Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F22—STEAM GENERATION
  • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
  • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
  • F22B1/28—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically
  • F22B1/288—Instantaneous electrical steam generators built-up from heat-exchange elements arranged within a confined chamber having heat-retaining walls
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B33/08—Compounds containing halogen
  • C01B33/107—Halogenated silanes
  • C01B33/1071—Tetrachloride, trichlorosilane or silicochloroform, dichlorosilane, monochlorosilane or mixtures thereof
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
  • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
  • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B33/02—Silicon
  • C01B33/021—Preparation
  • C01B33/027—Preparation by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material
  • C01B33/03—Preparation by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material by decomposition of silicon halides or halosilanes or reduction thereof with hydrogen as the only reducing agent
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
  • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
  • F28F1/40—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only inside the tubular element
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
  • F28F13/003—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by using permeable mass, perforated or porous materials

Definitions

• Trichlorosilane in its gaseous state is often used in the manufacture of silicon-containing devices, such as semiconductor wafers or solar cells. Under normal atmospheric conditions, trichlorosilane is in a liquid state. It is converted to its gaseous state prior to use in the manufacture of silicon-containing devices.
• liquid trichlorosilane when converting liquid trichlorosilane to its gaseous state it may not be heated above a specific temperature because doing so results in the trichlorosilane becoming overly corrosive and/or reactive.
• a first aspect is a heat exchanger for vaporizing a liquid comprising a housing, a tube, a heater, and a plurality of non-reactive members.
• the housing has an interior and an external surface.
• the tube is disposed in the interior of the housing and has an interior cavity.
• the tube also has an inlet and an outlet each spaced outward from the external surface of the housing and the inlet is configured for introducing a flow of the liquid into the tube.
• the heater is disposed in thermal communication with the tube and the housing and is configured to heat the tube.
• the plurality of non-reactive members are disposed in the interior cavity of the tube in an arrangement such that a plurality of voids are defined between the plurality of non- reactive members and the tube.
• the arrangement of the plurality of non-reactive members permits the liquid to pass through the plurality of voids and travel from the inlet of the tube to the outlet of the tube.
• the plurality of non-reactive members and the hollow tube transfer heat to the liquid as the liquid passes through the plurality of voids in order to at least partially vaporize the liquid.
• FIG. 1 Another aspect is a heat exchanger for vaporizing a liquid
• the housing has an interior and an external surface.
• the tube is disposed in the housing and has an inlet configured for introducing a flow of liquid into the tube.
• the tube has an interior cavity.
• the plurality of spherical members are disposed in the interior cavity of the tube in an arrangement such that a plurality of voids are disposed between the plurality of spherical members and the tube.
• the arrangement of the plurality of spherical members permits the liquid to pass through the plurality of voids and travel from the inlet of the tube to the outlet of the tube.
• the plurality of spherical members and the tube are configured to transfer heat to the liquid as the liquid passes through the plurality of voids to at least partially vaporize the liquid.
• Still another aspect is a method of vaporizing a liquid.
• the method comprises initiating a flow of the liquid into an inlet of a tube in a heat exchanger, the tube including spherical members.
• the tube in the heat exchanger is then heated.
• the liquid is then vaporized into a gas by passing the liquid through the tube.
• the spherical members are heated by a heat source to transfer heat to the liquid as the liquid passes through a plurality of voids defined between the spherical members and the tube.
• the gas is then removed from the heat exchanger.
• Still another aspect is a method of vaporizing liquid
• the method comprises initiating a flow of liquid trichlorosilane into an inlet of a first heat exchanger.
• the liquid trichlorosilane is then partially vaporized into a gas state by passing the trichlorosilane through a first tube having a plurality of non- reactive members in the first heat exchanger.
• the non-reactive members are heated by a first heat source and wherein the non-reactive members transfer heat to the trichlorosilane as the trichlorosilane passes through the non-reactive members.
• the partially vaporized trichlorosilane is then removed from the first heat exchanger.
• the partially vaporized trichlorosilane is then mixed with a first gas resulting in a mixture of partially vaporized trichlorosilane and the first gas.
• a flow of the mixture of partially vaporized trichlorosilane and the first gas is then initiated into a second tube in a second heat exchanger, the second tube including non-reactive members.
• the mixture of partially vaporized trichlorosilane and the first gas is then vaporized by passing the mixture through the second tube.
• the non-reactive members are heated by a second heat source and transfer heat to the mixture as the mixture passes through the non-reactive members.
