WO2011068166A1 - ブレオマオシン水解酵素の活性を指標としたアトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌改善剤のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
ブレオマオシン水解酵素の活性を指標としたアトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌改善剤のスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N2333/948—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- G01N2333/95—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99)
- G01N2333/964—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue
- G01N2333/96425—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals
- G01N2333/96427—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general
- G01N2333/9643—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general with EC number
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- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/20—Dermatological disorders
- G01N2800/202—Dermatitis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for screening and evaluating an agent for improving dry skin, particularly dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis, a method for improving or preventing dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis, and a method for diagnosing dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis ,I will provide a.
- the keratin fibers in the granule layer of the epidermis bind to and aggregate with a protein called filaggrin when keratinized to form a specific form called a “keratin pattern”.
- the keratohyalin granules in the granule cells contain a large amount of profilagrin (10 to 12 filaggrin units arranged vertically), which is a precursor of filaggrin. Aggregates keratin fibers by phosphorylation. Thereafter, it is deiminated by the action of an enzyme called peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), released from keratin, and then decomposed into amino acids and the like in the upper layer of the horny layer.
- PAD peptidylarginine deiminase
- NMF natural moisturizing factors
- PAD acts on the arginine residue of filaggrin to deiminate and convert it to citrulline residue.
- deamination of filaggrin weakens the affinity between filaggrin and keratin fibers, and keratin fibers are liberated.
- filaggrin becomes susceptible to the action of proteases and is finally degraded to NMF. It is considered a thing.
- calpain-1 as an enzyme that degrades filaggrin deiminated with PAD, and a small peptide fragment as the degradation product is reduced to amino acid units, that is, NMF by bleomycin hydrolase (BH).
- BH bleomycin hydrolase
- atopic dermatitis is caused by an abnormality of the profilagrin gene, and about 5-50% of patients with atopic dermatitis have an abnormality of the gene (Smith FJD Et al. Nat Genet 38: 337-42 (2006); Aileen Sandilands1, et al., J. I. Dermatol., 127, 1282-1284 (2007) and Nomura T, et al., J. I. Dermatol ., 128 (6): 1436-41 (2008)).
- the expression of filaggrin is not necessarily dramatically reduced in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.
- the present invention relates to a method for screening a drug for improving or preventing dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis, and a method for evaluating dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis based on a new rough skin mechanism caused by fluctuations in the expression of NMF-producing enzyme
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for improving or preventing dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis, and a method for diagnosing dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis.
- bleomycin hydrolase improves the skin barrier function through the production of NMF.
- bleomycin hydrolase is thought to work at the final stage of NMF production.
- filaggrin expression is still seen in many patients with atopic dermatitis, so it is expected to occur due to a cause other than abnormality of filaggrin gene.
- the present inventor has found that the decrease in the expression of bleomycin hydrolase in human skin is not only due to a decrease in the skin barrier function caused by an abnormality in the MMF production mechanism, but also atopic dermatitis caused mainly by an immune abnormality or dryness caused by the dermatitis Under the hypothesis that it is also related to the skin, etc., the variation of the expression of the enzyme by the dry skin human test was verified, and the expression control mechanism was analyzed. As a result, the present inventors have found that the decrease in the expression of bleomycin hydrolase is associated with dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis, and the expression of the enzyme is prominent within the 5 ′ flanking region of the gene encoding the enzyme.
- this application includes the following inventions.
- (3) Binding activity of transcription factors IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, and / or GATA-1 to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene encoding bleomycin hydrolase is compared with that of the control.
- the transcriptional activity is judged to be significantly enhanced when it is significantly enhanced.
- a method for improving or preventing dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis by significantly enhancing the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase in skin tissue.
- the method according to (4), wherein the expression and / or activity is significantly enhanced by enhancing the transcription activity of a gene encoding bleomycin hydrolase.
- Expression by enhancing the binding activity of transcription factors IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, and / or GATA-1 to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene encoding bleomycin hydrolase And / or the activity is significantly enhanced (5).
- a novel improvement of dry skin due to atopic dermatitis It becomes possible to search for agents. Furthermore, it is considered that the method of the present invention can also be applied to search for a normal dry skin improving agent that does not depend on atopic dermatitis.
- the barrier function transdermal water transpiration amount: TEWL
- the western blot figure which shows the relationship between the amount of bleomycin enzymes in the human skin extract obtained by tape stripping, and the frequency
- the western blot figure which shows the relationship between the amount of bleomycin enzymes in a human skin extract, and dry skin.
- T A: a sample derived from a subject who does not feel dry
- N a sample derived from a subject who feels slightly dry
- M a sample derived from a subject who feels dry.
- the graph which shows the relationship between the amount of bleomycin hydrolase in the stratum corneum extract of a human arm, and the enzyme activity.
- the number on the horizontal axis represents the identification number of the subject.
- Statistical analysis of bleomycin hydrolase and skin parameters (A: free amino acid, B: activity, C: TEWL) in human arm stratum corneum extract.
- BH low bleomycin hydrolase amount ⁇ 10, activity ⁇ 1.5 (nmol / min / ml);
- BH high bleomycin hydrolase amount ⁇ 10, activity ⁇ 1.5 (nmol / min / ml).
- Questionnaire flowchart for skin classification The skin parameter measurement result of the stratum corneum of the subject classified according to the flowchart of FIG. Tissue staining diagram showing localization of bleomycin hydrolase and filaggrin in normal skin.
- Tissue staining diagram showing localization of bleomycin hydrolase and filaggrin in atopic patient skin.
- the graph which shows the relationship between the differentiation level of keratinocyte using quantitative PCR, and the expression level of bleomycin hydrolase. The value on the vertical axis represents the relative amount when the expression level of 80% confluence is 1.
- the schematic diagram which shows the 5 'flanking area
- the graph which shows the result of the luciferase assay of a BH promoter using a human epidermal keratinocyte.
- the graph which shows the relationship between expression of transcription factor SP1, MZF1, and GATA1 and UV irradiation.
- the graph which shows the relationship between UV irradiation and the expression of bleomycin hydrolase and protease in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.
- Primers used to generate consecutive 5'-deletion mutants of the 5'-flanking region of BH by PCR.
- Primers used to analyze the transcription level of BH and related factors by quantitative real-time RT-PCR.
- Probe used for electrophoretic mobility shift analysis.
- A A schematic diagram of the 5'-flanking region of human BH is shown. The putative transcription factor binding site within the 5'-flanking region was revealed by searching with the Genome Net MOTIF program.
- FIG. 2 shows BH promoter activity in cultured keratinocytes in the presence of IFN- ⁇ .
- Keratinocytes were transfected with pGL3-216 containing the intact IRF-1 / 2 binding site of the BH promoter region and treated with IFN- ⁇ for 24 hours (upper panel).
- Keratinocytes were transfected with ⁇ pGL3-616 (IRF-1 / 2 deletion mutant) and treated for 24 hours in the presence or absence of 10 ng / ml IFN- ⁇ or IL-4 (lower panel).
- C Measurement of IRF-1 and IRF-2 gene expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to determine whether IRF-1 / 2 is an essential mediator of IFN- ⁇ -induced downregulation of BH .
- siRNA small interfering RNA
- Keratinocytes were transfected with IRF-1 or IRF-2 siRNA (40 nM), cultured for 24 hours, treated with 10 ng / ml IFN- ⁇ , and further cultured for 24 hours before RNA isolation.
- the right panel shows the silencing effect of IRF-1 and IRF-2.
- A Expression analysis of BH, calpain I, and putative transcription factors in proliferating or differentiated cells by real-time PCR to investigate the mechanism of transcriptional regulation in the epidermis.
- B Expression pattern analysis of transcription factors MZF-1, Sp-1, GATA-1, IRF-1 and IRF-2 in cultured keratinocytes.
- A Effect of IFN- ⁇ on expression of putative transcription factors IRF-1 and IRF-2.
