarylene group, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups; or -SiR 83 R 84 -, wherein R 83 and R 84 are independently of each other a Ci-Cisalkyl, or a C6-Ci 4 aryl group, which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups;
• M is an alkali metal atom, or an earth alkaline metal atom
• n 1 , if M is an alkali metal atom, n is 2, if M is an earth alkaline metal atom.
• the organic layer comprising the compounds of formula I and II, or III constitutes the elec- tron transport layer of an OLED OLEDs having superior life time, power efficiency, quantum efficiency and/or a low operating voltage are obtained.
• Examples of M are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba. Li, Na and K are preferred, Li is most preferred.
• Examples of the metal complex of formula I are 8-hydroxyquinolinolato lithium (Liq) and 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinolato lithium (LiMeq). The most preferred metal
• Liq Liq
• LigQg LigQg
• the substituents R 81 and R 82 are in ortho-, or para-position with respect to the oxygen atom of the dibenzofurane moiety.
• the substituents A, R 91 and R 92 are in ortho-, or para-position with respect to the oxygen atom of the dibenzofurane moiety.
• R 81 is phenanthryl, dibenzothiophenyl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups and R 82 is phenanthryl, dibenzothiophenyl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups. More preferably, R 81 is phenanthryl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups and R 82 is phenanthryl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• R 91 is dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, phenanthryl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups and R 92 is H, phenanthryl, dibenzothiophenyl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• R 91 is dibenzofuranyl, phenanthryl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups and R 92 is phenanthryl, or pyrenyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci- Ciealkyl groups.
• R 91 phenanthryl and pyrenyl groups are more preferred than dibenzo- furanyl groups.
• R 81 and R 82 are independently of each
• R 91 has the meaning of R 81 , or is or and R 92 has the meaning of R 81 , or is H.
• R 91 has the same preferences as R 81 , or is , or
• R 92 has the same preferences as R 81 , or is H.
• A is a single bond, a substituted, or unsubstituted arylene group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene group having 5 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or -SiR 83 R 84 -.
• Preferred arylene radicals are phenylene, naphthylene, phenantrylene and phenalylene, which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• Preferred heteroarylene radicals are pyridinylene, pyrazinylene, pyrimidinylene, and tria- zolylene, which may optionally be substituted by one, or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• More preferred arylene radicals are , and
• R 85 and R 86 are independently of each other H, or a Ci-Cisalkyl group.
• R 86 is H, or a Ci-Cisalkyl group.
• Preferred groups -SiR 83 R 84 - are -Si(CH 3 ) 2 -, -Si(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 -, and Si(C(CH 3 ) 3 ) 2 -.
• Particularly preferred compounds of formula II are compounds A-1 to A-36.
• Particularly preferred compounds of formula III are compounds B-1 to B-27. Reference is made to claim 5.
• Compound A-10 is at present most preferred.
• the organic electronic device is preferably an organic light emitting device (OLED), comprising an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, a hole and exciton blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer and a cathode, wherein the organic layer comprising the compounds of formula I and II, or III constitutes the electron transport layer.
• An exciton blocking layer may be arranged between the hole transport layer and the light emitting layer.
• the present invention is also directed to an electron transport layer, comprising an organic metal complex of formula I and a compound of formula II, or III.
• the organic metal complex of formula I is contained in the organic layer, especially the electron transport layer of an OLED in an amount of 99 to 1 % weight, preferably 75 to 25 % by weight, more preferably about 50 % by weight, based on the amount of compound of formula I and II, or III.
• Ci-Ci8alkyl is typically linear or branched, where possible.
• Examples are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2- dimethylpropyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylhexyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3,5,5- hexa methyl hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methyl- heptyl, n-octyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetrade
• d-Csalkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl,
• Ci-C4alkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl.
• C6-Ci 4 aryl which optionally can be substituted, is typically phenyl, 4-methylphenyl,
• C2-C2oheteroaryl represents a ring with five to seven ring atoms or a condensed ring system, wherein nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms, and is typically a heterocyclic group with five to 30 atoms having at least six conjugated ⁇ -electrons such as thienyl, benzothiophenyl, dibenzothiophenyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, furfuryl, 2H-pyranyl, benzo- furanyl, isobenzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, phenoxythienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, bipyridyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl,
• the C6-Ci 4 aryl and C2-C2oheteroaryl groups are preferably substituted by one, or more Ci- Cealkyl groups.
