Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
  • G02B5/0205—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
  • G02B5/0236—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place within the volume of the element
  • G02B5/0242—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place within the volume of the element by means of dispersed particles
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/04—Prisms
  • G02B5/045—Prism arrays
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/133504—Diffusing, scattering, diffracting elements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/133526—Lenses, e.g. microlenses or Fresnel lenses
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
  • G02F1/133602—Direct backlight
  • G02F1/133606—Direct backlight including a specially adapted diffusing, scattering or light controlling members
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/005—Projectors using an electronic spatial light modulator but not peculiar thereto
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/10—Projectors with built-in or built-on screen
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/54—Accessories
  • G03B21/56—Projection screens
  • G03B21/60—Projection screens characterised by the nature of the surface
  • G03B21/62—Translucent screens
  • G03B21/625—Lenticular translucent screens
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
  • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
  • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
  • G09F9/35—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being liquid crystals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
  • G02F1/133602—Direct backlight
  • G02F1/133606—Direct backlight including a specially adapted diffusing, scattering or light controlling members
  • G02F1/133607—Direct backlight including a specially adapted diffusing, scattering or light controlling members the light controlling member including light directing or refracting elements, e.g. prisms or lenses

Definitions

• a display panel may be viewed from various angles depending on its orientation relative to one or more viewers. In many applications in which a display panel is viewed, such orientation falls within a predictable range. For television viewing and computer monitoring, for example, viewers may be seated directly in front of the display panel, or at least eye-level to the display panel. Accordingly, a display panel used in these applications may be configured to emit maximum light intensity normal to the display panel surface, the intensity falling off isotropically or anisotropically with increasing viewing angle. However, such a configuration may distribute the available light energy inefficiently in applications where the viewers are not eye-level to the display panel or seated directly in front of the display panel.
• one embodiment provides a display panel that includes an array of refractive elements arranged on a substrate.
• the array is positioned to receive light of a first intensity profile and configured to transmit in a second intensity profile at least some of the light received.
• the second intensity profile has a lower relative intensity normal to the substrate, and a higher relative intensity oblique to the substrate, than has the first intensity profile.
• FIG. 1 schematically shows a reference arrangement involving a viewer and a vertically oriented display panel.
• FIG. 2 schematically shows an example arrangement involving a viewer and a horizontally oriented, large-format display panel in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
• FIG. 3 shows a graph of a desired intensity profile for light emitted by a display panel in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
• FIG. 4 schematically shows aspects of an example optical system for a display panel in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
• FIG. 5 schematically shows a vertical cross section of angle-expanding layer of an optical system in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
• FIG. 6 shows an example microstructured refractor of an optical system in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
• FIGS. 7 and 8 show vertical cross sections of other example angle- expanding layers of optical systems in accordance with embodiments of this disclosure.
• FIG. 9 schematically shows aspects of another example optical system for a display panel in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
• FIG. 1 schematically shows a reference arrangement involving a viewer 10 and a vertically oriented display panel 12.
• the viewer is seated directly in front of the display panel.
• the intensity profile of the light emitted by the display panel may be optimized for vertical orientation.
• the term 'intensity profile' is used herein to denote the power or flux of the light as a function of viewing angle.
• the display panel may be configured to emit maximum light intensity normal to its front surface— i.e., at 0 degrees relative to the surface normal. This configuration makes efficient use of the available light energy by directing the emission to a range of angles where it will likely be viewed.
• the light intensity may fall off with increasing viewing angle according to a Gaussian or Lambertian profile or to an anisotropic product of Lambertian profiles.
• the light intensity may fall off sharply with increasing viewing angle in the vertical direction and more gradually with increasing viewing angle in the horizontal direction. This is because the viewer may regularly view a vertically oriented display panel from the left or right sides, but is unlikely to view it from above or below.
• display panel 12 can be used in applications where it is not oriented vertically, even if its illumination profile is optimized for vertical orientation.
