WO2010143363A1 - 共振器およびこれを用いた発振器 - Google Patents
共振器およびこれを用いた発振器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010143363A1 WO2010143363A1 PCT/JP2010/003440 JP2010003440W WO2010143363A1 WO 2010143363 A1 WO2010143363 A1 WO 2010143363A1 JP 2010003440 W JP2010003440 W JP 2010003440W WO 2010143363 A1 WO2010143363 A1 WO 2010143363A1
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- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/02—Details
- H03H9/02244—Details of microelectro-mechanical resonators
- H03H9/02393—Post-fabrication trimming of parameters, e.g. resonance frequency, Q factor
- H03H9/02409—Post-fabrication trimming of parameters, e.g. resonance frequency, Q factor by application of a DC-bias voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/02—Details
- H03H9/02244—Details of microelectro-mechanical resonators
- H03H9/02259—Driving or detection means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/24—Constructional features of resonators of material which is not piezoelectric, electrostrictive, or magnetostrictive
- H03H9/2405—Constructional features of resonators of material which is not piezoelectric, electrostrictive, or magnetostrictive of microelectro-mechanical resonators
- H03H9/2447—Beam resonators
- H03H9/2463—Clamped-clamped beam resonators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L1/00—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply
- H03L1/02—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply against variations of temperature only
- H03L1/022—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply against variations of temperature only by indirect stabilisation, i.e. by generating an electrical correction signal which is a function of the temperature
- H03L1/026—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply against variations of temperature only by indirect stabilisation, i.e. by generating an electrical correction signal which is a function of the temperature by using a memory for digitally storing correction values
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
- H03L7/099—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/02—Details
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- H03H2009/02488—Vibration modes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to automatic control of frequency or phase and to synchronisation
- H03L2207/06—Phase locked loops with a controlled oscillator having at least two frequency control terminals
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a resonator and an oscillator using the resonator.
- MEMS Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems
- the present invention relates to a method for adjusting the vibration frequency of micro mechanical elements in resonators, filters, oscillators, gyroscopes, pressure sensors, optical scanners, mass detection elements, etc. in which micro mechanical elements vibrate. .
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an oscillator using the MEMS technology described in “Patent Document 1”.
- the MEMS resonator 112 is connected to the drive circuit 114 and outputs an output signal having a frequency defined by the resonance frequency of the MEMS.
- the output signal is input to the compensation circuit 118.
- the compensation circuit 118 uses the frequency of the output signal of the MEMS oscillator 110 as a reference frequency, and uses a PLL circuit, a DLL (delay lock loop) circuit, or a digital frequency synthesizer to generate a frequency f that is an integral multiple of the reference frequency, a fraction of an integer, or a fractional multiple.
- the signal controlled synchronously is output.
- This multiple is determined by the temperature detection circuit 124, and the frequency shift of the output signal of the compensation circuit 118 due to the frequency shift of the output signal of the MEMS oscillator 110 due to temperature can be suppressed by adaptively changing the multiple. it can. Note that the set value of the multiple depending on the temperature is stored in the memory 120.
- Patent Document 1 shows an example of a method of performing frequency adjustment with an external circuit of the MEMS oscillator.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method of adjusting the resonance frequency of a MEMS resonator.
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a MEMS resonator disclosed in “Patent Document 2”.
- Two doubly supported beam vibrators 218 supported at both ends on the substrate are arranged in parallel, and are connected by a coupling spring 219.
- the vibrator 218 has a flexural vibration mode that bends in the direction perpendicular to the substrate.
- the two vibrators are connected to each other so as to have two close resonance frequencies of an in-phase flexural vibration mode and an anti-phase vibration mode.
- the excitation to the vibrator 218 and the detection of the vibration are performed by electrodes 220 and 224 disposed on the substrate with a gap from the vibrator.
- an electrode 222 and an electrode 226 for supplying tuning voltages V1 ⁇ f and V2 ⁇ f are arranged.
- the resonance frequency of the capacitively coupled MEMS resonator can be tuned by a DC potential difference between the vibrator and the electrode. This is a frequency adjustment method using a phenomenon generally called “spring softening” in an electrostatic transducer.
- a tuning electrode is provided to adjust the frequency.
