WO2010088870A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication de produits ouatés - Google Patents
Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication de produits ouatés Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010088870A1 WO2010088870A1 PCT/DE2010/000034 DE2010000034W WO2010088870A1 WO 2010088870 A1 WO2010088870 A1 WO 2010088870A1 DE 2010000034 W DE2010000034 W DE 2010000034W WO 2010088870 A1 WO2010088870 A1 WO 2010088870A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- steam
- fleece
- cotton
- needling
- fibers
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/02—Cotton wool; Wadding
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
- D04H1/435—Polyesters
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
- D04H1/74—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being orientated, e.g. in parallel (anisotropic fleeces)
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H18/00—Needling machines
- D04H18/04—Needling machines with water jets
Definitions
- the invention relates to methods for the production of cotton wool products and to an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the preamble of the method or the device claim.
- EP 1 310 226 B1 describes the production of a cosmetic cotton pad from a random fiber fleece bleached cotton fibers using water jet needling. At least one surface of the pad has fine grooves produced by water jet needling. A similar article is described in EP 1 106 723 B1.
- EP 1 553 222 A1 discloses a device for charging a nonwoven web by means of superheated steam.
- the application is made via a hollow body which extends over the width of the web to be treated.
- the hollow body which can be acted upon by superheated steam has a multiplicity of outlet nozzles, from which hot steam is directed onto the web which is guided at a close distance under the body.
- DE 10 2008 031 278 A1 describes the production of an absorbent product using steam needling.
- the product to be created comprises pulp fibers and / or other natural fibers which are deposited on a nonwoven fabric made of staple fibers or a spunbonded non-woven fabric which is preconsolidated by means of steam needling.
- DE 10 2008 007 804 A1 shows a nonwoven with liquid-absorbing constituents, which is produced using steam needling.
- DE10 2008 007 796 A1 describes the application of superheated steam to increase the fluffiness of a product to be created. Synthetic fibers or filaments are solidified.
- the object of the present invention is to improve a method and a corresponding device for producing a cotton wool product.
- the pre-fleece consisting essentially of cotton fibers is solidified by means of a high-pressure hot gas application, preferably a steam needling.
- the fleece can consist of 100% bleached cotton fibers.
- fibers of polylactides or polylactic acids can be added, these fibers due to their thermoplastic properties and the Overheated steam gives additional strength in the cotton pad.
- the invention is preferably suitable for the production of cotton pads for cosmetic purposes. It is exploited the surprising finding that can be solidified by hot steam jets high pressure and a 100% cotton fibers existing fleece.
- the hot steam jets of high pressure on the one hand by the impulse action of the steam jets to a slight turbulence, confusion of the fibers, on the other hand, the hot supersaturated steam causes a slight thermoplastic bonding of the fibers.
- the result is a very fluffy product, which, however, has sufficient for the intended use sufficient strength.
- the strength is in any case higher than the strength of the pure Vorvlieses. Also, no firm, rather closed-feeling surface is formed, as is the case with pure calendering or solidification by water-jet needling of a cotton wool fleece.
- a preferred embodiment of the production method provides for the consolidation of a pre-fleece provided in several layers.
- the invention is designed when the solidification of the web with superheated steam at a temperature of about 220 ° (Celsius).
- the steam nitriding unit has for this purpose steam outlet openings with a diameter of 0.03 mm, which are arranged at a distance of 1.5 mm.
- the steam-nitriding unit may be formed as a pipe having the steam outlets in the form of drilled holes.
- the plurality of steam outlet openings also results in a sufficiently high heat input into the goods.
- the device according to the invention for carrying out the production method provides a device for providing a pre-fleece in the form of a fibrous web whose fibers consist essentially of cotton fibers.
- a cotton card used which is optionally arranged downstream of a device for longitudinal folding and folding of Vorvlieses in several layers.
- the pre-fleece provided in one or more layers is subsequently fed via a compacting device to a first steam impingement by a steam-atomizing unit.
- the compacting device preferably consists of two screen belts converging at an angle (endless belts), one screen belt carrying the preliminary fleece, the other screen belt pressing the fleece, then the first steam is applied through this screen belt holding the fleece pressed.
- the steam is applied to the fiber web in the region of a needling deflecting needling drum (sieve drum, suction drum), which has a suction for the steam in the interior.
