Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
  • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
  • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
  • B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
  • B60C11/0041—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts comprising different tread rubber layers
  • B60C11/005—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts comprising different tread rubber layers with cap and base layers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K3/36—Silica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/54—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K5/548—Silicon-containing compounds containing sulfur
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L9/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of conjugated diene hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L9/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of conjugated diene hydrocarbons
  • C08L9/06—Copolymers with styrene

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to tire treads and more specifically, to heavy vehicle tires having a high silica content.
• Tire wear is of concern to those who must purchase tires because the greater the tire wear, the more expensive it is to operate a vehicle due to the expense of replacing worn tires. This is of more concern to those who operate large fleets of vehicles such as truck fleets or bus lines.
• truck tires and other heavy vehicle tires are manufactured using a rubber composition that is reinforced with carbon black.
• Heavy vehicles include, for example, truck tires, bus tires, subway train tires, tractors, trailers, aircraft tires, agricultural, earthmover and other off-the-road (OTR) tires and generally do not include, for example, passenger car vehicles and light trucks.
• OTR off-the-road
• silica is typically used because the carbon black filler has provided a tire having better wear properties than those that contain silica.
• a disadvantage of using carbon black is that carbon black is produced from petroleum, a natural resource that is becoming more costly and less available. Therefore it would be advantageous to remove carbon black from heavy vehicle tires and replace it with silica to reduce the consumption of petroleum.
• compositions useful for the manufacture of tire treads especially tire treads for heavy vehicles, as well as the tires having treads made of such compositions.
• Some embodiments include a heavy vehicle tire tread formed from a material that is based upon a cross-linkable rubber composition, the cross-linkable rubber composition comprising, per 100 parts by weight of rubber, between 35 and 60 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a styrene content of between 10 wt. % and 35 wt. %, between 35 and 60 phr of a polybutadiene, and between 45 and 1 10 phr of silica.
• Such material further includes between 1 and 8 phr of an amide processing aid, the processing aid com rising one or more amides of the form
• R is an aliphatic chain of between 14 and 20 carbons
• R' is selected from H or an aliphatic chain of between 1 and 4 carbons
• R" is selected from an aliphatic chain of between 1 and 4 carbons having an -OH moiety.
• Such material may further include a sulfur-containing organosilicon silane coupling agent and a sulfur curing system.
• FIG. 1 A heavy vehicle tire tread formed from a material that is based upon a cross-linkable rubber composition, the cross-linkable rubber composition comprising, per 100 parts by weight of rubber a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a styrene content of between 10 wt. % and 35 wt.
• n is a number of silicon atoms in a molecule of the silane coupling agent and S is a CTAB surface area in m 2 /g of the silica.
• such material includes between 1 and 8 phr of the amide processing aid described above and a sulfur curing system comprising a sulfenamide accelerator and between 0 and 0.8 phr of free sulfur, wherein a ratio of the sulfenamide accelerator and the sulfur is between 2 and 7 unless the free sulfur is less than 0.5 phr, wherein the sulfenamide accelerator is between 2.2 and 3.2 phr.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include rubber compositions and articles, including tire treads for heavy vehicles, that are reinforced with a silica filler and little or no carbon black filler.
• silica e.g., between about 45 and about 1 10 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of rubber (phr)
• the viscosity of the resulting rubber composition exceeds the level at which the rubber mixture can be easily mixed and further processed. Mixing the resulting high viscosity material well enough to adequately disperse all the components of the rubber composition and then extruding or otherwise processing the rubber composition into desired products is difficult.
• a processing aid such as oil
• a processing aid is added to a rubber mixture comprising silica to decrease the viscosity enough so that the mixing and further processing of the rubber composition may be accomplished as required.
• some other physical characteristic is compromised.
• an oil is added to the rubber composition to improve its processability, the trade off is that the wear properties of the cured rubber are compromised.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include a high silica content rubber composition that is useful for heavy vehicle tires. These embodiments comprise a processing aid that surprisingly improves the processability of the rubber composition without compromising the durability of the cured rubber composition.