• arylene radicals are phenylene, naphthylene, phenalenylene, antracylene and phenantrylene, which may optionally be substituted by one or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• Preferred arylene radicals are 1 ,3-phenylene, 3,6-naphthylene, and 4,9-phenalenylene, which may optionally be substituted by one or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• heteroarylene radicals are 1 ,3,4-thiadiazol-2,5-ylene, 1 ,3-thiazol-2,4-ylene, 1 ,3-thiazol-2,5-ylene, 2 ,4-thiophenylene , 2 ,5-thiophenylene, 1 ,3-oxazol-2,4-ylene, 1 ,3- oxazol-2,5-ylene and 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2,5-ylene, 2,5-indenylene, 2,6-indenylene, especially pyrazinylene, pyridinylene, pyrimidinylene, and triazolylene, which may optionally be substituted by one or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• Preferred heteroarylene radicals are 2,6- pyrazinylene, 2,6-pyridinylene, 4,6-pyrimidinylene, and 2,6-triazolylene, which may optionally be substituted by one or more Ci-Cisalkyl groups.
• the organic electronic device of the present application is, for example, an organic solar cell (organic photovoltaics), a switching element, such as an organic transistors, for example organic FET and organic TFT, organic light emitting field effect transistor (OLEFET), or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), preference being given to OLEDs.
• organic solar cell organic photovoltaics
• switching element such as an organic transistors, for example organic FET and organic TFT, organic light emitting field effect transistor (OLEFET), or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), preference being given to OLEDs.
• the present application relates to the use of the organic metal complex of formula I in com- bination with the compound of formula II, or III preferably as electron transport layer in an organic electronic device.
• an organic layer especially an electron transport layer, comprising an organic metal complex of formula I and a compound of formula II, or III.
• the organic transistor generally includes a semiconductor layer formed from an organic layer with hole transport capacity and/or electron transport capacity; a gate electrode formed from a conductive layer; and an insulating layer introduced between the semiconductor layer and the conductive layer.
• a source electrode and a drain electrode are mounted on this arrangement in order thus to produce the transistor element.
• further layers known to those skilled in the art may be present in the organic transistor.
• the organic solar cell generally comprises an organic layer present between two plate-type electrodes arranged in parallel.
• the organic layer may be configured on a comb-type electrode.
• at least one electrode is preferably formed from a transparent electrode, for example an ITO electrode or a fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode.
• the organic layer is formed from two sublayers, i.e. a layer with p-type semiconductor properties or hole transport capacity, and a layer formed with n-type semiconductor properties or electron transport capacity.
• the layer with electron transport capacity may comprise the organic metal complex of formula I and the compound of formula II, or III.
• the present invention further relates to an organic light-emitting diode comprising an anode An and a cathode Ka, a light-emitting layer E arranged between the anode An and the cathode Ka, an electron transport layer arranged between the cathode Ka and the light- emitting layer E, and if appropriate at least one further layer selected from the group consisting of at least one blocking layer for holes/excitons, at least one blocking layer for elec- trons/excitons, at least one hole injection layer, at least one hole transport layer and at least one electron injection layer, wherein the electron transport layer comprises an organic metal complex of formula I and a compound of formula II, or III.
• the inventive organic light-emitting diode thus generally has the following structure: an anode (An) and a cathode (Ka) and a light-emitting layer E arranged between the anode (An) and the cathode (Ka) and an electron transport layer arranged between the cathode Ka and the light-emitting layer E.
• the inventive OLED may, for example - in a preferred embodiment - be formed from the following layers:
• the OLED does not have all of the layers mentioned; for example, OLEDs which have layers (1), (3), (4), (5) and (6), are likewise suitable. I n addition , the OLEDs may have a blocking layer for elec- trons/excitons between the hole transport layer (2) and the light-emitting layer (3).
• a plurality of the aforementioned functions are combined in one layer and are assumed, for example, by a single material present in this layer.
• a material used in the hole transport layer in one embodiment, may simultaneously block excitons and/or electrons.
• the individual layers of the OLED among those specified above may in turn be formed from two or more layers.
• the hole transport layer may be formed from a layer into which holes are injected from the electrode, and a layer which transports the holes away from the hole-injecting layer into the light-emitting layer.
