WO2011004810A1 - 機関回転数算出装置およびガバナ制御システム - Google Patents
機関回転数算出装置およびガバナ制御システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011004810A1 WO2011004810A1 PCT/JP2010/061453 JP2010061453W WO2011004810A1 WO 2011004810 A1 WO2011004810 A1 WO 2011004810A1 JP 2010061453 W JP2010061453 W JP 2010061453W WO 2011004810 A1 WO2011004810 A1 WO 2011004810A1
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- engine
- internal combustion
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D35/00—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02D35/02—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions
- F02D35/023—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions by determining the cylinder pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D45/00—Electrical control not provided for in groups F02D41/00 - F02D43/00
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D29/00—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto
- F02D29/02—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto peculiar to engines driving vehicles; peculiar to engines driving variable pitch propellers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D31/00—Use of speed-sensing governors to control combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02D31/001—Electric control of rotation speed
- F02D31/007—Electric control of rotation speed controlling fuel supply
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D35/00—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
- F02D41/0007—Controlling intake air for control of turbo-charged or super-charged engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0097—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents using means for generating speed signals
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
- F02D2200/0406—Intake manifold pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to governor control of an internal combustion engine, and more particularly to a rotation speed calculation device for calculating the engine rotation speed.
- the actual rotational speed of the engine is detected by a sensor disposed near the turning gear, and the fuel injection amount is controlled so that the difference between the set target rotational speed and the actual rotational speed is eliminated.
- the rotational output of the internal combustion engine includes pulsations due to the explosion of the combustion stroke, unnecessary adjustment may be performed based on these pulsations in the governor control for monitoring the engine speed. In such a case, the fuel injection amount becomes unstable, and the controllability and operability deteriorate.
- unnecessary adjustment speeds up the wear of the mechanism from the governor actuator to the fuel pump.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-24581
- An object of the present invention is to calculate the rotational speed from which the influence of engine pulsation is removed with a simple configuration while maintaining the rotational speed fluctuation due to load fluctuation.
- the engine speed calculation device of the present invention comprises pulse detection means for detecting a plurality of pulse signals corresponding to one cycle of rotation of the internal combustion engine, and rotation speed calculation means for calculating the engine speed from the pulse signals,
- the engine speed is calculated as a moving average with the pulsation cycle of the internal combustion engine as a unit.
- Speed calculating means determines the pulsation cycle by integrating successively a predetermined number of the time interval T i corresponding to the pulse period between adjacent pulses.
- the predetermined number corresponds to N / Z.
- the integer part of N / Z when is Q, the pulse period is calculated using the integration of the Q or Q + 1 pieces of time interval T i.
- the fractional part of N / Z when is D calculates a pulse period by performing a correction corresponding to the fraction part D in integration time interval T i.
- the correction value corresponding to the decimal part D is calculated using the past time interval among the accumulated time intervals T i .
- the correction is calculated using the latest time interval among the accumulated time intervals T i .
- the governor control system of the present invention is characterized by using the engine speed calculation device.
- the engine speed calculation method of the present invention also detects a plurality of pulse signals corresponding to one cycle of rotation of the internal combustion engine, calculates the engine speed from the pulse signals, and the engine speed indicates the pulsation cycle of the internal combustion engine. It is calculated as a moving average as a unit.
- the ship of the present invention further includes a hull, an internal combustion engine mounted on the hull, and an engine speed calculation device for calculating the engine speed of the internal combustion engine, and the engine speed calculation device performs one cycle rotation of the internal combustion engine.
- a pulse detection means for detecting a plurality of pulse signals, and a rotation speed calculation means for calculating the engine speed from the pulse signal the engine speed is calculated as a moving average in units of the pulsation cycle of the internal combustion engine. It is characterized by being.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of a governor control system for a marine engine according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the governor control system adjusts the speed of the internal combustion engine 11 as a main engine, adjusts fuel injection to each cylinder of the internal combustion engine 11 using the set engine speed as an input, and feeds back the actually measured engine speed. By doing so, the engine speed is maintained at the set value.
- the target rotational speed is set in the rotational speed setting unit 12 and input to the PID control unit 13.
- a governor command is output from the PID control unit 13 to the fuel pump 14, and the fuel pump 14 supplies an injection amount of fuel based on the governor command to each cylinder of the internal combustion engine 11.
- a turning gear 16 and a propeller 17 are attached to the main shaft 15 of the internal combustion engine 11, and a pulse generator 18 such as a proximity switch or an electromagnetic pickup sensor is disposed in the vicinity of the peripheral edge of the turning gear 16.
- the pulse generator 18 is a device that generates a pulse signal as the turning gear 16 rotates.