• the processing aid comprises one or more amides of the form:
• R is an aliphatic chain of between 14 and 20 carbons
• R' is selected from H or an aliphatic chain of between 1 and 4 carbons
• R" is selected from an aliphatic chain of between 1 and 4 carbons, the chain further having an -OH moiety.
• amides include N-(2-hydroxyethyl) hexadecanamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl) octadecanamide, wherein R is an alkane chain of 16 and 18 carbons respectively, R' is H and R" is - CH 2 CHOH.
• the R' constituent may include one or more -OH moieties and/or the R" constituent may include more than one -OH moiety.
• R' is H.
• the amide processing aid may include just one of the useful amides or it may include a mixture of the useful amides.
• the useful amides have molecular weights of between 260 and 450 g/mole.
• the amide processing aid may be added to a silica reinforced rubber composition in an amount of between 0.5 and 10 phr or alternatively, between 1 and 8 phr, between 2 and 7 phr, between 2 and 5 phr, between 1 and 3 phr or between 1 and 6 phr.
• the amide processing aid is available, for example, from Struktol as HT 254, which contains a mixture of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) hexadecanamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl) octadecanamide. Struktol is a corporation with offices in Stow, Ohio.
• the amide processing aid is particularly useful for rubber compositions reinforced with silica for use in heavy vehicle tire treads.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention therefore include heavy vehicle tire treads made with rubber compositions having high silica content and the amide processing aid.
• Heavy vehicle tire treads as used herein may include both the treads of new tires, the treads on tires that have been re-treaded and the tread bands (cured or uncured) that can be applied to buffed tires during the re-tread process.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention are not directed to passenger car tires and other light duty tires.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include rubber compositions comprising highly unsaturated diene elastomers, silica reinforcing filler, a proportionate amount of silane coupling agent and a sulfur curing system.
• the rubber compositions are cured with just a small amount of sulfur (or no sulfur) and a proportionate amount of a sulfenamide accelerator, to further provide better wear characteristics of the cured rubber.
• Heavy vehicles tires can sometimes be classified as to their use.
• truck tires may be classified as drive tires (those that are powered by the truck engine) and steer tires (those that are used to steer the truck).
• the tires on the trailer of a tractor- trailer rig are also classified separately. While embodiments of the present invention are recognized as being suitable for each type of heavy vehicle tires, other embodiments are especially suited and limited to the drive tires of a tractor as used in a tractor-trailer rig.
• treads are also limited to relatively thin treads, e.g., treads that are between 10 and 19 mm thick as measured from the bottom of the tread groove to the top surface of the tread.
• the treads may have a thickness of between 12 and 18 mm, between 13 and 18 mm or between 12 and 18 mm.
• Particular embodiments include any of the tractor-trailer tires with the relatively thin treads or alternatively, just the tractor steer tires with relatively thin treads. These tread measurements are measured before being worn through use on a truck, i.e., as new or unused treads.
• treads would also include those placed on a tire carcass during the retreading process as well as the new tread bands that are to be bonded to a tire carcass during the retreading process.
• treads are often manufactured in a cap/base layered construction.
• the cap layer is the ground-contacting layer and the base layer is a transitional layer situated between the cap layer and the tire carcass.
• the base layer underlies and supports the cap layer.
• the heavy vehicle tire tread may be of the cap/base layered construction, of other layered constructions or constructed of only one layer. Therefore, a "tread manufactured" from the rubber compositions disclosed herein is recognized to mean that if the tread is of a layered construction, at least one of the layers is manufactured from such rubber compositions.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include heavy vehicle tire treads made from a material that is based upon a cross-linkable rubber composition reinforced with silica.
• the term "based upon' as used herein recognizes that the treads or other rubber articles are made of vulcanized or cured rubber compositions that were, at the time of their assembly, uncured. The cured rubber composition is therefore "based upon” the uncured rubber composition. In other words, the cross-linked rubber composition is based upon the cross-linkable rubber composition.
• the useful elastomers of the rubber composition disclosed herein include highly unsaturated diene elastomers.
• Diene elastomers or rubber is understood to mean those elastomers resulting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers bearing two double carbon-carbon bonds, whether conjugated or not).