• the electron transport layer may likewise consist of a plurality of layers, for example a layer in which elec- trons are injected by the electrode, and a layer which receives electrons from the electron injection layer and transports them into the light-emitting layer.
• These layers mentioned are each selected according to factors such as energy level, thermal resistance and charge carrier mobility, and also energy difference of the layers specified with the organic layers or the metal electrodes.
• the person skilled in the art is capable of selecting the structure of the OLEDs such that it is matched optimally to the organic compounds used as emitter substances in accordance with the invention.
• the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole transport layer should be matched to the work function of the anode
• the LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of the electron transport layer should be matched to the work function of the cathode, provided that the aforementioned layers are present in the inventive OLEDs.
• the anode (1) is an electrode which provides positive charge carriers. It may be formed, for example, from materials which comprise a metal, a mixture of various metals, a metal alloy, a metal oxide or a mixture of various metal oxides. Alternatively, the anode may be a conductive polymer.
• Suitable metals comprise metals and alloys of the metals of the main groups, transition metals and of the lanthanoids, especially the metals of groups lb, IVa, Va and Via of the periodic table of the elements, and the transition metals of group Villa.
• the anode is to be transparent, generally mixed metal oxides of groups Mb, lllb and IVb of the periodic table of the elements (lUPAC version) are used, for example indium tin oxide (ITO).
• ITO indium tin oxide
• the anode (1) comprises an organic material, for example polyaniline, as described, for example, in Nature, Vol. 357, pages 477 to 479 (June 1 1 , 1992). At least either the anode or the cathode should be at least partly transparent in order to be able to emit the light formed.
• the material used for the anode (1) is preferably ITO.
• Suitable hole transport materials for layer (2) of the inventive OLEDs are disclosed, for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition, Vol. 18, pages 837 to 860, 1996. Both hole-transport molecules and polymers can be used as the hole transport material.
• Hole-transport molecules typically used are selected from the group consisting of tris[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(phenylamino)]triphenylamine (1-NaphDATA), 4,4'-bis[N- (1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (a-NPD), N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)- [1 ,1 '-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TP D), 1 , 1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC), N,N'-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-[1 , 1 '-(3,3'-dimethyl)biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (ETPD), tetrakis(3-methylphen
• Hole-transporting polymers typically used are selected from the group consisting of polyvinylcarbazoles, (phenylmethyl)polysilanes and polyanili- nes. It is likewise possible to obtain hole-transporting polymers by doping hole-transporting molecules into polymers such as polystyrene and polycarbonate. Suitable hole-transporting molecules are the molecules already mentioned above.
• carbene complexes are, for example, carbene complexes as described in WO 2005/019373 A2, WO 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO 2007/1 15970, WO 2007/115981 and WO 2008/000727.
• a suitable carbene complex is fac-lridium-tris(1 ,3-diphenylbenzimidazolin-2-yliden- C,C 2' ) (Ir(dpbic)s) with the formula:
• the hole transport layer which is disclosed, for example, in Preferably, the hole transport layer
• the dopant is contained in an amount of from 0.1 % by weight, preferably 1 to 8 % by weight, more preferably 3 to 5 % by weight, based on the amount of dopant and carbene complex.
• the light-emitting layer (3) comprises at least one emitter material.
• it may be a fluorescence or phosphorescence emitter, suitable emitter materials being known to those skilled in the art.
• the at least one emitter material is preferably a phosphorescence emitter.
• the phosphorescence emitter compounds used with preference are based on metal complexes, and especially the complexes of the metals Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd and Pt, in particular the complexes of Ir, have gained significance.
