Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/02—Compounds of alkaline earth metals or magnesium
  • C09C1/021—Calcium carbonates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
  • C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
  • C09C1/3669—Treatment with low-molecular organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
  • C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
  • C09C1/3676—Treatment with macro-molecular organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
  • C09C1/405—Compounds of aluminium containing combined silica, e.g. mica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
  • C09C1/407—Aluminium oxides or hydroxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
  • C09C1/42—Clays
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/12—Surface area
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/22—Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability

Definitions

• Binders and mineral materials are among the main constituents of paper coating colours.
• the former generally latex-based and in the form of aqueous suspensions or dispersions, provide the necessary adhesion and cohesion between the elements forming the paper coating.
• the latter commonly calcium carbonate, may provide improvements in paper quality, notably relative to its optical properties.
• self-binding pigment particles refers to distinct, solid particles, formed of mineral material and binder that are intimately bound to one another.
• the internal cohesion forces are such as to provide the self-binding pigment particles with excellent mechanical stability.
• Such particles may be directly implemented in a variety of applications .
• Self-binding pigment particles are prepared by a process implementing at least one step of grinding mineral materials in the presence of binder, where grinding refers to an operation leading to a reduction in the particle size; the mineral materials in the self- binding pigment particles have a smaller diameter than the initial mineral material used to produce them.
• Such self-binding pigment particles and variations thereon are described in a number of documents, including WO 2006 008657, WO 2006 128814, and WO 2008 139292. It has generally been remarked that the use of a "coupling agent", such as an ethylene- acrylic acid PoligenTM WE 4, in addition to the mineral material and binder during the self-binding pigment particle production process, provides for improved self-binding character in the formed pigment particles.
• binders including binders of natural origin such as starch, proteins such as casein, cellulose and cellulosic derivatives such as ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) and/or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and synthetic binders such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA), acrylic, acrylic ester, acrylonitrile, styrene or styrene- acrylic binders, at the carbonate surface.
• binders may be in the form of a solution, a suspension or an emulsion, such as Hycar acrylic emulsions manufactured by LubricolTM.
• WO 2006 008657 described a process co-grinding inorganic materials in the presence of binder in an aqueous environment.
• the self-binding character is evaluated based on a crushing test, performed on tablets formed of the co-ground material.
• four of these implement a binder as well as PoligenTM WE 4 (commercialised by BASFTM).
• Only examples 5 and 6 lead to final solids contents of the self-binding pigment particle suspension of greater than 50% by weight; to obtain a workable suspension viscosity at these solids, it is necessary to add a wetting agent and a dispersing agent.
• WO 2006 128814 refers to the impact of such self-binding pigment particles (called “polymer-pigment hybrid”) on the properties of paper in which it is applied. Notably, an improvement of the optical properties, such as opacity, is observed.
• This document describes the formation of such self-binding pigment particles by grinding calcium carbonate, in an aqueous environment, with a styrene-acrylate binder as well as PoligenTM WE 4.
• none of the resulting suspensions of self-binding pigment particles obtained have a solids content of greater than 30% by weight.
• WO 2008 139292 describes a process implementing a step of grinding a pigmentary material in the presence of binder, followed by the addition of a specified inverse emulsion; examples implementing PoligenTM WE 4 in addition to binder are ground with calcium carbonate at 20% solids content. Concentrating this suspension leads to a 40% solids content slurry. Improving the self-binding pigment particle production process remains of interest to the skilled man, and in his continued effort to do so, the Applicant has developed a process to produce self-binding pigment particles comprising the following steps:
• a copolymer is added in the form of an aqueous solution, said copolymer resulting from the polymerisation of:
• At least one other monomer that is an acrylic ester, a preferred acrylic ester being ethyl acrylate, and/or an unsaturated amide, a preferred unsaturated amide being acrylamide.
• an anionic monomer is a monomer which, when introduced into an aqueous environment in the form of a monomer or as a polymerised monomer in a polymer, undergoes a dissociation to become anionic.