- the first aspect of the present invention provides an agent for improving dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis, when the candidate drug significantly enhances the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase compared to the control drug. And a method for screening and evaluating an agent for improving dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis.
- Bleomycin hydrolase is a cytoplasmic cysteine peptide hydrolase with a molecular weight of 250-280 kDa (hexamer), and its originally known function is metabolic inactivation of the glycopeptide bleomycin, which is frequently used in cancer combination chemotherapy It is. It contains the characteristic active site residues of the cysteine proteolytic enzyme papain superfamily, and the coding gene is present at locus 17q11.2 in humans (Takeda et al., J Biochem., 119, 29-36, 1996). It exists in all tissues and its presence in the skin was also known (Kamata et al., J. Biochem., 141, 69-76, 2007), but the relationship with filaggrin until the present inventors revealed It was not known at all.
- the enzyme is not highly expressed in undifferentiated keratinocytes, but is highly expressed in keratinocytes that have reached confluence and advanced differentiation In other words, it was hardly expressed in the basal cells, and it was found that the cells were highly expressed after progressing to the transition to epidermal cells (FIG. 10). This result confirms the result of the cell staining.
- the expression and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase according to the present invention is measured according to any method capable of measuring the expression and / or activity of the enzyme.
- immunoassay using an antibody specific for bleomycin hydrolase It can be carried out quantitatively or qualitatively according to a method such as an ELISA method using an enzyme label, an RIA method using a radioactive label, an immunoturbidimetric method, a Western blot method, a latex agglutination method, an erythrocyte agglutination method and the like.
- immunoassay methods include competitive methods and sandwich methods.
- the above activity is measured using, for example, the property that citrulline is a substrate that is almost specific for bleomycin hydrolase, and the degradation of Cit-MCA, which is a fluorescent synthetic substrate, is measured with a fluorescence spectrophotometer. It can be done by evaluating.
- the amount of bleomycin hydrolase can also be measured by measuring the expression level of a gene encoding the enzyme. In this case, preferably, the expression level of bleomycin hydrolase is determined by measuring the amount of mRNA encoding bleomycin hydrolase in the cell. Extraction of mRNA and quantitative or qualitative measurement of the amount thereof are also well known in the art, and can be performed by various well-known methods such as PCR, 3SR, NASBA, and TMA.
- bleomycin hydrolase can be qualitatively determined through in situ hybridization and measurement of its biological activity.
- the candidate drug when the candidate drug significantly enhances the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase compared to the control drug, the drug is It is evaluated as an improvement agent for dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis.
- the drug screened according to the method of the present invention is considered effective for dry skin, particularly dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis.
- atopic dermatitis is a disease mainly caused by pruritus with pruritus that repeats exacerbations and remissions. Based on the presence or absence of acute lesions such as erythema, moist erythema, papules, serous papules, scales, scabs, and chronic lesions such as invasive erythema / mossified lesions, rashes, scales, scabs Can be diagnosed.
- dry skin due to atopic dermatitis means dry skin with atopic dermatitis that has been confirmed by the above definition, including abnormalities in the filaggrin gene.
- the screening method of the present invention is a method for measuring the increase in the expression of mRNA encoding bleomycin hydrolase in the presence of the drug to be tested by ordinary PCR, and inserting a promoter region involved in the enzyme expression into a luciferase gene vector.
- a promoter assay system there is a method of directly measuring the intensity of expression. In the latter case, it is preferable to use a region of ⁇ 216 bp to ⁇ 816 bp at which BH expression is maximized as the promoter region of BH.
- fluorescent proteins such as thistle green, which are generally used in the industry, can be used for the measurement of the expression level.
- the effect of the drug on BH expression can be measured.
- the cells to be used commercially available normal epidermal cells (NHEK: Kurabo etc.), immortalized HaCaT cells, etc. can be used, but are not limited thereto.
- the luciferase activity is preferably measured by using a Roche Diagnostics rispherase assay kit or the like.
- bleomaosin hydrolase As used herein, “significantly increased the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase compared to the control drug” means an effect of improving dry skin, particularly dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis. This refers to the case where the measured expression level and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase is, for example, 120% or more, 150% or more, or 200% or more, respectively, as compared to a control agent that is not present.
- Enhancement of expression and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase can also be achieved by enhancing transcription activity of a gene encoding the enzyme.
- FIG. 11 shows the 5'-flanking region of the gene encoding bleomycin hydrolase, particularly the transcriptional regulatory region, and the transcription factor that binds to this region.
- the transcriptional regulatory region In order for bleomycin hydrolase to be expressed, the transcriptional regulatory region only needs to have a region from 216 bp to 1216 bp downstream from the coding sequence of the enzyme. From the viewpoint of obtaining high bleomycin hydrolase activity, the transcriptional regulatory region preferably includes a region up to 816 bp downstream.
- bleomycin hydrolase only needs to include a region from the coding sequence of the enzyme to at least 216 bp downstream.
- expression of bleomycin hydrolase is particularly enhanced by enhancing the binding activity of IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, and GATA-1 contained in this region. It is thought to increase.
- the expression of bleomycin hydrolase is enhanced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (data not shown), and there is a correlation between the increased expression of MZF-1, GATA-1 and the intensity and irradiation time of UV. A relationship is seen (FIG. 13).
- the transcriptional activity of the gene encoding bleomycin hydrolase or the binding activity of the transcription factor to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene by the candidate drug is significantly higher than that of the control drug, for example, 120% or more, or 150%, respectively.
- the expression level and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase is significantly increased.
- bleomaosin hydrolase The expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase is also affected by cytokines.
- cytokines For example, interleukin-4 (IL-4), a Th2 cytokine known to be involved in atopic dermatitis, down-regulates bleomycin hydrolase expression. This confirms the low expression of bleomycin hydrolase found in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.
- interferon ⁇ a representative Th1 cytokine having a function of suppressing IgE production in contrast to IL-4, significantly increases the expression of bleomaosin hydrolase.
- tumor cell necrosis factor alpha which is a Th2 cytokine and a representative of inflammatory cytokines, significantly enhances the expression of the enzyme. Not only these substances but also the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase is enhanced by UV irradiation. Although the results are not shown, it has been confirmed that the activity of bleomycin hydrolase in the body surface such as the cheeks that are susceptible to ultraviolet irradiation is enhanced by UV irradiation.
- the present invention provides a method for improving or preventing dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis by significantly enhancing the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase in skin tissue.
- the expression and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase in the skin is compared with, for example, the expression and / or activity in the skin before the treatment method is applied. Increase significantly. “Significantly enhanced” refers to, for example, the case where the expression and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase is 120% or higher, 150% or higher, or 200% or higher.
- any drug that significantly enhances the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase is used. Moreover, it will not be limited to a chemical
- the drug and the like used in the method of the present invention can be applied to the skin in any form as long as it can be applied to the skin and the object of the present invention can be achieved. You may mix
- the third aspect of the present invention there is a tendency for dry skin due to atopic dermatitis when the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase in skin tissue is significantly lower than that of control skin.
- a method for diagnosing the predisposition of dry skin due to atopic dermatitis diagnosing that there is no tendency for dry skin due to atopic dermatitis .
- Whether the subject's skin is dry or not can be determined objectively by judging the subject's or doctor's subjectivity or by measuring the moisture content of the skin using a skin moisture meter. .
- a skin moisture meter For example, as described in Experiment 3 of the present specification, according to the flowchart shown in FIG. 6, it is determined whether or not the skin is “dry skin” based on the subjectivity of the subject or the like based on greasyness, ease of bulkiness, etc. You can also.
- the diagnostic method of the present invention it is possible to diagnose not only the current skin condition of a subject but also whether or not the subject is susceptible to dry skin due to atopic dermatitis.
- the expression and / or activity of bleomaosin hydrolase is significantly reduced compared to that of control skin means, for example, normal “control skin” judged by a doctor to be moist skin from a dermatological standpoint.