• the mixture of vaporized trichlorosilane and first gas are then removed from the second heat exchanger.
• Figure 1 is a cross-section of a heat exchanger of an
• Figure 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the heat exchanger of Figure 1;
• Figure 3 is a cross-section of a portion of a tube in the heat exchanger of Figure 2 taken along the 3-3 line;
• Figure 4 is a schematic view of a trichlorosilane vaporization system
• Figure 5 is a block diagram depicting a method of vaporizing a liquid
• Figure 6 is a block diagram depicting a method of vaporizing liquid trichlorosilane.
• a heat exchanger is generally indicated at 100.
• the heat exchanger 100 described herein is used in the vaporization of liquid trichlorosilane (S1CI3) for subsequent use in the manufacture of silicon-containing devices (e.g., wafers or solar cells).
• the heat exchanger 100 is equally well-suited for use in heating or vaporizing any liquid, and, the heat exchanger may be used for any such purpose without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
• Partially vaporized trichlorosilane refers to trichlorosilane that has been partially converted to a gas (i.e., some quantity of the trichlorosilane remains in a liquid state).
• the heat exchanger 100 includes a housing 110 forming an enclosure and an inlet opening 112 and an outlet opening 114.
• the housing 110 has an interior 116 and an exterior surface 118.
• the housing 110 is formed from any suitable material, such as steel or alloys thereof.
• the housing 110 is generally cylindrical in overall shape, although the housing may be differently shaped (e.g., rectangular, square, circular, etc.) without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
• the housing 110 is also sufficiently sealed (other than the inlet and outlet openings) such that the housing is able to contain a heat transfer liquid 122 (broadly, a heat transfer media) therein (discussed in greater detail below).
• the housing 110 may also contain a stirrer (not shown) or other device to circulate the heat transfer fluid 122 within the housing
• a heater 120 is disposed around at least a portion of the housing 110.
• the heater 120 is any device suitable for heating the housing 110 and the other components of the heat exchanger 100 disposed within the housing (i.e., tubes, spherical members, heat transfer fluid, and trichlorosilane).
• the heater 120 is disposed adjacent the housing, and in Figure 1, is disposed on the exterior surface 118 of the housing 110 while in other embodiments the heater may be disposed in the interior 116 of the housing or instead may be integrally formed with the housing.
• the heater 120 is an electric resistive heater, while in other embodiments the heater may be a radiant or combustion heater.
• the heater 120 is connected to a suitable control system (not shown) that controls its operation.
• a first tube 200 and a second tube 210 are disposed in the interior 116 of the housing 110 in a helical arrangement.
• a single tube may be used while in still others more than two tubes may be used.
• the tubes 200, 210 may not be in a helical arrangement and instead may be arranged in any suitable position within the interior 116 of the housing 110.
• the tubes 200, 210 may be disposed in a looped arrangement within the housing 110.
• the tubes 200, 210 are disposed in the helical arrangement and are each separated from each other by a distance such that the heat transfer fluid 122 can circulate around each of the tubes.
• the tubes 200, 210 may be separated by a distance equal to about the diameter of the tubes according to one embodiment.
• Sidewalls 206, 216 of the tubes 200, 210 are impervious to liquids and gases and permit the flow of a liquid (e.g., trichlorosilane) therethrough without the liquid leaking from the tubes.
• the sidewalls 206, 216 of the tubes 200, 210 are also sufficiently non-reactive in the presence of trichlorosilane at elevated temperatures (e.g., stainless steel or titanium).
• Each of the tubes 200, 210 has respective inlets 202, 212 and outlets 204, 214.
• each of the tubes 200, 210 has an interior cavity and an interior cavity 220 of the first tube is shown in Figure 3.
• spherical members 300 are disposed in each of the tubes 200, 210 in a closely packed arrangement such that the spherical members are restricted from movement within the tubes.
• Retaining members may be used at the inlets 202, 212 and outlets 204, 214 of each of the tubes 200, 210 to retain the spherical members 300 within the tubes.
• the retaining members may have openings formed therein that have a diameter smaller than that of the spherical members 300 in order to allow liquid and/or gas to flow therethrough while preventing the spherical members from doing so.
• the spherical members 300 are positioned such that heating the housing 110 and tubes 200, 210 by the heater 120 results in the heating of the spherical members.
• Voids 310 are defined by empty spaces between the spherical members 300 and the sidewalls 206, 216 of the tubes 200, 210.