• Essentially unsaturated diene elastomers are understood to mean those diene elastomers that result at least in part from conjugated diene monomers, having a content of members or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) that are greater than 15 mol.%.
• diene elastomers such as butyl rubbers, nitrile rubbers or copolymers of dienes and of alpha-olefins of the ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer (EPD ) type or the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer type do not fall within the preceding definition, and may in particular be described as "essentially saturated" diene elastomers (low or very low content of units of diene origin, i.e., less than 15 mol. %).
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include no essentially saturated diene elastomers.
• essentially unsaturated diene elastomers are the highly unsaturated diene elastomers, which are understood to mean in particular diene elastomers having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) that is greater than 50 mol.%.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention may include not only no essentially saturated diene elastomers but also no essentially unsaturated diene elastomers that are not highly unsaturated.
• the rubber elastomers suitable for use with particular embodiments of the present invention include highly unsaturated diene elastomers, for example, polybutadienes (BR), polyisoprenes (LR), natural rubber (NR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and mixtures of these elastomers.
• the polyisoprenes include synthetic cis-1,4 polyisoprene, which may be characterized as possessing cis-1 ,4 bonds of more than 90 mol. % or alternatively, of more than 98 mol. %.
• rubber elastomers that are copolymers and include, for example, butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR), butadiene-isoprene copolymers (BIR), isoprene-styrene copolymers (SIR) and isoprene-butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBIR) and mixtures thereof.
• SBR butadiene-styrene copolymers
• BIR butadiene-isoprene copolymers
• SIR isoprene-styrene copolymers
• SBIR isoprene-butadiene-styrene copolymers
• any of the highly unsaturated elastomers may be utilized in particular embodiments as a functionalized elastomer. These elastomers can be functionalized by reacting them with suitable functionalizing agents prior to or in lieu of terminating the elastomer.
• suitable functionalizing agents include, but are not limited to, metal halides, metalloid halides, alkoxysilanes, imine-containing compounds, esters, ester- carboxylate metal complexes, alkyl ester carboxylate metal complexes, aldehydes or ketones, amides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, iraines, and epoxides.
• Particular embodiments of rubber composition disclosed herein include between 35 and 60 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber.
• the styrene-butadiene content of the rubber composition may be between 40 and 55 phr, 45 and 55 phr or 40 and 50 phr.
• Other embodiments include up to 100 phr of the styrene-butadiene rubber or alternatively, between 60 and 100 phr, 60 and 90 phr or 60 and 80 phr.
• the styrene- butadiene may be characterized as having a styrene content of between 10 and 35 wt. % or alternatively, between 15 and 30 wt. %, between 20 and 30 wt. % or between 22 and 27 wt. %.
• the styrene-butadiene may further be characterized as having a glass transition temperature Tg of between -65 °C and 0 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to ASTM El 356 or alternatively, between -48 °C and 0 °C, -35 °C and -10 °C, -30 °C and -15 °C or -25 °C and -15 °C.
• the vinyl content of the butadiene part of the styrene-butadiene may be between 50 and 80 wt. % or alternatively between 55 and 65 wt. % based on the total butadiene content of the styrene-butadiene.
• the vinyl content may range between 20 and 30 wt. %.
• the rubber composition disclosed herein further includes between 35 and 60 phr of a polybutadiene component.
• the polybutadiene content of the rubber composition may be between 40 and 55 phr, 45 and 55 phr or 40 and 50 phr.
• the polybutadiene content may be between 10 and 40 phr or 20 and 40 phr.
• the polybutadiene may be characterized as having at least 90 wt. % cis 1,4-content and having a Tg of less than -100 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to ASTM El 356 or alternatively, between -108 °C and -103 °C.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention may further include as part of the rubber composition disclosed herein no more than 30 phr natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene rubber or combinations thereof.
• the amount of such elastomers may range between 0 and 25 phr, 0 and 20 phr, 1 and 20 phr, 0.5 and 10 phr or 0.5 and 5 phr. These ranges may apply to embodiments that include just synthetic polyisoprene and to embodiments that include just natural rubber. The ranges may also apply in certain embodiments to combinations of natural and synthetic polyisoprene rubber.