• some alternative orientations of the display panel relative to the viewer may result in a lower light intensity for the range of angles over which the display panel is viewed, making inefficient use of the available light energy. Such an orientation is illustrated by example in FIG. 2.
• FIG. 2 schematically shows another arrangement involving a viewer and a display panel.
• viewer 10 is seated beside a large-format, horizontally oriented display panel 14.
• the display panel is of such size that the viewer would typically view it from an oblique viewing angle relative to the surface normal.
• the most probable viewing angle may be 51 degrees.
• the viewing angle will vary with the stature and disposition of the viewer— being less than 51 degrees for taller viewers and viewers standing beside the display panel, and greater than 51 degrees for viewers of small stature.
• suitable viewing angles may fall in the range of 20 to 70 degrees.
• display panel 14 may be configured to emit maximum light intensity at such oblique angles or ranges of angles. In this manner, the display panel may be optimized to make efficient use of the available light energy when oriented horizontally. It will be understood that the numerical values and ranges recited herein are examples only, and that other values and ranges are fully consistent with this disclosure.
• the graph of FIG. 3 illustrates an example intensity profile that may be desired for the light emitted by display panel 14.
• the illustrated intensity profile is annular and diffuse, having a local minimum 0 degrees from normal and local maxima at ⁇ from the normal, ⁇ 40 degrees in this example. Further, the local maxima within the intensity profile are approximately Gaussian, having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 45 degrees.
• FWHM full width at half maximum
• the light intensity approaches extinction at 90 degrees from the normal. This feature is advisable for avoidance of backscatter and total internal reflection (TIR) in the components of the display panel, which could otherwise give rise to illumination artifacts such as 'blooming' or 'halo'.
• TIR total internal reflection
• desired intensity profiles of various other shapes are also fully consistent with this disclosure.
• another desired intensity profile may have no local minimum but be substantially flat in an interval around 0 degrees.
• Such an intensity profile may allow a feasible performance tradeoff between a horizontal and a vertical form factor, such that the same display panel might be somewhat efficiently usable in both scenarios.
• the intensity profile shown in FIG. 3 provides increased relative intensity at larger viewing angles. Such larger viewing angles are within the range expected for display panel 14 oriented as shown in FIG. 2. At viewing angles of 50 and 70 degrees, respectively, the relative intensity may be 1.3 and 1.5 times that of a display panel optimized for vertical orientation. Moreover, the intensity profile shown in FIG. 3 provides reduced relative intensity at very acute viewing angles from which display panel 14 is unlikely to be viewed. At a viewing angle of 0 degrees, for example, the relative intensity may be 0.1 times that of a display panel optimized for vertical orientation.
• display panel 14 includes optical system 16.
• the optical system comprises an assembly of electronic and optical components configured to form a display image on the display panel. Further, the optical system may form the display image using light having an intensity profile as described above.
• FIG. 2 also shows computer system 18 operatively coupled to optical system 16. The computer system may be configured to provide data to the display panel for forming the display image.
• optical system 16 may also include an imaging stack configured to sense objects placed on or near display panel 14. Accordingly, the computer system may be configured to receive input data from the imaging stack. In this manner, the optical system may provide at least some input functionality for computer system 18.
• the computer system is contained within pedestal 20, which is located below display panel 14; taken together, the pedestal and the display panel comprise console 22.
• all or part of the computer system may be located remotely and operatively coupled to the optical system via a wired or wireless communications link.
• the computer system and the optical system may both be located within the display panel.
• FIG. 4 schematically shows aspects of optical system 16 in one embodiment.
• the optical system includes image projector 24 in which light source 26 is arranged.
• the light source may comprise a wavelength-selective element such as a rotating prism or color wheel in combination with any suitable source of white light— an arc lamp, incandescent lamp, or cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL), for example.
• the light source may comprise a plurality of narrowband light sources— lasers or light-emitting diodes (LED's), for example.