- the feature of Patent Document 3 is that a plurality of tuning electrodes are provided. This is provided with a plurality of tuning electrodes so that the electrostatic force is not restrained by the tuning voltage asymmetrically with respect to the vibrator. The same tuning voltage is applied to the plurality of tuning electrodes.
- the frequency adjustment of a MEMS oscillator using silicon as a vibrator material mainly indicates correction of initial variation of the resonance frequency of a resonator mainly caused by a manufacturing error and correction of a resonance frequency shift due to a temperature change.
- the former can be considered to have a frequency variation on the order of ⁇ 1,000 ppm to ⁇ 10,000 ppm, and the latter to be within ⁇ 1,000 ppm.
- an external circuit such as a PLL described in “Patent Document 1” is to perform a wide range of frequency corrections for both initial variation correction and temperature correction, it is necessary to prepare a fine and large set of frequency division ratios, which are integer multiples. The PLL cannot handle this, and a multiple-fold PLL is essential. Since the fractional multiple PLL has a configuration in which different integer multiples are distributed in a certain ratio within a certain time, the frequency deviation of the PLL output signal is apparently canceled, but jitter and phase noise deteriorate.
- temperature correction by PLL is coarsened by an integral multiple as much as possible, and fine adjustment is performed by tuning voltages shown in “Patent Document 2” and “Patent Document 3”. It is desirable to do. Ultimately, it is desirable to perform both initial variation correction and temperature correction with a tuning voltage.
- Patent Document 2 the method for adjusting the resonance frequency of the MEMS resonator described in “Patent Document 2” and “Patent Document 3” generally has a small frequency adjustment range. This is because a tuning electrode is provided near the fixed end of the vibrator having a small vibration amplitude. For this reason, “Patent Document 3” is characterized in that the portion of the vibrator facing the tuning electrode is widened, but this is to increase the design parameter of the resonance frequency of the vibrator, making the design difficult. Yes.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to secure a large frequency adjustment range while ensuring frequency accuracy with respect to frequency adjustment of the MEMS oscillator itself excluding the PLL. It is another object of the present invention to provide a high-performance oscillator in which jitter and dependent noise due to the PLL are suppressed even when a large frequency adjustment is performed using the PLL.
- the resonator according to the present invention includes a vibrator, a plurality of electrodes opposed to each other with a gap between the vibrators, and a gap between each of the plurality of electrodes and the vibrator. And a DC voltage source for setting the DC potential difference independently of each other. According to this configuration, the resonance frequency of the resonator can be adjusted over a wide range and with high accuracy.
- the vibrator includes a fixed portion, a torsion beam that is supported at least at one end by the fixed portion and torsionally vibrates, and a paddle that is coupled to the torsion beam and vibrates with a larger amplitude than the torsion beam.
- the plurality of electrodes preferably include an electrode facing the torsion beam and an electrode facing the paddle. According to this configuration, the frequency can be roughly adjusted with the DC voltage applied to the electrode facing the paddle, and the fine adjustment can be performed with the DC voltage applied to the electrode facing the torsion beam. Accurate frequency adjustment can be performed.
- the vibrator includes a fixed portion and a flexural vibration portion that is supported at least at one end by the fixed portion and flexurally vibrates, and the plurality of electrodes have different flexural vibration amplitudes from each other.
- gap, respectively may be sufficient.
- an impedance element is provided between the plurality of electrodes and the DC voltage source, or between the vibrator and the DC voltage source, and at the resonance frequency of the vibrator, the electrical impedance of the impedance element
- the impedance is preferably larger than each electrical impedance between the plurality of electrodes and the vibrator. According to this configuration, since an impedance element larger than the electrical impedance between the electrode and the vibrator, such as a coil or a resistor, is inserted, the oscillation AC signal leaks to the DC voltage source, and the loss of the oscillator increases. This can be suppressed.
- the oscillator according to the present invention includes the resonator described above and an amplifier that amplifies the output signal of the resonator and inputs the amplified signal to the resonator as an input signal. According to this configuration, it is possible to oscillate a high frequency whose frequency is adjusted in a wide range and with high accuracy. Note that an input electrode or an output electrode of a resonator may be used as an electrode connected to a DC power source for use in frequency adjustment.