• the elastomeric content of many of the embodiments include the combination of only one styTene-butadiene rubber and/or only one polybutadiene rubber and others may include only styrene-butadiene rubber.
• the silica used in particular embodiments of the rubber composition may be any reinforcing silica known to one having ordinary skill in the art, in particular any precipitated or pyrogenic silica having a BET surface area and a specific CTAB surface area both of which are less than 450 m 2 /g or alternatively, between 30 and 400 m 2 /g.
• Particular embodiments include a silica having a CTAB of between 80 and 200 m 2 /g, between 100 and 190 m 2 /g, between 120 and 190 ra 2 /g or between 140 and 180 m 2 /g.
• the CTAB specific surface area is the external surface area determined in accordance with Standard AFNOR- NFT-45007 of November 1987.
• Particular embodiments of the rubber ⁇ compositions constituting the heavy vehicle tire treads have a BET surface area of between 60 and 250 m 2 /g or alternatively, of between 80 and 200 m 2 /g.
• the BET specific surface area is determined in known manner, in accordance with the method of Brunauer, Emmet and Teller described in "The Journal of the American Chemical Society", vol. 60, page 309, February 1938, and corresponding to Standard AF OR-NFT-45007 (November 1987).
• the silica used in particular embodiments may be further characterized as having a dibutylphthlate (DHP) absorption value of between 100 and 300 ml/ 100 g or alternatively between 150 and 250 ml/100 g.
• DHP dibutylphthlate
• Highly dispersible precipitated silicas are used exclusively in particular embodiments of the disclosed rubber composition, wherein "highly dispersible silica” is understood to mean any silica having a substantial ability to disagglomerate and to disperse in an elastomeric matrix. Such determinations may be observed in known manner by electron or optical microscopy on thin sections.
• known highly dispersible silicas include, for example, Pe kasil S 430 from Akzo, the silica BV3380 from Degussa, the silicas Zeosil 1165 MP and 11 15 MP from Rhodia, the silica Hi- Sil 2000 from PPG and the silicas Zeopol 8741 or 8745 from Huber.
• Particular embodiments of the present invention include little or no carbon black or other reinforcement fillers.
• Particular embodiments that include adding a silane coupling agent that is commercially available on a carbon black substrate do include up to about 50 wt. % of the commercial coupling agent weight as carbon black.
• the rubber compositions having such amounts of carbon black may be characterized as having essentially no carbon black.
• the amount of silica added to the rubber composition disclosed herein is between 45 and 1 10 phr or alternatively between 45 and 80 phr, between 45 and 70 phr, between 45 and 65 phr or between 50 and 70 phr.
• a proportional amount of a silane coupling agent is also added to the rubber composition.
• the silane coupling agent is a sulfur-containing organosilicon compound that reacts with the silanol groups of the silica during mixing and with the elastomers during vulcanization to provide improved properties of the cured rubber composition.
• a suitable coupling agent is one that is capable of establishing a sufficient chemical and/or physical bond between the inorganic filler and the diene elastomer; which is at least bifunctional, having, for example, the simplified general formula "Y-T-X", in which: Y represents a functional group ("Y" function) which is capable of bonding physically and/or chemically with the inorganic filler, such a bond being able to be established, for example, between a silicon atom of the coupling agent and the surface hydroxyl (OH) groups of the inorganic filler (for example, surface silanols in the case of silica); X represents a functional group ("X" function) which is capable of bonding physically and/or chemically with the diene elastomer, for example by means of a sulfur atom; T represents a divalent organic group making it possible to link Y and X.
• the silane coupling agent is added to the composition based upon the moles of coupling agent per m /g of CTAB surface area of 1 kg of the silica in the rubber composition. Per m 2 /g of CTAB surface area of 1 kg of the silica in the rubber composition, the silane coupling agent is added in an amount of between 1.94 x 10 *3 /n and 2.55 x 10 "3 /n moles of silane coupling agent, wherein n is the number of silicon atoms in the silane molecule.
