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Definitions

• the present invention relates to organic electroluminescent devices, which are sometimes otherwise referred to as organic light emitting diodes (OLED).
• OLED organic light emitting diodes
• Organic electroluminescent devices emit light on the application of an electric field to one layer or multiple layers of an organic compound (organic material layer).
• the present invention also relates to organic compounds suitable for use in such devices.
• An organic electroluminescent device is generally comprised of a pair of electrodes forming an anode and a cathode, and one layer or multiple layers comprising a hole injection layer, emission layer (with either fluorescent or phosphorescent material) and electron transporting layer.
• a hole injection layer with either fluorescent or phosphorescent material
• electron transporting layer Into the organic layer(s), holes and electrons are injected from the anode and the cathode, respectively, thus resulting in excitons within the emission material. When the excitons transition to ground state, the organic luminescence device emits light.
• an organic electroluminescent device which comprised a layer of an aluminium quinolinol complex (as electron transporting and luminescent material) and a layer of a triphenylamine derivative (as a hole transporting material) resulted in luminescence of about 1,000 cd/m 2 under an application of a voltage of 10 V.
• Examples of related U. S. Patents include U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,539,507; 4,720,432 and 4,885,211.
• PLED polymer organic electroluminescent device
• PLED has an advantage in terms of device fabrication as a printing methodology may be adopted for soluble polymer materials.
• organic electroluminescent devices described above still show insufficient performance in terms of durability when used for a long time.
• the performance of organic electroluminescent devices can be further improved by studying new materials such as hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, emission materials and some others. Additionally, improvement of the device fabrication process is required.
• a present invention provides improvements to the problems encountered in organic electroluminescent devices as mentioned above, or provides a useful alternative.
• Specific embodiments may provide an organic electroluminescent device with high efficiency and longer life time. Specific embodiments may also provide a stable device which has reduced current leakage at low current range.
• organic electroluminescent device comprising:
• organic compound layer or one or more of the organic compound layers, comprises a compound represented by the following formula (1):
• R 3 is selected from NRiR 2 , CR 7 R 8 Rg, Ari 6 and cyano
• Rb is selected from NR 3 R 4 , CRi 0 Ri 1R12, An 7 and cyano
• R c is selected from NR 5 R 6 , CRi 3 Ri 4 Ri 5 , Ari 8 and cyano
• Ri to R 6 which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from the group consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and cyano, or each pair of substituents Ri and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 and/or R 5 and R 6 may together form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group incorporating the attached nitrogen atom, and wherein one or more of Ri to R 6 may comprise a substituent containing a monomer or polymer chain;
• R 7 to Ri 5 which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycl
• the device can be driven with a low voltage and can have a long durability with high luminescence.
• the organic compound as represented by formula (1) can be used as either a hole injection layer or as a dopant in a hole transporting layer, or may be doped with a dopant to function as a hole transporting layer.
• the layer or layers comprising the organic compound shown by formula (1 ) can be prepared by a variety of techniques including but not limited to vacuum deposition process, wet coating process and casting process.
• the present invention also provides novel compounds within the range represented by formula (1):
• R a is selected from NRiR 2 , CR 7 R 8 Rg, Ari 6 and cyano;
• R b is selected from NR 3 R 4 , CRi 0 Ri 1R12, Ari 7 and cyano;
• R c is selected from NR 5 R 6 , CRi 3 Ri 4 Ri 5 , Ar) 8 and cyano;
• Ri to R 6 which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from the group consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and cyano, or each pair of substituents R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 and/or R 5 and R 6 may together form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group incorporating the attached nitrogen atom, and wherein one or more of Ri to R 6 may comprise a substituent containing a monomer or polymer chain;
• R 7 to Ri 5 which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and substituted or unsubstituted hetero
• the present invention also provides novel compounds within the range represented by formula (Ia):
• Ri to R 6 which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, and cyano, or each pair of substituents Ri and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 and/or R 5 and R 6 may together form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group incorporating the attached nitrogen atom, and wherein one or more of Ri to R 6 may comprise a substituent containing a monomer or polymer chain.