- the memory that records the set value of the DC voltage source for each value of the ambient temperature, and the ambient temperature measured by the temperature measurement unit And a control unit for reading the set value of the DC voltage source from the memory and setting the DC voltage source.
- the oscillation frequency can be kept constant not only by correcting the initial variation of the resonance frequency of the vibrator but also by controlling the DC voltage source according to the temperature change of the environment used as the oscillator.
- a synchronization unit that outputs a signal synchronously controlled by the PLL circuit, the DLL circuit, or the digital frequency synthesizer with the frequency f that is an integer multiple, a fraction of an integer, or a multiple of f 0 It is preferable to further have. According to this configuration, a wider frequency adjustment range can be obtained.
- the present inventor has focused on the fact that the frequency can be adjusted over a wide range and with high accuracy by individually adjusting the DC potential difference between a plurality of electrodes close to the vibrator and the vibrator. .
- a wide range and high-accuracy frequency adjustment was possible by performing coarse adjustment near the vibration antinode and fine adjustment near the vibration node. Is.
- FIGS. 1A to 1C are diagrams illustrating a vibrator constituting the resonator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1A is a top view showing the vibrator 101 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1B is a view showing the A1-A1 ′ cross section and the A2-A2 ′ cross section of FIG.
- FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB ′ of FIG.
- the material of the vibrator 101 is single crystal silicon. As shown in FIG.
- anchors 2a and 2b are formed at both ends of a torsion beam 1 serving as a main axis of torsional vibration, and the anchors 2a and 2b are fixed to a substrate (not shown) to constitute a vibrator. is doing.
- a paddle 3 serving as an additional mass is connected to the center of the torsion beam 1.
- the paddle 3 When the vibrator 101 performs torsional vibration about the torsion beam 1 as a main axis, the paddle 3 functions as a rigid body, that is, a weight.
- the paddle 3 has a role of generating a large rotational force with a minute excitation force and a role of adjusting a torsional resonance frequency.
- FIG. 1B shows the A1-A1 ′ section and the A2-A2 ′ section in FIG.
- the side surface in each cross section is an inclined surface. This is a result of the (111) plane being exposed on the slope as a result of anisotropic etching of a 100 single crystal silicon wafer with a TMAH (Tetramethyl ammoniumoxidehydroxide) solution.
- the A1-A1 'cross section is a triangle or a trapezoid close to a triangle, and the A2-A2' cross section is a trapezoid.
- FIG. 1C shows a B-B ′ cross section of FIG.
- the anchors 2 a and 2 b are anchored to the substrate 100 through the spacer 104.
- the spacer 104 can be formed by a BOX (Buried Oxide) layer 102 and the vibrator can be formed by an SOI layer.
- 1A is provided with a large number of etch holes when the BOX layer 102 is removed by etching in order to make the paddle 3 have a hollow structure as shown in FIG. 1B. This is to make it easier for the etching gas (or liquid) to enter the lower part of the region where the paddle 3 is formed through the hole 103.
- FIG. 2A to 2D are diagrams showing the configuration of an oscillator using the vibrator 101 of FIG.
- the fine adjustment electrode 4 is arranged in the vicinity of the torsion beam 1 of the vibrator 101, and the paddle 3 is close to the outermost contours at both ends where the paddle 3 can be displaced the most.
- the input electrode 6 and the output electrode 7 are arranged.
- an auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 that is an auxiliary fine adjustment electrode is disposed in the outer periphery of the paddle 3 in the vicinity of the region from the torsion beam 1 toward the outermost periphery.
- FIG. 2A a cross section taken along A1-A1 ′ around the fine adjustment electrode 4 is shown in FIG.
- the cross section of the torsion beam 1 has a trapezoidal shape close to a triangle, and the fine adjustment electrode 4 is arranged through a uniform gap to form a capacitor.
- the thickness of the fine adjustment electrode 4 is set to about 1 ⁇ 2 of the thickness of the torsion beam 1. This is because the ratio of the capacity change to the torsional displacement amount is maximized. The effect of this design is described in Patent Document 4.
- FIG. 2D shows a cross section taken along CC ′ around the paddle 3 and the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5. The thickness of the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 was set to an intermediate value between the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the input / output electrodes 6 and 7.
