WO2011105430A1 - ドーパント材、半導体基板、太陽電池素子、およびドーパント材の製造方法 - Google Patents
ドーパント材、半導体基板、太陽電池素子、およびドーパント材の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011105430A1 WO2011105430A1 PCT/JP2011/053991 JP2011053991W WO2011105430A1 WO 2011105430 A1 WO2011105430 A1 WO 2011105430A1 JP 2011053991 W JP2011053991 W JP 2011053991W WO 2011105430 A1 WO2011105430 A1 WO 2011105430A1
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- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 152
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/02—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt
- C30B15/04—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt adding doping materials, e.g. for n-p-junction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/06—Silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/028—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping material or other impurities, only elements of Group IV of the Periodic System
- H01L31/0288—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping material or other impurities, only elements of Group IV of the Periodic System characterised by the doping material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
- H01L31/0682—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells back-junction, i.e. rearside emitter, solar cells, e.g. interdigitated base-emitter regions back-junction cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic System
- H01L31/182—Special manufacturing methods for polycrystalline Si, e.g. Si ribbon, poly Si ingots, thin films of polycrystalline Si
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/546—Polycrystalline silicon PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dopant material used for producing a silicon ingot.
- a silicon substrate has been used as a kind of semiconductor substrate for forming a solar cell element.
- Such a silicon substrate can be obtained by processing a single crystal silicon ingot or a polycrystalline silicon ingot produced by a CZ method or a cast method into a predetermined size.
- the silicon substrate includes a predetermined amount of dopant in order to provide desired electrical characteristics.
- boron is used as an element serving as a dopant source.
- silicon (a silicon ingot) containing a predetermined concentration of dopant there are the following methods.
- a dopant material made of boron alone or a dopant material made of single crystal silicon containing a large amount of boron is introduced into a silicon material as a raw material, and a molten mixture is generated by heating and melting. Then, the molten mixture is solidified and cooled by a predetermined method. Thereby, silicon (silicon ingot) containing a dopant with a predetermined concentration is produced.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-273668 discloses a silicon substrate in which a predetermined amount of a dopant material is added so that the specific resistance is 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ cm to 10 ⁇ ⁇ cm, as a silicon substrate used for a solar cell element. It is disclosed.
- a dopant material made of single crystal silicon containing a large amount of boron it is possible to increase the input amount of the dopant material, so that it is easy to manage the dopant material and thus the dopant concentration.
- Such a dopant material is usually used by crushing a single crystal silicon ingot containing a large amount of a dopant source.
- single crystal silicon is very hard and difficult to crush.
- One object of the present invention is to provide a highly productive dopant material, a semiconductor substrate manufactured using the dopant material, a solar cell element, and a method for producing the dopant material.
- the dopant material which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is a dopant material added to the semiconductor material containing silicon, Comprising: The element used as an n-type or p-type dopant source, and a polycrystalline silicon are included. Then, the concentration of the element which serves as the dopant source is 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- a semiconductor substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a semiconductor material to which the dopant material is added.
- a solar cell element includes the semiconductor substrate, a first electrode positioned on the first surface or the second surface of the semiconductor substrate, and the second electrode of the semiconductor substrate. And a second electrode located on the surface.
- the method for producing a dopant material includes a step of mixing an element serving as a dopant source into a silicon material and melting it to form a molten mixture, and cooling and solidifying the molten mixture. And a cooling step for producing a solidified body which is a dopant material containing the element serving as the dopant source and polycrystalline silicon.
- the element serving as the dopant source is contained in the polycrystalline silicon at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- concentration 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the manufacturing method of the dopant material according to the present embodiment by having the above-described configuration, it is possible to efficiently manufacture a dopant material in which an element serving as a dopant source is included in polycrystalline silicon.
- the dopant material which concerns on embodiment of this invention contains the element used as a dopant source in a polycrystalline silicon.
- the purity of the polycrystalline silicon used at this time can be the same as that of the silicon material used when the silicon ingot for solar cell is manufactured, and may be 99.9999% or more, for example.