• the present invention also provides novel compounds within the range represented by formula (Ib):
• R 7 to Ri 5 which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, or pairs of substituents R 7 and R 8 , Ri 0 and Rn and/or Ri 3 and Ri 4 may together form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group, in which case each of R 9 , Ri 2 and Ri 5 is as defined previously or is absent; and in which any substituent on any of groups R 7 to Ri 5 may contain a monomer or polymer chain.
• the present invention also provides novel compounds within the range represented by formula (Ic):
• Ic Ar i 6 to AJ- I 8 are each selected from substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, in which the substituent may contain a monomer or polymer chain.
• the present invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (1) in an organic electroluminescent device.
• Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of the basic structure of an organic electroluminescent device according to a first embodiment of the inventioa
• Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of the basic structure of an organic electroluminescent device according to a second embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of the basic structure of an organic electroluminescent device according to a third embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of the basic structure of an organic electroluminescent device according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 5 is a graph of voltage versus current density for compounds 2 and 5, and shows a characteristic of hole injection-ability for compounds 2 and 5.
• Figure 6 is a graph showing power efficiency comparison data between compound 2 of the present invention and prior art compound hexacyanohexaazatriphenylene (HAT) at low current.
• the organic electroluminescent device according to the present invention is composed of organic compounds layer(s) aligned between an anode and a cathode.
• the organic layer(s) may be constituted by:
• At least one layer may be doped with a compound of formula (1), or at least one layer is a layer comprised of a compound of formula (1) doped with a separate dopant, or - multiple layers of which at least one layer may be comprised entirely of a compound of formula (1).
• compound is used in its broadest sense to refer to any chemical substance of formula (1), and includes polymers, monomers and the like. It will be understood that some forms of the compound of formula (1) are polymer forms.
• the compounds of formula (1) may be classified into three subgroups, all sharing the same core ring structure. In the following we have described the features of each sub- group, although the definitions and described embodiments also apply to the compounds of general formula (1).
• one or more of Ri to R 6 may be an aryl group, which may be unsubstituted, or substituted by a suitable substituent.
• aryl is well understood in the art of chemistry, and is used to refer to any aromatic substituent.
• the aromatic substituent preferably contains one or more rings, such as from one to four fused aromatic rings, and between 5 and 50 ring atoms.
• Aromatic substituents contain a set of covalently-bound atoms with: - a delocalized conjugated ⁇ system, most commonly an arrangement of alternating single and double bonds,
• the aryl group may be carbocyclic (i.e. contain carbon and hydrogen only) or may be heteroaromatic (i.e. contain carbon, hydrogen, and at least one heteroatom).
• the aryl group may be monocyclic such as a phenyl, or a polycyclic aryl group such as naphthyl or anthryl. Examples of aryl groups include a phenyl group, biphenyl group, terphenyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, pyrenyl group, etc.
• one or more OfR 1 to R 6 may be an alkyl group, which may be unsubstituted, or substituted by a suitable substituent.
• the alkyl group for the formula (Ia) may be a linear or branched alkyl group or cyclic alkyl group, comprising of between (and including) 1 and 20 carbon atoms.
• linear alkyl groups include methyl, propyl or decyl
• branched alkyl groups include iso- butyl, tert-butyl or 3-methyl-hexyl.
• cyclic alkyl groups include mono cyclohexyl and fused alkyl cyclic ring systems.
• one or more OfR 1 to R 6 may be a cyano group.
• one or more of Ri to R 6 may be a heterocyclic group, which may be unsubstituted, or substituted by a suitable substituent.
• the term "heterocyclic”, and similarly “heterocyclic group” or “heterocyclic ring” is well understood in the art of chemistry, and is used to refer to any cyclic groups containing one or more rings, such as between one and four rings, and between 5 to 50 (preferably 5 to 20) ring atoms, of which at least one atom is a heteroatom.