- the DC voltage Vfine is controlled and input to the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5, and the potential Vcoarse of the variable voltage source 24 for coarse adjustment, which is a DC voltage for coarse adjustment, is controlled and input to the vibrator 101. It has a configuration. Therefore, the direct-current potential difference ⁇ Vfine between the vibrator 101 and the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 is
- the DC operating potential of the amplifier 8 is about half of the supply voltage Vdd to the inverter due to the self-bias circuit, and therefore, the DC between the vibrator and the input electrode (or output electrode).
- the potential difference ⁇ Vcoarse is
- the impedance of the impedance element Z is such that the impedance element is larger than the respective electrical impedances between the respective electrodes facing the vibrator 101 and the vibrator 101 at the resonance frequency of the vibrator 101, thereby generating an oscillation frequency. This prevents the AC signal from leaking to the variable voltage source 25 for fine adjustment.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between ⁇ Vfine (horizontal axis) and frequency adjustment amount (vertical axis) when ⁇ Vcoarse is set to 1.2V to 1.8V.
- the value of the potential Vcoarse of the DC voltage source which is the variable voltage source 24 for coarse adjustment, is selected so that ⁇ Vcoarse becomes a constant value between 1.2 V and 1.8 V, and then fine adjustment is performed under the constant ⁇ Vcoarse.
- the potential Vfine of the variable voltage source 25 is adjusted. If both ⁇ Vcoarse and ⁇ Vfine have a supply accuracy of 0.1 V, the frequency on the circle plot on the graph of FIG. 3 can be selected. Of these, if only the filled circle plot is selected, the frequency can be adjusted in units of 5 ppm from -40 ppm to +40 ppm.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an oscillator with a temperature adjustment function that combines frequency correction by ⁇ Vcoarse and ⁇ Vfine and frequency correction by PLL according to the present embodiment.
- the oscillator includes a temperature measurement unit 20, a control unit 21, a memory 22, a PLL 23, a variable voltage source 24 for coarse adjustment, a variable voltage source 25 for fine adjustment, and an oscillator 26. .
- the temperature measurement part 20 measures the temperature of a resonator or a resonator periphery.
- the control unit 21 reads the measured temperature value, and selects and reads the stored information in the memory 22.
- the frequency division ratio M of the PLL 23, the setting value of Vcoarse, and the setting value of Vfine are assigned to the temperature measurement value.
- Temperature measurement values are T (1,1) ⁇ T (1, n), T (2,1) ⁇ T (2, n), T (N, 1) ⁇ N of T (N, n) Xn rank.
- the frequency division ratio M of the PLL 23 is N from M (1) to M (N).
- One division ratio is assigned to a continuous n-stage temperature range.
- n combinations of Vcoarse and Vfine are stored for one division ratio. This combination is a combination of the potential Vcoarse of the variable voltage source 24 for coarse adjustment and the potential Vfine of the variable voltage source 25 for fine adjustment that realizes ⁇ Vcoarse and ⁇ Vfine of the filled circles in the graph of FIG.
- the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 are used as the fine adjustment electrodes, but the same effect can be obtained by using only one of them. . That is, by setting a single electrode as the fine adjustment electrode and measuring the characteristics of FIG. 3 in the configuration, the frequency can be adjusted in the same manner as in this embodiment. It is also possible to provide three or more electrodes as fine adjustment electrodes.
- FIG. 2 An oscillator according to this embodiment is shown in FIG.
- the output electrode is omitted and the function of the output electrode is given to the vibrator.
- a wiring is drawn from the anchor 2a of the vibrator and connected to the amplifier 8.
- the DC potential of the vibrator is fixed at the DC potential at the DC operating point of the amplifier 8
- the DC potential difference ⁇ Vcoarse between the vibrator and the input electrode 6 is set to the variable voltage source 24 for coarse adjustment. Adjust with the potential Vcoarse.
- the potential difference ⁇ Vfine between the vibrator and the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 is adjusted by the potential Vfine of the variable voltage source 25 for fine adjustment.
- the frequency can be finely adjusted based on the relationship between ⁇ Vcoarse and ⁇ Vfine and the frequency shift amount as shown in FIG.