- the concentration of the element in the dopant material is 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the element serving as the dopant source may be, for example, a state in which all of the elements serving as the dopant source are in solid solution in the polycrystalline silicon. Moreover, when the element used as a dopant source in a dopant material is supersaturated, the state which a part of element used as a dopant source has precipitated in the crystal grain boundary of a polycrystalline silicon may be sufficient.
- the dopant material of the present embodiment has many crystal grain boundaries and crystal defects due to such a configuration. Therefore, it is easy to crush, the time required for crushing can be reduced, it becomes easy to prepare a predetermined amount of dopant material, and productivity can be improved.
- examples of the element used as the dopant source include group III and group V elements exhibiting p-type or n-type, such as P, B, Ga, Sb, As, and the like.
- the dopant material which concerns on this embodiment is a P-type dopant material which contains boron as an element used as a dopant source.
- the concentration of boron is 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- Such a dopant material containing boron is suitably used for manufacturing various semiconductor substrates such as manufacturing solar cell elements.
- the specific resistance of the dopant material containing boron at such a concentration is, for example, about 1.2 m ⁇ ⁇ cm to 60 m ⁇ ⁇ cm.
- the specific resistance of the dopant material in the above range, a silicon ingot having a predetermined specific resistance can be produced with good controllability when producing a silicon ingot for a solar cell.
- ⁇ b means specific resistance [ ⁇ ⁇ cm]
- q means elementary charge (1.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 19 [C])
- ⁇ means hole mobility [cm 2 / (V ⁇ s)].
- ⁇ a predetermined value may be used, or a value obtained by conversion using a conversion table (Irvine curve) based on ASTM F723-81 may be used because it depends on the dopant concentration. .
- the concentration of boron may be, for example, 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more and 8 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the value of specific resistance here is 1st ratio measured on the 1st surface located in the upstream of a 1st direction in the dopant material which is a block body, for example, as shown in FIG. 2 mentioned later. It can be an average value of the resistance value and the second specific resistance value measured on the second surface located on the downstream side in the first direction. Then, from this average value, the concentration of boron contained in the dopant material can be calculated using the above-described estimation method. Moreover, the 1st surface and 2nd surface here can be made into the cross section of the upstream and downstream mentioned later which occurred in the slicing process at the time of forming a block body (the cutting process of a solidified body), respectively.
- oxygen is further included as an impurity.
- the oxygen concentration may be 3 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less in SIMS (Secondary Ionization Mass Spectrometry) measurement.
- the oxygen concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, and further, 1 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or more and 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less. Also good.
- a quartz crucible with less contamination of impurities during melting is used and a silicon melt in the quartz crucible is used. Pull up. Therefore, since the oxygen component of quartz is taken into the silicon melt, it contains a large amount of oxygen. At this time, since oxygen behaves as a thermal donor, when the oxygen concentration is high, there is a tendency that a value higher than the value of the specific resistance indicated by the actual boron concentration is measured. It is the said range. Therefore, the accuracy of the boron concentration calculated from the specific resistance value of the dopant material can be improved.
- a sample is irradiated with a primary ion beam (oxygen, cesium, etc.) that is accelerated and finely focused in vacuum, and secondary ions are extracted from the surface of the sample by sputtering. It is a method of performing analysis. Then, the oxygen concentration can be measured by converting the absolute concentration in comparison with the standard sample. For example, the oxygen concentration can be measured under the following measurement conditions.
- Primary ion species Cs + Primary ion acceleration voltage: 14.5kV
- Raster area 125 ⁇ m Analysis area: 30 ⁇ m ⁇ Measuring vacuum: 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa
- the dopant material may include a first region located on the upstream side in the first direction and a second region located on the downstream side with respect to the first region.
- the concentration of boron in the first region is higher than the concentration of boron in the second region.
- the oxygen concentration in the first region is smaller than the oxygen concentration in the second region.
- the dopant concentration of the dopant material is high, the mass of the dopant material used when producing the silicon ingot is reduced, so that the error of the specific resistance value is the specific resistance value of the silicon ingot that is the final product. It has a big effect.