- the measured expression and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase is 80% or less, or 70% or less, or 60% or less, or 50% or less, or 30% or less, or 10% or less.
- “Same degree or higher than that of control skin” means, for example, the expression of bleomycin hydrolase and the measured expression of bleomycin hydrolase compared to normal “control skin” judged by a doctor to be moist skin from a dermatological standpoint.
- the activity is 80% or more, 90% or more, or 100% or more.
- the sample of the skin stratum corneum serving as the subject can be collected by any method, but the tape stripping method is preferable from the viewpoint of simplicity.
- Tape stripping is a method of collecting a stratum corneum sample by applying a piece of adhesive tape to the skin surface layer, peeling it off, and attaching the skin stratum corneum to the peeled adhesive tape.
- the expression and activity of bleomycin hydrolase can be measured just by collecting a single layer of the stratum corneum, and it is non-invasive for dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis using bleomycin hydrolase as an index. A sex evaluation method becomes possible.
- the preferred method of tape stripping is to first clean the surface of the skin with, for example, ethanol to remove sebum, dirt, etc., and lightly place an adhesive tape piece cut to an appropriate size (for example, 5 ⁇ 5 cm) on the skin surface, This is done by applying a uniform force to the entire tape and pressing it flat, and then peeling off the adhesive tape with a uniform force.
- the adhesive tape may be a commercially available cellophane tape or the like, for example, Scotch Superstrength Mailing Tape (3M), cellophane tape (cello tape (registered trademark); Nichiban Co., Ltd.) or the like.
- Calpain I was purchased from EMD Bioscience.
- Bleomycin hydrolase was prepared from human epidermal horny layer according to Non-Patent Document 5.
- Human IL-4 and IFN- ⁇ were purchased from PEPROTECH EC (London, England).
- Human IL-13 and IL-17A / F were manufactured by R & D SYSTEM (MINNEAPOLIS, MN).
- Citrulline 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (Cit-MCA) was obtained from Bachem Bioscience (Bubendorf, Switzerland). All other chemicals used were reagent grade.
- keratinocytes Normal human epidermal keratinocytes derived from neonatal epidermis (Kurabo, Osaka, Japan), EpiLife medium (Cascade Biologics, Portland, OR) containing low concentrations (0.03 mM) of calcium and HKGS Growth Supplement (Cascade Biologics) ). All cells were incubated at 37 ° C. with 5% CO 2 and used within 4 passages. Keratinocytes were harvested 70% confluent, 100% confluent, 2 days after confluence, and 2 days after confluence in 2 mM calcium.
- Bleomycin hydrolase is thought to work at the final stage of NMF production. In this case, the expression of the enzyme may be reduced in dry skin. In this experiment, it was examined whether the decrease in the expression and / or activity of bleomycin hydrolase in the skin is associated with dry skin.
- the skin stratum corneum sample was collected by applying a transparent adhesive tape (Cellotape (registered trademark) (NICHIBAN)) to the skin surface of the arm and then peeling it off.
- This tape with cutaneous stratum corneum was cut and immersed in an extraction buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 0.14 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, 1 ml), and sonicated (20 sec).
- a stratum corneum extract was prepared by applying x4). The extract was subjected to Western blot.
- the anti-bleomycin hydrolase (BH) antibody used was an antibody produced by Kamata et al. (Journal of Biological Chemistry 2009).
- the stratum corneum extract was subjected to SDS electrophoresis, transferred to Immobilon-P® (Millipore), and the transferred membrane was washed and reacted with an anti-BH antibody at room temperature for 1 hour. Furthermore, after removing the antibody by washing, an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody was reacted. After washing, the BH protein band emitted by ECL Plus Plus Western Blotting Detection Kit (GE Healthcare) was baked on an X-ray film, and the expression level was estimated from the density of the band. The results are shown in FIGS.
- specimen 1 is a skin stratum corneum sample of a person who thinks the person himself has dry skin
- specimen 2 is a skin stratum corneum sample of a healthy student who thinks that the skin is not dry skin.
- 2 are derived from a subject who does not feel dry
- the sample N is derived from a subject who feels somewhat dry
- the sample M is derived from a subject who feels dry.
- the expression level of bleomycin hydrolase in the sample 1 is small, while the enzyme expression level in the sample 2 is large. From this result, it can be seen that Samples 1 and 2 are derived from dry skin and moist skin, respectively.
- specimens T and A are extracts obtained from specimens that do not feel dry
- specimens N and M are Western blot images of extracts obtained from specimens that are strongly conscious of drying.
- Experiment 2 In this experiment, individual differences in the amount and activity of bleomycin hydrolase in human skin and the correlation between the enzyme amount and activity were examined.
- a stratum corneum extract was prepared from the skin of the arms of 40 female students aged 20 to 25 years.
- the amount of bleomycin hydrolase and the enzyme activity in the extract were measured according to the method of Kamata et al (J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 284, Issue 19, 12829-12836, May 8, 2009).
- the expression level was evaluated by Western blot, and the enzyme activity was evaluated by measuring the degradation amount of Cit- ⁇ -NA, which is a fluorescent substrate, for the aminopeptidase activity of the enzyme.
- the results are shown in FIG. 3 and the correlation diagram is shown in FIG. As is clear from the results in FIG. 4, there is a correlation between the amount of bleomycin hydrolase and its activity.
- the horny layer extract was subjected to statistical analysis on bleomycin hydrolase and various skin parameters.
- 40 stratum corneum extracts were classified into the following two types.
- the amount of bleomycin hydrolase clarified from the results of Western blotting with a densitometer, when 1 is displayed as an arbitrary unit, the amount of bleomycin hydrolase is less than 10 and the activity of the enzyme is 1 Extraction solution of less than 5 nmol / min / ml: low bleomycin hydrolase protein content and low activity (BH low); other: high protein content and high activity (BH high) .
- Free amino acids were measured according to the method of Kamata et al (J. Biol. Chem, Vol. 284, Issue 19, 12829-12836, May 8, 2009). Specifically, the filaggrin peptide decomposed with calpain I and each extract were reacted, and the amount of free amino acid was measured by quantifying the amino group using fluorescamine. The measurement result of free amino acids is shown in FIG. 5A.
- the unit of the vertical axis in FIG. 5A represents the total amount of free amino acids (nmol) in 3 ml of the measurement sample.
- the activity of bleomycin hydrolase was evaluated by measuring the amount of degradation of Cit- ⁇ -NA, which is a fluorescent substrate, for the aminopeptidase activity of the enzyme.
- the measurement result of bleomycin hydrolase activity is shown in FIG. 5B.
- the unit of the vertical axis in FIG. 5B represents the degradation amount of Cit- ⁇ -NA (nmol / min / ml)).
- the TEWL of the student's skin was measured using Vapometer (Delfin Technologies, Ltd, Finland) and displayed as g / m2 / h.
- the measurement result of TEWL is shown in FIG. 5C.
- FIG. 7 shows the correlation between the questionnaire results and the skin parameter results measured in Experiment 2 above.
- FIG. 7 shows that the bleomycin hydrolase activity of students classified as oily dry skin is significantly high.
- Immunohistochemical staining was performed by the method described in Kamata et al (J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 284, Issue 19, 12829-12836, May 8, 2009).
- the materials used were 5 ⁇ m thick human skin frozen sections and anti-rat BH IgG.
- human skin specimens were obtained from patients suffering from atopic dermatitis at Tokyo Medical University on informed consent. This study was approved by the Tokyo Medical University Institutional Review Board and Shiseido Special Committee on Ethics.
- FIG. 8 shows the tissue staining results of normal skin
- FIG. 9 shows the comparison results of skin from normal subjects (normal skin) and skin from atopic dermatitis patients (atopic rash).
- bleomycin hydrolase was highly expressed in the upper epidermis and showed the same localization as filaggrin.