• the Applicant believes that the lower the TOC value of the suspension's aqueous phase, the greater the adhesive forces within the self-binding pigment particles suspended therein.
• the low TOC values suggest that only small quantities of binder, surfactants (serving to stabilise this binder) and coupling agent remain present in the aqueous phase. The result is that the process water can be reused with relative ease, which represents another advantage of the present invention.
• the process of the invention may lead directly to a high solids suspension of self- binding pigment particles. Indeed, the process of the invention makes it possible to avoid a mandatory concentration step.
• concentrating refers to a step that increases the solids content of a suspension.
• a step may, for example, implement a filtration, centrifugation or any other means of mechanically concentrating.
• the process of the invention implements the above copolymer such that said monomers are present in said copolymer in the following % by weight relative to the total copolymer weight:
• said anionic monomer is selected from among acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and mixtures thereof.
• said oxyalkylated monomer is a monomer of Formula (I):
• m, n, p and q are whole numbers having a value of less than 150, and at least one of m, n, and p has a value of greater than 0, q has a value greater than or equal to 1, preferably such that 15 ⁇ (m+n+p)q ⁇ 150, more preferably such that 20 ⁇ (m+n+p)q ⁇ 60, and even more preferably such that 25 ⁇ (m+n+p)q
• - R represents a radical having a polymerisable alkene group
• R 1 and R 2 are the same or different, and represent hydrogen or alkyl groups
• R' represents an alkyl, aryl, alkyl aryl or aryl alkyl hydrocarbon chain having 10 to 32 carbon atoms.
• R' be a branched hydrocarbon chain having 10 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably resulting from the condensation of linear alcohols according to the Guerbet reaction, R' being more preferably selected from among 2-hexyl-l-decanyl, 2-octyl- 1 -dodecanyl and mixtures thereof.
• R' may be a polystyryl phenol, and preferably selected from among distyrylphenol, tristyrylphenol and mixtures thereof.
• the radical R is preferably selected from among (a) hydrocarbon radicals such as vinyl radicals and/or allyl radicals, (b) radicals forming oxyalkyl esters such as radicals of: acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid and/or maleic acid, (c) radicals forming N- oxyalkylurethanes, such as radicals of: acrylurethane and/or methacrylurethane and/or exec' dimethyl-isopropenyl-benzylurethane and/or allylurethane, (d) radicals forming oxyalkyl ethers such as radicals forming vinyl oxyalkyl ethers and/or radicals forming allyl oxyalkyl ethers and/or radicals forming oxyalkylurethanes, (e) radicals forming oxyalkyl amides, (f) radicals forming oxyalkyl imides, and (g) mixtures thereof, and more preferably R is a radical forming
• said copolymer features a molar % of neutralisation of any acidic functional groups by one or more neutralising agent(s) of from 0 to 50 %, preferably from 0 to 35 %, and more preferably from 0 to 20 %.
• neutralising agent(s) include hydroxides of sodium, potassium, lithium or mixtures thereof.
• said dispersing agent in any step b) may be an acrylic acid homo or copolymer.
• said dispersing agent is preferably implemented in an amount of from 0.01 to 2 % by weight, relative to the dry weight of mineral material.
• the solids content of the suspension being ground be from 1 to 80 %, and preferably from 15 to 60 % by dry weight relative to the total weight of said suspension.
• the mineral material ground in step a) is preferably selected from among metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and/or aluminium trioxide, metal hydroxides such as aluminium trihydroxide, sulphites, silicates such as talc and/or kaolin clay and/or mica, carbonates such as calcium carbonate and/or dolomite, gypsum, satin white and mixtures thereof.
• metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and/or aluminium trioxide
• metal hydroxides such as aluminium trihydroxide
• sulphites silicates
• carbonates such as calcium carbonate and/or dolomite, gypsum, satin white and mixtures thereof.
• the binder of step a) is preferably selected from among (a) binders of natural origin such as starch, proteins such as casein, cellulose and cellulosic derivatives such as ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) and/or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and (b) synthetic binders, such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA), acrylic binders such as acrylic ester binders and/or acrylonitrile binders and/or styrene-acrylic binders, styrene binders, styrene-butadiene binders and butadiene binders, and (c) mixtures thereof.