- the dopant material having the above-described configuration a desired specific resistance value can be easily obtained.
- the concentration of oxygen may be gradually or stepwise reduced from the second region to the first region along the first direction.
- the oxygen concentration is gradually or gradually reduced as the dopant concentration gradually increases toward the first region.
- the productivity can be further improved as a result.
- the decreasing rate of the oxygen concentration in the first region may be smaller than the decreasing rate of the oxygen concentration in the second region.
- the oxygen concentration can be lowered in the entire first region by reducing the decrease rate of the first region, that is, increasing the decrease rate in the second region. Thereby, the fall of the measurement precision of a specific resistance value can further be reduced. As a result, productivity can be further improved.
- the first region and the second region may be regions that satisfy the above-described positional relationship in the first direction and satisfy the above-described relationship between the concentrations of the respective elements.
- the concentration of each element in the first region is, for example, the concentration of each element measured on the end face of the block body, which is located on the upstream side in the first direction and orthogonal to the first direction. can do.
- the concentration of each element in the second region can be, for example, the concentration of each element measured on the end face of the block body that is located downstream in the first direction and orthogonal to the first direction.
- the rate of decrease in the oxygen concentration is defined as follows, for example, in the first region. That is, when the oxygen concentration on the upstream side in the first direction in the first region is C1, and the oxygen concentration on the downstream side in the first direction is C2, the rate of decrease in the oxygen concentration is (C2-C1) / It is represented by C2 ⁇ 100 (%).
- the method for measuring the concentration of the dopant element has been described by exemplifying a dopant material that is a block body, but the shape of the dopant material is not particularly limited thereto.
- it may be spherical.
- the “dopant material” here may be of any shape as long as it contains the above-described element serving as a dopant source at a high concentration and can be added to the semiconductor material.
- a dopant material can be made into a block body and a plate-shaped body.
- the dopant material manufacturing apparatus 21 includes a crucible 1, a mold 2, a crucible heating means 3, a mold release material 4, a mold heating means 5, a cooling means 6, and a heat insulating material 7. It has.
- this manufacturing apparatus 21 the manufacturing apparatus of the polycrystal silicon ingot manufactured by the casting method can be used.
- the crucible 1 has a melting part 1a, a holding part 1b, and a pouring gate 1c.
- the melting part 1a has an opening that opens upward.
- the melting part 1a holds the silicon material and the element serving as a dopant source therein.
- the material held inside is heated and melted to form a silicon melt that is a molten mixture.
- the formed silicon melt is poured into the mold 2.
- As a material of the melting part 1a for example, high-purity quartz or the like is used.
- the holding part 1b holds the melting part 1a and is made of, for example, graphite.
- the pouring port 1c has a function of pouring a silicon melt and is provided at the upper edge of the melting part 1a. A silicon melt is poured into the mold 2 from the pouring port 1c.
- maintenance part 1b is not specifically limited to the form of FIG.
- the crucible heating means 3 is arranged at the upper part of the melting part 1a.
- a resistance heating type heater, an induction heating type coil or the like can be used as the crucible heating means 3.
- the mold 2 has an opening that opens upward.
- the mold 2 receives the silicon melt formed in the crucible 1 through this opening.
- the mold 2 has a function of solidifying in one direction from the bottom to the top while holding the silicon melt therein.
- the mold 2 is made of, for example, a carbon material such as graphite, quartz, fused silica, or the like.
- the mold release material 4 is coated on the inner surface portion of the mold 2.
- the mold release material 4 may be formed by applying a slurry obtained by mixing and stirring silicon nitride in a solution composed of an organic binder and a solvent to the mold 2.
- a slurry obtained by mixing and stirring silicon nitride in a solution composed of an organic binder and a solvent to the mold 2.
- polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, methylcellulose, or the like can be used as the organic binder.
- the mold heating means 5 is disposed above the mold 2 and can use a resistance heating type heater, an induction heating type coil, or the like.