• Image projector 24 also includes image-forming matrix 28 arranged to receive light from the light source.
• the image-forming matrix may be any suitable component configured to spatially and temporally modulate the light to form a display image.
• the image-forming matrix is a digital light processing (DLP) matrix that divides wavelength-selected light from the light source into a plurality of pixels, selectively directs some light from the pixels to imaging optic 30, and selectively directs other light from the pixels away from the imaging optic.
• DLP digital light processing
• Other embodiments may include a plurality of image-forming matrices configured to receive and direct light from a plurality of narrow-band light sources.
• the image-forming matrix may comprise an array of light valves mated to color filters. In such embodiments, the image-forming matrix may be configured to selectively transmit some light from the pixels and to selectively absorb other light from the pixels, thereby forming the display image.
• optical system 16 includes collimating layer 32.
• the collimating layer may be any suitable optical layer arranged to receive light from image projector 24 and to collimate the light it receives.
• the collimating layer may comprise a Fresnel lens or Fresnel-lens array supported on a polymer film.
• the collimating layer is positioned between the image projector 24 and angle-expanding layer 34, such that the light received into the collimating layer is directed, in collimated form, into the angle-expanding layer.
• the angle-expanding layer may be positioned to receive the collimated light from the collimating layer; it may be configured to retransmit such light in a desired intensity profile (e.g., the intensity profile shown in FIG. 3).
• FIG. 5 schematically shows a vertical cross section of angle-expanding layer 34 in one example embodiment.
• the angle-expanding layer includes microstructured refractor 36 and diffuser 38.
• the microstructured refractor is positioned to receive light of a first intensity profile (e.g. , the collimated light from collimating layer 32), and configured to transmit at least some of the light received in a second intensity profile.
• FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of microstructured refractor 36 in greater detail.
• the microstructured refractor comprises an axicon array— viz., an array of hexagonally tiled conical lenslets 40.
• the pitch and therefore the density of the array may differ in the various embodiments of this disclosure, and may depend on whether an imaging stack ⁇ vide infra) is included in the optical system.
• the chosen pitch may be of sufficient small size to interfere minimally with the imaging stack, while not causing artifacts, such as aliasing, to appear in the display content.
• the microstructured refractor may include 600 conical lenslets per square centimeter (cm 2 ).
• the lenslet density may be as high as 5000 / cm 2 .
• each of the conical lenslets 40 embodies a right circular cone having a height h and an aperture defined as the maximum angle between any two genatrix lines of the cone).
• h may be 0.46 mm, and may be 66.5 degrees.
• appropriate metrics for the various elements of microstructured refractor may be determined based on the desired final light intensity profile, on the refractive indices of the materials forming the angle-expanding layer, and on the light-diffusing power of diffuser 38. In this manner, the microstructured refractor may very efficiently redistribute the light it receives.
• the conical lenslets 40 of microstructured refractor 36 may be arranged on, supported by, and in some examples formed in substrate layer 42.
• the substrate layer may have any suitable thickness t.
• the entire microstructured refractor (refractive elements plus substrate layer) may comprise a preformed polymer film. In one particular embodiment, such a film may be laminated onto diffuser 38.
• the apices of conical lenslets 40 are oriented away from the substrate. More generally, the apices of any refractive element of the microstructured refractor may be oriented away from the substrate.
• the second intensity profile in which microstructured refractor 36 transmits the light it receives may have a lower relative intensity normal to substrate layer 42 than has the first intensity profile. Accordingly, it may have a higher relative intensity oblique to the substrate layer than has the first intensity profile.
• the second intensity profile may be annular.
• the microstructured refractor may direct the transmitted light through well-defined foci; this property may be exploited in some embodiments to enhance the display panel's ability to reject ambient light, as further described hereinafter.
• diffuser 38 is an optical layer positioned to receive light transmitted by microstructured refractor 36 and configured to transmit in a third intensity profile at least some of the light received.
• the third intensity profile may be diffuse and annular.