- the expression of bleomycin hydrolase and filaggrin was lower in the atopic rash area than in normal skin (FIG. 9).
- Quantitative PCR The expression level of bleomycin hydrolase in keratinocytes was measured by quantitative PCR by the following method.
- Light Cycler 480 Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany, reagent used was Light Cycler FastStart DNA Master CYBR Green I.
- the total volume was 20 ⁇ l, and 45 cycles of PCR were performed at 95 ° C for 15 seconds, 55 ° C for 20 seconds, 72 ° C for 20 seconds, and the results obtained were corrected compared with the results for the housekeeping gene G3PDH. did.
- bleomycin hydrolase was highly expressed in keratinocytes that reached confluence, ie, differentiated keratinocytes, compared to 80% confluent keratinocytes, ie, undifferentiated keratinocytes. In other words, it can be seen from the results of this experiment that the enzyme is not expressed much in basal cells before differentiation. This quantitative PCR result confirms the result of the tissue staining.
- BH promoter luciferase assay using human epidermal keratinocytes Lysis buffer (200 ⁇ l) is added to keratinocytes in the growth phase (approximately 80% confluence) or after differentiation (after confluence, air exposure, addition of 2 mM calcium, and continuous cultivation for 2 days). The measurement was performed using the Bright-Glo Luciferase assay system (Promega Co., Madison, Wis., USA) 20 ⁇ l of the sample was transferred to a predetermined tube, and Auto Lumat Plus (LB953) 8 Berthhold GmbH & Co. KG (Bad Wildbad Germany). From the results shown in FIG. 12, it is understood that the transcription regulatory region only needs to have a region from the coding sequence of the enzyme to at least 216 bp downstream in order for bleomycin hydrolase to be expressed.
- UV irradiation on NHEK Irradiate 30 mJ or 60 mJ UVB (Torex Fl20S-E-30 / DMR, 20W, Toshiba Medical Supply), collect RNA for 3 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours later using the specified method for quantification MRNA expression of bleomycin hydrolase and calpain was measured by PCR. As a result of the measurement, the bleomycin hydrolase mRNA was most expressed in the sample collected 48 hours after irradiation with 30 mJ (FIG. 13).
- a continuous 5'-deletion mutant of the 5'-flanking region of BH was generated by PCR using the primers listed in FIG. After amplification, all PCR products were cloned into the pGEM-T simplified vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.) And sequenced using an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).
- PCR was performed under the following conditions: first denaturation 94 ° C. for 4 minutes, 94 ° C. for 30 seconds, 60 ° C. for 1 minute, 72 ° C.
- Keratinocytes are cultured in 12-well tissue culture plates at a density of 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well and using FuGene HD Transfection reagent (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). And transfection with 1 ⁇ g of each construct. To correct for transfection efficiency, all cells were co-transfected with pGL4.74 [hRluc-TK] vector Promega) containing the Renilla luciferase gene under the control of the HSV-TK promoter. Unless otherwise noted, cells were harvested 24 hours after transfection and lysed using 250 ⁇ l Passive lysis buffer (Promega) per well.
- Luciferase activity was analyzed using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) and Autorumat plus luminometer (Berthold Technologies, Bad Wildbad, Germany). Firefly luciferase activity was normalized for Renilla luciferase activity. For each construct, three transfections were performed independently and the results were expressed as mean values.
- siRNA-based inhibition of IRF-1 and -2 Cultured keratinocytes were cultured with Lipofectamine with 40 nM siIRF-1, siIRF-2, and siControl A (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNAi Max (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used for transfection. The cells were cultured in antibiotic-free medium for 24 hours, after which total RNA was extracted and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR as described above.
- Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis Double stranded oligonucleotide probes were prepared by annealing single stranded biotinylated oligonucleotides and single stranded unlabeled oligonucleotides (FIG. 17). Nuclear extraction and EMSA were performed using the Nuclear Extraction kit and EMSA gel shift kit (Panomics, Santa Clara, CA). Nuclear extract (4 ⁇ g) is biotinylated probe corresponding to 1 ⁇ binding buffer and 1 ⁇ g poly d (IC), and MZF-1, Sp-1, IRF-1 / 2, and GATA-1 binding sites (50 pmol) and incubated at 15 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the relative luciferase activity of the deletion plasmid remained high until the deletion proceeded to pGL3-216.
- the plasmid containing fragment -444 / + 1 (designated pGL3-444) showed significantly lower activity in cultured keratinocytes, suggesting the presence of upstream suppressor activity in the -616 / -444 region. Since these results demonstrated that the -216 / -1 region contains a minimal promoter for BH gene transcription, its nucleotide sequence is shown in Figure 18C. This sequence did not contain a TATA- or CCAAT-box, suggesting the housekeeping nature of this gene. On the other hand, several transcription factor binding sites, such as MZF-1, Sp-1, IRF-1 / 2, and GATA-1 / 2, were present in this core promoter region.
- FIG. 20A showed that in proliferating keratinocytes, the Th1 cytokine IFN- ⁇ down-regulated BH mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, Th2 and Th17 cytokines did not show any significant effect on BH expression. Similar results were obtained with differentiated keratinocytes (data not shown). In order to elucidate the role of IFN- ⁇ in regulating BH gene expression, promoter assays were performed to identify cytokine response elements. As shown in FIG.
- IFN- ⁇ exhibits BH promoter activity in cultured keratinocytes transfected with pGL3-BH-616 containing an IRF-1 / 2 binding sequence between ⁇ 131 and ⁇ 120. Down controlled. After deletion of this sequence, IFN- ⁇ no longer repressed promoter activity (FIG. 20B).
- small interfering RNA siRNA was used to determine whether IRF-1 / 2 is an essential mediator of IFN- ⁇ -induced downregulation of BH, using the IRF-1 and IRF-2 genes Expression was suppressed. IFN- ⁇ activity was significantly suppressed in cultured keratinocytes transfected with either IRF-1 or ⁇ 2 siRNA (40 nM) (FIG. 20C).
- FIG. 22A shows that IFN- ⁇ strongly upregulated IRF-1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner.
- IRF-2 expression was upregulated in the presence of IFN- ⁇ .
- IRF-1 and IRF-2 expression was significantly enhanced in the presence of IL-4 only at 100 ng / ml (FIG. 22B).
- both MZF-1 and Sp-1 were most effectively down-regulated in the presence of 10 ng / ml IL-4 (FIG. 22C).
- BH is down-regulated in atopic dermatitis skin
- Loss-of-function mutations in FLG are associated with AD pathogenesis, but not only gene defects but also disruption of the degradation pathway may be associated with AD pathology There is. Therefore, the localization of BH and filaggrin and the BH activity in the lesioned and non-lesional skin of AD patients were next examined.
- double staining with anti-BH and anti-filaggrin antibodies showed co-localization of BH and filaggrin in the upper epidermis, particularly in the granular layer, as previously reported (FIG. 23A).
- MZF-1 is a transcription factor belonging to the Krupple family of zinc finger proteins and is expressed in totipotent hematopoietic cells as well as bone marrow progenitor cells. However, the function of MZF-1 in transcriptional regulation in the mammalian epidermis has not been reported.
- an IRF-1 / 2 transcription factor may also be required for minimal promoter activity of the BH gene under basic conditions.
- the IRF family is a group of transcription factors, and so far, nine IRF members (IRF-1 to -9) have been identified in various cell types and tissues. These IRF molecules play a role in antiviral defense, immune response / regulation, and cell growth regulation under stimulation by IFN- ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ . IRF-1 and -2 have been shown to function as agonist-antagonist pairs involved in the regulation of many IFN- ⁇ inducible genes. Interestingly, IFN- ⁇ significantly suppressed BH mRNA expression (FIGS. 20A and B).
- endogenous AD is immunologically characterized by low expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and high expression of IFN- ⁇ .
- IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 high expression of IFN- ⁇ .
- Th1 to Th2 occurs during the acute to chronic phase in AD skin.