• Suitable metal complexes for use in the inventive OLEDs are described, for example, in d o c u m e n t s W O 02/60910 A1 , US 2001/0015432 A1 , US 2001/0019782 A1 , US 2002/0055014 A 1 , U S 2002/0024293 A1 , US 2002/0048689 A1 , EP 1 191 612 A2, EP 1 191 613 A2, EP 1 211 257 A2, US 2002/0094453 A1 , WO 02/02714 A2, WO 00/70655 A2, WO 01/41512 A1 , WO 02/15645 A1 , WO 2005/019373 A2, WO 2005/1 13704 A2, WO 2006/1 15301 A1 , WO 2006/067074 A1 , WO 2006/056418, WO 200612181 1 A1 , WO 2007095118 A2 , WO 2007/1 15970, WO 2007/1
• the light emitting layer comprises preferably a compound of the formula [carbene] n 1
• M 1 is a metal atom selected from the group consisting of Co, Rh, Ir, Nb, Pd, Pt, Fe, Ru, Os, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Cu, Ag and Au in any oxidation state possible for the respective metal atom;
• carbene is a carbene ligand which may be uncharged or monoanionic and monodentate, bidentate or tridentate, with the carbene ligand also being able to be a biscarbene or triscarbene ligand;
• L is a monoanionic or dianionic ligand, which may be monodentate or bidentate;
• K is an uncharged monodentate or bidentate ligand selected from the group consisting of phosphines; phosphonates and derivatives thereof, arsenates and derivatives thereof; phosphites; CO; pyridines; nitriles and conjugated dienes which form a ⁇ complex with M 1 ; n1 is the number of carbene ligands, where n1 is at least 1 and when n1 > 1 the carbene ligands in the complex of the formula I can be identical or different;
• n is the number of ligands L, where m can be 0 or > 1 and when m > 1 the ligands L can be identical or different;
• o is the number of ligands K, where o can be 0 or > 1 and when o > 1 the ligands K can be identical or different;
• n1 + m + o is dependent on the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal atom and on the denticity of the ligands carbene, L and K and also on the charge on the ligands, carbene and L, with the proviso that n1 is at least 1.
• the compound of formula IX is preferably a compound of the formula:
• the mula IX is more preferably a compound of the formula
• metal complexes are the commercially available metal complexes tris(2- phenylpyridine)iridium(lll), iridium(lll) tris(2-(4-tolyl)pyridinato-N,C 2 ' ) , b i s ( 2- phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonato)iridium(lll), iridium(lll) tris(l-phenylisoquinoline), iridium(lll) bis(2,2'-benzothienyl)pyridinato-N,C 3 ')(acetylacetonate), tris(2-phenylquinoline)iridium(lll), iridium(lll) bis(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C 2 )picolinate, iridium(lll) b is ( 1- phenylisoquinoline)(acetylacetonate), bis(2-(
• Suitable triplet emitters are, for example, carbene complexes.
• the compounds of the formula X are used in the light-emitting layer as matrix material together with carbene complexes as triplet emitters. (X), wherein
• X is NR, S, O or PR
• R is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl
• Ai is -N R6R7, -P(0)R 8 R 9 , -PR10R11 , -S(0) 2 R 12 , -S(0)R 13 , -SR 4 , or -OR 15 ;
• R 21 , R 22 and R 23 are independently of each other aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, wherein at least on of the groups R 1 , R 2 , or R 3 is aryl, or heteroaryl;
• R 4 and R 5 are independently of each other alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a group A 1 , or a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics;
• n2 and ml are independently of each other 0, 1 , 2, or 3;
• R 6 , R 7 form together with the nitrogen atom a cyclic residue having 3 to 10 ring atoms, which can be unsubstituted, or which can be substituted with one, or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics; and/or which can be annulated with one, or more further cyclic residues having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the annulated residues can be unsubstituted, or can be substituted with one, or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics; and R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 und R 15 are independently of each other aryl, heteroaryl, al,
• Additional matrix materials on basis of dibenzofurane are, for example, described in US2009066226, EP1885818B1 , EP1970976, EP1998388 and EP2034538. Examples of particularly preferred matrix materials are shown below: ⁇
• T is O, or S, preferably O. If T occurs more than one time in a molecule, all groups T have the same meaning.
• Suitable carbene complexes are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in W O 2005/019373 A2, WO 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO 2007/115970, WO 2007/115981 and WO 2008/000727.
• the light-emitting layer may comprise further components in addition to the emitter material.
• a fluroescent dye may be present in the light-emitting layer in order to alter the emission color of the emitter material.
• a matrix material can be used.
• This matrix material may be a polymer, for example poly(N- vinylcarbazole) or polysilane.
• TCTA tertiary aromatic amines
• at least one of the above- mentioned matrix materials on basis of dibenzofurane, especially at least one of the com- pounds of the formula X is used as matrix material.