- the mold heating means 5 appropriately heats the surface of the silicon melt by appropriately heating the silicon melt poured into the mold 2. Thereby, in the silicon melt in the mold 2, the temperature gradient from the lower side to the upper side can be controlled more accurately.
- the cooling means 6 is disposed below the mold 2 and has a function of cooling and solidifying the poured silicon melt by removing heat from below.
- the cooling means 6 is made of, for example, a metal plate or the like, and specifically, one having a structure of circulating water or gas inside a hollow metal plate or the like can be used. Further, the cooling means 6 can be brought close to or brought into contact with the bottom of the mold 2 in a non-contact state so that the silicon melt can be cooled from below.
- the heat insulating material 7 is disposed around the mold 2 and has a function of suppressing heat removal from the side surface of the mold.
- Examples of the material of the heat insulating material 7 include carbon felt in consideration of heat resistance, heat insulating properties, and the like.
- the manufacturing apparatus 21 can be placed in a vacuum vessel (not shown) and used in a reducing atmosphere such as an inert gas. In that case, impurities are mixed in the manufacturing process or the material is oxidized. Can be reduced.
- a molten mixture is generated. Specifically, an element serving as a dopant source is mixed with a predetermined amount of silicon material inside the crucible 1. At this time, for example, the silicon material is held at the bottom of the melting portion 1a, the dopant source is held thereon, and the silicon material is further held thereon. Then, the dopant source is held at a position in the vicinity of 15% to 85% of the total height of the melting part 1a in the height direction of the melting part 1a. Thereby, it is possible to easily dissolve the dopant source into the silicon melt while reducing the problem that the dopant source is swollen under the influence of the inert gas and a predetermined amount of the dopant source does not dissolve into the silicon melt.
- the crucible heating means 3 melts the silicon material and boron to form a molten mixture, that is, a silicon melt containing boron.
- boron is used as an element serving as a dopant source.
- the amount of silicon material and boron for example, about 5 to 20 g of boron can be used for 100 kg of silicon material.
- the silicon material may be polycrystalline silicon, for example, a silicon material used when a solar cell silicon ingot is formed.
- the molten mixture adjusted to a predetermined temperature is poured into the mold 2 that has been heated in advance.
- the crucible 1 and the mold 2 may be moved to a predetermined region, and the molten mixture may be poured from the crucible 1 into the mold 2.
- the molten mixture is cooled to produce a solidified body 8.
- the molten mixture is cooled from below by the cooling means 6 while being heated from above by the mold heating means 5.
- a positive temperature gradient is applied from the bottom to the top of the mold 2 and cooling is performed so that the molten mixture is solidified sequentially in one direction from the bottom to the top.
- a solidified body 8 containing polycrystalline silicon is generated.
- the bottom, top and side portions of the solidified body 8 having a high impurity concentration such as iron are respectively removed over a range of several mm from the end face.
- the solidified body 8 is cut
- the cutting position may be appropriately selected so that the difference in specific resistance between the bottom and top of the block body 9 is about 1 to 3 m ⁇ ⁇ cm. For example, in this embodiment, although it cut
- the cutting position may be determined from the result of calculating the boron concentration (specific resistance) in the solidification direction S based on the mass of the mixed boron and the segregation coefficient.
- the method mentioned above etc. should just be used for the calculation method of boron concentration (specific resistance).
- the first direction described above corresponds to the solidification direction S here
- the upstream side along the first direction corresponds to the upper part in the solidification direction S here, and the downstream along the first direction described above.
- the side corresponds to the bottom in the solidification direction S here.
- the block body 9 having a plurality of stages of boron concentration is formed.
- the obtained block body 9 can be used as a dopant material.
- the input amount of the dopant material to be used may be adjusted by slicing or crushing the block body 9 in accordance with a desired boron concentration.
- the dopant material is required to have a quality capable of performing the dopant source element concentration control with high accuracy in order to obtain a desired semiconductor substrate or the like. Therefore, for example, by measuring about 10 to 40 specific resistances at the bottom and top of the obtained block body 9, and using the average value as the specific resistance value of the block body 9, it is used as a dopant material.