- IFN- ⁇ may play a more important role in AD than was thought.
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Abstract
Description
(1)候補薬剤が、対照薬剤と比較してブレオマオシン水解酵素の発現及び/又は活性を有意に亢進する場合に、当該候補薬剤をアトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の改善剤と評価する、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の改善剤をスクリーニング評価する方法。
(2)ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写活性が対照のものと比較して有意に亢進している場合に、前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に亢進していると判断される、(1)の方法。
(3)ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写調節領域に対する、転写因子IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, 及び/又はGATA-1の結合活性が対照のものと比較して有意に亢進している場合に、前記転写活性が有意に亢進していると判断される、(2)の方法。
(4)皮膚組織におけるブレオマオシン水解酵素の発現及び/又は活性を有意に亢進させることによる、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌を改善又は予防する方法。
(5)ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写活性を亢進させることで前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に亢進される、(4)の方法。
(6)ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写調節領域に対する、転写因子IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, 及び/又はGATA-1の結合活性を亢進させることで前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に亢進される、(5)の方法。
(7)皮膚組織におけるブレオマオシン水解酵素の発現及び/又は活性が、対照の皮膚のものと比べ有意に低下している場合に、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の傾向があると診断し、対照の皮膚のものと比べ同程度以上であるなら、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の傾向がないと診断する、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の素因を診断する方法。
(8)ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写活性が対照のものと比較して有意に低下している場合に、前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に低下していると判断される、(7)の方法。
(9)転写因子IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, 及び/又はGATA-1の結合活性が対照のものと比較して有意に低下している場合に、前記転写活性が低下していると判断される、(8)の方法。
カルパインIは、EMD Bioscience社より購入した。ブレオマイシン水解酵素は、ヒト表皮角層より、非特許文献5に従い作製した。ヒトIL‐4及びIFN‐γは、PEPROTECH EC(London, England)から購入した。ヒトIL‐13及びIL‐17A/Fは、R&D SYSTEM(MINNEAPOLIS, MN)製のものとした。シトルリン4‐メチルクマリル‐7‐アミド(Cit‐MCA)をBachem Bioscience(Bubendorf, Switzerland)から入手した。使用される他のすべての化学物質は、試薬グレードのものであった。
新生児期表皮由来の正常ヒト表皮ケラチノサイト(Kurabo、Osaka, Japan)を、低濃度(0.03mM)のカルシウム、及びHKGS Growth Supplement(Cascade Biologics)を含むEpiLife培地(Cascade Biologics、Portland, OR)中で培養した。すべての細胞を5%のCO2を加えながら37℃にてインキュベートし、そして継代4代以内に使用した。ケラチノサイトを、コンフルエント70%、コンフルエント100%、コンフルエントの2日後、及び2mMのカルシウム中コンフルエントの2日後に採取した。
ブレオマイシン水解酵素は、NMF産生の最終段階で働いていると考えられる。この場合、乾燥肌では本酵素の発現が低下している可能性がある。本実験では、皮膚におけるブレオマイシン水解酵素の発現及び/又は活性の低下が、乾燥肌と関連しているか否かについて検討した。
本実験では、ヒト皮膚におけるブレオマイシン水解酵素の量や活性の個体差と、当該酵素量と活性の相関とについて検討した。実験1に記載の方法に従い、20~25才の女子学生40名の腕の皮膚から角層抽出液を作成した。当該抽出液中のブレオマイシン水解酵素量とその酵素活性を、Kamata et al (J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 284, Issue 19, 12829-12836, May 8, 2009)らの方法に従い測定した。発現量はウェスタンブロットにより、そして酵素活性は、当該酵素のアミノペプチダーゼ活性について、蛍光基質であるCit-β-NAの分解量を測定することで評価した。結果を図3に、そしてその相関図を図4に示す。図4の結果から明らかなように、ブレオマイシン水解酵素量とその活性との間には相関関係が存在している。
本実験では、図6に記載のフローチャートに基づいて上記女子学生にアンケートを行い、各学生の肌を潤い肌、乾燥肌、乾燥型脂性肌、脂性肌の4つ分類した。アンケート結果と、上記実験2で測定した皮膚パラメーターの結果との相関関係を図7に示す。図7からは、脂性乾燥肌と分類された学生のブレオマイシン水解酵素活性が有意に高いことが分かる。
本実験では、皮膚におけるブレオマイシン水解酵素とフィラグリンの局在について検討する。
免疫組織化学染色は、Kamata et al (J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 284, Issue 19, 12829-12836, May 8, 2009)に記載の方法により行った。材料は5μm厚のヒト皮膚の冷凍切片、そして抗ラットBH IgGを用いた。詳しくは、ヒト皮膚標本を、インフォームドコンセントの上で、東京医科大学のアトピー性皮膚炎を患っている患者から得た。本研究は、倫理(Human Ethics)に関する東京医科大学施設内審査委員会と資生堂特別部会によって承認された。
ヒト・アトピー性皮膚炎(病変皮膚と非病変皮膚)及び正常皮膚の切片を、抗ラットBH IgG及び抗ヒト・フィラグリンIgGと共に室温にて1時間インキュベートし、その後、PBSで洗浄し、そして蛍光結合二次抗体であるAlexa Fluor 555又は488(Molecular Probes Inc.、Eugene, OR)と共にさらにインキュベートした。DAPI(4’,6’‐ジアミジノ‐2‐フェニルインドール;Molecular Probes)を核の可視化に使用した。
ケラチノサイトにおけるブレオマイシン水解酵素の発現量は、以下の方法で、定量的PCRにより測定した。Light Cycler 480 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany, 試薬はLight Cycler FastStart DNA Master CYBR Green Iを用いた。SYBR Green I master mix 10 μlに以下のブレオマイシン水解酵素プライマーをそれぞれ 0.6 μl、水を6.8 μl加え、全量を20 μlとし、95℃ 15秒、55℃ 20秒、72℃ 20秒で、45サイクルのPCRを行なった。得られた結果は、ハウスキーピング遺伝子であるG3PDHの結果と比較して補正した。
フォワードプライマー: TGTGGTTTGGCTGTGATGTT (配列番号1)
リバースプライマー: GCACCATCCTGATCATCCTT (配列番号2)
1)ヒト表皮ケラチノサイトを用いたBHプロモーターのルシフェラーゼアッセイ:
増殖期(約80%コンフルエント)もしくは、分化後(コンフルエント後、空気曝露し、2 mMカルシウムを添加し、さらに2日培養を継続したもの)のケラチノサイトに、Lysis buffer(200 μlを加え、細胞を溶解させる。測定には、Bright-Glo Luciferase assay System (Promega Co., Madison, WI, USA)を用いた。サンプル20 μlを所定のチューブに移し、Auto Lumat Plus (LB953)8Berthhold GmbH & Co. KG. Bad Wildbad Germany)を用いて測定した。図12の結果から、ブレオマイシン水解酵素が発現するには、上記転写調節領域は、当該酵素のコード配列から少なくとも216bp下流までの領域を有していればよいことが分かる。
30 mJもしくは、60 mJのUVBを照射し(Torex Fl20S-E-30/DMR, 20W, Toshiba Medical Supply)、3時間後、24時間後、48時間後に所定の方法にてRNAを回収し、定量PCRにより、ブレオマイシン水解酵素及びカルパインのmRNA発現を測定した。測定の結果、30mJ照射後48時間で回収した試料が最もブレオマイシン水解酵素のmRNAを発現していた(図13)。