• the light-emitting layer is formed from 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 5 to 17% by weight, of at least one of the aforementioned emitter materials and 80 to 98% by weight, preferably 83 to 95% by weight, of at least one of the aforementioned ma- trix materials - in one embodiment at least one compound of the formula X - where the sum total of the emitter material and of the matrix material adds up to 100% by weight.
• the light-emitting layer comprises a compound of formula X,
• emitting layer is formed from 2 to 40% by weight, preferably 5 to 35% by weight, of
• the above-mentioned matrix materials on basis of dibenzofurane, especially the compounds of the formula X are used as hole/exciton blocker material, preferably together with carbene complexes as triplet emitters.
• the above-mentioned matrix materials on basis of dibenzofurane, especially compounds of the formula X may be used as matrix materials or both as matrix materials and as hole/exciton blocker materials to- gether with carbene complexes as triplet emitters.
• Suitable metal complexes for use together with the above-mentioned matrix materials on basis of dibenzofurane, especially compounds of the formula X as matrix material and/or hole/exciton blocker material, in OLEDs are thus, for example, also carbene complexes as d e s c r i b e d i n W O 2005/019373 A 2 , W O 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO 2007/1 15970, WO 2007/1 15981 and WO 2008/000727.
• Explicit reference is made here to the disclosure of the WO applications cited, and these disclosures shall be considered to be incorporated into the content of the present application.
• Hole blocker materials typically used in OLEDs are the above-mentioned matrix materials on bas is of di benzofu ra ne , especia lly compounds of formula X, 2,6-bis(N- carbazolyl)pyridine (mCPy), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1 , 10-phenanthroline (bathocuproin, (BCP)), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)-4-phenylphenylato)aluminum(lll) (BAIq), phenothiazine S,S-dioxide derivates and 1 ,3,5-tris(N-phenyl-2-benzylimidazolyl)benzene) (TPBI), TPBI also being suitable as electron-conducting material.
• mCPy 2,6-bis(N- carbazolyl)pyridine
• BCP 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1
• 10-phenanthroline bathhocuproin
• disilyl compounds selected from the group consisting of disilyl- carbazoles, disilylbenzofurans, disilylbenzothiophenes, disilylbenzophospholes, disilylben- zothiophene S-oxides and disilylbenzothiophene S,S-dioxides, as specified, for example, in WO2009003919 (PCT/EP2008/058207) and WO2009003898 (PCT/EP2008/058106) and disilyl compounds as disclosed in WO2008/034758, as a blocking layer for holes/excitons (4) or as matrix materials in the light-emitting layer (3).
• the present invention relates to an inventive OLED comprising the layers (1 ) anode, (2) hole transport layer, (3) light-emitting layer, (4) blocking layer for holes/excitons, (5) electron transport layer and (6) cathode, and if appropriate further layers, wherein the electron transport layer comprises the organic metal complex of formula I and the compound of formula II, or III.
• the electron transport layer (5) of the inventive OLEDs comprises the organic metal complex of formula I and the compound of formula II, or III.
• the layer (5) preferably improves the mobility of the electrons.
• some of the electron-transporting materials are simultaneously hole-blocking materials when they have a low-lying HOMO. These can be used, for example, in the blocking layer for holes/excitons (4).
• the charge transport layers can also be electronically doped in order to improve the transport properties of the materials used, in order firstly to make the layer thicknesses more generous (avoidance of pinholes/short circuits) and in order secondly to minimize the operating voltage of the device.
• the hole transport materials can be doped with electron acceptors; for example, phthalocyanines or arylamines such as TPD or TDTA can be doped with tetrafluorotetracyanquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) or with molybdenum oxide ( ⁇ ) , especially M0O3, or with rhenium oxide (ReO x ), especially Re03, or WO3.
• Electronic doping is known to those skilled in the art and is disclosed, for example, in W. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 94, No. 1 , 1 July 2003 (p-doped organic layers); A. G. Werner, F. Li, K. Harada, M.
• the hole transport layer may, in addition to a carbene complex, e.g. Ir(dpbic)3, be doped with molybdenum oxide ( ⁇ ) , especially M0O3, or with rhenium oxide (ReO x ), especially Re03, or WO3.
• the cathode (6) is an electrode which serves to introduce electrons or negative charge carriers.