• the heteroatoms may be selected from one or more of O, N, S and Si.
• the heterocyclic group for the formula (1) may be a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms with one or more of any of the following atoms: nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur and silicon, such as pyrrolyl, thienyl, pyridyl or pyridazinyl.
• the heterocyclic group may comprise a single heterocyclic ring, or more than one linked or fused rings, with at least one ring containing a heteroatom.
• One subclass of heterocyclic groups are the heteroaromatic (or heteroaryl) groups, which are aromatic groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from one or more of O, N and S. Such heteroaromatic groups also fall within the definition of aryl group.
• heterocyclic groups are pyrrole, triazole, imidazole, pyrazole, 1,2,5-oxathiazole, isoxazole, oxazole, furan, pyran, pyrone, thiazole, isothiazole, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine.
• Other examples include moieties of benzimidazole, thiophene, benzothiophene, oxadiazoline, indoline, carbazole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoquinone, pyrazoline, imidazolidine, piperidine, etc.
• each pair of substituents Ri and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , and/or R 5 and R 6 may together form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group incorporating the attached nitrogen atom.
• the segment of the compound of formula (Ia) represented by -NRiR 2 or -NR 3 R 4 or -NR 5 R 6 may form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.
• the term heterocyclic group has been defined previously.
• Examples of suitable groups for -NR[R 2 (or -NR 3 R 4 or -NR 5 R 6 ) include a pyrrolyl group(-(NC 3 H 4 )), 1-indolyl group, 1-pyrazolidinyl group, 9-carbazole group or 10-phenothiazinyl group.
• the heterocyclic group may be monocyclic or polycyclic. According to some embodiments, the heterocyclic group is polycyclic. An example of a polycyclic heterocyclic group within this class is carbazole.
• R 1 and R 2 each comprise substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and the two groups Ri and R 2 are connected to each other to form a fused ring structure.
• the groups Ri and R 2 are aryl groups (specifically phenyl groups) and are connected to each other through a direct bond between two ring atoms to form a fused ring structure.
• the groups Ri and R 2 (or R 3 and R 4 , or R 5 and R 6 ) could alternatively be connected to each other through any divalent linking group or fused ring structure.
• the aryl or alkyl or heterocyclic group may additionally have one or more substituents selected from any suitable substituents known in the art. Suitable substituents may be selected from the group consisting of: halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, amino group, alkylamino group, arylamino group, a monomer or polymer chain and another aryl, alkyl or heterocyclic group, in which each of the aryl, alkyl or hetercyclic groups may be further substituted by one or more further substituents.
• the further substituents on the aryl, alkyl or heterocyclic group substituents may be selected from one or more of a halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, amino group, alkylamino group and arylamino group.
• the substituents may be linked to the aryl, alkyl or heterocyclic group directly by one atom or fused by more than one atom or via a heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur and silicon. In some cases the substituent may be linked by two or more points of attachment, as in the case of a divalent alkyl group, or an ethylenedioxy group (Le. -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-).
• halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc.
• Nitro refers to -NO 2 .
• amide refers to substituents containing the group -C(O)NR 5 R", wherein R and R" are selected from H, alkyl, aryl or alkyl-aryl groups, which have been defined previously.
• imide refers to substituents containing the group - C(O)NR' C(O)R", wherein R and R" are selected from H, alkyl, aryl or alkyl-aryl groups.
• Cyano refers to -C ⁇ N.
• Hydroxyl refers to -OH.
• Carboxylate refers to the carboxylate anion -CO 2 R " , and encompasses carboxylic acids, esters and salts thereof.
• Sulfonate group refers to sulfonic acids, esters and salts thereof.
• Alkoxy refers to the group -O-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined previously.
• Aryloxy refers to the group -O-aryl, where aryl is as defined previously.
• amino refers to the amino group -NH 2 .
• alkylamino refers to secondary and tertiary alkylamino groups containing one or two alkyl groups on the nitrogen atom.
• alkylamino group examples include dimethylamino group, diethylamino group, dihexylamino group, etc.