• the amount may be between 2.12 x 10 "3 /n and 2.42 x 10 '3 /n moles of silane coupling agent per m 2 /g of CTAB surface area of 1 kg of the silica.
• These determinations for the amount of silane coupling agent to add to the rubber composition are based on maintaining about the same amount of silane coupling agent on the surface of the silica based upon the CTAB surface area of the silica. [0043] Therefore, for an exemplary embodiment of a rubber composition having a silica with a CTAB surface area of 200 m 2 /g and using a silane coupling agent molecule having two atoms of silicon, the amount of silicon coupling agent that may be added may be determined to be between:
• the amount of coupling agent added to the rubber composition of this example may be between about 82 and 108 g of coupling agent per 1 kg of silica in the rubber composition.
• any of the organosilicon compounds that contain sulfur and are known to one having ordinary skill in the art are useful for practicing embodiments of the present invention.
• suitable silane coupling agents having two atoms of silicon in the silane molecule include 3,3'-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3 '-bis(triethoxy- silylpropyl) tetrasulflde. Both of these are available commercially from Degussa as X75-S and X50-S respectively, though not in pure form. Degussa reports the molecular weight of the X50-S to be 532 g/mole and the X75-S to be 486 g mole.
• Both of these commercially available products include the active component mixed 50-50 by weight with a N330 carbon black.
• suitable silane coupling agents having two atoms of silicon in the silane molecule include 2,2'-bis(triethoxysilylethyel) tetrasulflde, 3,3'-bis(tri-t- butoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3 '-bis(di t- butylmethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulflde.
• silane coupling agents having just one silicon atom in the silane molecule include, for example, 3,3'(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3' (triethoxy-silylpropyl) tetrasulflde.
• the rubber compositions disclosed herein are cured with a sulfur curing system that includes free sulfur and a sulfenamide accelerator in a proportional amount.
• Suitable free sulfur includes, for example, pulverized sulfur, rubber maker's sulfur, commercial sulfur, and insoluble sulfur.
• the amount of free sulfur included in the rubber composition may range between 0.2 and 0.8 phr or alternatively between 0.3 and 0.7 phr, between 0.3 and 0.6 phr or between 0.3 and 0.5 phr. Some embodiments include no free sulfur added in the curing system.
• the sulfenamide accelerator is added in a proportional amount to the amount of free sulfur added in the curing system.
• the ratio of the weight of sulfenamide accelerator to the weight of free sulfur may range between 2 and 7 or alternatively between 2 and 6 or 3 and 5.
• the amount of sulfenamide accelerator is added in an amount of between 2 and 4 phr or alternatively between 2.2 and 3.2 phr, 2.4 and 3.0 phr or 2.6 and 2.9 phr.
• Sulfenamide accelerators are well known in the art.
• suitable sulfenamide accelerators include n-cyclohexyl -2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), N-tert- butyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (TBBS), N-Oxydiethyl-2-benzthiazolsulfenamid (MBS) and -dicyclohexyl ⁇ -benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS).
• CBS n-cyclohexyl -2-benzothiazole sulfenamide
• TBBS N-tert- butyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide
• MBS N-Oxydiethyl-2-benzthiazolsulfenamid
• DCBS -dicyclohexyl ⁇ -benzothiazolesulfenamide
• CBS n-cyclohexyl -2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide
• Particular embodiments of the rubber composition disclosed herein include no processing oil.
• oils are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art, are generally extracted from petroleum, and are classified as being paraffinic, aromatic or naphthenic type processing oil and including MES and TDAE oils.
• Some embodiments of the rubber composition may include an elastomer, such as a styrene-butadiene rubber, that has been extended with one or more such processing oils but such oil is limited in the rubber composition as being no more than 10 phr of the total elastomer content of the rubber composition or alternatively, no more than 8 phr, no more than 6 phr or no more than 4 phr.
• other rubber compositions in accordance with the present invention that do not include an extended elastomer may include no more than the same amount of processing oils as might be contained in an extended elastomer as noted above.
• additives can be added to the rubber composition disclosed herein as known in the art.
• Such additives may include, for example, some or all of the following: antidegradants, antioxidants, fatty acids, waxes, stearic acid, zinc oxide and other accelerators.