• Suitable materials for the cathode are selected from the group consisting of alkali metals of group la, for example Li, Cs, alkaline earth metals of group lla, for example calcium, barium or magnesium, metals of group lib of the periodic table of the elements (old lUPAC version), comprising the lanthanides and actinides, for example samarium.
• alkali metals of group la for example Li, Cs, alkaline earth metals of group lla, for example calcium, barium or magnesium, metals of group lib of the periodic table of the elements (old lUPAC version), comprising the lanthanides and actinides, for example samarium.
• metals such as aluminum or indium, and combinations of all metals mentioned.
• lithium-comprising organometallic compounds or potassium fluoride (KF) can be applied between the organic layer and the cathode in order to reduce the operating voltage.
• the OLED according to the present invention may additionally comprise further layers which are known to those skilled in the art.
• a layer which facilitates the transport of the positive charge and/or matches the band gaps of the layers to one another may be applied between the layer (2) and the light-emitting layer (3).
• this further layer may serve as a protective layer.
• additional layers may be present between the light-emitting layer (3) and the layer (4) in order to facilitate the transport of negative charge and/or to match the band gaps between the layers to one another.
• this layer may serve as a protective layer.
• the inventive OLED in addition to layers (1) to (6), comprises at least one of the following layers mentioned below:
• Materials for a hole injection layer may be selected from copper phthalocyanine, 4, 4', 4"- tris(N-3-methylphenyl-N-phenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4',4"-tris(N-(2- naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)triphenylamine (2T-NATA), 4,4',4"-tris(N-(1-naphthyl)-N- phenylamino)triphenylamine (1 T-NATA) , 4 ,4' ,4"-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (NATA), titanium oxide phthalocyanine, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino- dimethane (F4-TCNQ), pyrazino[2,3-f][1 ,10]phenanthroline-2,3-dicarbonitrile (PPDN), N,N,
• KF As a material for the electron injection layer, KF, or Liq, for example, can be selected. KF is more preferred than Liq.
• the person skilled in the art is aware (for example on the basis of electrochemical studies) of how suitable materials have to be selected. Suitable materials for the individual layers are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed, for example, in WO 00/70655.
• the layers used in the inventive OLED have been surface-treated in order to increase the efficiency of charge carrier transport.
• the selection of the materials for each of the layers mentioned is preferably determined by obtaining an OLED with a high efficiency and lifetime.
• the inventive OLED can be produced by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the inventive OLED is produced by successive vapor deposition of the individual layers onto a suitable substrate.
• Suitable substrates are, for example, glass, inorganic semi- transports, typically ITO, or IZO, or polymer films.
• vapor deposition it is possible to use customary techniques, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD) and others.
• the organic layers of the OLED can be applied from solutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, employing coating techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• the different layers have the following thicknesses: anode (1 ) 50 to 500 nm, preferably 100 to 200 nm; hole-conducting layer (2) 5 to 100 nm, preferably 20 to 80 nm, light-emitting layer (3) 1 to 100 nm, preferably 10 to 80 nm, blocking layer for holes/excitons (4) 2 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to 50 nm, electron-conducting layer (5) 5 to 100 nm, preferably 20 to 80 nm, cathode (6) 20 to 1000 nm, preferably 30 to 500 nm.
• the relative position of the recombination zone of holes and electrons in the inventive OLED in relation to the cathode and hence the emission spectrum of the OLED can be influenced, among other factors, by the relative thickness of each layer.
• the ratio of the layer thicknesses of the individual layers in the OLED depends on the materials used. The layer thicknesses of any additional layers used are known to those skilled in the art. It is possible that the electron-conducting layer and/or the hole-conducting layer have greater thicknesses than the layer thicknesses specified when they are electrically doped.
• the electron transport layer of the present application makes it possible to obtain OLEDs with high efficiency and with low operating voltage.
• the OLEDs obtained by the use of the electron transport layer of the present application additionally have high lifetimes.
• the efficiency of the OLEDs can additionally be improved by optimizing the other layers of the OLEDs. Shaped substrates and novel hole-transport materials which bring about a reduction in the operating voltage or an increase in the quantum efficiency are likewise usable in the inventive OLEDs.
• additional layers may be present in the OLEDs in order to adjust the energy level of the different layers and to facilitate electroluminescence.
• the OLEDs may further comprise at least one second light-emitting layer.
• the overall emission of the OLEDs may be composed of the emission of the at least two light-emitting layers and may also comprise white light.