- the concentration of the dopant element in the block body 9 may be managed.
- the various measurement methods described above can be used. For example, when the non-contact type eddy current attenuation method is used, the problem that the specific resistance value varies due to the influence of the crystal grain boundary can be reduced, so that the accuracy of quality control as a dopant material can be improved.
- the concentration of the element serving as the dopant source is controlled based on the specific resistance thus measured.
- powder is used as a predetermined amount of dopant material.
- a dopant material manufactured in this embodiment contains polycrystalline silicon as a main component. Therefore, the dopant material produced in the present embodiment has more crystal grain boundaries and crystal defects than the dopant material containing single crystal silicon, and thus is easily crushed and can be crushed more efficiently and efficiently. . As a result, it is easy to prepare a predetermined amount of dopant material, and productivity can be improved.
- the specific resistance value is approximately the same by unidirectional solidification in a direction orthogonal to the one direction (solidification direction S, that is, the first direction). Therefore, by setting the size of the solidified body to 300 mm square or more, for example, many dopant materials with stable specific resistance values can be obtained, and the production cost of the dopant materials can be reduced.
- a method of solidifying in one direction for example, by using a casting method, a dopant material having a large dimension in the lateral direction, that is, a direction orthogonal to the solidification direction S can be easily produced.
- the difference in in-plane specific resistance can be reduced, and it is easy to handle as a dopant material.
- Productivity can be improved.
- crystal nuclei are randomly generated at the most cooled portion of the bottom and the portion in contact with the silicon melt, and a large number of crystal growth proceeds from that. . Therefore, the obtained dopant material is produced as polycrystalline silicon having different crystal orientations in individual crystals.
- the release material 4 contains silicon nitride
- silicon nitride not only the mold release property is good, but even if the mold 1 containing silicon oxide is used, the mixing of oxygen into the silicon melt can be reduced.
- a mixture of silicon nitride and silicon oxide may be used as the release material 4 in order to improve the strength of the release material 4.
- the oxygen concentration in the solidified body 8 decreases from the bottom to the top of the solidified body 8. That is, the oxygen concentration in the solidified body 8 decreases from the downstream side toward the upstream side along the solidification direction S (first direction). This is because in the cooling step, silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) gas is released from the silicon melt, and oxygen contamination by the release material 4 into the silicon melt is reduced. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the solidified body 8 decreases exponentially with the progress of solidification. Therefore, the oxygen concentration can be set to 1 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or more and 4 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less in the SIMS measurement, and is calculated from the specific resistance value by setting the oxygen concentration within this range. The accuracy of the boron concentration can be improved.
- the dopant material containing polycrystalline silicon obtained by the above-described manufacturing method is caused by the in-plane oxygen concentration distribution, that is, the thermal donor distribution being not uniform, seen in the dopant material containing a single crystal silicon ingot.
- Variations in in-plane specific resistance can be reduced. That is, in the solidified body 8 manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method, the oxygen concentration is low, and the in-plane specific resistance can be controlled to be more uniform by unidirectional solidification. It can be performed.
- the term “in-plane” as used herein refers to a plane perpendicular to the solidification direction S.
- the form in which the silicon melt produced by melting the silicon material in the crucible 1 is poured into the mold 2 is illustrated.
- the silicon material is melted in the mold 2. It doesn't matter.
- the semiconductor substrate according to the present embodiment is obtained by adding a dopant material manufactured as described above to a semiconductor material to manufacture a semiconductor ingot, that is, a silicon ingot. More specifically, in this embodiment, the semiconductor substrate for solar cell elements obtained by using the above-described dopant material will be described in detail.
- silicon is used as a semiconductor material to which a dopant material is added.
- a polycrystalline silicon ingot for a solar cell can be manufactured using various known silicon ingot manufacturing apparatuses. For example, what is necessary is just to manufacture using the polycrystal silicon ingot manufacturing apparatus of the structure shown by a schematic cross section in FIG.