• the light exiting the diffuser may acquire an intensity profile such as the one shown in FIG. 3, where an intensity oblique to display panel 14 is the strongest intensity.
• the diffuser may confer desirable ambient- light rejection qualities on angle-expanding layer 34. Such qualities may effectively conceal the various internal structures of optical system 16 and may reduce specular reflection from ambient light sources.
• Diffuser 38 may be coupled to microstructured refractor 36 in any suitable manner; it may be film laminated to the microstructured refractor, bonded using an optical adhesive, ultraviolet (uv) cast, or formed via multi-sheet molding, for example.
• diffuser 38 is a volume -type diffuser, in which a plurality of refractive and/or light-scattering elements are distributed within a three-dimensional volume.
• a volume-type diffuser may comprise a flexible film having a controlled density of light scattering elements, such as particles, distributed and fixed therein. Configured in this manner, the volume-type diffuser may expand the intensity profile of the light received according to a Henyey-Greenstein factor, and it may diffuse incident ambient light by the same Henyey-Greenstein factor.
• One such volume -type diffuser is product ADF4040 (40 degrees FWHM case) of Fusion Optix Corporation.
• the volume-type diffuser may incorporate a controlled amount of a tinting agent (i.e., a dye or other visible-light absorbing substance) for enhanced ambient-light rejection.
• a tinting agent i.e., a dye or other visible-light absorbing substance
• the volume-type diffuser may support a roughened or dimpled upper surface (viz. , the surface facing the viewer) to further limit specular reflection and reject ambient light.
• FIG. 7 schematically shows a vertical cross section of another angle- expanding layer 44 comprising an microstructured refractor and a volume -type diffuser.
• the angle-expanding layer shown in FIG. 7 is monolithic, inasmuch as the conical lenslets of the microstructured refractor (as described hereinabove) are molded directly onto a surface of the volume-type diffuser (viz., the surface facing away from the viewer).
• the diffuser may be the very substrate on which the conical lenslets or other refractive elements are arranged. Such elements may be formed in the angle-expanding layer by compression molding, for example.
• the light-scattering elements of the angle-expanding layer may be distributed inhomogeneously— e.g., at least partly segregated away from the conical lenslets formed therein.
• FIG. 8 schematically shows a vertical cross section of another angle- expanding layer 46 in one embodiment.
• a plurality of refractive and/or light- scattering elements 48 are arranged on a surface of substrate layer 42, thereby forming a surface-relief type diffuser 50.
• Such light-diffusing surface features may in one embodiment comprise periodic or aperiodic arrays of concave or convex lenslets, dimples, or bumps.
• the surface features may be molded directly onto substrate layer 42. Suitable molding techniques include thermal molding and uv-casting, as examples.
• a film having such features may be laminated onto the substrate layer, rolled thereon (e.g., by heat-press rolling), or formed via screen-printing.
• Surface features that can be applied via rolling or screen printing include white dots, microdots, or diffusing pads. In one embodiment, such features may diffuse visible light but be substantially transparent in the infrared.
• surface-relief type diffuser 50 may expand the intensity profile of the display image light according to a Gaussian factor and may diffuse ambient light by the same Gaussian factor.
• microstructured refractor 36 is arranged on substrate layer 42 opposite the diffuser.
• One such surface-relief type diffuser is product L45E5 Light Shaping Diffuser (providing 45 degrees FWHM angular spread) from Luminit, LLC of Torrance, California.
• an array of opaque elements 51 are arranged on substrate layer 42, along with light-diffusing features 48.
• the opaque elements are positioned in registry with the apices of microstructured refractor 36, such that the foci (or circle of confusion) of the conical lenslets of the microstructured refractor lie in or near the plane of diffuser 50 and between adjacent opaque elements. This approach allows low-loss transmission of the display light through the foci while reducing the reflection of ambient light between the foci, as by absorbing ambient light illuminating these regions.
• ambient light rejection can be improved markedly without degrading the illumination intensity.