• the voids 310 permit gas to flow through the tubes 200, 210 and the spherical members 300 are sized such that a sufficient amount of liquid and/or gas is able to flow through the voids.
• each of the spherical members 300 may have a diameter that is less than half of the diameter of the tubes 200, 210.
• the diameter of the spherical members 30 is about 20% of the diameter of the tube 200 and thus five spherical members are intersected by a line D drawn along a diameter of the tube.
• the tubes 200, 210 are about 0.75 inches in diameter
• the thicknesses of the sidewalls 206, 216 are about 0.065 inches
• the spherical members 300 have a diameter of about 0.125 inches.
• Differently sized spherical members 300 may be used in the tubes 200, 210 in order to vary the volume of the voids 310.
• larger diameter (in relation to the diameter of the tubes) spherical members 300 may be used to increase the volume of the voids 310 since the comparatively larger diameter of the spherical members results in voids having a correspondingly larger volume.
• smaller diameter spherical members 300 may be used to decrease the volume of the voids 310 and correspondingly increase the total surface area of the spherical members with which the liquid and/or gas comes into contact with as it flows through the voids in the tubes 200, 210.
• Increasing the surface area of the spherical members 300 contained in the tubes 200, 210 results in both an increased amount and rate of heat transfer to the trichlorosilane flowing through the voids 310 and contacting the spherical members.
• the spherical members 300 are formed from a non-reactive material that does not react with or degrade in the presence of trichlorosilane at an elevated temperature. Examples of such materials include various types of stainless steel, titanium, and super alloys. Moreover, while spherical members 300 are shown in Figure 3, the members may instead be differently shaped. The members 300 may have any geometric shape that allows the members to be disposed in the tubes 200, 210 in a closely packed arrangement that results in the creation of the voids 310 that permit liquid and/or gas to flow therethrough.
• the members 300 may each have a different shape (e.g., some members may be spherical while others are cubes or different types of polygons) or the members may each be similarly shaped. Moreover, the members 300 may each have different irregular shapes.
• the heat transfer fluid 122 is disposed in the interior 116 of the housing 110 and surrounds the tubes 200, 210.
• the heat transfer fluid 122 is used to transfer heat from the housing 110 and the heater 120 to the tubes 200, 210.
• Any suitable fluid may be used that has a suitably high thermal conductivity.
• suitable heat transfer fluids include liquid metals (e.g., sodium or mercury), water, brine, oils, or combinations thereof.
• the tubes 200, 210 may be removed from the housing 110 for servicing (e.g., cleaning) or replacement.
• no heat transfer fluid is used, and instead the tubes 200, 210 are encased in aluminum (i.e., heat transfer media) that surrounds the tubes within the housing 110.
• the aluminum is first melted to a liquid state and then poured into the housing 110 such that the molten aluminum surrounds the tubes 200, 210 and then solidifies.
• aluminum is used to encase the tubes 200, 210 because of its thermal conductivity.
• the tubes 200, 210 may be surrounded by a different type of metal.
• Figure 4 shows a system 400 for vaporizing liquid trichlorosilane.
• the system uses multiple heat exchangers similar to or the same as those shown in Figures 1-3.
• the number and configuration of the heat exchangers shown in Figure 4 is exemplary in nature and may be modified without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
• the number and configuration of the heaters used in the system 400 can be affected by the flow rate of the liquid being vaporized, boiling point of the liquid, thermal properties of the liquid (e.g., thermal conductivity), and the maximum temperature to which the liquid may be heated.
• a flow of liquid trichlorosilane is first split into two parallel flows that are each then fed into a first heat exchanger 402 and a second heat exchanger 404, respectively.
• the liquid trichlorosilane is then partially vaporized in each of the first and second heat exchangers 402, 404 before being removed (i.e., flowing from the outlet thereof) of each of the respective heat exchangers.
• the partially vaporized trichlorosilane i.e., a portion of the trichlorosilane remains in liquid form while another portion is in a gaseous state
• a third heat exchanger 410 and a fourth heat exchanger 412 respectively.
• the partially vaporized trichlorosilane is then further vaporized (i.e., the percentage of gaseous trichlorosilane to liquid trichlorosilane is increased) in the third and fourth heat exchangers 410, 412 before being removed from the respective heat exchangers.
• the parallel flows of partially vaporized trichlorosilane are then mixed back together and hydrogen gas is mixed with the partially vaporized trichlorosilane.
• the flow is then split back into two parallel flows that are each then fed into a fifth heat exchanger 420 and a sixth heat exchanger 422, respectively.