- the pulse generator 18 detects a tooth tip portion or a groove portion of the turning gear 16 and generates a pulse signal proportional to the engine rotational speed.
- the pulse signal from the pulse generator 18 is sent to the rotational speed calculation unit 19 and subjected to a rotational speed calculation process described later, so that the current engine rotational speed is calculated as the actual rotational speed.
- the actual rotational speed calculated by the rotational speed calculation unit 19 is fed back to the input side of the PID control unit 13, and the difference from the target rotational speed is input to the PID control unit 13.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the piston position of each cylinder, the timing of explosion, the fluctuation of the engine speed, and the pulse signal.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of the timing when a 6-cylinder, 2-stroke diesel engine is employed as the internal combustion engine 11.
- 2 (a) to 2 (f) show the piston positions of cylinders # 1 to # 6 and the timing of explosion over one cycle (one rotation of the crankshaft), respectively.
- FIG. 2 (g) The rotation speed fluctuation of the main shaft 15 at this time
- FIG. 2 (h) shows a sequence of pulse signals generated by the pulse signal generator 18 at this time.
- the actual rotational speed of the main engine fed back by the governor control is calculated based on the pulse signal, and is obtained, for example, by measuring the time until a predetermined number of pulses are detected.
- the rotation speed can also be calculated from the time interval between two adjacent pulses. In this case, a short cycle fluctuation can be reflected in the calculated rotation speed.
- the rotation speed is calculated for each pulse, it may be affected by the accuracy of the turning gear and sensor, erroneous pulses, noise and the like.
- the normal pulse signal is generated at a cycle shorter than the explosion interval between the cylinders, when the rotation speed is calculated for each pulse, the calculated rotation speed includes pulsation due to the explosion of the engine. .
- the pulsation of the internal combustion engine itself is not related to the engine speed control and is not controlled by adjusting the fuel injection amount. Therefore, when the engine speed is fed back in governor control, Unnecessary fuel adjustment is performed as described in the above, resulting in an undesirable result for the mechanism of the fuel supply system. Therefore, in governor control using the engine speed as an input, it is desirable to remove the influence of engine pulsation from the actual speed of the main engine that is fed back.
- the influence of direct pulsation is removed from the calculated rotational speed. That is, in the present embodiment, sampling is performed in accordance with the pulsation cycle of the internal combustion engine, whereby the engine speed is calculated as a moving average with the pulsation cycle as a unit.
- the pulsation cycle (explosion interval) is T p (sec)
- the pulsation occurs once in 1 / Z rotation
- the pulsation cycle T p is 1 / Z rotation.
- the average engine speed (RPM) over the pulsation cycle is obtained as 60 ⁇ (1 / Z) / T p
- the time interval required for 1 / Z rotation is measured as needed and substituted into the previous equation.
- the engine speed is directly obtained as a moving average with the pulsation cycle of the internal combustion engine as a unit.
- the phase (rotation angle) of the main shaft is detected through intermittent pulse signals, and is not detected as a continuous value. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the pulsation period T p from the time interval of the pulse signal.
- T p an example of a calculation formula of the pulse period T p which is employed in this embodiment.
- a two-stroke engine with the number of cylinders Z is taken as an example, the number of pulses in one rotation (one cycle) is N, the integer part of N / Z is Q, and the decimal part is D (0 ⁇ D ⁇ 1). ), R is the rounded integer.
- the pulsation cycle T p is used.
- T p T 0 + T ⁇ 1 + T ⁇ 2 +... + T ⁇ (Q ⁇ 1) + D ⁇ T ⁇ Q (1)
- pulse signals (46) for one rotation (one cycle) are drawn together with the timing of explosion, and each pulse is numbered 1 to 46.
- T p (9) represents the pulsation period calculated by equation (1) when the ninth pulse is detected, and T p (10) represents T p when the tenth pulse is detected.
- FIG. 3 shows T p (11) to T p (16).
- the width of each rectangle corresponds to the pulse interval T 0 to T ⁇ 6 from the right, and the leftmost is 2/3 of the pulse interval T ⁇ 7 . Is shown.
- the subscript value of the pulse interval T i is shown.
- the rotation speed calculation unit 19 of FIG. 1 As shown in FIG. 3, every time a new pulse is detected, the pulsation cycle T p is sequentially updated from, for example, T p (9) to T p (16). Each time, the rotational speed (RPM) based on the formula (2) is calculated and fed back.
- RPM rotational speed
- decimal number D can also be assigned to all of T 0 to T ⁇ Q .
- the assignment is made equally, (1 + D) / Q is multiplied by each term. It is also possible to vary the weighting of each term.
- the pulsation cycle T p is obtained using the equation (4) using only Q pulse intervals T 0 to T ⁇ (Q ⁇ 1) .