- the specific frequency adjustment method is the same as that in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 An oscillator according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- An oscillator according to this embodiment is shown in FIG.
- a description will be given of a fixed multiple PLL configuration that does not require control of the PLL frequency division ratio, or an oscillator configuration that does not require the PLL itself.
- the vibrator has a torsional vibration mode of about 32 kHz. Using this vibrator, the oscillator structure shown in FIG. 6 is formed.
- the arrangement of the electrodes is the same as that of the oscillator according to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2, but in this embodiment, the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 are independent of each other as shown in FIG. Are connected to a variable voltage source 25a (potential Vfine1) and 25b (potential Vfine2) for fine adjustment.
- the potential of the input electrode 6 is fixed at 0.5 Vdd.
- the frequency adjustment operation of this oscillator will be described.
- the frequency is first roughly adjusted.
- the direct current potential Vcoarse of the variable voltage source 24 for coarse adjustment applied to the vibrator the direct current potential difference between the vibrator and the input electrode 6 is controlled.
- the input electrode 6 By providing the input electrode 6 in the vicinity of the largest displacement portion of the vibrator, that is, the outermost contour of the paddle 3 and controlling the potential difference between the input electrode 6 and the vibrator, a wide frequency range is obtained.
- the resonance frequency can be adjusted roughly.
- the frequency adjustment method in this embodiment is demonstrated using FIG. In the graph of FIG. 7, the horizontal axis indicates the DC potential difference, and the vertical axis indicates the resonance frequency.
- the DC potential difference on the horizontal axis shows different values for each of the curves a, b, and c. That is, for the curve a, the potential difference between the potential Vcoarse of the coarse adjustment variable voltage source 24 and the potential of the input electrode 6 of 0.5 Vdd is shown. For the curve b, the potential difference between the potential Vfine2 of the first fine adjustment variable voltage source 25b and the potential Vcoarse of the coarse adjustment variable voltage source 24 is shown. For the curve c, the potential difference between the potential Vfine1 of the second variable voltage source 25a for fine adjustment and the potential Vcoarse of the variable voltage source 24 for coarse adjustment is shown. Assuming that the accuracy of the DC voltage source is ⁇ V, first, the coarse adjustment can suppress the variation in the resonance frequency to the range indicated by the arrow A.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining the adjustment of frequency adjustment more specifically.
- the vibrator has a frequency deviation of 46,000 ppm in the initial stage due to a shape error during processing.
- an oscillator with high frequency accuracy can be provided by adjusting the direct-current potential difference between the plurality of electrodes and the vibrator independently of each other.
- a PLL circuit, DLL circuit, or digital frequency synthesizer is connected to the subsequent stage, and a signal that is synchronously controlled at a frequency f that is an integer multiple, a fraction of an integer, or a multiple of f 0 is output. It is good also as an oscillator to which the synchronizing part which adds is added. Moreover, it is good also as arbitrary frequency signal generation sources as what can be programmed without fixing this multiple.
- FIG. 9 shows an example in which the torsional vibrator is replaced with a flexural vibrator in the configuration of the oscillator of FIG. 6 using the torsional vibrator described in the third embodiment.
- a vibrator 101 composed of a doubly supported beam fixed to the substrate 100 with spacers 104 at both ends is a flexural vibration mode vibrator that vibrates in the horizontal direction with respect to the substrate.
- the input electrode 6 and the output electrode 7 are arranged through a gap at a half length portion of the vibrating portion of the vibrator, that is, at the antinode portion of the deflection basic mode. Based on the difference between the direct current potential Vcoarse of the vibrator 101 and the direct current potential of the input electrode 6, the deflection resonance frequency is roughly adjusted. Further, on the way to the one fixed end (node) away from the most displaced abdominal portion of the vibrator 101, it faces the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5, and the fine adjustment electrode 4 is located near the fixed end (node). Opposite.
- An auxiliary fine adjustment (medium adjustment) of the frequency is performed by a direct current potential difference between the first variable voltage source 25b (potential Vfine2) of the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 and the potential Vcoarse of the variable voltage source 24.
