Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/84—Sulfur atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B55/00—Racemisation; Complete or partial inversion
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers

Definitions

• the present patent application relates to a novel process for the synthesis of ergothonein and related derivatives.
• Ergothioneine discovered in 1909 by Tanret in ergot of rye, is a naturally occurring amino acid, with antioxidant properties, with the following formula:
• phenyl chlorothioformate must be prepared from thiophosgene (CSC1 2 ), a toxic reagent and hardly available in large quantities for use on an industrial scale.
• US Patent Application 2009/093,642 also discloses a 9-step synthesis of L-ergothioneine from histidine by opening the imidazole ring and reaction with a thiocyanate such as potassium thiocyanate, to give 2-thiohistidine. (according to the method described by Heath, H. et al., 1951, J.Chem.Soc, 2215), then protection of sulfur with a tert-butyl group, formation of quaternary ammonium and deprotection of sulfur.
• KSCN used in acidic medium, is a highly toxic reagent.
• R 1 and R 2 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 4) alkyl group such as methyl, at least one of R 1 and R 2 representing a hydrogen atom, and advantageously each representing a hydrogen atom, and
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 represent, independently of one another, a (C 4 -C 4 ) alkyl group such as methyl, comprising the following successive stages:
• R 1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined above, R e represents a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 4) alkyl group or -CO - ((C 1 -C 4) alkyl), and in particular a hydrogen atom or a -COCH 3 group, and more particularly a hydrogen atom, and
• R7 represents a hydrogen atom or a (C1-C4) alkyl group, and in particular a hydrogen atom,
• tautomer means an isomer of constitution of the compound obtained by prototropy, ie by migration of a hydrogen atom and change of localization of a double bond.
• the different tautomers of a compound are generally interconvertible and present in equilibrium, in solution, in proportions that may vary depending on the solvent used, the temperature or the pH.
• the 2-thioimidazole ring may be present in the following different tautomeric forms:
• physiologically acceptable is understood to mean that which is generally safe, non-toxic and neither logically nor otherwise undesirable and which is acceptable for pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food (human or animal) use, in particular food .
• physiologically acceptable salts of a compound means salts which are physiologically acceptable, as defined above, and which have the desired (pharmaco logical, cosmetic or food) activity of the parent compound.
• physiologically acceptable salts include: (1) hydrates and solvates,
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, citric acid, ethanesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, glycolic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, muconic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, propionic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid, tartaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trimethylacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like, or
• Acceptable organic bases include diethanolamine, ethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine and the like.
• Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide.
• stereoisomers means diastereoisomers and enantiomers. It is therefore optical isomers. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are referred to as “diastereoisomers”, and stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another but not superimposable are designated by "Enantiomers”.
• racemic mixture A mixture containing equal amounts of two individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is referred to as a "racemic mixture".
• (C 1 -C 4) alkyl group is meant, in the sense of the present invention, a saturated hydrocarbon chain, linear or branched, having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. It may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl. In particular, it will be the methyl group.
• thiol is meant, within the meaning of the present invention, any reagent containing an SH group in its molecular structure. It will more particularly be a compound of formula R-SH with R representing a saturated hydrocarbon chain C1 to C8, in particular C 2 to C 6 , linear or branched, substituted by one or more polar substituents.
• saturated hydrocarbon chain is intended to mean a saturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon-based chain advantageously comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms. It may be more particularly a saturated linear chain, such as a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group.
• polar substituents such as the groups OH, SH, NH 2 and COOH.
• cleavage reaction is intended to mean that the compound involved in this reaction is split into two parts during this reaction, in order in this case to make it possible to form the thiocarbonyl function of the compound of formula ( I).
• the compound of formula (I) may in particular be a compound of formula (Ia) below:
• R 1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined above.
• the compound of formula (I) will especially represent ergothioneine, and in particular L-ergothioneine. Step (i):
• This cleavage reaction carried out in the presence of a thiol, makes it possible to obtain the compound of formula (I) as well as pyruvic acid (CH 3 C (O) -CO 2 H) or a derivative thereof, in particular an ester (CH? C (0) -C0 2 R 7) or a derivative obtained by reaction with the thiol, such as a thiocétalique derivative (two thiol molecules capable of reacting with the ketone function of pyruvic acid).
• the thiol should preferably be soluble in the reaction solvent which may be in particular water, which has the additional advantage of being more ecological.
• the thiol used in this step (i) may be more particularly a thiol corresponding to the formula R-SH, with R representing a linear or branched, and preferably linear, alkyl chain containing from 1 to 8, especially 2 to 6, in particular 2 to 4, carbon atoms, substituted with one or more groups selected from OH, SH, NH 2 and COOH.