• antidegradants and antioxidants include 6PPD, 77PD, IPPD and TMQ and may be added to rubber compositions in an amount of from 0.5 and 5 phr.
• Zinc oxide may be added in an amount of between 1 and 6 phr or 2 and 4 phr.
• Waxes may be added in an amount of between 1 and 5 phr.
• Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve the properties of the cured rubber composition.
• the primary accelerator in the rubber composition disclosed herein is a sulfenamide, which is added in an amount that is proportional to the amount of sulfur added.
• Combinations of accelerators are often useful to improve the properties of the cured rubber composition and the particular embodiments include the addition of secondary accelerators.
• Particular embodiments may include the use of a moderately fast accelerator such as, for example, diphenylguanidine (DPG), triphenyl guanidine (TPG), diorthotolyl guanidine (DOTG), o-tolylbigaunide (OTBG) or hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA).
• a moderately fast accelerator such as, for example, diphenylguanidine (DPG), triphenyl guanidine (TPG), diorthotolyl guanidine (DOTG), o-tolylbigaunide (OTBG) or hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA).
• DPG diphenylguanidine
• TPG triphenyl guanidine
• DDG diorthotolyl guanidine
• OTBG o-tolylbigaunide
• HMTA hexamethylene tetramine
• Particular embodiments may exclude the use of fast accelerators and/or ultra-fast accelerators such as, for example, the fast accelerators: disulfides and benzothiazoles; and the ultra-accelerators: thiurams, xanthates, dithiocarbamates and dithiophosphates.
• fast accelerators disulfides and benzothiazoles
• ultra-accelerators thiurams, xanthates, dithiocarbamates and dithiophosphates.
• Moduli of elongation (MPa) weTe measured at 10% (MA10), 100% (MA 100) and at 300%. (MA 300) at a temperature of 23 °C based on ASTM Standard D412 on dumb bell test pieces. The measurement were taken in the second elongation; i.e., after an accommodation cycle. These measurements are secant moduli in MPa, based on the original cross section of the test piece.
• the Mooney viscosity ML( l +4) at 100 °C is measured in accordance with Standard ASTM D 1646 of 1999.
• This example provides comparisons between rubber compositions having the amide processing aid and those without.
• the example also provides a comparison of a rubber composition having oil added as a processing aid and a rubber composition having the amide processing aid.
• the example also provides comparisons for rubber compositions with and without natural rubber added.
• the coupling agent is only 50 wt.% as shown of active ingredient and 50 wt. % N330 carbon black.
• the silica used in the rubber compositions of Table 1 was ZEOSIL 1 165, a highly dispersible silica available from Rhodia.
• the styrene-butadiene rubbers had a Tg of -20 °C.
• the polybutadiene had a Tg of -105 °C and a cis 1 ,4-content of 93 %.
• the coupling agent was X50-S, available from Degussa, which is a 50-50 wt. % blend of 3,3'- bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide (3.70 sulfurs) and N330 carbon black. Therefore, the amount of actual active coupling agent shown in Table 1 is only 50 wt. % of the amount shown, i.e., only 50 wt. % is the active ingredient 3,3'-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide.
• the sulfanamide accelerator was n-cyclohexyl -2-benzothiazole sulfanamide (CBS) with an additional accelerator added as diphenylguanidine (DPG).
• CBS n-cyclohexyl -2-benzothiazole sulfanamide
• DPG diphenylguanidine
• the cooled mixture was transferred to a mill having two cylinders that operated at a speed of 30 RPM.
• the vulcanizing agents were added and mixing continued until the vulcanizing agents were well dispersed.
• the rubber compositions were rolled into sheets and cured for the 30 minutes at a temperature of 150 °C for all the materials. The cured sheets were then cut into testing pieces suitable for the testing methods utilized to determine the physical characteristics of the examples.
• the first three compositions shown in Table 1 contain none of the amide processing aid but do include naphthenic oil (W2) and natural rubber (W3).
• the last three compositions contain 5, 4 and 5 phr of the amide processing aid respectively.
• F2 and F3 both include natural rubber.

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