- the final fine adjustment of the frequency is performed by the DC potential difference between the second variable voltage source 25a (potential DC potential Vfine1) of the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the potential Vcoarse of the variable voltage source 24.
- an oscillator with high frequency accuracy can be provided by independently adjusting the DC potentials of a plurality of electrodes.
- the fine adjustment electrode 4 and the auxiliary fine adjustment electrode 5 are used as the fine adjustment electrodes, but the same effect can be obtained by using only one of them. It is also possible to provide three or more electrodes as fine adjustment electrodes.
- the resonator according to the present invention and the oscillator using the resonator can adjust the frequency with high accuracy by independently controlling a plurality of DC voltages. Therefore, it can be applied to a wide range of industrial applications such as filters, gyroscopes, pressure sensors, optical scanners, mass detection elements and the like as well as oscillators.
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Abstract
Description
また、「特許文献3」においても「特許文献2」と同様、チューニング電極を設けて周波数調整を行っている。特許文献3の特徴はチューニング電極を複数個設けている点である。これはチューニング電圧による静電力の拘束を振動子に対して非対称に与えないためにチューニング電極を複数個設けている。また、これら複数のチューニング電極には同一のチューニング電圧が印加されている。
「特許文献1」記載のPLL等の外部回路で初期ばらつき補正と温度補正の双方の広範囲な周波数補正を行おうとすると、きめ細かく大量に分周比のセットを準備しなくてはならず、整数倍PLLでは対応できず少数倍PLLが必須となる。少数倍PLLは相異なる整数倍を一定時間内である一定の割合にふりわけた構成であるので、PLL出力の信号の周波数偏差は見かけ上相殺されるが、ジッタや位相雑音は劣化する。
この構成によれば、共振器の共振周波数を広範囲かつ高精度に調整することができる。
この構成によれば、パドルに対向する電極に印加する直流電圧で周波数の粗調整を行い、ねじり梁に対向する電極に印加する直流電圧で微調整を行うことができ、全体として広範囲、かつ高精度の周波数調整を行うことができる。
この構成によれば、コイルや抵抗など、電極と振動子間の電気的インピーダンスよりも大きなインピーダンス素子が挿入されていることで、発振交流信号が直流電圧源に漏洩して発振器の損失が増大することを抑制することができる。
この構成によれば、広範囲かつ高精度に周波数が調整された高周波を発振することができる。なお、周波数調整に用いるために直流電源に接続された電極として、共振器の入力電極または出力電極を用いても良い。
この構成によれば、振動子の共振周波数の初期ばらつきを補正するのみではなく、発振器として使用する環境の温度変化に応じて直流電圧源を制御することで、発振周波数を一定に保つことができる。
この構成によれば、より広範囲の周波数調整範囲を得ることができる。
(実施の形態1)
図1(a)乃至(c)は、本発明の実施の形態1の共振器を構成する振動子を示す図である。図1(a)は、本発明の実施の形態1における振動子101を示す上面図である。図1(b)は、図1(a)のA1-A1’断面およびA2-A2’断面を示す図である。図1(c)は、図1(a)のB-B’断面図である。振動子101の材料は単結晶シリコンである。