• hydrophilic groups may in particular make it possible to render the thiol more soluble in water, when the water is used as a solvent.
• the thiol may more particularly be selected from cysteine, dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptopropionic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid and thioglycolic acid, and preferably will be 3-mercaptopropionic acid.
• It may also be mercaptoacetic acid and mercaptohexanoic acid.
• At least 2 molar equivalents of thiol relative to the compound (II) will be used, that is to say at least 2 moles of thiol are used for one mole of compound (II) used.
• the reaction mixture is heated to a temperature above 60 ° C because below this temperature, the kinetics of the reaction would be too slow.
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature between 60 and 120 ° C, preferably between 80 and 100 ° C, more particularly after addition of the thiol.
• the reaction may be carried out in particular in an acid medium.
• the final product obtained (compound of formula (I)) can be separated from the reaction medium by techniques well known to those skilled in the art and applicable on an industrial scale, in particular by evaporation, possibly partial, of the solvents, followed by preferably a recrystallization to purify the product.
• the compounds of formula (I) being soluble in water, one or more preliminary extractions with an organic solvent, such as, for example, ethyl acetate or tert-butyl-methyl ether, may make it possible to eliminate the organic by-products formed during the reaction, such as pyruvic acid or its derivatives, as well as excess thiol.
• an organic solvent such as, for example, ethyl acetate or tert-butyl-methyl ether
• the product obtained can be purified if necessary by techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example by recrystallization, optionally after desalinization of the aqueous phase containing it, by techniques well known to those skilled in the art (for example by electrodialysis, by adding a suitable resin, or by reverse osmosis).
• a salt of the compound formed may be prepared, if desired, in particular by addition of a physiologically acceptable acid or base as defined above.
• the compound of formula (II) may be prepared from an acid addition salt, excluding the hydroiodic acid salt (HI), a betaine compound of formula (III) next :
• acid addition salt of the betaine compound of formula (III) is meant, in the sense of the present invention, a salt of the betaine compound of formula (III) obtained by addition of an acid excluding hydroiodic acid HI.
• the acid may in particular be hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.
• the dibroma may be used in a proportion of 1 to 1.5 molar equivalents relative to the betaine compound of formula (III).
• the bromine is added cold (very rapid addition preferably), at a temperature below 10 ° C, preferably below 5 ° C.
• the addition of the dibroma may therefore be carried out at a temperature of between -10 ° C. and 10 ° C., advantageously between -5 ° C. and 5 ° C.
• the cysteine derivative may be in particular N-acetylcysteine or cysteine (in particular in D, L or racemic form), and in particular cysteine and in particular L-cysteine.
• the cysteine derivative will advantageously be used in excess, in particular in a proportion of 2 to 10, advantageously 3 to 7, molar equivalents of cysteine derivative relative to the betaine compound of formula (III), that is to say that 2 to 10, advantageously 3 to 7 moles of cysteine derivative are used for one mole of compound (III) used.
• This reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as water.
• the yield of this step may be greater than or equal to 45%, or even greater than or equal to 60%.
• the compound of formula (II) will not be isolated from the reaction medium but will be directly engaged in the following step (i).
• the preparation of the compound (I) from the compound (III) can be carried out in a single reactor, without isolation of the compound (II) intermediate ("one-pot" reaction).
• the process for preparing a compound of formula (I) according to the invention may therefore comprise the following successive stages:
• Steps (b1) and (c1) correspond respectively to steps (i) and (ii) above.
• Step (a1) corresponds to the step of preparing the betaine compound of formula (II) described above.
• the steps (a1) and (b1) will be carried out in the same solvent, such as water, preferably in the same reactor, that is to say without isolation of the intermediate products (compound of formula (II) ) in particular).
• the reaction medium may contain a cysteine derivative preferably used in excess in step (a1).
• cysteine derivative preferably used in excess in step (a1).
• the overall yield of preparation of the compound of formula (I) from the betaine compound of formula (III) may be greater than or equal to 40%.
• the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (Ia) and its preparation process comprises the following successive stages:
• step (b2) cleavage reaction of the betaine compound of formula (IIa) obtained in the preceding step (a2) in the presence of a thiol as defined above, preferably soluble in the reaction solvent, which may especially be water, and in particular with cysteine, dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptopropionic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid or thioglycolic acid, and preferably with 3-mercaptopropionic acid, with a temperature greater than or equal to 60 ° C,
• Steps (a2), (b2) and (c2) respectively correspond to the preceding steps (a1), (b1) and (c1).
• the compounds of formula (IIa) represent particular forms of the compound of formula (II).
• the betaine compounds of formula (IIIa) represent particular forms of the betaine compound of formula (III).