- the dopant material and silicon material manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method are put into the crucible 1 and heated and melted, and the formed silicon melt is poured into the mold 2 whose inner surface is coated with the mold release material 4. Then, the silicon melt is heated from above by the mold heating means 5 and cooled from the bottom by the cooling means 6 to gradually solidify in one direction from the bottom side of the mold 2. Then, the silicon melt is completely solidified to obtain a polycrystalline silicon ingot.
- the input amount of the dopant material may be appropriately adjusted according to the specific resistance value of the dopant material so that the polycrystalline silicon ingot has a desired specific resistance.
- the specific resistance value of the dopant material For example, for a 100 kg silicon material, 50 to 300 g of a dopant material having a specific resistance value of about 1.2 m ⁇ ⁇ cm to 60 m ⁇ ⁇ cm may be added.
- a dopant material and a silicon material may be put into the mold 2 and heated and melted.
- the polycrystalline silicon ingot obtained as described above is taken out from the mold 2, cut into a predetermined size, and further sliced using a multi-wire saw or the like. Obtained by.
- the solar cell element 10 includes a semiconductor substrate 11, a diffusion layer 12, an antireflection film 13, a first electrode 14, and a second electrode 15, and preferably further includes a BSF (Back-Surface-Field). Layer 16 is provided.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 has an uneven shape 11b on the first surface (light receiving surface) 11a side.
- the diffusion layer 12 is formed by diffusing n-type impurities from the surface of the first surface 11a of the semiconductor substrate 11 having the uneven shape 11b to a certain depth. As a result, a pn junction is formed between the semiconductor substrate 11 and the diffusion layer 12.
- the antireflection film 13 is formed on the surface of the diffusion layer 12, and is made of, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, titanium oxide, or the like.
- the first electrode 14 and the second electrode 15 are made of an electrode paste mainly composed of silver on the first surface 11a of the semiconductor substrate 11 and the second surface 11c corresponding to the back surface of the first surface 11a. It is formed by applying and baking in a predetermined pattern.
- the first electrode 14 can be easily contacted with the diffusion layer 12 by using, for example, a fire-through method.
- the second electrode 15 is formed by applying and baking, for example, an electrode paste mainly containing aluminum and an electrode paste mainly containing silver on the second surface 11c of the semiconductor substrate 11 in a predetermined pattern. You may have the aluminum electrode 15a and the silver electrode 15b which are formed by this.
- the solar cell element 10 may further include a BSF layer 16.
- the BSF layer 16 is a high-concentration p-type diffusion layer and is provided on the second surface 11 c side of the semiconductor substrate 11. If the BSF layer 16 is formed of aluminum, the BSF layer 16 is formed by diffusing aluminum into the semiconductor substrate 11 in the process of applying and baking the aluminum paste.
- both the first electrode 14 and the second electrode 15 are provided on the second surface 11 c side (back surface side) of the semiconductor substrate 11. Thus, it is different from the solar cell element 10 according to the first embodiment.
- the n-type diffusion layer 12 is formed on a part of the second surface 11c, and the first electrode 14 is an n-type region (diffusion layer 12 on the second surface 11c).
- the second electrode 15 is formed on the p-type region (BSF layer 16) on the second surface 11c.
- BSF layer 16 p-type region
- both the first electrode 14 and the second electrode 15 may have a comb shape, and the first electrode 14 and the second electrode 15 may be provided with a space therebetween.
- the silicon material used for manufacturing the dopant material a bottom member or an end member that cannot be used as a silicon substrate in a solar cell silicon ingot manufactured by a cast method may be used.
- the bottom member and the end member are members obtained by removing about 0.4 to 5 mm of the surface layer by processing such as blasting or grinding on the surface that has been in contact with the release material. By removing the mold release material, it can be reused as a silicon material.