図1(a)に示すように、ねじり振動の主軸となるねじり梁1の両端にアンカー2a、2bが形成され、このアンカー2a、2bは基板(図示せず)に固定され、振動子を構成している。ねじり梁1の中心部には付加質量となるパドル3が連接されている。振動子101がねじり梁1を主軸にねじり振動を行う際、パドル3は剛体、すなわちおもりとして機能する。このパドル3は、微小な励振力で大きな回転力を発生させる役割と、ねじり共振周波数を調整する役割とを担っている。
図2(a)において、微調整用電極4周辺のA1-A1’における断面を図2(b)に示した。ねじり梁1の断面は三角形に近い台形であり、一様の空隙を介して微調整用電極4が配置され、コンデンサを形成している。微調整用電極4の厚みはねじり梁1の厚みの約1/2に設定してある。これはねじり変位量に対する容量変化の割合が最大となるようにしたためである。この設計による効果は前記特許文献4に記述されている。
パドル3、補助微調整用電極5周辺のC-C’における断面を図2(d)に示す。補助微調整用電極5の厚みは、微調整用電極4と入出力電極6,7との中間的な値に設定した。
図1(a)の振動子において、ねじり梁1およびパドル3の寸法を、L1=30μm、L2=20μm、L3=20μmとすると、振動子は約4MHzのねじり振動モードを持つ。微調整用電極4および補助微調整用電極5には、図2(a)に示したように、同じ制御直流電圧Vfine が印加される。なお、直流電圧源Vfineと、微調整用電極4および補助微調整用電極5との間には、発振周波数の交流信号が電圧源Vfine に漏洩しないように、ACブロック用インピーダンス素子Zが挿入されている。このインピーダンス素子Zのインピーダンスは、振動子101の共振周波数における、振動子101に対向する各電極と、振動子101との間のそれぞれの電気的インピーダンスよりも大きなインピーダンス素子とすることで、発振周波数の交流信号が微調整用の可変電圧源25に漏洩することを阻止する効果が高まる。
なお、本実施の形態では、微調整用の電極として微調整用電極4および補助微調整用電極5の2つを用いたが、いずれか一方のみであっても同様の効果を得ることができる。すなわち、微調整用の電極として単一の電極を設定し、その構成において図3の特性を測定しておくことによって、本実施形態と同じように周波数を調整することができる。また、微調整用の電極として3つ以上の電極を設けることも可能である。
次に本発明の実施の形態2の発振器について説明する。
本実施の形態の発振器を図5に示す。図2に示した構成との比較から明らかなように、本実施の形態では、出力電極を省き、出力電極の機能を振動子に持たせている。増幅器8へは、振動子のアンカー2aから配線を引き出し、接続している。本実施形態では、振動子の直流電位は増幅器8の直流動作点の直流電位で固定されるため、振動子と入力電極6との間の直流電位差ΔVcoarseを、粗調整用の可変電圧源24の電位Vcoarseで調整する。また、振動子と微調整用電極4および補助微調整用電極5との電位差ΔVfineを、微調整用の可変電圧源25の電位Vfineで調整する。このように構成した発振器においても、図3に示すようなΔVcoarseおよびΔVfineと周波数シフト量との関係により、周波数の微調整を行うことができる。具体的な周波数調整方法については、前記実施の形態1と同様である。
次に本発明の実施の形態3の発振器について説明する。
本実施の形態の発振器を図6に示す。本実施の形態ではPLLの分周比を制御する必要がない固定倍PLL構成、もしくはPLL自体を必要としない場合の発振器の構成について説明する。
図1(a)に示した実施の形態1の振動子の寸法において、L1=100μm、L2=100μm、L3=200μmとすると、振動子は約32kHzのねじり振動モードを持つ。この振動子を用いて、図6に示す発振器構造を形成する。電極の配置は図2に示した実施の形態1の発振器と同様であるが、図6に示すように、本実施の形態では、微調整用電極4および補助微調整用電極5に、それぞれ独立に微調整用の可変電圧源25a(電位Vfine1)および25b(電位Vfine2)が接続されている。また、入力電極6の電位は0.5Vddと固定されている。
本実施形態の発振器では、まず周波数の粗調整を行う。振動子に与える粗調整用の可変電圧源24の直流電位Vcoarseを制御することにより、振動子と入力電極6間の直流電位差を制御する。振動子の最も大きく変位する部分、すなわち、パドル3の最も大きく変位する最外郭に近接して入力電極6を設け、入力電極6と振動子との間の電位差を制御することで、広い周波数範囲にわたって共振周波数を粗く調整させることができる。