• This approach requires accurate positioning of the opaque elements relative to the apices of the microstructured refractor. Such accuracy may be achieved via a patterned masking process.
• a mask may be formed via any suitable molding process— a self-aligned aperture masking process, in one example.
• opaque elements 51 may be black.
• the opaque elements may be opaque to visible light but at least partly transparent to infrared light. This variant is particularly suited to optical system embodiments that include an infrared-based imaging stack positioned above the angle- expanding layer, as described below.
• angle-expanding layer 34 it is desirable to design angle-expanding layer 34 thick enough to be reasonably robust.
• the angle-expanding layer may be laminated to a thicker substrate which may serve as the touch surface, but the thickness of such a substrate should be constrained enough in order to limit the amount of parallax between the touch location and the display content location.
• a thicker substrate which may serve as the touch surface
• the thickness of such a substrate should be constrained enough in order to limit the amount of parallax between the touch location and the display content location.
• One example would be an angle-expanding layer between 0.5 and 1 millimeter (mm) thick laminated to the bottom side of a chemically hardened glass substrate, such as Gorilla Glass (a product of Corning, Inc., Corning, New York), between 2 and 5 mm thick.
• a Fresnel lens can be placed below this laminated sheet to provide collimated input to the angle-expanding layer.
• the Fresnel lens may be molded in a thick enough sheet to hold its own weight, while the laminated angle-expanding layer is supported by the top thick glass substrate, providing significant robustness when subjected to weight and drop impacts.
• the top surface may be coated with an anti-reflection coating in order to reduce ambient reflection. Further, a hard coat may be added, or, an anti- reflection and hard-coated additional film may be laminated, in order to provide further durability.
• ambient rejection masking may be used as well, such that the display panel stack includes: array of refractive elements, volume diffuser, masking, lamination bond, and glass substrate (which may be anti-reflective coated).
• the Fresnel lens would be placed below the display panel stack with an air gap, and would have its own support by either being thick or being laminated onto a substrate appropriately thick to support its weight and prevent sag, with Fresnel grooves facing up toward bottom of the display panel stack.
• the angle-expanding layer may comprise no diffuser at all. Such a configuration could be appropriate when suitably diffuse (not fully collimated) light is received into the angle-expanding layer, or when one or more light- diffusing components are arranged optically downstream of the angle-expanding layer.
• the microstructured refractor may comprise other refractive elements instead of or in addition to an axicon array. These include an array of apically rounded or apically flattened pseudo-conical lenslets, an array of tapered microrods, or a controlled-dimpled array in which case the dimple size and position is varied such that light illuminating a region of such features provides for the angle expanding.
• the pitch of the array of refractors may be pseudo-randomized in order to reduce possibility of aliasing between the display pixel pitch and array pitch.
• two or more layers of aligned prismatic elements in a one-dimensional array may be used in place of an axicon array.
• the angle-expanding layer may comprise a first prismatic array aligned in a first direction and a second prismatic array aligned in a second direction orthogonal to the first.
• the angle-expanding layer may comprise first, second, and third prismatic arrays aligned 60 degrees from each other.
• FIG. 9 schematically shows another example optical system 52 in one embodiment.
• the optical system includes a plurality of lamps 54 arranged inside backlight envelope 56.
• the lamps may include incandescent lamps, CCFL's, or LED's, for example.
• the backlight envelope may include one or more openings on one side (e.g., the top side in the drawing), from which the light escapes.
• the backlight envelope may also include an at least partly reflective interior surface for allowing light that does not escape to be recycled.
• Diffuser 58 is shown coupled to the open side of the backlight envelope.
• the light-diffusing power of the diffuser may be sufficient to provide uniform illumination over the open side of the backlight envelope; the light exiting the diffuser may have a Gaussian intensity profile.
• first angle-limiting layer 60 is coupled to diffuser 58
• second angle-limiting layer 62 is coupled to the first angle-limiting layer.