• arylamino refers to secondary and tertiary arylamino groups containing one or two aryl groups on the nitrogen atom.
• arylamino group examples include a diphenylamino group, ditolylamino group, isopropyldiphenylamino group, t-butyldiphenylamino group, diisopropyldiphenylamino group, di-t-butyldiphenylamino group, dinaphthylamino group, naphthylphenylamino group, etc.
• the compound may contain a monomer or polymer chain.
• monomer or polymer chains in the compounds of formula (1) (including (Ia), (Ib) and (Ic)) is described in further detail below following discussion of the compounds of formulae (Ib) and (Ic).
• one or more of R 7 to Ri 5 may be selected from the group consisting of: a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.
• the optional substituents on the alkyl, aryl and heterocyclic groups are the same as those described above for formula (Ia), and include halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, amino group, alkylamino group, arylamino group, a monomer or polymer chain and another aryl, alkyl or heterocyclic group, in which each of the aryl, alkyl or hetercyclic groups may be further substituted by one or more further substituents.
• substituents on the aryl, alkyl or heterocyclic group substituents may be selected from one or more of a halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, amino group, alkylamino group and arylamino group.
• the substituents may be linked to the aryl, alkyl or heterocyclic group directly by one atom or fused by more than one atom or via a heteroatom. In some cases the substituent may be linked by two or more points of attachment, as in the case of a divalent alkyl group, or an ethylenedioxy group (i.e. -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-).
• pairs of substituents R 7 and R 8 , Ri 0 and Rn and/or Ri 3 and Ri 4 may together form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group, in which case each of Rg, Ri 2 and Ri 5 is as defined previously or is absent; and in which any substituent on any of groups R 7 to Ri 5 may contain a monomer or polymer chain.
• cyclic group is used in its broadest sense to refer to cyclic rings and linked or fused ring systems, which may be carbocyclic or heterocyclic, and may be aliphatic, aromatic, saturated or unsaturated.
• the ring may be carbocyclic groups (in which all of the ring atoms are carbon atoms, such as cyclohexyl), heterocyclic groups (as described previously), and aromatic or aryl groups (which may be carbon-based aromatic groups or hetero aromatic groups).
• the cyclic group may contain a single ring, or up to 3 linked or fused rings.
• At least one of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 , at least one of Ri 0 , Rn and Ri 2 , and at least one of Ri 3 , Ri 4 and R1 5 is not a hydrogen atom.
• the compound may contain a monomer or polymer chain. This aspect is described in further detail below.
• Ari 6 to Arj 8 are each selected from substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups.
• aryl has been defined previously.
• the aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• the substituents are as described previously for aryl groups in the context of formulae (Ia) and (Ib).
• the compound may contain a monomer or polymer chain.
• the compound represented as formula (1) may be connected to a monomer or polymer chain through at least one of the groups of Ri to R 6 (in the case of formula (Ia)), or through at least one of the groups R 7 to Ri 5 (in the case of formula (Ib)), or through a substituent on one or more of An 6 to AJJ S (in the case of formula (Ic)).
• the monomer or polymer chain may be attached via any suitable divalent linking group, which may be referred to as -R1 9 - .
• divalent linking groups include a direct bond, -O-, -NH-, -Nalkyl- -Naryl-, -alkyl- (such as -(CH 2 ) X -), -CO 2 -, -CO-, — aryl-, -heteroaryl-, and combinations thereof.
• Combinations include, as examples, -O-aryl-, -NH-aryl-, -Nalkyl-aryl-, -(CH 2 ) x -aryl-.
• one of the substituents on Ri to R 6 may be - Ri 9 -monomer or - Ri 9 -polymer.
• the point of attachment of the monomer to the remainder of the compound may be via the carbon atom marked 'C.
• the point of attachment may be via an atom in the cyclic or heterocyclic group, and in this case, 'C contains a further substitutent R 22 which is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
• the monomer may be polymerised subsequently to form a polymeric version of the compound of formula (1).