- T p (1 + D / 2) T 0 + T ⁇ 1 + T ⁇ 2 + ... + T- (Q-2) + (1 + D / 2) T- (Q-1) (4)
- the rotation speed (RPM) is obtained as 60 / (Z ⁇ T p ).
- the moving average corresponding to the pulsation cycle of the internal combustion engine is obtained in the process of calculating the rotation speed (sampling), the influence of the pulsation of the engine is eliminated with a very simple configuration. it can.
- sampling is performed so as to correspond to the pulsation interval (cycle)
- it is not necessary to change the calculation process such as changing the parameter even if the setting of the target rotational speed is changed.
- the smoothing of the rotational speed can be suppressed to the minimum necessary, it is possible to sufficiently follow the rotational speed fluctuation due to the load torque fluctuation of the propeller and the like while removing the influence of the pulsation of the engine.
- controllability and operability of the rotational speed are stable over the entire operation, and unnecessary adjustment of the fuel injection amount can be prevented, so that fuel consumption can be improved and the governor actuator can be changed to the fuel pump. It is possible to reduce the mechanical wear of the mechanism.
- the description has been given by taking the 2-stroke engine as an example, but the present invention can also be applied to a 4-stroke engine.
- the number of revolutions is twice that in the case of two strokes.
- a marine engine has been described as an example, but the present invention can also be applied to a land-use internal combustion engine such as an industrial power source or a generator. That is, when performing control to maintain the rotation speed constant, and generating a plurality of pulse signals for one rotation (one cycle) in an internal combustion engine used for applications involving load fluctuations, the rotation speed is calculated using this.
- the present invention can be applied to.
- control method is not limited to PID control but can be applied to modern control theory, application control, learning control, and the like.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
Abstract
Description
11 内燃機関(主機)
12 回転数設定部
13 PID制御部
14 燃料ポンプ
15 主軸
16 ターニングギア
17 プロペラ
18 パルス信号発生装置(近接スイッチ)
19 回転数演算部
図1は、本発明の一実施形態である舶用機関のガバナ制御システム全体の構成を示すブロック線図である。
Tp=T0+T-1+T-2+・・・+T-(Q-1)+D・T-Q (1)
このとき、回転数(RPM)は、以下の(2)式で求められる。
回転数(RPM)=60/{Z×(T0+T-1+・・・T-(Q-1)+D・T-Q)} (2)
Tp=(0.5+D/2)T0+T-1+T-2+
・・・+T-(Q-1)+(0.5+D/2)T-Q (3)
このとき、回転数(RPM)は、60/(Z×Tp)として求められる。
Tp=(1+D/2)T0+T-1+T-2+
・・・+T-(Q-2)+(1+D/2)T-(Q-1) (4)
このとき回転数(RPM)は、60/(Z×Tp)として求められる。
回転数(RPM)=60・(R/N)/(T0+T-1+・・・+T-(R-1)) (5)
Claims (10)
- 内燃機関の1サイクルの回転に対応して複数のパルス信号を検出するパルス検出手段と、前記パルス信号から機関回転数を算出する回転数算出手段とを備え、前記機関回転数が前記内燃機関の脈動周期を単位とする移動平均として算出されることを特徴とする機関回転数算出装置。
- 前記回転数算出手段が、隣接するパルス間の時間間隔Tiを前記脈動周期に対応する所定の数分連続して積算することにより前記脈動周期を求めることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の機関回転数算出装置。
- 前記1サイクルの回転において検出されるパルス信号の数Nを、前記内燃機関のシリンダ数Zとするとき、前記所定の数がN/Zに対応することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の機関回転数算出装置。
- N/Zの整数部をQとするときに、前記脈動周期がQ個またはQ+1個の時間間隔Tiの積算を用いて算出されることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の機関回転数算出装置。
- N/Zの小数部をDとするときに、前記時間間隔Tiの積算において前記小数部Dに対応する修正を行って前記脈動周期を算出することを特徴とする請求項4に記載の機関回転数算出装置。
- 前記小数部Dに対応する修正値が、積算される前記時間間隔Tiのうち、最も過去の時間間隔を用いて算出されることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の機関回転数算出装置。
- 前記修正が、積算される前記時間間隔Tiのうち、更に最新の時間間隔を用いて算出されることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の機関回転数算出装置。
- 請求項1~請求項7の何れか一項に記載の機関回転数算出装置を用いたガバナ制御システム。
- 内燃機関の1サイクルの回転に対応して複数のパルス信号を検出し、前記パルス信号から機関回転数を算出し、前記機関回転数が前記内燃機関の脈動周期を単位とする移動平均として算出されることを特徴とする機関回転数算出方法。
- 船体と、前記船体に搭載される内燃機関と、前記内燃機関の機関回転数を算出する機関回転数算出装置を備え、前記機関回転数算出装置が、
内燃機関の1サイクルの回転に対応して複数のパルス信号を検出するパルス検出手段と、前記パルス信号から機関回転数を算出する回転数算出手段とを備え、前記機関回転数が前記内燃機関の脈動周期を単位とする移動平均として算出される
ことを特徴とする船舶。
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020127000117A KR101161647B1 (ko) | 2009-07-06 | 2010-07-06 | 기관 회전수 산출 장치 및 거버너 제어 시스템 |
