WO2011135978A1 - カーボンナノチューブ発光素子、光源及びフォトカプラ - Google Patents
カーボンナノチューブ発光素子、光源及びフォトカプラ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011135978A1 WO2011135978A1 PCT/JP2011/058406 JP2011058406W WO2011135978A1 WO 2011135978 A1 WO2011135978 A1 WO 2011135978A1 JP 2011058406 W JP2011058406 W JP 2011058406W WO 2011135978 A1 WO2011135978 A1 WO 2011135978A1
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- carbon nanotube
- carbon nanotubes
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- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 126
- 230000005457 Black-body radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/04—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
- H01K1/00—Details
- H01K1/02—Incandescent bodies
- H01K1/04—Incandescent bodies characterised by the material thereof
- H01K1/06—Carbon bodies
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
- H01K1/00—Details
- H01K1/02—Incandescent bodies
- H01K1/04—Incandescent bodies characterised by the material thereof
- H01K1/10—Bodies of metal or carbon combined with other substance
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
- H01K3/00—Apparatus or processes adapted to the manufacture, installing, removal, or maintenance of incandescent lamps or parts thereof
- H01K3/02—Manufacture of incandescent bodies
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/80—Optical aspects relating to the use of optical transmission for specific applications, not provided for in groups H04B10/03 - H04B10/70, e.g. optical power feeding or optical transmission through water
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/30—Organic light-emitting transistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/221—Carbon nanotubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/902—Specified use of nanostructure
- Y10S977/932—Specified use of nanostructure for electronic or optoelectronic application
- Y10S977/949—Radiation emitter using nanostructure
- Y10S977/95—Electromagnetic energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbon nanotube light emitting device, a light source, and a photocoupler, and in particular, a carbon nanotube light emitting device capable of realizing a continuous spectrum light source capable of high-speed modulation suitable for use in the field of information communication electrical and electronic devices, and the carbon nanotube light emitting device
- the present invention relates to a light source and a photocoupler using
- Carbon nanotubes have been studied energetically, starting with the fact that light emission was observed by photoluminescence measurement that observes light emission by photoexcitation, but in recent years light emission due to current injection has been observed. It is also expected as an element.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 to 8 report light-emitting elements using carbon nanotubes. However, the high-speed modulation property of the carbon nanotube light-emitting element has not been researched and developed so far, and has not been developed yet.
- the light emission mechanism of the carbon nanotube light emitting device can be divided into two types: (a) light emission due to recombination of electrons and holes, and (b) light emission due to black body radiation.
- Electron / hole injection excitation, (ii) collision excitation, and (iii) heating excitation have been reported as excitation methods.
- (I) is one in which electrons and holes are injected from opposite directions from two electrodes formed on a carbon nanotube, and light is emitted by recombination thereof.
- holes (or electrons) with high kinetic energy are injected from the electrodes, and electron-hole pairs (excitons) are generated with the energy lost when the kinetic energy is lost.
- (Iii) is one in which electrons are excited by thermal energy generated by heating due to Joule heat or the like when the carbon nanotube is energized, and light is emitted when the electrons relax with holes.
- Luminescence caused by blackbody radiation All materials show radiation of electromagnetic waves (blackbody radiation) due to heat at temperatures exceeding absolute zero. In this black body radiation, the emission spectrum is described by Planck's law, and the energy of thermal radiation follows the Stefan-Boltzmann law which is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature T. This black body radiation is currently used, for example, as a tungsten filament of a light bulb, and is used for illumination or the like.
- Non-patent Document 9 It has been reported that carbon nanotubes are bundled to form a filament and emit light in the same manner as the filament when heated by energization (Non-patent Document 9).
- filament-like light emission cannot be subjected to on-off modulation at high speed like a tungsten light bulb.
- a thick bundle of multi-walled carbon nanotubes of about several ⁇ m Non-Patent Document 10
- a thick multi-walled carbon nanotube of about 13 nm in diameter are arranged on a substrate (Non-Patent Document 11), and black body radiation due to energization was observed. Examples have also been reported and shown to follow Planck's law, but thick carbon nanotubes are difficult to modulate at high speed, and high speed modulation has not been attempted.
- black body radiation unlike light emitting diodes and laser diodes, has the characteristic of obtaining a continuous spectrum (continuous spectrum light source) over a wide wavelength range.
- black body radiation using conventional filaments or the like does not have high-speed modulation, there is no continuous spectrum light source that can be modulated at high speed.