• polymer or “polymer chain” refers to any polymer or polymer segment.
• examples of the compounds of the present invention represented below containing polymers/polymer segments illustrate some examples. Examples include -('CH- CH 2 ) n - and -('C R 20 -CH R 2 i) n -, where R 20 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, and R 21 is selected from hydrogen or any suitable substituent, such as a halogen atom, nitro group, ketone group, acrylate group, amide group, cyano group, carboxylate group, sulfonate group, an aryl, an alkyl or a heterocyclic group, or R 2 o and R 2 i together form a cyclic or heterocyclic group, which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• the cyclic or heterocyclic group includes the attached carbon atoms. Each of these substituents may be further substituted by one or more further substituents selected from the range of possible substituents identified previously.
• the point of attachment of the polymer or polymer segment may be via the carbon atom marked 'C.
• the point of attachment of the polymer or polymer segment may be via an atom in the cyclic or heterocyclic group, and in this case, 'C contains a further substitutent R 22 which is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
• the polymer or polymer segment is attached to the compound via any divalent linking group or combination of groups.
• heterocyclic group in the context of monomers and polymers has the same meaning provided for the term previously.
• cyclic group has also been defined previously.
• Compounds of formula (1) which contain a polymer chain substituent may be formed through any suitable technique, such as RAFT polymerisation, or another form of living polymerisation.
• RAFT and living polymerisation techniques are known in the field of polymers, and details can be obtained from publications on RAFT and living polymerisation techniques. Also noted are patent applications filed in the name of the present applicant in the field of RAFT polymerisation, the entirety of which publications are incorporated by reference.
• Compounds of formula (1) containing a monomer unit can be polymerised through any suitable technique as described above to form a polymeric form of the compound of formula (1).
• Specific examples of the compound represented as formula (1) may include example compounds No. (2) to (61) shown below but are, however, not restricted to those compounds.
• the organic layer(s) may be constituted by:
• At least one layer may be doped with a compound of formula (1) or at least one layer is a layer comprised of a compound of formula (1) doped with a separate dopant, or
• the organic compound layer comprising the above-mentioned compound of the formula (1) may be formed separately, or together, with the other layers (if any other layers are present) between the pair of electrodes (cathode and anode).
• Suitable formation techniques include vacuum deposition or solution process.
• the thickness of the organic compound layer may be preferably less than at most 10 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 0.5 ⁇ m, even more preferably 0.001 - 0.5 ⁇ m.
• the electroluminescent device of embodiments of the present application may have a single layer structure comprised of only compound as defined by formula (1) as shown in Figure 1 or be a multiple layered structure of two or more layers as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
• Figure 1 is a schematic cross section of a first embodiment of the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention.
• the organic electroluminescent device includes a substrate 1, an anode 2 (deposited on the substrate 1), an emission layer 3 (deposited on the anode 2) and a cathode 4 (deposited on the emission layer 3).
• the emission layer 3 forms a single organic compound type-layer.
• This single layer may be composed entirely of a compound having hole transporting ability, electron transporting ability and luminescence ability (associated with the re-combination of electrons and holes) based on its own properties, or through combination with a dopant that enhances the performances of the hole transporting ability, the electron transporting ability and luminescence ability of host compound.
• the compound of formula (1) can serve as a hole transporting layer with a dopant. According to other embodiments, the compound of formula (1) can function as a dopant. According to other embodiments, the compound of formula (1) can serve as a separate hole injection layer, as described further below.
• the emission layer 3 may preferably have a thickness of 5 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 50 nm.
• Figure 2 shows another embodiment of the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention in the form of a multiple layer-type device comprised of a hole transporting layer 5 and an electron transporting layer 6.
• the organic luminescent device includes a substrate 1, an anode 2 (deposited on the substrate 1), the hole transporting layer 5 (deposited on the anode 2), the electron transporting layer 6 (deposited on the hole transporting layer 5) and a cathode (deposited on the electron transporting layer 6).