• the present invention also relates to a compound of formula (II) below:
• R 1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4, R 5, R 6 and R 7 are as defined above, with the exception of the compound for which 1 represents or,
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 each represent a methyl group and R 6 and R 7 each represent a hydrogen atom.
• X represents HN ⁇ N or N ⁇ NH , e, R "R, and 3 ⁇ 4 represent a methyl group.
• this compound may be 2- ⁇ 2 - [(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl) thio] -1H-imidazol-4-yl ⁇ -1 -carboxy- ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trimethylethanaminium dihydrochloride (Herc -Cys, 2HC1)
• the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a compound of formula (II) below:
• - 1 1 represents 1 or ⁇
• R 1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4, R 5, R 6 and R 7 are as defined above, by reaction of an acid addition salt, excluding the hydroiodic acid salt, with a betaine compound of formula (III) as defined above
• the dibroma may be used in a proportion of 1 to 1.5 molar equivalents relative to the betaine compound of formula (III).
• the bromine is added cold (very rapid addition preferably), at a temperature below 10 ° C, preferably below 5 ° C.
• the addition of the dibrome may therefore be carried out at a temperature between -10 ° C and 10 ° C, preferably between -5 ° C and 5 ° C.
• the cysteine derivative may be in particular N-acetylcysteine or cysteine (in particular in D, L or racemic form), and in particular cysteine and in particular L-cysteine.
• the cysteine derivative will advantageously be used in excess, in particular in a proportion of 2 to 10, advantageously 3 to 7, molar equivalents of cysteine derivative relative to the betaine compound of formula (III), that is to say that 2 to 10, advantageously 3 to 7 moles of cysteine derivative are used for one mole of compound (III) used.
• This reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as water.
• the filtrate is deposited on a column filled with 75 g of DOWEX 50WX2-400, previously conditioned with 1N hydrochloric acid HCl. After elution with 400 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid HCl and then 500 ml of 2N hydrochloric acid HCl, the fractions containing the desired product are combined. After evaporation and 2 coevaporations with 2 ⁇ 20 ml of toluene, 894 mg (46%) of the desired product is obtained after drying as yellow crystals.
• the reaction mixture is cooled to 0 ° C, and a white precipitate is formed. After filtration and rinsing of the precipitate with 2 ⁇ 2 mL of cold water, the filtrate is washed with 5 ⁇ 20 mL of dichloromethane and 5 ⁇ 20 mL of ethyl acetate.
• the aqueous phase is evaporated under vacuum, and the residue is dissolved in 33 ml of water.
• a 20% ammonia solution the pH of the solution is adjusted to 6.
• the powder obtained is solubilized while hot in an ethanol / water mixture (7/1).
• activated charcoal (100 mg) and hot filtration on Clarcel the solution obtained is kept cold for 14 hours. After filtration and drying, 676 mg (69%) of L-ergothioneine are obtained in the form of a white powder.
• H-RIVIN (D 2 0) sample analysis showed that the Herc-Cys adduct was formed with a 55% reaction yield.
• the ice bath is removed, and the reaction mixture is allowed to stir for one hour.
• the internal temperature rises to 10 ° C.
• the product obtained is not isolated from the reaction medium and is used directly in the next step.
• aqueous phase is retained, and the pH is adjusted to 4.5-5 with 20% aqueous ammonia solution (about 21 mL).
• aqueous ammonia solution about 21 mL.
• 50.8 ml 53.0 g, 5 equiv.
• benzaldehyde (according to M. P. Schubert, J. Biol. Chem. 114, 341-350 (1936) or M. Seki et al. , J. Org. Chem. 67 (16), 5532 (2002)).
• the aqueous phase retained is desalted.
• the cooling system is stopped, and the reaction mixture is allowed to stir for one hour.
• the internal temperature rises to 10 ° C.
• aqueous phase is retained, and the pH is adjusted to 4.5-5 with 20% aqueous ammonia solution (about 10 mL).
• aqueous ammonia solution about 10 mL.
• 359 ml (375 g, 3.5 mol, 7 equiv) of benzaldehyde accordinging to MP Schubert, J. Biol Chem 114, 341-350 ( 1936) or M. Seki et al., J. Org Chem 67 (16), 5532 (2002)).
• the aqueous phase retained is desalted.
• it is for example desalinated by electrodialysis (Bench Scale Electrodialysis Pump System BED 1-3 of PCCell (Germany), ED200-020 cell, 20 pairs of membranes (PC-S exchange cation, anion-exchange PC-SA), 10V).
• the desalted solution is then evaporated to dryness, and the solid obtained is recrystallized with aqueous ethanol. 47.68 g (41%) of L-Ergothioneine are obtained in the form of a white powder.

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• 2009
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