IL-4 (終濃度:0.1, 1.0, 10 ng/ml)、TNFα(終濃度:0.1, 1.0, 10 ng/ml)、IFNγ(終濃度: 1.0, 10, 100 ng/ml)のそれぞれを、増殖期の培養ケラチノサイトに添加し、24時間インキュベートした後、Isogenを用いてRNAを採取した。定量PCRにより、ブレオマイシン水解酵素のmRNA発現を測定した。結果を図14に示す。図14の結果から、Th2サイトカインの一種であるインターロイキン-4(IL-4)は、ブレオマイシン水解酵素の発現をダウンレギュレートすることが分かる。
ヒトBH遺伝子の特性決定
1)BHの5’‐フランキング領域のクローニング
ヒトBH遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列に基づいて、5’‐フランキング領域を、遺伝子特異的プライマー1(GSP1)、5’‐tccctcgagtctgtatcagagcagctaca‐3’(配列番号3)と遺伝子特異的プライマー2(GSP2)、5’‐tgaacacgcgtccgagctgctcatggcg‐3’(配列番号4)を使用して、製造業者の取扱説明書に従いGenome Walker Kit(Clontech、Mountain View, CA)を用いて増幅した。簡単に言えば、5%のジメチルスルホキシドの存在下、Ex Taq DNAポリメラーゼ(Takara、Shiga, Japan)を用いる、製造業者によって推奨されるツーステップPCRプロトコール:94℃にて25秒間、そして72℃にて4分間を7サイクル、それに続いて94℃にて25秒間、そして67℃にて4分間を32サイクル、そして最後の伸長67℃にて4分間、を使用して、GSP1とアダプタープライマー(AP)1を用いた一次PCRを実施した。次いで、一次PCR混合物を希釈し、そしてGSP2とAP2を用いた二次PCR増幅の鋳型として使用した。7サイクルの代わりに5サイクルの初回サイクルと、それに続く32サイクルの代わりに20サイクルの使用を除いて、二次PCRは一次PCRと同一であった。BHの5’‐フランキング領域の連続的な5’‐欠失突然変異株を、図15に列挙したプライマーを使用したPCRによって産出した。増幅後に、すべてのPCR産物をpGEM‐T簡易ベクター(Promega、Madison, WI)内にクローン化し、そしてABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer(Applied Biosystems、Foster City, CA)を用いて配列決定した。
MZF‐1、Sp‐1、及びIRF‐1/2結合部位の突然変異誘発を、製造業者の取扱説明書に従ってQuick change site‐directed mutagenesisキット(Stratagene、La Jolla, CA)を使用することによって実施した。Sp‐1に欠失変異を作製するために、5’‐ggaccccgtttcagcctccccgcc-3’ (配列番号7)(突然変異体Sp‐1部位の順方向プライマー)と5’‐ggcggggaggctgaaacggggtcc‐3’ (配列番号8)(突然変異体Sp‐1部位の逆方向プライマー)を使用した。MZF‐1突然変異体については、5’‐gactcagcaacgcggttttgtccctccgc‐3’(配列番号9)(突然変異体MZF‐1部位の順方向プライマー)と5’‐gcggagggacaaaaccgcgttgctgagtca‐3’(配列番号10)(突然変異体MZF‐1部位の逆方向プライマー)を使用した。IRF‐1/2突然変異体については、5’‐gccgccgagcctccggcgctcc‐3’ (配列番号11)(突然変異体IRF‐1/2部位の順方向プライマー)と5’‐ggagcgccggaggctcggcggc‐3’ (配列番号12)(IRF‐1/2部位の逆方向プライマー)を使用した。
ケラチノサイトを、5×104細胞/ウェルの密度にて12ウェル組織培養プレート内で培養し、そしてFuGene HD Transfection試薬(Roche Diagnostics、Basel, Switzerland)を使用して、それぞれの構築物1μgを用いてトランスフェンクションした。トランスフェンクション効率を補正するために、すべての細胞にHSV‐TKプロモーターの制御下にあるウミシイタケ(Renilla)ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子を含むpGL4.74[hRluc‐TK]ベクターPromega)を同時トランスフェンクションした。特に断りのない限り、細胞を、トランスフェンクションの24時間後に採集し、そして1ウェルあたり250μlのPassive lysisバッファー(Promega)を用いて溶解した。ルシフェラーゼ活性を、Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System(Promega)及びAutolumat plus luminometer(Berthold Technologies、Bad Wildbad, Germany)を用いて分析した。ホタル・ルシフェラーゼ活性を、ウミシイタケ・ルシフェラーゼ活性について標準化した。各構築物について、3つのトランスフェンクションを独立に実施し、そして結果を平均値として表した。
BH及び関連因子の転写レベルを、定量的リアルタイムRT‐PCRによって分析した。全RNAを、製造業者の取扱説明書に従ってISOGEN(Nippon Gene、Tokyo, Japan)を用いて培養細胞から抽出した。SuperScript(商標)II(Invitrogen、Carlsbad, CA)を用いてcDNAに逆転写した。リアルタイムRT‐PCRを、製造業者の取扱説明書に従ってLightCycler 480 SYBR Green I Master(Roche Diagnostics)を使用してLightCycler raid cyclerシステムにより実施した。使用したプライマーに関する情報を、図16に示す。グリセルアルデヒド‐3‐リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(GAPDH)を基準遺伝子として使用した。増幅した断片の特異性を、LightCycler分析ソフトウェアによる融解曲線の定量分析によって確認した。mRNAの量を、GAPDHのmRNAに対して標準化し、そして最終的に未処理対照のmRNAに対する比として示した。
培養ケラチノサイトを、製造業者の取扱説明書に従って、40nMのsiIRF‐1、siIRF‐2、及びsiControl A(Santa Cruz Biotechnology、Santa Cruz, CA)と共にLipofectamine RNAi Max(Invitrogen、Carlsbad, CA)を使用してトランスフェンクションした。その細胞を、抗生物質不含培地中で24時間培養し、その後、全RNAを抽出し、そして上記したように、リアルタイムRT‐PCRによって分析した。
二本鎖オリゴヌクレオチドプローブを、一本鎖ビオチン化オリゴヌクレオチドと一本鎖未標識オリゴヌクレオチドをアニーリングすることによって調製した(図17)。核の抽出とEMSAを、Nuclear Extractionキット及びEMSA gel shiftキット(Panomics、Santa Clara, CA)を使用することで実施した。核抽出物(4μg)を、1×結合バッファー及び1μgのポリd(I‐C)、並びにMZF‐1、Sp‐1、IRF‐1/2、及びGATA‐1結合部位に対応するビオチン化プローブ(50pmol)と共に15℃にて30分間インキュベートした。競合アッセイのために、2倍の過剰の未標識プローブを、ビオチン化プローブの添加前に結合反応に加えた。これらのインキュベーション混合物を、次に、0.5×TBEバッファーと共に8%のポリアクリルアミドゲル中で電気泳動し、そしてBiodyne Bナイロン膜(Pall、Port Washington, NY)に転写した。EMSA gel shiftキットの中の化学発光検出試薬を使用することで、バンドを可視化した。
ヒトBH遺伝子プロモーターの単離と特性決定
Genome Net MOTIFプログラムによる検索で、ヒトBHの5’‐フランキング領域内の多数の推定転写因子結合部位が明らかになった(図18A)。特に、転写開始部位の位置に近い-216/+1領域の中に、MZF1、Sp‐1、IRF‐1/2、及びGATA‐1/2によって認識されるコンセンサス配列によく合致した配列が存在したので、これらの転写因子がBHプロモーター活性の調整にかかわっていることが示唆された。より厳密にBHのプロモーター領域を決定するために、欠失分析を実施した(図18B)。最高レベルのルシフェラーゼ活性を、pGL3‐816でトランスフェンクションした分化型ケラチノサイトにおいて検出した。しかしながら、欠失プラスミドの相対ルシフェラーゼ活性は、欠失がpGL3‐216に進むまで高いままで残っていた。構築体の中で、(pGL3‐444と表示)断片-444/+1を含むプラスミドは、培養ケラチノサイトにおいて有意に低い活性を示し、-616/-444領域における上流サプレッサー活性の存在が示唆された。これらの結果が-216/-1領域がBH遺伝子転写のための最小プロモーターを含んでいることを実証したので、そのヌクレオチド配列を図18Cに示す。この配列はTATA‐又はCCAAT‐ボックスを含んでいなかったので、この遺伝子のハウスキーピング性質が示唆された。その一方で、いくつかの転写性因子結合部位、例えばMZF‐1、Sp‐1、IRF‐1/2、及びGATA‐1/2などがこのコア・プロモーター領域に存在していた。
BH遺伝子発現の転写調節に関与する最小プロモーターの潜在的cis‐エレメントを決定するために、各cis‐エレメントを標的とした新しい一連の欠失突然変異株を構築した。MZF‐1、Sp‐1、及びIRF‐1/2の結合部位を欠失した場合、プロモーター活性が大きく下方制御された(図19A)。
さらに、これらの転写因子が推定結合部位のそれぞれに実際に結合できるかどうか調査した。このために、電気泳動移動度シフト・アッセイ(EMSA)を培養ケラチノサイトからの核抽出物、及びMZF‐1、Sp‐1、GATA‐1、又はIRF‐1/2結合部位を含むビオチン化二本鎖オリゴヌクレオチドプローブを用いて実施した。図19Bに示されているように、Sp‐1、MZF‐1、及びIRF1/2は、BHプロモーターの対応する標的部位に結合したが、GATA‐1/2は結合しなかった。これらの結果は、-216~-105bpのプロモーター領域のこれらの結合部位が、BH転写のためのcis‐エレメントに不可欠であることを示している。