- the light emitting devices reported so far are roughly classified into two types: one using a single carbon nanotube and a carbon nanotube thin film (carbon nanotube network) including a large number of carbon nanotubes.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 to 6 A single carbon nanotube light-emitting element is reported in Non-Patent Documents 1 to 6, and Non-Patent Documents 7 and 8 describe a bundle of carbon nanotubes called bundles in which several carbon nanotubes are entangled. Using bundles, light emission is observed.
- a light-emitting element using one or a bundle of carbon nanotubes is characterized in that single light emission can be easily taken out and the spectrum width is narrow.
- (1) a substrate on which carbon nanotubes are grown is observed with a microscope to find one carbon nanotube, or (2) an element in which one electrode is formed by chance is selected from many manufactured elements. There is a need. Therefore, the device yield is generally poor.
- Non-patent documents 7 and 8 also report light emission from a thin-film carbon nanotube element.
- the conventionally reported carbon nanotube light emitting device is a light emitting device without modulation driven by a DC voltage or a DC current.
- the conventional carbon nanotube light emitting element cannot be used for optical information communication because it needs to be modulated and turned on / off at high speed.
- a light emitting element that modulates at high speed is required.
- a continuous spectrum (continuous spectrum light source) can be obtained in a wide wavelength range. I can't.
- a continuous spectrum light source using a conventional filament does not have a high-speed modulation property, there is no continuous spectrum light source capable of high-speed modulation at present.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems, and an object thereof is to realize a continuous spectrum light source capable of high-speed modulation.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- semiconductor carbon nanotubes having a band gap and metallic carbon nanotubes having no band gap there are semiconductor carbon nanotubes having a band gap and metallic carbon nanotubes having no band gap.
- a Schottky barrier is generated in the vicinity of the junction between the electrode metal and the semiconductor and the metal. This hinders the carrier injection from the electrode to the carbon nanotube, and thus the voltage for obtaining black body radiation increases in the semiconductor carbon nanotube.
- the metal carbon nanotube since no Schottky barrier is generated, carriers are efficiently injected.
- a current of about 10 ⁇ A flows in the metal carbon nanotube at an applied voltage of 1 V, as shown in FIG.
- the present invention has been made on the basis of such knowledge, and includes a plurality of electrodes and a carbon nanotube including at least a part of the metal carbon nanotubes disposed between the electrodes, and energizing the electrodes.
- the above problem is solved by performing light emission capable of high-speed modulation with a wide emission wavelength range by the black body radiation generated when the metal carbon nanotube generates heat.
- the metal carbon nanotubes and the electrodes can be disposed on the substrate to improve heat dissipation.
- At least the surface of the metal carbon nanotube can be covered with an insulator.
- the present invention also provides a light source comprising the above-described carbon nanotube light-emitting element.
- the metal carbon nanotubes can be arranged on the transparent substrate so as to be orthogonal to the optical fiber.
- the metal carbon nanotube and the electrode can be arranged on the substrate so that light can be emitted in a direction parallel to the surface of the substrate.
- metallic carbon nanotubes and electrodes can be disposed on the substrate so that light is emitted in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate.
- the present invention also provides a photocoupler comprising the above-described carbon nanotube light-emitting element and a light-receiving element.
- a light emitting device capable of high-speed modulation can be obtained simply by forming an electrode on a metal carbon nanotube.
- this modulation property is expected to be ultra-high-speed communication of at least about 1 to 3 Gbps.
- it can be easily produced by being integrated on various substrates such as a Si substrate. Therefore, it can be applied to an extremely large number of electronic / information communication fields such as optical communication using an optical fiber and an optical integrated circuit by manufacturing a light emitting element on an integrated circuit.
- a continuous spectrum (continuous spectrum light source) can be obtained in a wide wavelength range which is impossible with a conventional light emitting diode or laser diode.
- Conventional black body radiation by filaments and the like does not have high-speed modulation, so there is currently no continuous-spectrum light source capable of high-speed modulation, but the present invention realizes a continuous-spectrum light source capable of high-speed modulation. .
- the present invention unlike (a) compound semiconductors, light-emitting elements that can be modulated at a very high speed can be easily integrated on silicon, and (b) expensive semiconductor manufacturing equipment used for compound semiconductors is not required. Therefore, it has the feature that it can be manufactured at low cost. Therefore, not only optical fiber communication but also various applications requiring high-speed modulation such as an optical integrated circuit on a silicon substrate, short distance information transmission between chips or boards, and a photocoupler are possible.