- a needling deflecting needling drum (sieve drum, suction drum), which has a suction for the steam in the interior.
- a heat exchanger recovers the excess energy of the extracted steam and this is added to a steam treatment.
- the inlet of the steam generator is preceded by a heat exchanger, which is in thermal contact with a line arranged downstream of the suction.
- the fresh water supplied to the steam generator is preheated.
- the heat exchanger can be arranged directly upstream of the suction drum, the suction line of the suction drum and upstream of the condensate separator or downstream of the condensate separator together with the suction pump.
- FIG. 1 shows a side view of a larger system of a steam-atomizing device, in which a deflection roller of the first endless belt is designed as a needling drum,
- 3 and 4 show two embodiments of the heat recovery according to the invention.
- FIG. 5 shows a further embodiment of a system for steaming a fiber web.
- a steam nitriding unit with a needling drum 2 is shown.
- the needling drum 2 (screening drum) has a suction device shown in greater detail in FIGS. 3 and 4.
- the unit shown in FIG. 1 is normally the first unit of a larger needling station, in which a plurality of further needling needles, which are looped around in a meandering manner and with which the fiber web is then processed on both sides, can join (see FIG. 2).
- This unit consists of a first endless belt 3 (screen belt), which is deflected over several rotatably arranged in a holding frame 4 rollers 5 and the needle drum 2 and kept taut.
- On this endless belt 3 runs in the direction of arrow 6 provided by a carding Faserflor (fiber web 7) made of bleached cotton fibers.
- This batt has no substantial strength and is deposited by the carding, not shown directly on the endless belt 3.
- one or more layers of batt may be provided. This can be done, for example, by longitudinal folding of the pile provided by a card.
- the needling drum 2 serves to deflect the endless belt 3 as well as the steam pretreatment or steam needling. This means that it is designed as a permeable drum (sieve drum), which has a suction 2 'inside. The direction of the suction is shown by the arrows 8.
- the first endless belt 3 is assigned a second endless belt 9 in opposite directions such that the working strand 3 'of the first endless belt 3 is opposite the working belt 9' of the second endless belt, there the tracks 3 1 , 9 'rotate in the same direction and in This area tapered towards each other (Kompaktier Scheme for the batt - fiber web 7).
- This is in turn effected by a plurality of rollers 10-12 of the endless belt 9, which are rotatably mounted on the frame 1 fixed to the frame 1.
- the needling drum 2 are after removal of the endless belt 9 two further steam nozzle units (steam nozzle bars) 15, 16 associated axially parallel, which provide for a caused by the pulse effect of the steam slight entanglement of the fibers. Supported by the endless belt 3, the fiber web is then further transported and passed on to a further treatment member 17 and thus released from the endless belt 3.
- the roller 12 of the second endless belt 9 is formed as a transfer roller 12 'and at the same time as needling drum.
- steam nozzle units (steam nozzle bars) 15 'and 16' of the transfer drum 12 'of the endless belt 9, which is designed as a (screening drum), are assigned here.
- the wetting is performed by means of the beam 14 and the first needling by means of the nozzle bars 15 ', 16' on different surfaces of the fiber web.
- the steam nozzle units (steam nozzle bars) 14, 15, 15 ', 16, 16' have on their underside of the needling roller 2 or transfer roller 12 'facing bottom on a plurality of over the width of the fiber web extending steam outlet openings.
- the steam outlet openings can be arranged in one or more rows running parallel to one another.
- FIG. 3 shows one of the steam nozzle units 14, 15, 15 ', 16, 16' according to FIGS. 1 and 2, which is supplied with superheated steam via a line by a superheater 20.
- the steam is provided by a steam generator 30 upstream of the superheater unit.
- the inlet 120 (fresh water) for the steam generator 30 is arranged upstream of a heat exchanger 130, which is thermally coupled with the outlet 110 of the suction pump 100.
- a heat exchanger 130 thermally coupled with the outlet 110 of the suction pump 100.
- the heat exchanger 130A is thermally coupled to the inlet 12OA for fresh water with the suction line 60 between the suction chamber 50 and condensate 70. This allows the fresh water of the inlet 120A to spend at a higher temperature - the energy saving of the steam generator is correspondingly higher.