ここで、図7を用いて、本実施形態における周波数調整方法を説明する。図7のグラフにおいて、横軸は直流電位差を、縦軸は共振周波数を示している。なお、横軸の直流電位差は、曲線a、b、cのそれぞれに対して異なる値を示している。すなわち、曲線aに対しては、粗調整用の可変電圧源24の電位Vcoarseと入力電極6の電位0.5Vddとの電位差を示している。曲線bに対しては、第1の微調整用の可変電圧源25bの電位Vfine2と粗調整用の可変電圧源24の電位Vcoarseとの電位差を示している。曲線cに対しては、第2の微調整用の可変電圧源25aの電位Vfine1と粗調整用の可変電圧源24の電位Vcoarseとの電位差を示している。直流電圧源の精度をΔVとすると、まずはこの粗調整により共振周波数のばらつきを、矢印Aで示す範囲内まで抑えることができる。
次に本発明の実施の形態4について図面を参照しつつ詳細に説明する。
なお、前記実施の形態1乃至3では、いずれもねじり振動について説明したが、たわみ振動にも適用可能である。図9は実施の形態3で説明したねじり振動子を用いた図6の発振器の構成において、ねじり振動子をたわみ振動子におきかえた例である。図9中、両端をスペーサ104で基板100に固定された両持ち梁からなる振動子101は、基板に対し水平方向に振動するたわみ振動モード振動子である。この振動子の振動部の長さ1/2の部分、すなわち、たわみ基本モードの腹の部分に空隙を介して入力電極6と出力電極7を配している。振動子101の直流電位Vcoarseと入力電極6の直流電位との差により、たわみ共振周波数の粗調整を行う。また、振動子101の最も変位する腹部分から離れて一方の固定端(節)に向かう途中で、補助微調整用電極5と対向しており、固定端(節)近傍で微調整用電極4に対向している。補助微調整用電極5の第1の可変電圧源25b(電位Vfine2)との可変電圧源24の電位Vcoarseとの直流電位差で周波数の補助的な微調整(中庸調整)を行う。微調整用電極4の第2の可変電圧源25a(電位直流電位Vfine1)と可変電圧源24の電位Vcoarseとの直流電位差で周波数の最終的な微調整を行う。
以上説明してきたように、複数電極の直流電位を独立に調整することにより周波数精度の高い発振器を提供することができる。
なお、本実施形態では、微調整用の電極として微調整用電極4および補助微調整用電極5の2つを用いたが、いずれか一方のみであっても同様の効果を得ることができる。また、微調整用の電極として3つ以上の電極を設けることも可能である。
102 BOX層
103 エッチホール
1 ねじり梁
2a、2b アンカー
3 パドル
4 微調整用電極
5 補助微調整用電極
6 入力電極
7 出力電極
8 増幅器
9 位相調整器
10 バッファ
Claims (7)
- 振動子と、
前記振動子の振幅が互いに異なる部分に対し、それぞれ空隙を介して対向する複数の電極と、
前記複数の電極のそれぞれと前記振動子との間の各直流電位差を互いに独立して設定するための直流電圧源と、
を有する共振器。 - 前記振動子は、固定部と、少なくとも一端を前記固定部で支持され、ねじり振動するねじり梁と、前記ねじり梁に連結され、前記ねじり梁よりも大きな振幅で振動するパドルとを有し、
前記複数の電極は、前記ねじり梁に対向する電極と、前記パドルに対向する電極と、を含む、請求項1に記載の共振器。 - 前記振動子は、固定部と、少なくとも一端を前記固定部で支持され、たわみ振動するたわみ振動部とを有し、
前記複数の電極は、前記たわみ振動部のたわみ振動の振幅が互いに異なる部分に対し、それぞれ空隙を介して対向する、請求項1に記載の共振器。 - 前記複数の電極と前記直流電圧源との間、または、前記振動子と前記直流電圧源との間に、インピーダンス素子を有し、
前記振動子の共振周波数において、前記インピーダンス素子の電気的インピーダンスは、前記複数の電極と前記振動子との間のそれぞれの電気的インピーダンスよりも大きい、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の共振器。 - 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の共振器と、
前記共振器の出力信号を増幅し、増幅された信号を入力信号として前記共振器に入力する増幅器と、
を有する発振器。 - 前記共振器の周辺温度を測定する温度計測部と、
前記周辺温度のそれぞれの値に対する前記直流電圧源の設定値を記録したメモリと、
前記温度計測部が測定した前記周辺温度に基づいて、前記メモリより前記直流電圧源の設定値を読み出し、前記直流電圧源の設定を行う制御部と、
を有する、請求項5に記載の発振器。 - 周波数f0を参照周波数としたとき、PLL回路またはDLL回路またはデジタル周波数シンセサイザにより、f0の整数倍または整数分の1または少数倍の周波数fに同期制御された信号を出力する同期部をさらに有する、請求項5に記載の発振器。
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