Abstract
Description
本発明の実施形態に係るドーパント材は、多結晶シリコン中にドーパント源となる元素が含まれている。このとき用いられる多結晶シリコンの純度は、太陽電池用シリコンインゴットを作製する際に用いられるシリコン材料と同等の純度とすることができ、例えば、99.9999%以上であってもよい。
Cb=1/(ρb×q×μ)
使用装置:Cameca社 IMS-4f
1次イオン種:Cs+
1次イオン加速電圧:14.5kV
ラスター領域:125μm
分析領域:30μmφ
測定真空度:1×10-7Pa
次に、本発明のドーパント材の製造方法の実施形態について説明する。まず、本実施形態に係るドーパント材を製造する際に使用する製造装置について説明する。
次に、本実施形態に係る半導体基板について、説明する。
次に、上述した半導体基板を用いた本発明の第1の実施形態に係る太陽電池素子10について説明する。
1a 溶融部
1b 保持部
1c 注湯口
2 鋳型
3 坩堝加熱手段
4 離型材
5 鋳型加熱手段
6 冷却手段
7 断熱材
10、20 太陽電池素子
11 半導体基板
11a 第1の面
11b 凹凸形状
11c 第2の面
12 拡散層
13 反射防止膜
14 第1電極
15 第2電極
15a アルミニウム電極
15b 銀電極
16 BSF層
21 ドーパント材の製造装置
Claims (14)
- シリコンを含む半導体材料に添加されるドーパント材であって、
n型またはp型のドーパント源となる元素と、多結晶シリコンとを含み、
前記ドーパント源となる元素の濃度は、1×1018atoms/cm3以上1×1020atoms/cm3以下である、ドーパント材。 - 前記ドーパント源となる元素は、ホウ素である、請求項1に記載のドーパント材。
- 前記ホウ素の濃度は、5×1018atoms/cm3以上5×1019atoms/cm3以下である、請求項2に記載のドーパント材。
- 酸素をさらに含み、該酸素の濃度がSIMS測定において1×1016atoms/cm3以上1×1018atoms/cm3以下である、請求項3に記載のドーパント材。
- 第1方向において、上流側に位置する第1領域と、前記第1方向において、前記第1領域に対して下流側に位置する第2領域とを備えており、
前記第1領域における前記ホウ素の濃度は、前記第2領域における前記ホウ素の濃度よりも大きく、且つ、
前記第1領域における前記酸素の濃度は、前記第2領域における前記酸素の濃度よりも小さい、請求項4に記載のドーパント材。 - 前記酸素の濃度は、前記第1方向に沿って、前記第2領域から前記第1領域に向かうにつれて徐々にまたは段階的に小さくなる、請求項5に記載のドーパント材。
- 前記第1領域における前記酸素の濃度の減少率は、前記第2領域における前記酸素の濃度の減少率よりも小さい、請求項6に記載のドーパント材。
- 請求項1に記載のドーパント材が添加された半導体材料を含む半導体基板。
- 第1の面および該第1の面の裏面に相当する第2の面を有する請求項8に記載の半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板の前記第1の面上に位置する第1電極と、
前記半導体基板の前記第2の面上に位置する第2電極とを備える、太陽電池素子。 - 第1の面および該第1の面の裏面に相当する第2の面を有する請求項8に記載の半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板の前記第2の面上に位置し、互いに異なる電荷を外部に出力する第1電極および第2電極とを備える、太陽電池素子。 - 請求項1に記載のドーパント材を製造する製造方法であって、
シリコン材料にドーパント源となる元素を混入させて溶融し、溶融混合物を生成する工程と、
前記溶融混合物を冷却して凝固し、前記ドーパント源となる元素と多結晶シリコンとを含む、ドーパント材である凝固体を生成する冷却工程とを備える、ドーパント材の製造方法。 - 前記冷却工程は、一方向に向かって、順次、前記溶融混合物が凝固するように冷却する、請求項11に記載のドーパント材の製造方法。
- 前記凝固体を前記一方向と直交する方向に沿って切断した後、粉砕する工程をさらに備える、請求項12に記載のドーパント材の製造方法。
- 前記溶融混合物を生成する工程において、前記ドーパント源となる元素として、ホウ素を用いる、請求項11に記載のドーパント材の製造方法。
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