| CN2010800305866A CN102472194B (zh) | 2009-07-06 | 2010-07-06 | 发动机转速算出装置以及调速器控制系统 |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009160282A JP4758498B2 (ja) | 2009-07-06 | 2009-07-06 | 機関回転数算出装置およびガバナ制御システム |
| JP2009-160282 | 2009-07-06 |
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| WO2011004810A1 true WO2011004810A1 (ja) | 2011-01-13 |
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| PCT/JP2010/061453 Ceased WO2011004810A1 (ja) | 2009-07-06 | 2010-07-06 | 機関回転数算出装置およびガバナ制御システム |
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| JP (1) | JP4758498B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101161647B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN102472194B (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI464320B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2011004810A1 (ja) |
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| JP5940945B2 (ja) * | 2012-09-19 | 2016-06-29 | 日立オートモティブシステムズ株式会社 | 自動車用制御装置 |
| EP3249411A1 (en) * | 2016-05-27 | 2017-11-29 | Schneider Electric Industries SAS | Method and device for determining the rotational speed of an engine |
| CN108303569B (zh) * | 2017-12-31 | 2020-07-14 | 上海自动化仪表有限公司 | 汽轮机转速测量的误差修正方法 |
| CN109507446A (zh) * | 2018-11-02 | 2019-03-22 | 徐州瑞田工程机械有限公司 | 一种汽车发动机转速检测方法 |
| CN109142780A (zh) * | 2018-11-02 | 2019-01-04 | 徐州瑞田工程机械有限公司 | 一种汽车发动机转速检测系统 |
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| JP2003097339A (ja) * | 2001-09-20 | 2003-04-03 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 汎用エンジンの制御装置 |
| JP2004183617A (ja) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-07-02 | Kubota Corp | エンジンの回転数検出方法 |
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| JP2009030523A (ja) * | 2007-07-26 | 2009-02-12 | Yanmar Co Ltd | 燃料噴射不良発生気筒検知機能付エンジン |
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| JP4504604B2 (ja) * | 2001-09-20 | 2010-07-14 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 汎用エンジンの制御装置 |
| EP1296048B1 (en) * | 2001-09-20 | 2010-05-19 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Control system for general-purpose engine |
| TWI221504B (en) * | 2001-10-23 | 2004-10-01 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Engine control device |
| TWI221880B (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2004-10-11 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Engine control device |
| TWI224651B (en) * | 2001-11-30 | 2004-12-01 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Engine controller |
| AU2003236222A1 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-02-23 | Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine control device |
| BR0313152A (pt) * | 2002-08-01 | 2005-06-28 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Dispositivo de controle de motor |
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2009
- 2009-07-06 JP JP2009160282A patent/JP4758498B2/ja active Active
-
2010
- 2010-07-06 TW TW099122121A patent/TWI464320B/zh active
- 2010-07-06 CN CN2010800305866A patent/CN102472194B/zh active Active
- 2010-07-06 KR KR1020127000117A patent/KR101161647B1/ko active Active
- 2010-07-06 WO PCT/JP2010/061453 patent/WO2011004810A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003097339A (ja) * | 2001-09-20 | 2003-04-03 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 汎用エンジンの制御装置 |
| JP2004183617A (ja) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-07-02 | Kubota Corp | エンジンの回転数検出方法 |
| JP2004293343A (ja) * | 2003-03-25 | 2004-10-21 | Yanmar Co Ltd | 空燃比制御システム |
| JP2008286111A (ja) * | 2007-05-18 | 2008-11-27 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
| JP2009030523A (ja) * | 2007-07-26 | 2009-02-12 | Yanmar Co Ltd | 燃料噴射不良発生気筒検知機能付エンジン |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR101161647B1 (ko) | 2012-07-03 |
| TWI464320B (zh) | 2014-12-11 |
| JP2011012663A (ja) | 2011-01-20 |
| CN102472194A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
| JP4758498B2 (ja) | 2011-08-31 |
| TW201107587A (en) | 2011-03-01 |
| CN102472194B (zh) | 2013-05-22 |
| KR20120034711A (ko) | 2012-04-12 |
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