BHはNMF産出酵素であるので、それがADの病態生理に関与する可能性もある。よって、BH遺伝子発現に対するTh1、Th2、及びTh17サイトカインの効果を調べた。図20Aは、増殖型ケラチノサイトにおいて、Th1サイトカインであるIFN‐γが、用量依存的様式でBH mRNA発現を下方制御したことを示した。その一方、Th2及びTh17サイトカインは、BHの発現に対して有意な効果を全く示さなかった。同様の結果が分化型ケラチノサイトによって得られた(データ未掲載)。BH遺伝子発現の調整におけるIFN‐γの役割を解明するために、プロモーターアッセイを実施して、サイトカイン応答要素を特定した。図20Bに示されているように、IFN‐γは、-131~-120の間にIRF‐1/2結合配列を含んだpGL3‐BH‐616でトランスフェンクションした培養ケラチノサイトにおいてBHプロモーター活性を下方制御した。この配列の欠失後には、IFN‐γがプロモーター活性を抑制することはもうなかった(図20B)。加えて、IRF‐1/2がBHのIFN‐γ誘発性下方調節の必須メディエーターであるかどうか判断するために、低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)を使用して、IRF‐1及びIRF‐2遺伝子発現を抑制した。IFN‐γの活性は、IRF‐1又は‐2 siRNA(40nM)のいずれかでトランスフェンクションした培養ケラチノサイトにおいて有意に抑制された(図20C)。これらの結果は、IRF‐1/2結合配列がBH遺伝子発現のIFN‐γ誘発性下方調節に不可欠であることを強く示唆している。
表皮における転写調節の機構を調査するために、リアルタイムPCR法によって増殖型又は分化型細胞におけるBH、カルパインI、及び推定転写因子の発現を分析した。図21Aに示されているように、BH mRNAは、例えば、増殖型ケラチノサイトと比較した、集密期の2日後のもの(3.6倍)、及び高カルシウム濃度にて培養したもの(8.6倍)などのように、分化型ケラチノサイトにおいて上方制御された。これらの結果は、プロモーターアッセイデータと一致している(図18B)。同様の結果を、カルパインI(約2.5倍の上方制御)に関して得た。また、培養ケラチノサイトにおいて、様々な転写因子、例えば、MZF‐1、Sp‐1、GATA‐1、IRF‐1及びIRF‐2などの発現パターンを調べた。図21Bに示されているように、これらの転写因子は、BHの発現に沿って、分化型ケラチノサイトにおいて上方制御された。しかしながら、GATA‐1 mRNA発現は、他の因子と比較して有意に低かった(<1/32)。GATA‐1はケラチノサイトにおいて重要な役割を担っていないように思われる。よって、BHがMZF‐1及びSp‐1を介して分化依存的様式で合成されることを示唆する。IRF‐1及びIRF‐2がまた、分化刺激によっても上方制御されたという事実は、BH発現がIFN‐γに対して非常に感受性であることを示している。
これらの転写因子のサイトカイン依存性調節についてさらに調査した。図22Aは、IFN‐γが、用量依存式にIRF‐1 mRNA発現を強く上方制御したことを示す。同様に、IRF‐2発現は、IFN‐γの存在下で上方制御された。対照的に、IRF‐1及びIRF‐2の発現は、100ng/mlにおいてのみIL‐4の存在下で有意に増強された(図22B)。興味深いことに、MZF‐1及びSp‐1は共に、10ng/mlのIL‐4の存在下で最も効果的に下方制御された(図22C)。これらの結果は、BH発現が、それぞれ、直接的及び間接的にTh1及びTh2サイトカインによって調節されていることを示唆している。
FLGの機能喪失型突然変異はADの発症機序に関連するが、遺伝子欠損だけではなく、分解経路の障害もまたADの病理に関連する可能性がある。そのため、AD患者の病変皮膚及び非病変皮膚におけるBH及びフィラグリンの局在、並びにBH活性を次に調べた。正常表皮では、抗BH抗体と抗フィラグリン抗体での二重染色は、上面表皮における、特に、先に報告されたように、顆粒層におけるBHとフィラグリンの同時局在を示した(図23A)。より高い倍率では、BHが顆粒層から角化層までに局所している一方で、フィラグリンが顆粒細胞に限定されていることが明確に示された。対照的に、BH発現は、この研究で診察したAD患者(n=7)の病変皮膚及び非病変皮膚において劇的に減少した。これらの患者のすべては、有意な染色が常に検出されたにもかかわらず、比較的弱いフィラグリン染色を示した(図23A)。免疫組織化学に加えて、BH活性を18人のAD患者及び30人の健常ボランティアから得たテープ剥離サンプルからの角質細胞抽出物において計測した。AD患者の病変皮膚と非病変皮膚からの抽出物は、健常人からのそれと比較して、(それぞれ27.1と8.8%まで)実質的に低いBH活性を示した(図23B)。これらの結果は、BHがフィラグリンと同時局在化され、そしてその活性がADを患っている患者の皮膚において劇的に低減されることを実証した。
この研究では、BH遺伝子発現の調節機序を、プロモーター領域のクローニング及び機能の特徴づけによって研究した。プロモーター解析では、-216bp上流の中にBHプロモーター活性にとって重要な領域を同定した(図18B)。この領域では、推定MZF‐1及びSp‐1結合部位が、BHプロモーター活性に対して有意な効果を示した(図18C及び19A)。興味深いことに、Sp‐1及びMZF‐1もまた、フィラグリン分解の開始にとって重要な酵素であるPAD1の調整に関与することが報告されている。Sp‐1は、哺乳動物細胞において転写因子として機能するジンク・フィンガー・タンパク質のSp/Kruppel様ファミリーの典型的なメンバーである。増殖、アポトーシス、分化、及び腫瘍性形質転換を含めた細胞機能のほとんどすべての面に関与すると考えられる。ヒト表皮において、Sp‐1は、インボルクリン、ロリクリン、トランスグルタミナーゼ、PAD1、2、及び3のそれを含めて、表皮分化に参加する遺伝子の重要な調節因子である。MZF‐1は、ジンク・フィンガー・タンパク質のKruppleファミリーに属する転写因子であり、分化全能性造血性細胞、並びに骨髄始原細胞において発現される。しかしながら、哺乳動物表皮における転写調節でのMZF‐1の機能は報告されていない。増殖型ケラチノサイトと比較して、分化型ケラチノサイトにおいてMZF‐1及びSp‐1、並びにBHを同時に上方制御することを見つけ(図21B)、ハウスキーピング的な役割よりむしろ分化におけるBHの役割を示した。我々の結果は、これらの転写因子がケラチノサイト最終分化中のBHの基本的な転写調節のための活性化因子として機能することを明確に示した。
その一方で、cis作用エレメントの調査は、この領域内のIRF‐1/2結合部位をさらに規定した。EMSAを使用して、BHプロモーター領域へのIRFsの直接結合を確認した(図19B)。この結合配列の部位特異的突然変異誘発は、BHプロモーター活性の有意な減少をもたらした(図19A)。そのため、IRF‐1/2転写因子もまた、基本条件の下、BH遺伝子の最小プロモーター活性に必要であろう。IRFファミリーは転写因子の群であり、今までのところ、9つのIRFメンバー(IRF‐1~‐9)が様々な細胞型及び組織で同定された。これらのIRF分子は、IFN‐α、β、及びγによる刺激の下で、抗ウイルス防御、免疫応答/調節、及び細胞成長調節において役割を果たしている。IRF‐1及び‐2は、多くのIFN‐γ誘導性遺伝子の調整に関与する作動薬‐拮抗薬対として機能することが示されている。興味深いことに、IFN‐γは、BH mRNA発現を顕著に抑制した(図20A及びB)。ノックダウン及び部位特異的突然変異誘発分析では、IRF‐1/2結合部位がBH発現のIFN‐γ媒介性抑制に関与することを確認した(図20B及びC)。これらの結果は、IRF‐1/2がヒトケラチノサイトにおけるBH遺伝子のIFN‐γ媒介性下方調節のメディエーターであることを明確に示している。その一方で、Th2サイトカインであるIL‐4及びIL‐13は、24時間のインキュベーションの間、直接的な作用をまったく示さなかった(図20A)。しかしながら、これらのTh2サイトカインは、アクチベーター分子であるMZF‐1及びSp‐1の発現を有意に抑制した。よって、Th2サイトカインがBH発現を負に調節するのは妥当なことである。
Claims (9)
- 候補薬剤が、対照薬剤と比較してブレオマオシン水解酵素の発現及び/又は活性を有意に亢進する場合に、当該候補薬剤をアトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の改善剤と評価する、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の改善剤をスクリーニング評価する方法。
- ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写活性が対照のものと比較して有意に亢進している場合に、前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に亢進していると判断される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写調節領域に対する、転写因子IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, 及び/又はGATA-1の結合活性が対照のものと比較して有意に亢進している場合に、前記転写活性が有意に亢進していると判断される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 皮膚組織におけるブレオマオシン水解酵素の発現及び/又は活性を有意に亢進させることによる、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌を改善又は予防する方法。
- ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写活性を亢進させることで前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に亢進される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写調節領域に対する、転写因子IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, 及び/又はGATA-1の結合活性を亢進させることで前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に亢進される、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 皮膚組織におけるブレオマオシン水解酵素の発現及び/又は活性が、対照の皮膚のものと比べ有意に低下している場合に、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の傾向があると診断し、対照の皮膚のものと比べ同程度以上であるなら、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の傾向がないと診断する、アトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌の素因を診断する方法。
- ブレオマイシン水解酵素をコードする遺伝子の転写活性が対照のものと比較して有意に低下している場合に、前記発現及び/又は活性が有意に低下していると判断される、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 転写因子IRF-1, IRF-2, MZF-1, SP-1, 及び/又はGATA-1の結合活性が対照のものと比較して有意に低下している場合に、前記転写活性が低下していると判断される、請求項8に記載の方法。
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JP2011544291A JP5858788B2 (ja) | 2009-12-03 | 2010-12-02 | ブレオマオシン水解酵素の活性を指標としたアトピー性皮膚炎による乾燥肌改善剤のスクリーニング方法 |
CN201080054672.0A CN102648278B (zh) | 2009-12-03 | 2010-12-02 | 以博来霉素水解酶的活性为指标的、由特应性皮炎引起的干燥肌肤的改善剂的筛选方法 |
US13/513,537 US8906629B2 (en) | 2009-12-03 | 2010-12-02 | Method for screening ameliorants of dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis using bleomycin hydrolase activity as indicator |
ES10834616.4T ES2541614T3 (es) | 2009-12-03 | 2010-12-02 | Método de selección de agentes que mejoran la piel seca asociada con la dermatitis atópica empleando la actividad de bleomicina hidrolasa como medida |
KR1020127014360A KR101787126B1 (ko) | 2009-12-03 | 2010-12-02 | 블레오마이신 수해 효소의 활성을 지표로 한 아토피성 피부염에 의한 건조 피부 개선제의 스크리닝 방법 |
EP10834616.4A EP2508605B1 (en) | 2009-12-03 | 2010-12-02 | Method of screening for agent for improving dry skin associated with atopic dermatitis employing activity of bleomycin hydrolase as measure |
HK13100963.8A HK1174054A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 | 2013-01-22 | Method of screening for agent for improving dry skin associated with atopic dermatitis employing activity of bleomycin hydrolase activity as measure |
US14/534,427 US9068228B2 (en) | 2009-12-03 | 2014-11-06 | Method for screening ameliorants of dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis using bleomycin hydrolase activity as indicator |
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US14/534,427 Division US9068228B2 (en) | 2009-12-03 | 2014-11-06 | Method for screening ameliorants of dry skin caused by atopic dermatitis using bleomycin hydrolase activity as indicator |
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JP2014206488A (ja) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-30 | 株式会社 資生堂 | 分析方法 |
JP2015227865A (ja) * | 2014-05-08 | 2015-12-17 | 花王株式会社 | 皮膚の乾燥状態の評価方法 |
EP2778174B1 (en) * | 2011-11-09 | 2017-11-01 | Shiseido Company, Ltd. | Antibody specific to profilaggrin c-terminal domain, and use thereof |
WO2022181438A1 (ja) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-09-01 | 国立大学法人神戸大学 | 被験試料の皮膚における異物応答反応の惹起性の評価方法、皮膚における異物応答反応の抑制性を有する物質の探索方法、及び、皮膚における異物応答反応を抑制する剤 |
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FR3011009B1 (fr) * | 2013-09-25 | 2016-11-25 | Oreal | Signature bacterienne de la dermatite atopique et son utilisation dans la prevention et/ou le traitement de cette pathologie |
CN113528573A (zh) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-10-22 | 徐州医科大学 | 含有hdac1基因启动子和报告基因的重组质粒及其构建与应用 |
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EP2778174B1 (en) * | 2011-11-09 | 2017-11-01 | Shiseido Company, Ltd. | Antibody specific to profilaggrin c-terminal domain, and use thereof |
JP2014206488A (ja) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-30 | 株式会社 資生堂 | 分析方法 |
JP2015227865A (ja) * | 2014-05-08 | 2015-12-17 | 花王株式会社 | 皮膚の乾燥状態の評価方法 |
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WO2022181438A1 (ja) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-09-01 | 国立大学法人神戸大学 | 被験試料の皮膚における異物応答反応の惹起性の評価方法、皮膚における異物応答反応の抑制性を有する物質の探索方法、及び、皮膚における異物応答反応を抑制する剤 |
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KR20120112445A (ko) | 2012-10-11 |
EP2508605B1 (en) | 2015-05-20 |
US9068228B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 |
US20150118686A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
ES2541614T3 (es) | 2015-07-22 |
TWI528034B (zh) | 2016-04-01 |
US8906629B2 (en) | 2014-12-09 |
CN102648278B (zh) | 2015-03-25 |
CN102648278A (zh) | 2012-08-22 |
EP2508605A1 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
HK1174054A1 (en) | 2013-05-31 |
US20120302649A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
KR101787126B1 (ko) | 2017-10-18 |
TW201131169A (en) | 2011-09-16 |
JP5858788B2 (ja) | 2016-02-10 |
EP2508605A4 (en) | 2013-05-01 |
JPWO2011068166A1 (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
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