• the partially vaporized trichlorosilane is then further vaporized in the fifth and sixth heat exchangers 420, 422 to a point where substantially all of the trichlorosilane is in a gaseous state.
• a relatively small amount of the trichlorosilane i.e., less than 1% by weight
• the parallel flows of vaporized trichlorosilane are then brought back together into a single tank and stored for later use or directed to a subsequent processing operation.
• Figure 5 depicts a method 500 of vaporizing a liquid in a heat exchanger described above in relation to Figures 1-3.
• the method begins in block 510 with the initiation of a flow of a liquid (e.g., a temperature-sensitive liquid such as trichlorosilane) into an inlet of a tube in a heat exchanger.
• a liquid e.g., a temperature-sensitive liquid such as trichlorosilane
• the tube in the heat exchanger is heated by a heater or other heat source.
• the liquid is then vaporized into a gas in block 530 by passing the liquid through the tube in the heat exchanger packed with spherical members.
• the liquid is vaporized by heat transferred to the liquid from the spherical members within the tube.
• the gas is then removed from the tube in the heat exchanger in block 540 and either stored or used in a subsequent processing operation.
• Figure 6 depicts a method 600 of vaporizing liquid trichlorosilane in a trichlorosilane vaporization similar to or the same as that shown above in Figure 4.
• the method begins in block 610 with the initiation of a flow of liquid trichlorosilane in the first heat exchanger.
• the liquid trichlorosilane is then partially vaporized in block 620 in the first heat exchanger by passing the
• non-reactive member e.g., the spherical members described above in Figures 1-3.
• the partially vaporized trichlorosilane is removed from the first heat exchanger.
• the partially vaporized trichlorosilane is then mixed with hydrogen gas in block 640.
• the mixture of partially vaporized trichlorosilane and hydrogen gas is then directed into a second heat exchanger. Once in the second heat exchanger, the mixture is then vaporized in block 650 by passing the mixture through a tube in the second heat exchanger that is packed with non-reactive members.
• the vaporized mixture of trichlorosilane and hydrogen gas is then removed from the second heat exchanger.
• the spherical members disposed in the tube increase the rate and amount of heat transferred to the trichlorosilane because the spherical members increase the surface area of the heat exchanger in contact with the trichlorosilane.
• the increase in surface area of the heat exchanger in contact with the trichlorosilane permits more heat to be transferred to the trichlorosilane at a greater rate than possible in conventional tube- type heat exchangers.
• the heat transfer coefficient increases as the liquid trichlorosilane begins to vaporize and the proportion of gaseous to liquid trichlorosilane increases.
• the heat exchangers and spherical members described above greatly increase the surface area of the heat exchanger (i.e., the surface area of the tubes and the spherical members) in contact with the trichlorosilane passing through the heat exchanger.
• This increase in surface area results in a corresponding increase in the ability of the heat exchanger to transfer heat to the trichlorosilane even when a substantial portion of the trichlorosilane has been vaporized. Accordingly, the increase in the rate and amount of heat transferred to the trichlorosilane results in substantially all of the liquid trichlorosilane being converted to its gaseous state.
• the efficiency of the heat exchanger described above is also increased because a greater amount of heat is transferred to the trichlorosilane and the liquid trichlorosilane is more quickly converted to its gaseous state when compared to traditional tube-type heat exchangers. Due to its increased efficiency, the comparative size, length of tubes, and amount of heat required to vaporize the trichlorosilane are reduced when compared to traditional tube-type heat exchangers. This reduction in the comparative size, length of the tubes, and amount of heat required to vaporize the trichlorosilane also significantly reduces both the capital costs (i.e., the actual cost of the components of the system) associated with vaporizing trichlorosilane and the operational costs of the system.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Geometry (AREA)
• Silicon Compounds (AREA)
• Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
• Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)

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• 2010
  • 2010-06-08 US US12/796,360 patent/US20110300050A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2011
  • 2011-06-02 KR KR1020127032191A patent/KR20130103672A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2011-06-02 CN CN201180028210.6A patent/CN103025656B/zh active Active
  • 2011-06-02 WO PCT/IB2011/052430 patent/WO2011154879A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2011-06-02 EP EP11792024.9A patent/EP2580159A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2011-06-02 JP JP2013513790A patent/JP2013533949A/ja active Pending
  • 2011-06-08 TW TW100120069A patent/TWI512240B/zh active
• 2013
  • 2013-03-14 US US13/828,725 patent/US20130195432A1/en not_active Abandoned

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