- the heat exchanger for heating the fresh water directly in the drum 2, 12 ' is integrated. Due to the high temperatures prevailing there, the degree of energy recovery is correspondingly higher.
- the fiber web 7 on the Hästrum 3 'of a first, designed as a wire belt endless belt 3 filed.
- the endless belt 3 is stretched around guide rollers 5.
- the second, also designed as a sieve belt endless belt 9 rotates in opposite directions to the endless belt 3 and is stretched around guide rollers 10.
- the transported in the direction of arrow 6 fiber web 7 is first compressed between the conically converging Hästrums 3 ', 9' of the endless belts 3, 9 and then pressed in the region of parallel endless belts 3, 9 pressed.
- two steam nozzle units 14, 15 designed as a tube are arranged below the endless belt 3, which have steam outlet openings in the form of bores.
- Each steam nozzle unit 14, 15 is assigned a suction chamber 50 above the endless belt 9.
- the pressed between the endless belts fiber web 7 is applied in this area from the bottom with hot steam.
- two further steam nozzle units 14 ', 15' designed as a tube are arranged above the fiber web 7.
- the associated suction chambers are arranged below the fiber web 7 carrying endless belt 3. The fiber web 7 thus undergoes a uniform heat transfer from both sides.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
Abstract
Procédé de fabrication d'un produit ouaté, en particulier de disques d'ouate à usage cosmétique, qui consiste à préparer une ébauche de non-tissé constituée au moins principalement de fibres de coton, et à consolider cette ébauche de non-tissé au moyen d'une pluralité de jets de gaz très chaud et sous haute pression. Selon l'invention, le dispositif de consolidation (2, 12', 14, 15, 15', 16, 16') de l'ébauche de non-tissé (7) comporte un mécanisme permettant d'exposer ladite ébauche (7) à l'action d'un gaz très chaud sous haute pression.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP10705257A EP2393971A1 (fr) | 2009-02-05 | 2010-01-16 | Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication de produits ouatés |
US13/144,927 US20110277284A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 | 2010-01-16 | Method and apparatus for producing cotton wool products |
CN2010800069219A CN102369317A (zh) | 2009-02-05 | 2010-01-16 | 用于制造棉絮产品的方法和设备 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102009007669.7 | 2009-02-05 | ||
DE102009007669A DE102009007669A1 (de) | 2009-02-05 | 2009-02-05 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Watteprodukten |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010088870A1 true WO2010088870A1 (fr) | 2010-08-12 |
Family
ID=42046405
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2010/000034 WO2010088870A1 (fr) | 2009-02-05 | 2010-01-16 | Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication de produits ouatés |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110277284A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2393971A1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102369317A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE102009007669A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2010088870A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102182010A (zh) * | 2011-04-22 | 2011-09-14 | 吴冬仙 | 棉絮的制作方法 |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2404904T3 (es) * | 2009-04-08 | 2013-05-29 | Trützschler Nonwovens Gmbh | Dispositivo para la consolidación de una banda de fibras |
CN104755666B (zh) * | 2012-09-06 | 2017-11-21 | 恒天(奥地利)控股有限公司 | 用于纤维网的波动的输送速度的补偿装置 |
DE102013101431B4 (de) * | 2013-02-13 | 2016-06-23 | TRüTZSCHLER GMBH & CO. KG | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum hydrodynamischen Verfestigen von Vliesen, Geweben und Gewirken |
DE202014101647U1 (de) * | 2014-04-08 | 2015-07-09 | Autefa Solutions Germany Gmbh | Düsenbalken |
US9783917B2 (en) * | 2014-06-09 | 2017-10-10 | Goodrich Corporation | System and method for air entanglement |
US9850606B2 (en) * | 2015-03-27 | 2017-12-26 | Goodrich Corporation | System and method for multiple surface air jet needling |
CN105755672A (zh) * | 2016-03-17 | 2016-07-13 | 泉州市汉威机械制造有限公司 | 一种超薄棉芯成型装置及其成型方法 |
US10017887B2 (en) * | 2016-03-22 | 2018-07-10 | Goodrich Corporation | System and method for multiple surface water jet needling |