• binders of natural origin such as starch
• proteins such as casein
• cellulose and cellulosic derivatives such as ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) and/or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
• synthetic binders such as polyvinyl acetate (P
• step a) it may be advantageous to employ a weight proportion of mineral material:binder contained in the suspension of between 99: 1 and 1 :99, and preferably of between 70:30 and 30:70.
• said copolymer is implemented in an amount corresponding to 0.1 to 2 %, preferably 0.1 to 0.5 %, more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 % by dry weight relative to the dry weight of mineral material.
• any step b) from 0.01 to 2 % by weight, relative to the dry weight of mineral material, of at least one dispersing agent is added.
• Another object of the present invention resides in self-binding pigment particles obtained by the process of the invention described here-above and their uses in plastics and paints. Such pigment particles can also find uses in paper industry.
• grinding was performed in a Dyno-MillTM grinder featuring a fixed cylinder and a rotating element, using zirconium-based grinding beads having an initial bead diameter of between 0.6 and 1 mm.
• the total volume occupied by the grinding beads was 1 000 cm 3 ; their total weight was 2 700 g.
• the circumferential speed of the grinder was 10 m/s.
• the pigment suspension was recycled at a rate of 40 litres/hour.
• a 200 ⁇ m separation sieve was located at the exit of the Dyno-MillTM in order to separate the suspension from the grinding beads.
• the temperature during each of the grinding trials was maintained at approximately 30 0 C.
• polymer concentrations are given in % dry weight relative to the dry weight of mineral material.
• all polymers implemented in the process of the invention are partially neutralised such that 10 mole % of their carboxylic sites are neutralised by sodium ions. Partial neutralisation of the polymer took place by adding sodium hydroxide at the moment of dispersant addition, in order to regulate the pH to between 8.5 and 10.
• TOC measurements were made using a Total Organic Carbon Analyzer TOC-VCSH, commercialised by SHIMADZUTM, equipped with an ASI-V sample injector and using TOC-Control V (SHIMADZUTM) software.
• the first solution contained 1 000 ppm of total carbon and was prepared by introducing 2.125 g of potassium hydrogeno phthalate (previously dried at 110°C and cooled in a desiccator) in a 1 litre flask and thereafter adding water up to the 1 litre mark.
• the second solution contained 1 000 ppm of inorganic carbon, and was prepared by introducing 4.41 g of sodium carbonate (previously dried at 280°C and cooled in a desiccator) and 3.5 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate in a 1 litre flask and thereafter adding water up to the 1 litre mark.
• the calibration curves for 1 to 100 ppm of total carbon were prepared using the TC-100- 23082006.cal procedure, and the curves for 0 to 50 ppm of inorganic carbon were prepared using the IC50-23082006.cal procedure.
• This example represents a process to prepare an aqueous suspension of self-binding pigment particles involving a step of grinding calcium carbonate, a binder and a coupling agent, as well as a concentration step followed by a dispersion step, unless otherwise indicated.
• the weight fractions of particles in suspension having a diameter of less than 1 and less than 2 ⁇ m were determined using SedigraphTM 5100 instrumentation commercialised by MICROMERITICSTM.
• the obtained filter cakes were subsequently dispersed using the listed dispersing agent(s) in order to obtain a suspension having a solids content of approximately 50 % by weight.
• coupling agent n°l (AGl) 0.5 % by dry weight of PoligenTM WE 4, referred to hereafter as coupling agent n°l (AGl)
• dispersant - 0.6 % by dry weight of a copolymer consisting of (by weight) 13 % acrylic acid, 15 % butyl acrylate, 31 % methacrylic acid and 40 % styrene, referenced ADl,
• the TOC value was equal to 1 217 ppm, an overly high value. For this reason, no further tests were run using the obtained material from this trial.