- Diagram showing the voltage-current characteristics of carbon nanotubes The perspective view which shows the structure of the light emitting element which is 1st Embodiment of this invention. Emission spectrum diagram when voltage is applied to the first embodiment Similarly, (A) Luminescence time-resolved measurement result calculated from the applied voltage when a pulse voltage is applied, and (B) Observed luminescence time-resolved measurement result and fitting results of rise and fall times The figure which similarly shows the emission time resolution measurement result at the time of 1ns pulse application Sectional drawing which shows the structure of the light emitting element which is 2nd Embodiment of this invention. The disassembled perspective view which shows 3rd Embodiment of this invention which is a continuous spectrum light source using the light emitting element concerning this invention.
- FIG. 1 The perspective view which similarly shows the structure of 4th Embodiment
- FIG. 1 A) Perspective view and (B) Cross section showing the configuration of the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 1 A) Perspective view and (B) Cross section showing the configuration of the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 1 A) Circuit diagram and (B) Cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a seventh embodiment of the present invention, which is a photocoupler using a light emitting device according to the present invention.
- the light emitting device includes a source electrode 12 with respect to a carbon nanotube thin film including one (a bundle) of metal carbon nanotubes or a plurality of metal carbon nanotubes (CNT) 10. And an element structure in which the drain electrode 14 is formed.
- any substrate may be used as the substrate 20.
- any substrate such as Si, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO may be used as long as the source and drain are not electrically short-circuited.
- reference numeral 21 denotes a SiO 2 film provided on the substrate 20.
- the shape of the electrodes 12 and 14 may be any shape such as a rectangle, and may be a comb-shaped electrode in order to increase the light emitting area.
- the electrode material may be any material as long as current flows, and may be metal or semiconductor.
- the carbon nanotube 10 is disposed between the source and drain electrodes.
- the carbon nanotubes between the electrodes may be one or a bundle of carbon nanotubes or a plurality of carbon nanotubes. In the case of a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the yield and emission intensity are improved.
- the carbon nanotubes 10 used in the light emitting device of the first embodiment may be those lying on and in contact with the substrate 20 or may be cross-linked carbon nanotubes in which only both ends of the carbon nanotubes are supported by the substrate.
- the carbon nanotubes may be exposed to the atmosphere or may be carbon nanotubes covered with an insulating material such as SiO 2 or glass or sapphire.
- an insulating material such as SiO 2 or glass or sapphire.
- carbon nanotubes react with oxygen in the atmosphere and are damaged, it is more likely that the carbon nanotubes will be damaged by the reaction with oxygen if they are covered with an insulating material or held in a vacuum. Since it can prevent, it is preferable.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an emission spectrum when a voltage (4 V) is applied to the light emitting device of the first embodiment.
- This light-emitting element is an example of a light-emitting element using a large number of carbon nanotubes 10 lying on and in contact with the substrate 20.
- the gentle light emission seen on the long wavelength side is light emission by black body radiation due to the heat generation of the carbon nanotubes 10 by energization.
- FIG. 4 shows the observation results of the time-resolved measurement of light emission when a pulse voltage is applied to the light emission on the long wavelength side.
- FIG. 4 also shows the time dependence of the emission intensity estimated from the applied pulse voltage (4 V). From both results, a light emission pulse following the applied pulse voltage is observed.
- the intensity distribution on the time axis of all photons generated by one excitation is the time of one element first generated by one excitation.
- the result is shown in FIG. It was confirmed that the response speed of CNT black body radiation emission was at least about 1 GHz.
- This time-resolved measurement indicates that light emitted from the carbon nanotube is measured through an optical fiber, and this light-emitting element can be used for high-speed optical communication using the optical fiber.
- the high-speed modulation of light emission by the black body radiation is (1) the heat capacity is very small due to the carbon nanotube being a minute one-dimensional material having a diameter of about 1 nm, and (2) the thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotube. This is due to the very high price. Due to these, rapid heating and cooling are realized by the heat generated by energizing the carbon nanotubes, so that light emission is modulated at high speed regardless of blackbody radiation.
- Such high-speed modulation of light emission by black body radiation can be obtained by both a single and a bundle of carbon nanotube light emitting elements and a light emitting element using a large number of carbon nanotubes.
- high-speed modulation is possible regardless of the carbon nanotube light-emitting element lying on the substrate or the crosslinked carbon nanotube light-emitting element.
- the temperature of the carbon nanotubes can be changed quickly with a small amount of thermal energy, so that the high-speed modulation can be obtained.
- the fall time is improved.
- the carbon nanotubes used for black body radiation can be made of any carbon nanotubes such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
- the single-walled carbon nanotube has a smaller heat capacity than the multi-walled carbon nanotube, the high-speed modulation characteristic is improved.
- the heat capacity is small, and if the heat is quickly released to the substrate, the high-speed modulation property is improved.