• the OLEDs can be used in all apparatus in which electroluminescence is useful. Suitable devices are preferably selected from stationary and mobile visual display units and illumination units. Stationary visual display units are, for example, visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances and advertising panels, illu- minations and information panels. Mobile visual display units are, for example, visual display units in cellphones, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 players, vehicles and destination displays on buses and trains. Further devices in which the inventive OLEDs can be used are, for example, keyboards; items of clothing; furniture; wallpaper.
• the electron transport layer of the present application can be used in OLEDs with inverse structure. The structure of inverse OLEDs and the materials typically used therein are known to those skilled in the art.
• the present invention relates to an apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units such as visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances and advertising panels, illuminations, information panels, and mobile visual display units such as visual display units in cellphones, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 players, vehicles and destination displays on buses and trains; illumination units; keyboards; items of clothing; furniture; wallpaper, comprising the inventive organic electronic device, or the inventive organic layer, especially electron transport layer.
• stationary visual display units such as visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances and advertising panels, illuminations, information panels
• mobile visual display units such as visual display units in cellphones, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 players, vehicles and destination displays on buses and trains
• illumination units keyboards
• items of clothing furniture
• wallpaper comprising the inventive organic electronic device, or the inventive organic layer, especially electron transport layer.
• the ITO substrate used as the anode is first cleaned with commercial detergents for LCD production (Deconex ® 20NS, and 250RGAN-ACID ® neutralizing agent) and then in an ace- tone/isopropanol mixture in an ultrasound bath.
• the su bstrate is exposed to a continuous ozone flow in an ozone oven for a further 25 minutes. This treatment also improves the hole injection properties of the ITO.
• AJ20-1000 commercially available from Plexcore
• lr(dpbic)3 As a hole transport and exciton blocker, lr(dpbic)3 (V1 ) is applied to the substrate with a thickness of 45 nm, wherein the first 35 nm are doped with MoO x (-50%) to improve the conductivity. lr(dpbic>3 (for preparation , see I r complex (7) in the application
• the material (V3) is applied by vapor deposition with a thickness of 5 nm as exciton and hole blocker.
• ex- cept Liq is used alone instead of the mixture of BCP and Liq.
• the ITO substrate used as the anode is first cleaned with commercial detergents for LCD production (Deconex ® 20NS, and 250RGAN-ACID ® neutralizing agent) and then in an ace- tone/isopropanol mixture in an ultrasound bath. To eliminate any possible organic residues, the su bstrate is exposed to a continuous ozone flow in an ozone oven for a further 25 minutes. This treatment also improves the hole injection properties of the ITO. Then AJ20-1000 (commercially available from Plexcore) is spin-coated and dried to form an hole injection layer (-40 nm).
• the organic materials specified below are applied by vapor deposition to the clean substrate at a rate of approx. 0.5-5 nm/min at about 10- 8 mbar.
• lr(dpbic)3 (V1 ) is applied to the substrate with a thickness of 40 nm, wherein the first 35 nm are doped with MoO x (-50%) to improve the conductivity.
• a mixture of 30% by weight of compound ( V2), 35% by weight of compound (V1 ) and 35% by weight of compound (V3) is applied by vapor deposition in a thickness of 20 nm.
• the material (V3) is applied by vapor deposition with a thickness of 5 nm as exciton and hole blocker.
• a mixture of 50 % by weight of compound (A-10) and 50 % by weight of Liq is applied as electron transport layer by vapor deposition in a thickness of 40 nm, as are a 1 nm-thick Liq layer (electron injection layer) and finally a 100 nm-thick Al electrode.
• electroluminescence spectra are recorded at various currents and voltages.
• the current-voltage characteristic is measured in combination with the light output emitted.
• the light output can be converted to photometric parameters by calibration with a photometer.
• the OLED is operated at a constant current density and the decrease in the light output is recorded. The lifetime is defined as that time which lapses until the luminance decreases to half of the initial luminance.
• External quantum efficiency is # a of generated photons escaped from a substance or a device / # of electrons flowing through it.
• ET Layer Electron Transport Layer.
• the life time, power efficiency, quantum efficiency and/or voltage at 300 cd/m 2 of the devices of the Application Examples are superior as compared with the devices of the Comparative Application Examples.

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