• This test represents a comparative example and implements: - as coupling agent: 0.5 % by dry weight of an acrylic acid homopolymer having a molecular weight of 11 000 g/mol, referred to hereafter as coupling agent n° 2 and referenced AG3
• the TOC value was overly high (greater than 12 000 ppm). Therefore, no further steps to concentrate and disperse the resulting product were implemented.
• This test represents a comparative example and implements:
• the TOC value was equal to 688 ppm, an overly high value.
• n° 5 This test represents a comparative example and implements: as coupling agent: 0.5 % by dry weight of a copolymer consisting of (by weight) 14 % acrylic acid, 5 % methacrylic acid and 81 % polyethylene glycol methoxy methacrylate having a molecular weight of 2 000 g/mol, referred to hereafter as coupling agent n° 5 and referenced AG5, - and as dispersant: 0.6 % by dry weight of copolymer ADl , and 0.1 % by dry weight of copolymer AD2.
• the TOC value was overly high (451 ppm), though lower than that obtained in Tests 2, 3 and 4.
• This test represents a comparative example and implements: as coupling agent: 0.5 % by dry weight of a hydrosoluble copolymer consisting of (by weight) 85 % acrylic acid and 15.0 % by weight of a monomer of Formula
• the TOC was around 300 ppm, which remains high though not as high as measured in the previous tests. Overly high viscosity values were encountered on dispersing the filter cake (see Table 1).
• - as coupling agent 0.5 % by dry weight of a hydrosoluble copolymer consisting of (by weight) 85.0 % acrylic acid, and 15.0 % by weight of a monomer of
• - as coupling agent 0.5 % by dry weight of a hydrosoluble copolymer consisting of (by weight) 85.0 % acrylic acid, and 15.0 % by weight of a monomer of
• - as coupling agent 0.5 % by dry weight of a hydrosoluble copolymer consisting of (by weight) 85.0 % acrylic acid, and 15.0 % by weight of a monomer of
• - as coupling agent 0.5 % by dry weight of a hydrosoluble copolymer consisting of (by weight) 85.0 % acrylic acid, and 15.0 % by weight of a monomer of
• This example represents a process to prepare an aqueous suspension of self-binding pigment particles involving a step of grinding calcium carbonate, a binder and a coupling agent, as well as a concentration step followed by a dispersing step, unless otherwise indicated.
• Example 2 The same protocol as in Example 1 was implemented, except that the dispersing was performed to reach a solids content of 68 % by dry weight.
• This example represents a process to prepare an aqueous suspension of self-binding pigment particles involving a step of grinding calcium carbonate, a binder and a coupling agent, without any subsequent dispersing step.
• Example 2 The same protocol as in Example 1 is implemented, except that the grinding is performed at a solids content of 70 % by dry weight. In this case, a fraction of the suspension was filtered following grinding and the TOC measurement made on the collected water.
• This test represents the invention and implements as coupling agent 0.5 % by dry weight of copolymer AG7.
• This example represents a process to prepare an aqueous suspension of self-binding pigment particles involving a step of grinding calcium carbonate, a binder and a coupling agent, as well as a concentration step followed by a dispersion step, unless otherwise indicated.
• the listed coupling agent as well as 9 % by weight of a styrene-acrylate binder (commercialised by BASFTM under the trade name AcronalTM S 728) were added to an aqueous suspension of natural calcium carbonate (Norwegian marble) having a solids content of 20 % by dry weight.
• the weight fractions of particles in suspension having a diameter of less than 1 and less than 2 ⁇ m were determined using SedigraphTM 5100 instrumentation commercialised by MICROMERITICSTM.
• Each suspension was then concentrated by filtration on a B ⁇ chnerTM filter press to obtain a filter cake.
• the obtained filter cakes were subsequently dispersed using the listed dispersing agent(s) in order to obtain a suspension having a solids content of approximately 57 to 65 % by weight.
• ADl 0.1 % by dry weight of a copolymer consisting of (by weight) 45 % maleic anhydride and 55 % acrylic acid, referenced AD2.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
• Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
• Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
• Paper (AREA)
• Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
• Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)

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