• either one or both of the hole transporting layer 5 and the electron transporting layer 6 may contain an emissive compound as dopant(s) for forming an emission layer 3.
• the hole transporting layer 5 and the electron transporting layer 6 may be comprised of non- luminescent compound(s), respectively.
• the compound of formula 1 can form the hole transporting layer 5, or a component of the hole transporting layer.
• each of the hole transporting layer 5 and the electron transporting layer 6 may have the thickness of 5 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 nm to 50 nm.
• Figure 3 shows another embodiment of the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention in the form of a multiple layer-type device comprising a hole transporting layer 5, an emission layer 3, an electron transporting layer 6.
• the organic luminescent device includes a substrate 1, an anode 2 (deposited on the substrate 1), the hole transporting layer 5 (deposited on the anode 2), the emission layer 3 (deposited on the hole transporting layer 5), the electron transporting layer 6 (deposited on the emission layer 3) and a cathode (deposited on the electron transporting layer 6).
• each of the hole transporting layer, the emission layer and the electron transporting layer may be formed by use of a hole transporting compound, an emissive compound and an electron transporting compound, respectively or as a mixture of these kinds of compounds.
• the compound of formula 1 can form the hole transporting layer 5, or a component of the hole transporting layer.
• Figure 4 shows another embodiment of the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention with multiple layers comprising a hole injection layer 7, a hole transporting layer 5, an emission layer 3 and an electron transporting layer 6.
• the organic luminescent device includes a substrate 1, an anode 2 (deposited on the substrate 1), the hole injection layer 7 (deposited on the anode 2), the hole transporting layer 5 (deposited on the hole injection layer), the emission layer 3 (deposited on the hole transporting layer 5), the electron transporting layer 6 (deposited on the emission layer 3) and a cathode (deposited on the electron transporting layer 6).
• each of the hole injection layer, the hole transporting layer, the emission layer and the electron transporting layer may be formed by use of a hole injection compound, a hole transporting compound, an emissive compound and an electron transporting compound, respectively or as a mixture of these kinds of compounds.
• the compound of formula 1 can form the hole injection layer 7 and/or the hole transporting layer 5 (or a component thereof).
• each layer of 3, 5, 6, and 7 may be formed by either vacuum deposition or wet process using low molecule or polymer compound or mixture of low molecule and polymer compound.
• Each thickness of the layer 3, 5 and 6 may preferably be ranging from 1 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
• Each of the thickness of the cathode and the anode may be preferably 100 - 200 nm.
• the organic layer structures in the devices shown in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent the basic structure, respectively, so that the structure may be appropriately optimized depending on characteristics demanded. Examples of suitable modifications include the incorporation of one or more additional layers.
• the hole transporting layer may be altered to comprise a hole injection layer (deposited on the anode) and hole transporting layer (deposited on the hole injection layer).
• Anode/hole transporting layer/emission layer/electron transporting layer/insulating layer/cathode Anode/inorganic semiconductor/insulator/hole transporting layer/emission layer/insulator/cathode
• the compound of the formula (1) may be formed as a hole injection layer or a hole generation layer.
• the hole injection layer or the hole generation layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 - 50 nm.
• the compound of the formula (1) may be used in combination with a hole transporting compound (or material), an electron transporting compound and/or an emission compound, examples of which may include the following.
• Hole transporting materials/compounds Electron transporting materials/compounds:
• anode As a material for the anode (e.g. 2 in Figures 1 - 4), it is preferred to use one having a large work function, examples of which may include metals, such as gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, cobalt, selenium, vanadium and their alloys; metal oxides, such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide (IZO) and indium tin oxide (ITO) and electroconductive polymers, such as polyaniline, polypyrole and polythiophene and derivatives thereof. These compounds may be used singly or in combination of two or more species.
• metals such as gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, cobalt, selenium, vanadium and their alloys
• metal oxides such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide (IZO) and indium tin oxide (ITO)
• electroconductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrole and polythiophene and derivatives thereof.