• the first and second angle-limiting layers may each be configured to transmit light incident within a range of angles and to reflect light incident outside of the range of angles.
• the first and second angle limiting layers may each comprise a layer having a prismatic micro- or millistructure.
• the prismatic elements of the first angle-limiting array may be oriented in a first direction, while those of the second angle- limiting layer may be oriented in a second direction orthogonal to the first.
• the ranges of incidence angles to which the transmitted light is limited may be the same or different for the first and second angle-limiting layers.
• the first and second angle-limiting layers may be configured to transmit an isotropic or anisotropic intensity profile.
• the first and/or second angle-limiting layers may comprise a light-recycling, brightness enhancing film (BEF); the BEF may limit the profile of transmitted light to a 40 to 50 degree exit cone, for example. In other embodiments, however the angle-limiting layers may be omitted, resulting in increased intensity at greater viewing angles.
• BEF brightness enhancing film
• optical system 52 further includes imaging stack 64.
• the imaging stack may comprise an assembly of electronic and optical components configured to image one or more objects disposed on or above display panel 14. Such objects may include a finger or a stylus; imaging the objects may enable a touch- or object-sensitive input mechanism for a computer system (computer system 18 of FIG. 1, for example).
• the imaging stack may be configured for high visible transparency, especially in a direction normal to the surface of the display panel. Accordingly, the imaging stack may employ a narrow-band infrared illumination source (not shown in the drawings), and may be configured to image infrared light reflected from objects on or near the display panel.
• a narrow-band infrared illumination source not shown in the drawings
• wedge-shaped light guide 66 supports a dichroic turning film opposite the viewing surface of the display panel, and a mirrored end face. This structure focuses the reflected infrared light onto camera 68, where the objects are imaged. It will be understood, however, that other, quite different imaging stacks are equally contemplated, some employing an offset-imaging approach. In such embodiments, the imaging stack may reflect infrared light associated with an input image while transmitting visible light for forming the display image.
• optical system 52 includes angle-expanding layer 46, arranged above imaging stack 62 and configured substantially as described above.
• the optical system further includes image-forming matrix 70 arranged to receive light from the angle-expanding layer and to form a display image by spatially and temporally modulating the light.
• the image-forming matrix comprises a plurality of light valves— e.g., a liquid-crystal display (LCD) matrix.
• the optical system further includes diffuser 72 coupled to the image-forming layer and configured to transmit the display image while scattering ambient light and masking the structural components of the optical system.
• an angle-expanding layer or layers may be arranged directly over an angle-limiting layer or layers of the back light assembly.
• the imaging stack could be used with a diffuser laminated in close proximity to the top or bottom side of the display panel, and further the diffuser could include a switchable diffuser, such as a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC).
• PDLC polymer dispersed liquid crystal
• a light-guide based frontlight (not shown in the figures) may be included in order to provide infrared illumination above the display panel.
• the imaging stack may be omitted, or it may be integrated into the image-forming matrix using so-called 'sensor-in-pixel' (SIP) technology.
• SIP 'sensor-in-pixel'
• the angle-expanding layer may be placed above the backlight unit, and a diffuser or diffuser layers may be placed just below the SIP panel.
• the angle-expanding layer may be arranged directly over the back light assembly, and the first and second angle-limiting layers may be omitted. This configuration will further increase the light intensity provided at larger viewing angles relative to the display panel normal.
• the diffuser may not be needed absent the vision system, since the BEF output approximates the desired angular spread that would be provided by the diffuser.
• Such an embodiment could include an axicon array or two or three crossed, one- dimensional prismatic arrays to provide the desired light-intensity profile.
• an axicon array and/or stack of crossed prismatic arrays could be used to achieve high angle bias, and a diffuser some distance away could be used to conceal the cavity placed just below the SIP/LCD panel.

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• 2010
  • 2010-04-01 US US12/752,741 patent/US20110241977A1/en not_active Abandoned
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