- the characteristics are improved by using a carbon nanotube thin film in which individual carbon nanotubes are isolated rather than a carbon nanotube thin film in which the carbon nanotubes are bundled in a thick bundle.
- an insulating film 16 is provided to prevent reaction with oxygen in the atmosphere as in the light emitting device according to the second embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. Is desirable.
- the insulating film 16 has an insulating property such as an oxide insulator such as SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, Al 2 O 3 , MgO, HfO 2 , or a polymer material insulator such as PMMA, and transmits light. If possible, an insulating film of any material may be used.
- a core 34 of an optical fiber 32 is pressed against a light emitting element similar to that of the first embodiment, and bonded with an adhesive such as PMMA or epoxy. .
- light can be efficiently incident on the core 34 of the optical fiber 32.
- the carbon nanotube 10 and the electrodes 12 and 14 are disposed on the SiO 2 film 21 formed on the Si substrate 20, and the core 36 is disposed between the electrodes 12 and 14. The light is emitted from the end face of the core 36.
- reference numeral 38 denotes a clad that covers the core 36.
- light can be irradiated in a direction parallel to the substrate 20.
- a thin film mirror 42 made of, for example, gold is disposed on the upper surface of the dielectric thin film 40 and the lower surface of the SiO 2 film 21.
- light with a narrow spectral width can be irradiated.
- FIG. 10 shows a sixth embodiment of the present invention in which the upper mirror of the fifth embodiment is deleted and light emission is extracted from the upper surface.
- the photocoupler is an element that converts an electric signal into light and transmits the light by using the light emitting element 10 and a light receiving element 50 such as a phototransistor chip as a pair.
- a photocoupler an input and an output are electrically isolated, and are used in various devices for the purpose of transmitting information and removing noise between circuits having different reference voltages.
- Currently used photocouplers use light-emitting diodes, and even so-called ultra-high speeds are about 10 Mbps.
- the use of the present invention can significantly increase the speed.
- FIG. 11A shows the basic configuration of a photocoupler according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 11B shows the internal configuration.
- 52 is a lead frame
- 54 is a translucent epoxy resin covering the light emitting element 10 and the light receiving element 50
- 56 is a black epoxy resin covering the periphery of the translucent epoxy resin 54.
- Electrode 10 Metal carbon nanotube (CNT) 12 ... electrode 20 ... substrate 21 ... SiO 2 film 22 ... transparent substrate 32 ... optical fiber 34 ... core 38 ... clad 40 ... dielectric thin film 42 ... thin-film mirror 50 ... light-receiving element
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Abstract
Description
現在、精力的に研究が進められているのは、主にこの発光機構である。電子・正孔の再結合による発光は、半導体カーボンナノチューブ中に何らかの方法により電子と正孔を励起し、それらの再結合によって発光するものである。現在の固体半導体における発光ダイオード(LED)に対応する発光原理である。
あらゆる物質は、絶対零度を超える温度において熱による電磁波の放射(黒体放射)が見られる。この黒体放射では、その発光スペクトルはプランク則によって記述されるとともに、熱放射のエネルギーは温度Tの4乗に比例するステファン・ボルツマン則に従う。この黒体放射は、現在は例えば電球のタングステンフィラメントとして用いられていて、照明等に利用されている。
12、14…電極
20…基板
21…SiO2膜
22…透明基板
32…光ファイバ
34、36…コア
38…クラッド
40…誘電体薄膜
42…薄膜ミラー
50…受光素子
Claims (8)
- 複数の電極と、
該電極間に配設された、少なくとも一部に金属カーボンナノチューブを含むカーボンナノチューブとを備え、
前記電極への通電により金属カーボンナノチューブが発熱して発光する黒体放射によって、発光波長域の広い高速変調可能な発光を行うようにしたことを特徴とするカーボンナノチューブ発光素子。 - 前記金属カーボンナノチューブ及び電極が基板上に配設されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のカーボンナノチューブ発光素子。
- 少なくとも前記金属カーボンナノチューブの表面が絶縁体で覆われていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のカーボンナノチューブ発光素子。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブ発光素子を備えたことを特徴とする光源。
- 金属カーボンナノチューブが、光ファイバと直交するように、透明基板上に配設されていることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の光源。
- 金属カーボンナノチューブ及び電極が基板上に配設され、該基板の表面と平行な方向に発光するようにされていることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の光源。
- 金属カーボンナノチューブ及び電極が基板上に配設され、該基板の表面と垂直な方向に発光するようにされていることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の光源。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブ発光素子と、受光素子を備えたことを特徴とするフォトカプラ。
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