• the cathode As a material for the cathode (e.g. 4 in Figures 1 - 4), it is preferred to use one having a smaller work function, usually under 4.0 eV, examples of which may include; metals such as sodium, magnesium, lithium, potassium, aluminium, indium, silver, lead, chromium and their alloys, or oxides.
• metal oxide those such as indium oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO) and zinc oxide are suitable.
• the insulating layer may be deposited adjacent to either electrode to avoid current leakage as mentioned in embodiments (3) to (8).
• the insulating material it is preferred to use an inorganic compound, examples of which may include aluminium oxide, lithium fluoride, lithium oxide, caesium oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium fluoride, calcium oxide, calcium fluoride, aluminium nitride, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, vanadium oxide.
• the substrate (e.g., 1 shown in Figures 1 - 4) for the organic electroluminescence device of the present invention may include an opaque substrate made from any suitable material, such as metal or ceramics, or a transparent substrate made from any suitable transparent material such as glass, quartz, plastics, etc. It is possible to form the substrate with a colour filter film, a fluorescent colour conversion film, dielectric reflection film, etc., thus controlling such aspects of the emitted luminescent light.
• the devices of the present application can be provided in the form of a stacked organic electroluminescent (EL) device.
• EL organic electroluminescent
• the present application also extends to electronic devices comprising the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention, including displays and light sources.
• Cyameluric chloride (1.5 g, 5.4 mmol) was added in six portions over 30 min. This mixture was stirred at 65 °C for 5 h and then quenched with the addition of H 2 O (30 mL) and stirred vigorously to afford a flocculent yellow precipitate. The reaction mixture was filtered and the yellow precipitate was washed (three times) with H 2 O.
• the yellow precipitate was taken up in toluene (-700 mL) and pre-adsorbed onto silica.
• This pre-adsorbed material was subjected to flash chromatography (EtOAc/toluene , gradient; 0:99 to 2.5:97.5) to yield tris-(4-tolyl)-tri-s-triazine 50 as a yellow solid (540 mg, 22%).
• This material was further purified by, firstly, recrystallisation (xylenes) and, secondly, by sublimation (280 0 C, 10 ⁇ 5 mBar): m.p. 449 - 458 °C (DSC); 1 H NMR
• reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered and the yellow precipitate was washed (three times) with H 2 O and then taken up in toluene (-500 mL) and pre-adsorbed onto silica.
• This pre- adsorbed material was subjected to flash chromatography (EtOAc/toluene , gradient; 0:100 to 2:98) to yield tris-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-tri-s-triazine 51 as a yellow solid (1.03 g, 57%).
• This material was further purified by, firstly, recrystallisation (xylenes) and, secondly, by sublimation (265 °C, 10 "5 mBar): m.p.
• EXAMPLE 12 The hole injection property of the example compounds was confirmed by making device comprised of two layers using an example compound and NPD (N,N'-di(l- naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-( 1 , 1 '-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine ). The device was manufactured as described below;
• Device 1 Compound 2 having 4 nm thickness was deposited on an aluminium film (of 1000 A) on a glass substrate under 10 "6 torr. NPD having a 100 nm thickness was deposited onto the compound 2 layer under the same conditions. Finally, aluminium film having 1000 A thickness was deposited onto the NPD layer.
• Device 2 Device 2 was fabricated using compound 5 instead of compound 2 under the same conditions as above.
• the device performance data is shown in Figure 5. The hole current was observed even at low driving voltage.
• the layer structure for devices 3 - 7 is; Glass /ITO(130 nm)/Hole Injection(x)/NPD(50 nm)/Alq(70 nm)/ Al(100 nm). All layers were vacuum deposited.
• Device 3 Comprises no Hole Injection layer.
• HAT Hexacyanohexaazatriphenylene
• HAT Hexacyanohexaazatriphenylene
• HAT Hexacyanohexaazatriphenylene
• Device 7 Comprises Compound 2 (3 nm thickness as a Hole Injection layer).
• the device performance data is shown in Figure 6.

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