US10081892B2 (en) | 2016-08-23 | 2018-09-25 | Goodrich Corporation | Systems and methods for air entanglement |
CN111394886A (zh) * | 2020-03-20 | 2020-07-10 | 常熟市宏远无纺制品有限公司 | 一种无纺布加工工艺及其加工设备 |
DE102021107901A1 (de) * | 2021-03-29 | 2022-09-29 | Andritz Küsters Gmbh | Anlage und Verfahren zum Verfestigen von Fasern umfassenden Lagen zu einer Vliesbahn |
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EP1069222A1 (fr) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-17 | Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. | Procédé pour consolider des non-tissés fibreux et/ou filamentaires |
EP1167605A1 (fr) * | 1999-06-16 | 2002-01-02 | Georgia-Pacific France | Procédé et dispositif pour fabriquer un produit de coton hydrophile |
EP1106723B1 (fr) | 1999-12-07 | 2003-03-12 | Georgia-Pacific France | Tampon de coton hydrophile destiné aux soins de la peau et comportant deux faces externes différentes |
EP1310226A2 (fr) * | 2001-11-08 | 2003-05-14 | W. Pelz GmbH & Co. | Tampon cosmétique en coton |
EP1553222A1 (fr) | 2002-10-08 | 2005-07-13 | Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ajutage concu pour former des jets de vapeur sous pression, et procede et appareil permettant de produire un non-tisse au moyen de cet ajutage |
DE102008007796A1 (de) | 2007-03-29 | 2008-10-02 | Fleissner Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Verfestigung von Fasern und/oder von aus Filamenten gebildeten Vliesen |
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DE102008031278A1 (de) | 2007-07-12 | 2009-01-15 | Fleissner Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Kompaktierung eines saugfähigen Produkts wiw Papier bzw. Tissue mit Hilfe einer Wasservernadelungseinrichtung oder Dampfvernadelungseinrichtung |
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2009
- 2009-02-05 DE DE102009007669A patent/DE102009007669A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-01-16 WO PCT/DE2010/000034 patent/WO2010088870A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2010-01-16 US US13/144,927 patent/US20110277284A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-01-16 CN CN2010800069219A patent/CN102369317A/zh active Pending
- 2010-01-16 EP EP10705257A patent/EP2393971A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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EP1167605A1 (fr) * | 1999-06-16 | 2002-01-02 | Georgia-Pacific France | Procédé et dispositif pour fabriquer un produit de coton hydrophile |
EP1069222A1 (fr) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-17 | Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. | Procédé pour consolider des non-tissés fibreux et/ou filamentaires |
EP1106723B1 (fr) | 1999-12-07 | 2003-03-12 | Georgia-Pacific France | Tampon de coton hydrophile destiné aux soins de la peau et comportant deux faces externes différentes |
EP1310226A2 (fr) * | 2001-11-08 | 2003-05-14 | W. Pelz GmbH & Co. | Tampon cosmétique en coton |
EP1310226B1 (fr) | 2001-11-08 | 2005-12-28 | W. Pelz GmbH & Co. KG | Tampon cosmétique |
EP1553222A1 (fr) | 2002-10-08 | 2005-07-13 | Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ajutage concu pour former des jets de vapeur sous pression, et procede et appareil permettant de produire un non-tisse au moyen de cet ajutage |
DE102008007796A1 (de) | 2007-03-29 | 2008-10-02 | Fleissner Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Verfestigung von Fasern und/oder von aus Filamenten gebildeten Vliesen |
DE102008007804A1 (de) | 2007-06-11 | 2008-12-18 | Fleissner Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Verfestigung von Fasern und/oder von aus Filamenten gebildeten Vliesen |
DE102008031278A1 (de) | 2007-07-12 | 2009-01-15 | Fleissner Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Kompaktierung eines saugfähigen Produkts wiw Papier bzw. Tissue mit Hilfe einer Wasservernadelungseinrichtung oder Dampfvernadelungseinrichtung |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102182010A (zh) * | 2011-04-22 | 2011-09-14 | 吴冬仙 | 棉絮的制作方法 |
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EP2393971A1 (fr) | 2011-12-14 |
CN102369317A (zh) | 2012-03-07 |
DE102009007669A1 (de) | 2010-08-12 |
US20110277284A1 (en) | 2011-11-17 |
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